human bio&anat

8/7/2019 Human Bio&AnAT

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Chapter 1 intro to the human body 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Anatomical PosistionMemorizing anatomical termson page 9

Directional terms- relationships of the structures- PAGE 13 is a chart of terms directional terms

The Heart is Medial to the lungsThe humerus is proximal to the radiusPlanes and SectionsSections cut (midsagittal (equal left and right), parasagittal(unequal leftand right) Midsagittal plane goes straight down body------page 10 is ex. Of planesAnterior and posterior Superier and Inferior, Oblique Plane (diagonal)TransverseCutting things in different ways will reveal much more (brain example)- page11Body Cavaties page 15?---Dorsal (towards back) Body Cavity----cranial(holds your brain) and spinal(holds your spine)-----Ventral Body Cavity---- Thoracic (including pleural pericardial andmedistinum cavitiesAbdomialpelvic Cavity- (holds the most organs)Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants: 2 different divisions-

----The nine-region designation is used for anatomical studies : top lines:subcostalThe quadrant desgnation is used for clinical observations (right upper quad.Left upper quad, Left lower, right lower) quads used much more thanregionsMedical Imagine.visualization of structures inside our bodies Page 20&21Know and understand the types of imagaing- x-ray,(low density dark, highdensity bright, why bones show on x-ray) M.R.I. , angiorgramAutopsy is to determine the cause of death or uncover disesase not detectedduring lifeQuestions Chapter 1- plural cavity?Nine Region thing?- Page 18


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Chapter 2 The cell 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Chapter 2 CellsAnimal cell structure under light microscope Cell membrane- cytoplasm-nucleus400x max magnify when drawing make sure right down what (x) you are

looking atcytoplasm-stays pink nucleus stays purple (where the pink or purple stop, iswhere the cell membrane starts (use when drawing)On test- there will be a cell to LABEL- label the name and a simple functionof the cell,Cell membrane layers- 2 layers for membraneCell inclusions--- melanin(makes you tan skin), Glycogen (carbohydrate,many many strung together, liver stores a lot of sugar in the glycogenform) Triglycerides..(fat, changes from person to different stored in atocalsides?)Cellular organelles---mitochondria, ER, nucleusNucleus ---- the brain of the cell inside the nucleus is DNA- it is composed of the nuclear envelope, the nucleoli and chromosomes (chromatin innondividing cells) DNA+Protein

Chromatin (no specific shape)Cell divinsion

Chromosome (rod shaped)

internalRibosomes--- the sites of protein synthesis proteins are rRnaEndoplasmic reticulum ER transports, stores, modifies and packagesimportant molecules-----rough ER- with ribosomes attached (dealing with proteins)-----smooth ER- no riosomes attached (dealing with lipids)Golgi Complexprocesses, sorts and delivers important Molecules pg. 38Lysosomes- have lots of different enzymes can break down bacteria virusesand even own cellsMitochondria---powerhouse of the cell, energy producer or ATP- energycurrency --- mitochondria turns food into energy--------Glucose+0xygen-38ATPs producedCentrioles---participating in cell division


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Cytoskeleton---cell shape and cell movement ---- Three types of protein infilaments ----thickest one is microtubial ---thinest one is microfilaments ---middle one is intermediate filamentFlagella and Cilia--- cell projections for movements

Cell Membrane--- communication protection----- phospholipidbilayer withembedded and attached proteins ----- selective permeabilitywater, 02 co2and some small ions can pass freely while proteins, carbs and many polarorganic molecules can notThe membrane proteinds act as channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, cellmarkers ------ study and kno the chart inside and out!!!!!!The following is on page 47-Memebrane Transport- from inside out or outside in will be on the test---simple diffusionsubstances more from high to low concentration tillequilibrium is reached ---diffuse sweet tea add sugar let it desolve anddiffuse-osmosisdiffusion of watermoving form high concentration to lowconcentration-facilitated diffusionprotein carriers need, no energy required- Gluclose tobig to cross thru the membrane- the carriers will move it to the other side?-protien carriers have to move from high(concentration) to low(concentratio)called passive transport

passive transport: simple diffusiony osmosisy facilitated diffusion

Active Transport-vesicular transportlarge substances moving acrossplasma membranes

y Phagocytosis:cel eating- a whole bacteria white blood celly Pinocytosis: cell drinking the object being moved in is in liquid

formy Receptor-mediated endocytosisy The previous are endocytosisy Exocytosis :look up

Mitosis is body cell division (pregnancy) mitosis is the somatic(body) celldivision, it is for repair and growth for when we are younger in the nucleus is46 chromosomes ----------


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y Prophasechromosomes visible, nuclear envelope disappeary DNA and Protien make up a chromosomey Metaphasechromosomes at midplaney Anaphase-sister chromosomes move to opposite polesy Telophasenuclear envelope reappears ----page 47

Cytokinesiscytoplasm separates, two new daughter cells from: and equalseperation of the 2 cells go watch a GREAT mitosis video and say thephases outloud

Meiosis- is the sex cell division. It is for reproduction cell splitting: reducethe chromosome membrane into half and that is reproduction of sex organcells- sperm and eggPage 44 the cell cycle

y INTERPHASE-y Find out what chromatin is figure out all the PHASES

__Transmission Electron Microscope---- has details but not 3dSEM Scanning electron microscope --- looks very pretty 3d structure nodetails

E.X.


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Chapter 3 Tissue 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Types of tissues y Epithelia Tissuey Connective tissuey Muscle tissuey Nervous tissue

Epithelia tissue: closely packed cells to cover, line body parts or to formglands- VERY CLOSE TOGETHER- line body parts it covers ALL the glands nodoubtClassification and functions:

y simple (one layer)squamous (line blood vesselsy cuboidal---(kidney tubules)y columnar: non ciliated (GI tract)y ciliated: (fallopian tube)

Two surfaces of epithelia: apical Page 62y Basal (attach to the basement membrane)y different varieties of epithelia arrangement of layers- page 63

chart and labels cy when labeling tissue- always have layer and then cell shape

Stratified (two or more layers)----y Stratified squamousepithiliam- inside vajajay Squamous- vajajay Cuboidal (sweat glands) cubed shaped- duct part of sweat glandy Transitional- (urinary bladder)

Pseudostraitified ciliated columnar epithelium- (one layer of cells, appearingto be multilayer)

y ----o Goblet cells- make mucus, protect the cell, are white because

they are fatty-o Trachea-

Glandular Epithelium-y Gland: specialized epithelium that can secret products

o Exocrine glandsecreting into ducts (sweat gland)o Endocrine glandsecreting into blood system- dont have

duct part any more (produce hormones)Connective tissue: general features-- cells and matrix for binding andsupporting other tissues


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y Matrix- noncellular portion made of fibers and ground substanceo FIBERS---

cologenfibers- most of elastic fibers- long and thing less of than collogan

reticular- very thin not very manyo Ground Substancecombination of polysaccharides and

proteins such as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfatey Common types of cells- in connective tissue

o Fibroblasts (secrete matrix) VERY IMPORTANT they make thetissue

o Macrophage (fight microbes) protects you by eating bacteriao Plasma Cell- make antibodies,o Mast Cell- cause inflammation, immunity

Classification-y Loose connective tissue- semifluid ground substance

o Areolar connective (underneath epithelium)o Adipose connective (around organs) fatty tissue, deeper to

skino Reticular connective (framework of solid organs) lymph

nodes, spleeny Dense connective tissue- mainly made of fibers

o Dense regular (tendons, ligaments) run parralell tendonsattach muscle to bone ligaments attach muscle to

joint/muschleo Dense irregular (fasciae, dermis)o Dense Elastic fiber- elastic artery wall, common arteries Aorta

y Cartilage- firm matrix (chondrotin sulfate)o Hyaline cartilage (ends of long bones)o Fibrocartilage( pubicsymphysis, menisci, intervertebra disc.

Hyaline Cartilage-o Elastic cartilage (external ear, epiglottis)

y Bone (osseous) tissue- rigid matrix (calcium phosphate)o Compact bone tissue- contains osteonso Spongy bone tissue- consists of trabeculae (RBM[red blood

marrow])o Blood- liquid matrix


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Membranesy Mucous membrane- lines body cavities that open directly to the

exterior ( GI tract, respiratory)o Lines organs directly open to outside

y Serous Membrane- lines body cavities that do not open directly tothe exterior and it covers the organs that lie with in those cavities (covers the heart lungs, stomach intestines)

y Synovial membrane- lines the cavities of the freely movable joints-wrist, shoulder, knee

Skin Damagesy Photodamagesunburn

o W rinkleso Skin cancer (cutaneous carcinoma [slow moving])o Cutaneous melanoma- more dangerous- diagnose early, very

aggressive moves into bloody BurnsFirst degree (photoburns[sun light])

o Second degree- goes deeper affects dermus layer- blisterso 1 st degree- wind burn epidermis is damageo hypodermis- burn very easily burned can be transparent to

muscle and bone


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Chapter 6 Bone Tissue 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Bones are organs made of different tissuesy Osseous tissuey Connective tissue

o Cartilageo Dense connectiveo Adipose

y Epithelial tissueHow bones form how bones age how bones are affected by exercise andactivity

Function of bonesy Support: serving as a structural frameworky Protection: physically shield soft internal organsy Movementsy Mineral storage: mineralsy Hemopoiesisy Fat storage

5 different types of bonesy Long bones diephasis, metaphsis, proximal ephysis, distal ephysisy Short bonesy Flat bonesy Irregular bonesy Sesamoid bones-knee cap, big toe knuckle

Bone tissue cell typesy Osteogenic cell- develops into an osteoblasty Osteoblast cell- forms bone matrixy Osteocyte cell-maintane bone tissuey Osteoclast cell functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone

matrixOsteon- makes up a compact boneHystology of a compact bone


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y Sex steroids --- bone resorption outpaces depostiony Protein synthesis --- loss of collagen fiber -- brittleness

Prevention of osteoporosis:y Adequate calcium intake and weight bearing exercisey Moderate exposure to sunlight


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Chapter 9 Articulations 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Articulation (joint)a point of contact between bonesy Bone to bone contact 206 bones in body

3 groups of jointsy structural classification

o by fibrous connective tissueo cartilaginous held together by cartilage-o synovial- synovial cavity between 2 boness- freely movable

jointsFunctional Classification (FILL IN BLANK QUESTIONS)

y immovable joints (synarthroses)o catergores examples

suturesquamous suture gomphosis roots of teeth with sockets of mandible synchondrosisepiphyseal plate

y slightly movable joints (amphiarthroseso categories examples

syndesmosis distal articulation between thetibia and fibula

symphysis pubic symphsis (relaxin isproduce by the ovaries to relax during birth)

y freely movable joints- diarthroses ( are all synovial)o Componentsa. Synovial Cavity

B. articular capsule Outer fibrous layer--- protection (knee joint) Inner synovial member (very thin only connective

tissue Secreting synovial fluid for lubrication, absorbing shock

and supplying ocygen as we as nutrients J oints are avescular structureoxygen doesnt go in

directly but travels thru the synovial fluidy Accessory ligaments--- FILL IN BLANK

o Extracapsular- outside capsule- TIBIA collateral ligament isand outer example

o Intracapsular inside a capsule PCL ACL are exampley Articular discs (menisci)cartilage pads between joints


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y Bursae- saclike structures filled with fluid for reducing friction-almost all freely moving joints have bursa

Synovial joint examples: (condoles form jointsy Planar joints- flat surface between carpals and between tarsals

(flat surface gliding towards eachother)y Hinge joints- humerous and ulna in elbowy Pivot joint- more rotationy Ball and socket joints- most flexible

Movements at synovial joints AL W AYS BASED OFF OF ANATOMICALPOSITION

y Details of the shoulder jointFill in blankso Type- ball and socket scapula has the glenoid cavity can

move in three different directionso Compositions-articular capsule- wrapped in tissue

Coracohumeral ligament- dense regualar connectivetissue

Glenohumeral ligament - Glenoid labrum- fibroal cartilage- makes head fit into

socket 4 bursae

movementsy Flexion/extension- flexion goes forward extension goes back to

normal- exctensiony Abduction-move away from midliney Adduction-move towards midliney Rotation twisty Circumduction- draw a circley Commone injury- shoulder dislocation


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Muscle Tissue 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

vbcccc3 types of terms- Short term or essay- flow chart or table allowed

Neuralcontrol

Types of muscle Hystology LocationSkeletal muscle clear striation attached to bone voluntaryParaplasmicnuclieCardiac Muscle some striation the heart involuntary

Intercalated discsSmooth Muscle no striation, skin involuntaryspindle-shaped all internal organscenter nucleus no heart

Charteristisc of muscle tissuey Excitability- receive electricyy Conductivity- spread out to neighboring musclesy Contractility- shortening muscle fibers, due to excitability and

conductivityy Extensibility- gradually relax the length of a muscle- yoga can help-

smooth muscle is an exampley Elasticity- good to recoil- baby=uterus huge elasticity naturally lets

it shrink backFunctions of Muscle tissue

y Movement- move blood- move food out of intestinesy Stabilizing body positions- muscles working all the timey Regulating organ volume- change size like the hearty Thermogenesis- producing heat

Connetive tissue componentsy Fascia- a sheet of fibrous connective tissue around muscles and

other organs of the bodyy Superdicial fascia- the subcutaneous layery Deep fascia- dense irregular connective tissue

o Epimysium-on top- of whole muscleo Perimysium- around- wraps around a bundle


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o Endomysium- inside-around each individual one mucscle fibery Tendon-attach MUSCLES 2 BONES!!!!!y Aponeurosis?y Tendon sheath- cuff wrapped around four arm- because there are

so many tendons to hand because it has the most movement!-inside of the sheath contains synovial fluid to lubricate

Motor unit and neuromuscular junctiony Motor unit- one nerve that stimulates muscle fibers

o In the vocal chords it can be as specific as one on one nerveto fiber

y Neuromuscular junction- pre-synaptic end bulbs- nerve to nerve junction (make neurotransmitter) 3 components make up NM J synapse is a nerve to nerve junction

o Synaptic clefto Post synaptic membrane (containgrecptors for

neurotransmitter- excite muscles- pass the electricityo

The ultra structure of a muscle (EM)(electron microscopy)y Sarcolemma (sarco is meat+muscle lemma is membrane)y Sarcoplasm (plasm isy SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)y Thick filament, thin filament Z discy Sarcomere- sarco= muscle mere= function

The sliding filament mechanism (how does a muscle fiber contract)The functional units of muscles are sarcomeres (goes from one Z line toanother)

y Each sarcomere contains z line (elastic filamentso I band (actin) makes thin filamento A band (myosin + actin) myosin makes thick filament

y On maximal contractin the I band and H band zone disappearCardiac Muscle Tissue

y Y-shaped muscle fibers with intercalated discs (irregular transversethickenings of the sarcolemma)

y Some muscle fibers are autorythmic (function like a nerve)Smooth muscle


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y Spindle shaped, no striationy Contraction is slower and last longery The extensibility is highery Its more responsive to stretching certain hormones and local

chemical factors


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Nervous Tissue 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

1. Division of the nervious system- short answer or fill in blanky central nervous system (CNS)y Brain , Spinal Cordy Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

o 12 pairs of cranial nerves connected to the braino 31 pairs of spinal nerves ( connected to the spinal chord)

PNS motor branches are divided into the somaticautonomic and the enteric nervous system (flow chart )

NS CNSPNS

SNSANSENSy Sympatheticy Para-sympathetic

Autonomic system controls the internal organs and glands, itis further divided into sympathetic parasympathetic divisions

2. Neuron (nerve cell) Structure neurons are made up of 2 cells: nerve celland neuroglial cellsFILL IN BLNK

y neurons conduct electric signaly neuroglial supporting cell in the nervous tissue

o Cell body where nucleus is locatedo Axon- ouput portion then forms a synaptic end bulb- gets rid

of electric signalo

o

3. Structures associated with neurons-y nerve fiber general term for any neuronal processy Ganglia- a cluster of nerve cell bodies found in PNSy Tract- a bundle of nerve fibers

4. Neuroglia( MULTIPLE CHOICE)y the non neuron supporting cell (6 types)y 4 types found in CNS

o Astrocytes Star-shaped cell with processes

Functions: Participate in neurotransmttermetabolism

Maintaing K+ balance ( potassium)


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Participating in brain development Participating in blood brain barrier formation BBB

o Oligodendrocytes Smaller cells producing myelin sheath

o Microglia Phagocytosis

o Ependymal Lines ventricles in the brain and form Cerebrospinal

fluid (CSF)y 2 types in PNS

o Schwann Cells forming myelin sheath around nerve fibersand insulation

Nodes of ranvier speeds up conduction of nerve signal Satelite cells

y Support neurons in ganglia5. Gray and W hite Matter

y Gray matter---- mainly contains neuron cells bodiesy W hite matter --- aggregations of myelinated (lipid) processes

(nerve fiber) very shinyy Nucleus--- a mass of cell bodies and dendrites of neurons inside the

CNS

(restingpotentional) k+(actionpotentional) Na+

y Transmission at synapses (one neuron to another neuron junctionor neuromuscular junction)

o 2 types of synapses exists 1.electrical synapsesimpulse transmitted through gap

junction between two neurons 2. Chemical synapses- neurotransmitters transmit the

nerve impulse Structure of a synapse: FILL IN BLANK

y Presynaptic end bulb (neurotransmittersinside) Sender

y Synaptic cleft (combiner)y Postsynaptic membrane (receptors are on

it)


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y Examples of neurotransmitters:o Acetylcholine (Ach) both central nervous system and

perifieal nervous system- CNS& PNS------- NM J o Norepinephrine ({adrenaline}NE)o Dopamine shortage of it can develop parkinsens diseaseo Endorphin- make you happy

y Neuronal Circuits ( multiple choice) one or two multiple choiceysover this

o How neurons communicate Simple series circuit: A ---- B --- C Diverging circuit keeps going--- Converging circuitseveral different neurons sending to

one ------ fedcb-------A Reverberatingcan go in one motion, and then loop

back around Parallel after discharge circuit running to and from


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Spinal Chord and Spinal Nerves 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

A LOT OF MULTIPLE CHOICE ON THISPresynapitc bulb, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane,Protection and covering of the spinal cordMeningesconnective covering of the brain and spinal cord, made of 3

layers (dura mater, arachinoid, and pia mater)y (fromoutiside in) layers of the spinal column))))y vertebral column

epidural space (between the vertebral canal and dura matery dura mater

subdural space (between dura mater and arachnoid)y containing interstitial fluidy arachnoidy subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater) W ILL

DEFINETLY BE ON THE THE TEST CONTAING CEREBROOSPINALFLUID CSF

y containing cerebrospinal fluid CSFy pia matter (innermost)y spinal tap ---- between L3, L4, or l4 and l5y for diagnosis (CSF analysis, Imagine)

o anesthesiao chemotherapy

Spinal tapbetween l3, L4, or l4, l5 for diagnosis (CSF) analysis, IMagaine)y Anesthesiay Chemotherapy

Basic anatomy of the spinal cordy Gray matteranterior gray horns (somatic motor neurons)y H shape lateral gray horns (autonomic motor neurons)

o Posterior gray horns (sensory neurons)W hite matter

y Ascending tracts (sensory fibers)y Descending tracts (motor fibers)

31 pairs of spinal nerves extend form the dorsal and ventral rots containgboth motor fibers and sensory fibers

Reflex arc: FILL IN BLANK there are 5 things touch something hot- pullhand away


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y Receptors- stimulated by environmental factors generating nerveimpulse (skin.)

y Sensory neuron- the nerve impulse propagates to the axon terminalof the

o Sensory neuron (brain or cord)y Integration center- one or more association neurons process the

nerve impulseo Brain or spinal cord

y Motor neuron- the integration center sends an impulse along motorneuron axon (PNS)

y Effectors- the body parts resond to the motor neuron impulse(muscles or glands)

o Muscle or gland--- muscle is hot touch- smell = slavia momcooking something good u salivate

Connective tissue forms endoneurium, perineurium and epineuriumy The spinal nerves branch and cover every part of the body except

the heady The longest nerve in our body is sciatic nerve


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The Brain and Cranial Nerves 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Principal parts of the brainy Cerebrumy Diencephalon:

o Thalamus,o Hypothalamus,o Pineal gland

y Brain Stem:o Midbrain,o pons,o medulla oblongata

y cerebellumCovering and Protection

y Meninges:o dura mater,o arachnoido pia mater

Circulation of Cerebural spinal fluid CSF: secreted by choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles

y Flowing through the third and fourth ventricle then thesubarachnoid space

y Returning to the superioursagittal sinus (absorbed by

arachnoidvillus)Functions of CSF: mechanical protection absorbing shock

y Chemical protection- maintaining optimal environment for nerveimpulse generation and conduction

y Circulation-mediating nutrients and waste products exchangeBlood Supply

y High consumption of oxygen (20% at rest)y Sensitive lysosomes of brain cells (>4 minutes no oxygen,

permanent cell damage)Existence of Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) FILL IN BLANK!!

y Composed of capillaries with tight junctions basement membraneand astrocytes

y Low permeability to many moleculesBrain Stem:

y Medulla oblongata- pyramids (lowest part of brain)


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o Decussation (crossing over)o Nuclei for cranial nerves

vestibulocochlear VIII 8 Glossopharyngeal IX 9

Vagus X 10 Accessory XI 11 Hypoglossal XII 12

y Cardiovascular and respiratory centerPons- nuclei for cranial nerves

y Trigeminal Vy Abducens VIy Facial VIIy Vestibulocochlear- #8

Mid Brain- Containing cerebral aqueduct which connects third ventricle tofourth ventricle

y Containing nuclei substantianigra (control subconscious muscleactivity)

y Red nuclei (coordinating muscle movements)y Nuclei for cranial nerve oculomotor 3 andy Trochlear IV

Diencephalony Thalamus (accounting 80% of diencephalon)- principal relay station

for sensory impulsesy Crude processing- lower level of stimulationy Pineal gland- protruding from the roof of the third ventricle

secreting melatonin- (makes melatonin)Hypothalamus- a small portion inferior to thalamus with many nuclei controlof the ANS (visceral activities) MULTIPLE CHOICE, questions about functionslike health-hunger-thirst-emotions

y Control of the pituitary gland (secreting hormones to reach pituitarygland directly or through blood

y Regulation of the emotional and behavioral patternsy Regulation of eating and drinkingy Control of body temperaturey Regulation of diurnal rhythms and states of consciousness

(suprachiasmatic nucleus)


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Cerebrum- largest portion and highest level of controly Left and right hemisphere are connected by corpus callosumy The control of muscl movement and sensation is CONTRALATERAL-

left side of brain controls right side of body and vis versay Cerebral Cortex- the superficial- SHE IS GIVING US THE LOBE W E

NAME FUNCTIONo Composed of gyrus (convoution) and sulcus (groove)

y Lobes- 5 of them and it will-o Frontal lobe- motor control of skeletal muscles

Higher intellectual proceseso Parietal lobe- general sensory control-cold hoto Temporal lobe- auditory controlo Occipital lobe- visiono Insula (deep) memory

Integration of other cerebral activitieso Hemispheric lateralization of left and right hemispheres are

not identical!!!!!!!! Left side controls things like logic, mathskills, Right side- more in control of musical and artistic andawareness, etc.

Book- Stroke of InsidesLimbic Sstem (the emotional brain)- a ring structure composed of the inner

border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalonsCerebellum- second largest brain portion (next to cerebrum) deals with overall body balance

y Major function----- regulation of muscle coordination andpropricoception

Cranial nerves-Numbering of cranial nerves- from anterior to posterior (interior has lowestnumbers-posterior has higher number KNO W THESE FOR THE TEST ONLY

y Cranial nerve I (S) olfactory (smell)y Cranial nerve II (S)- optic (vision)y Cranial nerve III - ocular motory Cranial nerve IV (M)- trochlear (smallest cranial nerve)

o Eye ball movement, eyeball muscle sensesy Cranial Nerve V (M)Trigeminal (largest cranial nerve)

o Herpes simplex virus


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y Cranial nerve VII (M)- Facialo Facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears

y Cranial nerve X (M)Vaguso Sensation and movement of internal organs (heart, GI tracts,

glands) LOST NERVEy Cranail nerve XI (Movement only)- Accessory

o Mainly for movement of head and shouldersOlive Oil Offers Truly Tasteful Aromatic Fats------ Very Good Variety forAnyones Health


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Targets and Division of ANS 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Short answer ?is Division of NSThese are under control of ANS

y Smooth muscley cardiac muscley glands

Basic Anatomy of Autonomic motor pathwaysy Preganglionic neuron (in the brain or spinal cordy Postganglionic neuron (in the ganglia)y Pregonglionic fiber is long in parasympatheticy Postgonglionic fiber is long in parasympathetic

Sympathetic responsesfight or flight responsey Pupils sizey Heart rate BPy Airwayy Digestion goes down

Parasympathetic responses- rest and digest responsey Pupil sizey Heart rate. BPy Airwayy Digestiony y

Muscle- Smooth muscle (the different colored highlights in notesBrain labelNervous System Division break it down into a diagram5 Components of reflex arc

sarcomere- muscle- flesh- functional and structural unit of muscle fiberextends from one Z- Disc to another Z-disc

receptors- sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effectors


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Chapter 17 Special Senses 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Label the EYE 9 different structures- key structuresy 3 layers

o vasfiber tunico choroido retina

y Corneay Irisy Lensy Ciliary Muscle (smooth muscle, relaxtion of lens)y Vitreous chamber (body)y Optic Disc

Vascular Tunic- iris (circular muscles, radial muscles, pupil)y Choroid (blood vessels)y y Ciliary body (made of ciliary processes, suspensory ligaments and

ciliary muscle, reulationg the thickness of lensy Lens (protein crystallins)y Retina pigment epithelium (melanin containing) inner most layer

VISUAL PATH W AY RIGHT OUT LAYERS!!!!!!!!o neural portion: photorecptor layer (electric signal)o (rods-black and white vision, Cones- color vision)o bipoloar cell layero ganglion cell layer

y Optic Disc- (optic nerve exits, blind spot)y Central fovea (highest visual acuity)y Central retinal artery & central retina veiny Interior of the eyeball

o Anterior cavity (containing aqueous humor)(secreted byciliary muscle)(humor is fluid in the human body)

o Posterior cavity (containing vitreous body) (vitrerous humor)o

y Visual pathway put arrows in latero Cornea- light reaches cornea, bends the light, change the

reflextionso Aqueous humoro Pupil- goes thru pupil


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o Lens-bends light- is very thick when up closeo Vitreous bodyo Photoreceptors- forms image (in retinao Bipolar cells In retinao Ganglion IN retinao Optic nerveo Optic chiasmo Thalamuso Occipital lobes of the cerebrum (vision center)o


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Ears 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

HearingEar anatomy: outer Ear- auricle

y External auditory canaly Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Middle Ear- tympanic antrum (communicating with the temporal bone air cells) amplify sound wave

y Auditory tube-y ( opens to the nasopharynxy auditoryossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

o tensory tympani muscleo stapedius muscle

y Oval window, round windowInner Ear- semicircular canals

y Vestibule (utricle, saccule)y Cochlea (basilar membrane)

o organ of cortitectorial membrane

y Hair cells, endolymph&perilympho The hearing pathway:

Sound wave Auricle

Eardrum vibrates Ossicles amplify Oval W indow vibrates Perilymph&endolymph moves Hair cells move against tectorial membrane stereocilia bend nerve impulse chochlear nerve 8 VIII temporal lobe

y Receptors for equilibrium are hair cells located in vestibularapparatus and semicircular canal

o Body position change bends the hair of hair cellso Dynamic equilibrium (sudden movements)


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o A nerve signal is then generated and transducted alongvestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve to the temporal lobe


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Blood!! CHAPTER 13 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

2 big labels right down pathway of vision/hearing and then the ingredients of blood and functions of blood 9 POINTS

y Red Blood Cells by telling if you have inemia they can tell by redblood cell count

y Components of Blood!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

y Formed Elementso Erythrocytes (RBC)- biconcave disk

W ith no nucleus filled with hemoglobin= Hbo Leukocytes ( W BC)- 5 types

Granular: Neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils Agranular: Lympocytes, monocytes

o Platelets- pieces of cells now the chart on page 439 for thepracticle

o Plasma 92% water 8% solutes 7% proteins types of proteins:

albumin- like egg whites HOLDS FLUID INSIDEVESSLE

Clotting factors Antibody 1% salts, gases, nutrients wastes, hormone

Functions of Blood be able to say what component makes what funtciony Transportation-

o oxygen/ carbon dioxideo nutrients/ wastes, hormones

y Regulationo pH,

7.35 7.45o temperature- when hot blood vesslesdialate when cold

constricty protection-

o clotting is good when started by outside force like a cuto phagocytosis- cell eating


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neutrophil60-70%monocyte 3-8 %Eosinophils- 1-5%Basophil 0-1%

Immunie Reaction:y Lymphocytes B Cells develop into plasma cellsy T cells- develop into activated T cells Thymus

W hite Blood Cell count & differential W BC countLeukocytosis&leukopeniaBlood Clotting

y Platelets (thrombocytes)- fragments of megakaryocytes for clotting(150,000-400,000/uL)

y The extrinsic vs. the Intrinsic pathwayy There are 13 clotting factors (I-XIII)

o I---fibrinogeno II- prothrombino III- tissue factoro IV- calcium ions

y MHC (the marker) Red blood cells dont have ito Major hystol compatibility complex

y Bone Marrow Transplant (intravenous transfer of red bone marrow)


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Chapter 20 The Heart 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Pericardium-y Located in the mediatstinal cavityy Composition- of the heart wall Fill in blank!!

o Pericardium: fibrous pericardium- dense fibrous connective

tissue for protectiono Serous pericardium- outer parietal layer

Inner visceral layer (epicardium)Chambers of the heart left and right ventricles

y Right atrium accepting deoxygenated blood from coronary sinus aswell as superior and inferior vena cava

y Pectinate musclesy Interatrial septum, fossaovalisy Interventricular septumy Bicuspid valvey Aortic semilunar valve

Right ventricle:pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunky Pulmonary valve contributesy 1 st sound of the heart is av valves closing-systoliy 2 nd sound of the heart is the semilunar valve closing-dyistoli


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Blood Vessels 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Anatomy of Blood Vessels:3 types

arteries-o tunicinterna: endotheliumo tunic media: elastic fiber & muscle layero tunicexterna: elastic & collagen fiberso leading blood away from the heart

y elastic arteries- largest oneo aorta is an example

y muscular arteries- more smooth muscle than elastc fibero example- brachial artery

y arterioles- TERM!!!!o Smallest artery barely visible to eyeball

Veins- three basic tunics with thin tunica media and valvesy Collecting blood back to the heart

o Vascular sinus a vein with a thin endothelial wall and denseconnective tissue cover

o Venules-smallest veines barely visible to the eyeballCapillaries-??Systemic& Pulmonary Circuits

Pulmonary circuit- (reason for this circuit is to get oxygen and rid Co2y Right ventricle-y Pulmonary trunk (deoxygenated blood)y Lungsy Capallariesy Pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)y Left atrium

Systemic Circuity Left ventricley Aorta (oxygenated)y Organ arteriesy Organ capalarriesy Organ veins (deoxgenatedy Vena cava coronary stimusy Right atrium


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Fill in Blanks this happens in the capallariesy Oxygen and nutrients goes into tissues what leaves- Carbon dioxide

and wastesBlood Distribution

y 5-6 liters in male adults, 4-5 liters in female adultsy systemic veins and venules hold 64% of blood-MULTIPLE CHOICEy systemic capillaries hold least amount 7%- MULTIPLE CHOICEy 60% in systemic vein &venules (most)

The aorta and its branches-y Ascending aorta: right and left - cornary arteries (heart) has the

first branch from aortay Arch of the aorta:

o Descending thoracic aortao Decending abdominal aorta

The veins: superficial veins (under the dermis)y Deep veins (usually alongside arteries)

3 systemic veins:y coronary sinus-receiving blood from the myocardium-y superior vena cave receiving blood from the structures superior

diaphramy inferior vena cave- receiving blood from structures inferior to the

diagphramhepatic portal circulation-

y detours venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleenthrough the liver before it returns to the heart

y the superior mesentreric veins and splenic veins unite to form thehepatic portal vein

y the vein empties blood into the liver capillarieso detoxification of harmful molecules W ILL BE ON FINAL!!!!o Glycogen (glucose) formation storage of some nutrient

moleculeso The blood will then enter the hepatic vein and return to the

right atrium through the inferior vena cava


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Lymphatic System 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Composition:y Lymphatic vessels (carrying lymph)y Lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, thymus)

General Functionsy 1. Returning excess tissue fluid back to the heart,y 2. Absorbing lipids in small intestine and sending them to the

cardiovascular systemo lacteal: a specialized lymphatic capillaryo chyle lymph in the lacteal of small intestine

y 3. Responding to antigens with specific immunityy B cells for humoral immunityy T cells for cell immunityy Lymph formation & Flow

o Lymphatic capillaries in tissueo Lymphatic vesselso Thoracic and right lymphatic dueto Sublavian vein

Lymphoid organso Thymus- cortex: tightly packed lymphocyteso Medulla scattered lymphocytes and epithelial cells which can

produce thymosin for T cell maturationy Lymph nodes: capsule: dense connective tissue

o Cortex: follicles composed of B lymphocytes macrophagesand follicular dendritic cells

y Medulla: medullary cord composed of lymphocytes, macrophagesand plasma cells

y Function- filtering lympho Immune response

y Clinical application lymph nodes enlargement infection is #1 causeof imflamation in lymph node

y Spleen- capsule- white pulp lymphocytes and macrophageso Red pulp venous sinuses (filled with blood)o Splenic cords rbcs macrophages lymphocytes plasma cells

and granulocyteso Function 1.cell and humoral immunityo 2. Removal of old and defective blood cells


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o 3. Storage of RBCs and plateletso 4. Hemopoiesis in the second trimester

Lymphatic nodules- oval shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissuey Tonsils- contain lymphocytes 3 sets of tonsilsy Peyespatchsy Mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)


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Endocrine System 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

Chapter 23-Endocrine organs-

y Specialized epithelium that can secrete products into blood-Hormones- definition- small amount of regulartory molecules produced

y By endocrine glands * transported by blood and target organs byblood

y Hypothalamus & pituitary gland-o Hypothalamus makes releasing and inhibiting hormones to

regulate pituitary glando (GHRH,GHIH, TRH, CRH) growth, release, inhibiting, thyroid,

release, corticaltroping) all hormoneo pituitary gland makes 9 hormones be able to list 3

y posterior region--------------------------ADH- target is kidneyOXYTOCIN

Pituitary glandy Anterior region--------------------------- Human Growth Hormone

--------------------------------------------Gigantism (develop as kid)------------------------------------------acromegaly (develop as adult)-----------------------------------------(too much growth hormone)--------------------------------------------dwarf

o PRLo MSHo TSHo ACTHo FSHo LH

Thyroid and parathyroid glands:y Thyroidy Disorder of thyroidy Goiter- lacking iodiney Thyroid enlargement

Hpyothrydoidism- Cretinism (children)y Myxedema (adults)

Hyperthyroidism- Graves diseaseCalcitonin (from thyroid)- stimulating bone formation Blood Ca2+


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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- stimulating bone resorption- Blood Ca2+

Adrenal Gland Adrenal medulla secretes

Norepinephrine- sympatheticEpinephrine - effectsAdrenal cortex secretes-

y Alosterone0 regulating water and salt balancey Glucocorticoids-mainly cortisol

o Metabolism of nutrients (sugar, amino acids, lipids) Resistance to stress

y Sex hormonesHypersecretion of cortisol- crushing syndromeHyposecretiong of cortical

Pancreas

y Exocrine gland cells digestive enyzymesy Endocrine gland cells (pancreatic islets)

o Beta cells secrete insulin- blood gluose goes downo Alpha cells secrete glucagon

Blood glucose upy Insulin insufficiency:y Diabetes mellitus Type 1 vs. type 2

Testes and ovariesy Testes0 testosterone (androgen)

o For spermatogenesis & secondary sex characteristicso Inhibin- the three level control

Ovaries- estrogen oogenesisy Progesterone- uterine cycle

o Secondary sex characteristics

y Relaxiny Inhibin

Pineal glandbiology clock y Secreting melatonin


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Nontradition sourcesy Heart- atrialnatriuretic hormone (ANH)y Kidney- erythropoietiny Adipose tissue- leptin- suppresses apitite

Prostaglandins are produced by all tissues and regulate all systemsy Environmental signal- pheromone


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Digestive System 8/30/2010 9:03:00 AM

1. composition-

Common layers- FIB- of the G.I. tract-y Mucosa- epithelium with a thin underlying layer of areolar

connective tissuey In esophagus, the epithelium is stratified squamousy In stomach and intestines, it is simple columnar

Submucosa: areolar connective tissue carrying and nerve supplyMuscularis: usually two sheets of smooth muscles-

y Circular and longitudinal

Esophagus-conducting food- peristasis- wavelike muscular of y Muscular hollow organsy Esophageal sphincter

Histology- mucosa contains many gastric glandsy Mucous neck cells- secrete mucusy Chief cells (zymogenic) secretey pepsinogenparietal cells (oxyntic) secete HCIy G cells secrete gastrin

Gastric juice- 2000-3000 ml per day

Chyme- a pasty material made of churned foodOnly alcohol and asprin are absorbed by the stomachSmall intestine- 3 meteres long for digestion (big molecule small unitmolecules) and

y Fingerlike projections formed by mucosa0 micorovilli- microscopicLarge intestine- absorbing water and vitamins jBasic anatomy cecum, colon, rectum, anal canalNormal flora (synthesizing some vitamins protecting against foreigninvasion)Function of liver- largest internal orgaon of the body-Gross anatomy

y Right and left lobe separated by falciform ligamenty Histology functional lobules made of hepatocytes and kupffers cellsy Bile production- form hepac

Fuctions of liver- at least 4


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y Detoxificationy Nutrients metabolismy Breakdown of aged and deformed RBCsy Bile formationy Storing vitamins and mineralsy Plasma protein synthesis

human bio&anat

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