human evoluion i - wordpress.com...6) dept. legal medicine and bioethics, nagoya university school...

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SAITOU Naruya National Institute of Genetics Mishima, Japan August 4th, A.S. 0017 NIG Auditorium, Mishima Human Evoluion I 木村資生記念進化学セミナー 第1回

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Page 1: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

SAITOU NaruyaNational Institute of Genetics

Mishima, JapanAugust 4th, A.S. 0017

NIG Auditorium, Mishima

Human Evoluion I

木村資生記念進化学セミナー 第1回

Page 2: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

From Babarinde & Saitou (2013)

Page 3: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

From Babarinde & Saitou (2013)

Page 4: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Topics covered in this talk

• PCA (Principal Component Analysis)• Individual-based admixture analyses• Population-based phylogenetic analyses• Search of genes existing in genomic regions

with large population difference• Haplotype estimation (phasing)• Introgression from archaic humans

Page 5: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

チンパン ジーと ボノボの 系統へ

図1

ホモ属の出現(猿人)

ホモ・エレクタスの出現(原人)絶滅

絶滅

絶滅 絶滅

出アフリカ(原人)

パン属の出現

絶滅

絶滅

ホモ・サピエンス の出現(50万年前)

絶滅

絶滅

出アフリカ(旧人)

新人の出現

出アフリカ(新人)

絶滅

絶滅

絶滅 絶滅

絶滅絶滅

絶滅地 球 上 に 現 在 生 き て い る 人 々

700万年前

300万年前

(20万年前)

Page 6: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

From Hara, Imanishi, & Satta (2012)

Page 7: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Scally (2016)より

ヒトゲノム突然変異率の推定

Page 8: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 9: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 10: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

ゲノムデータを用いた人口変化の推定

日本人イタリア人フィンランド人

中国人イギリス人ヨルバ人

“stairway” From Liu and Fu (2015)

Page 11: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Neighbor-Joining Tree of Modern Human Populations

From Tishkoff et al. (2009)

West and Central Africa

East Africa

South Africa and Pygmies

IndiaCentral Asia

Europe

East AsiaAmerica

Oceania

Near East

Page 12: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

● Negritos  ● Non-Negritos

Page 13: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

January, 1982; Palawan Island

Page 14: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

February, 1982; Tappa, Pamplona

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Page 16: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

February, 1982; Palaui Island

Page 17: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(11):3513–3527 (2012)

Page 18: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Individual-based PCA using SNP genotype data

Page 19: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

図13:大集団と小集団の混血により、彗星状パターンが生じる様子

混血小集団大集団

大集団

混血個体

混血度低 混血度高

comet-like pattern

Page 20: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Neighbor-Net network constructed from Nei’s standard genetic distance matrix

Page 21: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

2013 in Negrito special issue

Page 22: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Structure analysis (k = 2~6)

Page 23: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 24: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Discerning the origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland Peoples: deep divergence and archaic admixture

Genome Biology and Evolution (advance pub. July 11, 2017)

Timothy A. Jinam,1 Maude E. Phipps,2 Farhang Aghakhanian,2 Partha P. Majumder,3 Francisco Datar,4 Mark Stoneking,5 Hiromi Sawai,6 Nao Nishida,6,7 Katsushi Tokunaga,6 Shoji Kawamura,8 Keiichi Omoto,9 Naruya Saitou1

1) Division of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan 2) Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Sunway City, 46150 Selangor, Malaysia 3) National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, West-Bengal, India 4) Department of Anthropology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, the Philippines 5) Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany 6) Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan 7) Department of Hepatic Disease, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan 8) Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan 9) Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

Dr. Timothy A. Jinam

at Kanazawa in 2015

Page 25: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 26: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

図12:東南アジアのネグリト人のゲノム多様性

(グレイスケールにする)

(A)ネグリト集団全体の比較 (B)アンダマン諸島人を除いた比較

1-4

5

6

52

1 3

4A

A

Page 27: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Admixture Analysis

Page 28: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

k=2

k=3

k=4

k=5

k=6

Andamanese

Batek

Jehai & Kintak

Aeta & Agta

Mamanwa

Non-Negrito SEA

Phylogenetic interpretation of admixture analysis results

Page 29: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Phylogenetic tree using Neighbor-Joining method

Page 30: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Phylogenetic tree using TreeMix method

Page 31: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Phylogenetic Network using NeighborNet

Page 32: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

新人20集団とデニソワ人の系統ネットワーク

アンダマン諸島 ネグリト人

アフリカ人

ヨーロッパ人

サフール人ルソン島ネグリト人

ミンダナオ島 ネグリト人

マレー半島 ネグリト人

非ネグリト人

パラワン島 ネグリト人

Page 33: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Introgression of Denisovan DNAs to Papuans and Aeta Negritos

Page 34: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Introgression test of Denisovan DNAs to Negritos

Page 35: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

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Page 37: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 38: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 39: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Divergence time estimates based on SNP data

African

West Eurasian

Malaysian Negritos

Philippine Negritos

SouthEast Asian

East Asian

Page 40: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Divergence time estimates based on SNP data

African

West Eurasian

Malaysian Negritos

Philippine Negritos

SouthEast Asian

East Asian

Page 41: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

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From Malaspinas et al. (2016)

Page 42: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Four Possible Scenarios of Denisovan Introgression in Modern Humans

Page 43: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

東ユーラシア人形成の3モデル

(A)

西ユーラシア人

サフール大陸人アンダマン諸島人

スンダランド人3

スンダランド人1

スンダランド人2

東アジア人

(B)

西ユーラシア人

サフール大陸人アンダマン諸島人

スンダランド人1

スンダランド人2

スンダランド人3

東アジア人

(C)

西ユーラシア人

サフール大陸人アンダマン諸島人

スンダランド人1

スンダランド人2

スンダランド人3

東アジア人

Page 44: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

From Prüfer et al. (2008)

重層的な混血が推定される人類進化 (1)

Page 45: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

重層的な混血が推定される人類進化 (2)

From Skogland et al. (2016)

デニソワ人

ネアンデルタール人

新人原人?

Page 46: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

アイヌ人

本土人

琉球人

多原かおりさん

宮里藍さん

酒井美直さん故萱野茂氏

下地幹郎氏

杉本彩さん 根井正利先生 斎藤のはら

南沙織さん

Page 47: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Photo taken by Saitou, 2000

Page 48: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 49: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 50: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 51: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 52: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Consortium MembersTimothy Jinam1, Nao Nishida2,+, Momoki Hirai3,+, Shoji Kawamura3,+, Hiroki OOta3,+, Kazuo Umetsu4,+, Ryosuke Kimura2,+, Jun Ohashi2,+, Atsushi Tajima5,+, Toshimichi Yamamoto6,+, Hideyuki Tanabe7,+, Shuhei Mano8,+, Yumiko Suto9,+, Tadashi Kaname10, Kenji Naritomi10, Kumiko Yanagi10, Norio Niikawa11, Naruya Saitou1,12,+,*, Keiichi Omoto13,+,*, and Katsushi Tokunaga2,+,*

1) Dept. Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI2) Dept. Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo3) Dept. Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo4) Dept. Forensic Sciene, Yamagata University School of Medicine5) Dept. Human Genetics and Public Health, The University of Tokushima Graduate School6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI8) Institute of Statistial Mathematics9) National Institute of Radiological Sciences10) Dept. Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus11) Health Sciences University of Hokkaido12) Dept. Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo13) Dept. Anthropology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo

+ Members of "Asian Archival DNA Repository Consortium"* Corresponding Authors

Page 53: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 54: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

PCA plot of Japanese and HapMap populations

Yoruban

European

East Asian

Page 55: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

PCA plot of Japanese and HapMap populations (Yoruba was removed)

European

Ainu

Ryukyu

Han Chinese

Page 56: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 57: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Results of frappe analysis for k=2 to k=5 in three Japanese and HapMap East Asia populations. Each vertical bar represents an individual and each color represents ancestry components corresponding to assumed number of ancestral populations, denoted by k.

Page 58: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Correlation between Principal Component 1 (PC1) coordinates from Figure 1A with proportion of Ainu ancestry from frappe analysis, assuming k=2. PC1 coordinates have been normalized to range from 0 to 1.

Page 59: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,
Page 60: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

アイヌ人中国北部の少数民族

中国南部の少数民族ヤマト人

オキナワ人韓国人北京の漢族台湾の漢族

上海の漢族

東アジア人の遺伝的系統関係

論文Aより

Page 61: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

他の東アジア人との比較

西ユーラシア人???人

論文Aより

Page 62: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

3 Ainu in Hondo cluster

5 Ainu outliers

PCA for Ainu onlyPC1 vs PC2

PC3 vs PC4

Page 63: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Ainu frappe results

k = 2

k = 3

3 Ainu individuals in Hondo cluster

5 Ainu outlier individuals

Page 64: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

アイヌ人の遺伝的特徴を詳細に解析(2015; 論文B)

Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 60, pp. 565-571 (2015年)

Dr. Jinam (2016年4月)

Page 65: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Estimation of kinship within Ainu

parent-offspring

sibling

second-degreeandfartherrelationships

Page 66: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

Jinamら(2015)

オキナワ人ヤマト人

北方中国人南方中国人 アイヌ人

東アジアの5人類集団のあいだの遺伝的関係

Page 67: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

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アイヌ人

オキナワ人ヤマト人韓国人

北方中国人

東アジアの6人類集団のあいだの遺伝的関係

Jinam・斎藤ら(未発表)

南方中国人

Page 68: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

ADMIXTURE results after omission of closely related individuals in Ainu using approximately 65k SNPs

Page 69: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

縄文人?弥生時代の渡来人?

ひとりひとりを2集団の混血と仮定すると・・・

ア イ ヌ 人

オ キ ナ ワ 人

ヤ   マ   ト   人  

韓 国 人

北 方 中 国 人

南 方 中 国 人

Page 70: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

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アイヌ人 と 本土人 の核DNAハプロタイプの期待される系統関係

Page 71: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

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混血個体のハプロタイプ

アイヌ人 と 本土人 の核DNAハプロタイプの期待される系統関係

Page 72: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

fastphase beagle

Jinam・斎藤ら(未発表)

Page 73: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

fastphase beagle

Jinam・斎藤ら(未発表)

Page 74: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

fastphase beagle

Jinam・斎藤ら(未発表)

Page 75: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

fastphase beagle

Jinam・斎藤ら(未発表)

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論文Bより

Page 77: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

アイヌ人祖先集団と本土人祖先集団が混血をはじめた時期の推定

およそ紀元6~7世紀

論文Bより

Page 78: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

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東北地方におけるアイヌ語地名(-ナイ, -ベツ)の分布

Page 79: Human Evoluion I - WordPress.com...6) Dept. Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University School of Medicine 7) Dept. Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences,

理化学研究所のデータとの重ね合わせ

えみしの子孫?

アイヌ人

オキナワ人

関東ヤマト人北京の漢族

論文Bより

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Distribution of differentiated SNP in the Ainu for the five genes associated with facial morphology in Europeans and for hair and tooth morphology

(EDAR)