huong dan dtm - sx giay va bot giay_2

8/4/2019 Huong Dan DTM - SX Giay Va Bot Giay_2

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B TI NGUYN V MI TRNGCC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

HNG DN K THUT LP BO CONH GI TC NG MI TRNG

DN SN XUT GIY V BT GIY

H NI, 10/2009


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Hng dn kthut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trngDn Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

1

MC LC

LI NI U ..................................................................................................................... 4CHNG 1. GII THIU TM TT DN SN XUT GIY V BT GIY ...... 5

1.1. Khi qut v vic trin khai loi hnh d n Vit Nam: ........................................ 5

1.2. M t slc v loi hnh d n: ............................................................................. 51.2.1. Cc thng tin chung v d n ............................................................................ 51.2.2. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on xy dng ........................................... 6(1). Phng n s dng t .......................................................................................... 6(2). Cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, n b, gii to, ti nh c ........................ 6(3). Cc hot ng san lp mt bng ............................................................................ 6(4). Cc hot ng xy dng cbn ............................................................................ 61.2.3. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on vn hnh ........................................... 71.2.3.1. Sn phm, cng sut ....................................................................................... 71.2.3.2. Cng ngh sn xut ......................................................................................... 71.2.3.3. My mc thit b ........................................................................................... 14

1.2.3.4. Nhu cu nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, in, nc phc v sn xut giyv bt giy .................................................................................................................. 151.2.3.5. Bin ch lao ng v t chc thc hin ........................................................ 15

1.3. u t d n ............................................................................................................ 161.4. Tin thc hin d n .......................................................................................... 16

CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST V NH GI IU KIN TNHIN V KINH T - X HI TI KHU VC DN SN XUT GIY V BTGIY .................................................................................................................................. 17

2.1. iu kin t nhin :................................................................................................. 17S liu mi trng t nhin sau khi c thu thp cn phi c x l v th hin rrng, chi tit trong bo co TM. Di y l mt s hng dn k thut v vic xc

nh cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng. ......................................................... 20(1). Ti nguyn t ..................................................................................................... 20(2). Cht lng nc .................................................................................................. 20(3). Cht lng khng kh .......................................................................................... 21(4). Ting n, rung ................................................................................................ 22

2.2. c im kinh t - x hi : ...................................................................................... 23CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA DN SN XUT GIY V BTGIY TI MI TRNG TNHIN V KINH T - X HI .................................. 25

3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh chun b mt bng ......................... 253.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng ....................................... 25

3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng ................................................ 25

3.2.2. nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng ................................................... 26(1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng: ................................. 26(2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on xy dng .......................... 26(3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on xy dng ..................................... 27(4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng ......................................... 27

3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh ........................................ 273.3.1. Cc ngun cht thi trong giai on hot ng ............................................... 273.3.2. Tc ng n mi trng vt l ....................................................................... 30(1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on vn hnh .................................. 30


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(2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on vn hnh .......................... 30(3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on vn hnh ..................................... 31(4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on vn hnh .......................................... 31(5). nhim nhit ...................................................................................................... 313.3.3. Tc ng n cc h sinh thi .......................................................................... 31

3.3.4. Tc ng n kinh t-x hi ............................................................................ 32(1). Tc ng ti kinh t x hi .................................................................................. 32(2). Tc ng n csh tng ................................................................................. 33(3). Tc ng ti cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c .................................... 33(4). Tc ng ti sc khe cng ng ....................................................................... 33

3.4. nh gi ri ro s c mi trng ............................................................................ 33CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG TIU CC CA DN SN XUT GIY V BT GIY N MI TRNG TNHIN V KINHT - X HI ..................................................................................................................... 35

4.1. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on chun b d n ............ 354.2. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on xy dng d n .......... 36

4.3. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on hot ng d n ......... 374.3.1. Gim thiu tc ng do nc thi .................................................................... 374.3.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh ................................ 404.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn........................................... 424.3.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc h sinh thi ................... 424.3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi -nhn vn ..................................................................................................................... 43

4.4. Bin php gim thiu, phng nga v ng ph cc s c mi trng ................... 434.4.1. Phng chng r r nguyn nhin liu ............................................................... 434.4.2. Phng nga v ng ph s c chy n ............................................................ 45(1). Chy n do yu tin ........................................................................................ 45

(2). Phng n PCCC ................................................................................................ 45(3). Phng chng st .................................................................................................. 464.4.3. Bin php phng nga khi h thng x l nc thi ngng hot ng ........... 46

CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MITRNG ........................................................................................................................... 47

5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng ........................................................................... 475.2. Chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng ......................................................... 47

5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng ......................................... 485.2.2. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng ........................................ 49

CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG ........................................................ 50 6.1. nh ngha v cng ng ........................................................................................ 50

6.2. Hng dn v tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin ...................................... 50CHNG 7. GII THIU CU TRC V NI DUNG CA BO CO NH GITC NG MI TRNG CA DN SN XUT GIY V BT GIY .......... 53

MU ....................................................................................................................... 54Chng 1: M T TM TT DN ........................................................................ 55Chng 2: IU KIN TNHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X HI ........ 56Chng 3: NH GI CC TCNG MI TRNG ........................................ 57 Chng 4: BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NGPH SC MI TRNG ........................................................................................ 58


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Chng 5: CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG .............. 58 Chng 6: THAM VN KIN CNG NG ......................................................... 59KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT ................................................................... 60PH LC ....................................................................................................................... 60PH LC I. PHIU IU TRA KINH T - X HI ................................................. 61

PH LC II.CC PHNG PHP NH GI TC NG MI TRNG SDNG CHO LOI HNH DN ............................................................................... 62


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LI NI U

Nm 2001 Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng xy dnghng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) D n Nh my giy v Bt

giy ph hp vi Lut Bo v Mi trng (BVMT) c Quc hi Nc CHXHCN VitNam thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 v Ch tch Nc k lnh cng b ngy 10/01/1994 vNghnh 175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 ca Chnh ph v Hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo vMi trng. T khi ra i, bn hng dn ny c cc cquan qun l nh nc vmi trng, cc cquan t vn mi trng v cc doanh nghip sn xut giy v bt giytrn phm vi c nc p dng trong qu trnh lp v thm nh bo co TM cho cc Dn sn xut giy v bt giy.

Tuy nhin, bn hng dn lp bo co TM D n Nh my giy v Bt giy trln li thi k t khi Quc hi Nc Cng ha X hi ch ngha Vit Nam thng quaLut Bo v Mi trng ngy 29/11/2005 thay th cho Lut BVMT nm 1993. Tip theo Chnh ph ban hnh Nghnh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 v/v Quy nh

chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt siu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; B Ti nguynv Mi trng ban hnh Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006 vHng dn nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bov mi trng. Ngy 28/02/2008, Chnh ph ban hnh Nghnh 21/2008/N-CP v/vsa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v quy nh chi tit vhng dn thi hnh mt s iu Lut Bo v mi trng v B Ti nguyn v Mitrng ban hnh Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 hng dnvnh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trngthay th Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT. Trc tnh hnh vic b sung, cp nht, xydng li hng dn k thut lp bo co TM D n sn xut giy v Bt giy ph hpvi cc quy nh hin hnh, c kh nng ho nhp quc t l cn thit v cp bch.

Nhm p ng tnh hnh nu trn, c php ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng,VThm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng t chc nghin cu, bin son cc hngdn lp bo co TM chuyn ngnh. Cc hng dn ny mang tnh hng dn k thutkhng ch cho cc chu t, cc cquan t vn lp bo co TM ca cc D n mcn gip cho cc cquan qun l nh nc trong cng tc thm nh bo co TM.

c s ti trca Hp phn Kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho(PCDA), Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng hon chnh bn Hng dnk thut lp bo co TM D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy.

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng xin gii thiu hng dn k thut

lp bo co TM D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy. Trong qu trnh p dng vo thc t,nu c kh khn, vng mt xin kp thi phn nh v Cc Thm nh v nh gi tcng mi trng theo a ch:

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Niin thoi: 844-37734246

Fax: 844-37734916


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CHNG 1. GII THIU TM TT DN SN XUT GIY VBT GIY

Yu cu : Ni dung m t slc vDn phi c trnh by mt cch r rng, dhiu v cn c minh ha bng nhng sliu, biu bng, st l thch hp.

1.1. Khi qut v vic trin khai loi hnh dn Vit Nam:

Ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy ca Vit Nam l mt ngnh quan trng tronglnh vc sn xut hng tiu dng. Mc d khng phi l ngnh ng gp ln cho thu nhpquc dn nhng li cung cp sn phm thit yu phc v pht trin gio dc, vn ho xhi v nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc. Mt khc cng nghip giy v bt giy c coi lmt trong nhng ngnh mi nhn gp phn xo i gim ngho, chuyn dch ccu kinht, pht trin kinh t x hi vng su vng xa.

Bn cnh nhng nhn t tch cc m ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy

mang li th vn nhim mi trng do sn xut t ngnh mang li cng rt ng bong. Do c th s dng nhiu nc, hm lng cc cht nhim trong nc cao nnvic x l nhim cng nh gim thiu cc tc ng ti mi trng v h sinh thi angl vn nan gii v tm hng gii quyt ng n t pha cc doanh nghip.

Hin nay ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy ang pht trin mnh mnc ta, nhiu d n sn xut giy v bt giy c quy m ln ang v s hnh thnh, vvy, vic xy dng hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) cho cc d n snxut giy v bt giy l vic lm cn thit.

Theo quy nh ti iu 18, Mc II, Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005, Ngh nh21/2008/N-CP v/v sa i, b sung mt siu ca Nghnh 80/2006/N-CP v quynh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt siu Lut Bo v mi trng th cc D n snxut giy v bt giy t nguyn liu cng sut t 1.000 tn/nm trln v cc d n snxut giy t giy ti ch cng sut t 5.000 tn/nm trln phi lp bo co nh gi tcng mi trng (TM) trnh np Cquan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng thm nh.

Bn hng dn k thut ny c bin son nhm trgip cc chu t, cc cquan t vn lp bo co TM v trgip cc cquan qun l nh nc trong cng tcthm nh, ph duyt bo co TM d n sn xut giy v bt giy.

1.2. M t slc v loi hnh dn:

1.2.1. Cc thng tin chung v dnCn c vo Bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, d n u t xy dng cng trnh,

bo co kinh t-k thut ca D n, vic m t slc D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giyc thc th hin theo cc ni dung chnh di y:

(1). Tn dn : Nu chnh xc nh tn trong bo co u t xy dng cng trnh,d n u t xy dng cng trnh, bo co kinh t-k thut hoc ti liu tng ng cad n.


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(2). Ch dn : Nu y tn ca cquan ch d n, a ch lin h vi cquanch d n; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u cquan ch d n.

(3). V tra l ca dn

M t r rng v tr a l (gm c ta , ranh gii...) ca a im thc hin d ntrong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng ng giao thng; h thngsng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc; h thng i ni ...), cc i tng v kinh t - xhi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut - kinh doanh - dch v, cc cng trnhvn ho - tn gio, cc di tch lch s ...) v cc i tng khc xung quanh khu vc dn, km theo s v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny, c ch gii r rng.

1.2.2. Cc hot ng ca dn trong giai on xy dng

(1). Phng n sdng t

M t r phng n s dng t ca d n, bao gm cc hng mc cng trnh xydng xng sn xut, bi cha nguyn liu, kho cha nhin liu, vn phng; cc hngmc h tng k thut (ng giao thng, bn cng, cp in, cp nc, thot nc, thngtin lin lc, h thng x l nc thi, bi trung chuyn cht thi rn); t cy xanh, mtnc Trnh by r din tch tng hng mc cng trnh, t l % trn tng mt bng dn. Lp s phn b mt bng d n, ch r trn s tng hng mc cng trnh.

(2). Cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, n b, gii to, ti nh c

M t r hin trng khu t d n bao gm cc s liu o c, kim k hoa mu, vtkin trc; s h dn v nhn khu b tc ng do gii to; s m m phi di di ctnh kinh ph n b; ch r phng n ti nh c (s h ti nh c, v tr ti nh c).

(3). Cc hot ng san lp mt bng

M t r khi lng t b mt b bc tch trc khi san lp; phng n thi btbc tch. M t cao san lp mt bng; c tnh khi lng t ct cn thit cho cngtc san lp; ngun t ct san lp, phng tin vn chuyn t ct san lp (ng b hayng thu).

(4). Cc hot ng xy dng cbn

M t cc hot ng xy dng cbn bao gm xy dng xng sn xut, bi changuyn liu, kho cha nhin liu, vn phng; cc hng mc h tng k thut (ng giaothng, bn cng, cp in, chiu sng, cp nc, thot nc, thng tin lin lc, h thngx l nc thi, bi trung chuyn cht thi rn); c tnh tng khi lng cc loi nguynvt liu s dng cho xy dng c bn (, ct, xi mng, gch, st thp ); xc nh

ngun cung cp v phng tin vn chuyn ti khu vc d n. Lp s h thng nggiao thng, cp nc, thot nc ma, thu gom v x l nc thi.

(5). Trng cy xanh

M t h thng cy xanh, din tch, v tr b tr cy xanh. Lu tng din tch cyxanh khng thp hn 15% tng din tch khu t d n. Lp s b tr h thng cyxanh trn khu t n.


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1.2.3. Cc hot ng ca dn trong giai on vn hnh

1.2.3.1. Sn phm, cng sut

M t cc loi sn phm chnh ca D n sn xut giy v bt giy; cng sut tngloi sn phm; cht lng sn phm, quy cch sn phm v th trng tiu th.

1.2.3.2. Cng ngh sn xutThng thng quy trnh cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy c trnh by ring

bit cng ngh sn xut bt giy v cng ngh sn xut giy thnh phm.

(1). Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bt giy tnguyn liu

Cc phng php chnh sn xut bt giy gm: phng php ha hc (sulfat,sulfit), bn ha hc, nhit c.

- Phng php ha hc:

S ch nguyn liu nu bt b cha sng, ra ty bt giy thnhphm.

- Phng php bn ha hc:

G nguyn liu ngm tm trong iu kin ha cht/nu bt giy thnh phm

- Phng php nhit c: hiu sut bt loi ny thng cao (85-90%) nhng s dngnhiu nng lng. Bt giy c bn khng cao, d b vng

G nguyn liu ct mnh nghin bt sng chn bt giy thnh phm

Nguyn l cbn ca cc phng php sn xut bt giy bao gm ho hc, bn hahc, ho nhit c(bng 1). Trn thc t thng kt hp cc phng php nu trn snxut cc loi bt giy theo yu cu tiu th.

Bng 1. Cc phng php sn xut bt giy ph bin.

Phng php X l ha hc (ha cht nu) Hiu sut (%) (khng ty)1. Ha hc- Sulfat NaOH + Na2SO3 40-55- Soda Na2CO3 + NaOH 40-55- Sulfit Sulfit axit 40-60- Bisulfit Mg - sulfit 45-602. Bn ha- Sulfit trung tnh Na2SO3 + Na2CO3 + 65-90- Sulfat Na

2HCO

375-85

- Soda NaOH + Na2S 65-85- Sulfit Na2SO3 + NaOH 60-90

Mg - Sulfit3. Ha nhit c- Sulfat NaOH + Na2S 55-60- Soda Mg Sulfit 55-70- Sulfit Sulfit axit 55-70


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Hin nay, trn th gii khong 75% cng ngh sn xut bt giy l cng ngh sulfatv sulfit do cc phng php ny c mt su im. Bt giy sn xut bng hai cngngh ny c bn, trng cao v cng c th s dng cho nhiu loi nguyn liu thnh: tre, na v c kh nng thu hi ha cht nu bng phng php c c t xtha dch en ti sinh s dng li dung dch kim cho cng on nu.

(2). Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bt giy tgiy loi

Sau khi giy loi (AOCC) c nh ti, lc nng cao, sng, lc nng trungbnh, t thit b phn tch si ln 1, dng bt c chia thnh xsi ngn v xsi di.Xsi ngn tip tc c x l dng lm lp gia tgiy. Xsi di tip tc c

phn tch thit b phn tch ln hai li phn thnh hai loi xsi. Loi di hn cgia cng tip v ri li phn thnh hai nhm xsi sau khi phn tch nng. Nhm si ttnht c chuyn sang dy chuyn chun b si t bt nguyn lm lp mt tgiy.

Nhm si km hn c x l ri cng vi loi si ngn hn sau ln phn tch th hai cng on nghin lm lp lng tgiy. Xsi ngn c tch ra thit b phn tch

th hai c gia cng lm lp lng tgiy.Quy trnh cng ngh (Theo dy chuyn sn xut bt AOCC ca Cng ty Kadant

Black Clawson (KBC) ca M):

u tin AOCC c c bng chuyn kiu tm xch chuyn ti vo my nghinthy lc nh ti thnh cc si bt phn tn (nn cn gi l thit b phn tn si).

Nghin thy lc c dng hnh trng, ti tm y c cnh khuy c tc dng nh tiAOCC thnh dng bt giy.

Thit b nghin thy lc y l loi thy lc nng thp thch hp vi AOCC.Nng bt cho hot ng ti u l 4 - 4,5%. Lng n p liu c bit cao nhdngxoy nc ti u c to ra bi thit k hon ho ca cnh khuy v thnh b. Myc thit kc bit kiu D hoc Sigma, nng cao ng k hiu qu nghin vn ngthi gim tiu hao nng lng v tiu hao nc.

Thit b HDC l thit b lc hnh cn c ng knh phn hnh tr tng i ln.Thit bc thit k lc nhng mnh t p cht th (nh nhng mu kim loi, thytinh, nha c kch thc ln) m chng mi b my nghin thy lc lm vra v vncn ln trong dng bt ti sinh. Nng bt trong thit b ny khong 3 4,5% (so vinng bt trong thit b lc cn khu lc sn ct l


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giy) v bt si ngn (dng lm lp gia) t dng bt ti sinh. Thit b ny c cu toging nh sng p lc dng l, nhng l sng y thng nh khong 1,4 mm, nng

bt khong 3,5 - 4%.

u tin dng bt c a vo thit b phn tch si ln th nht. Dng bt rac chia lm hai nhnh:

nhnh th nht, dng bt cha xsi ngn tip tc qua thit b lc nng thp 3giai on loi b nhng t p cht nh (mnh vn nha, sp nn, bng keo, cht ktdnh, ). Nng dng bt vo


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Sau khi phn tn nng, dng bt xsi di th nht cn li (phn tt c avo ho trn vi dng bt c chun b t bt nguyn thy) v dng bt xsi di thhai c ho nhp lm mt v c a vo my nghin hai a quay. Nng bt trongmy nghin khong 3,5 5%.

Sau khi lc sch tp cht trc khi s dng xeo giy, bt c nghin pht

trin ti mc tt nht tnh cht to thnh tgiy ca bt. Nghin a thch hp cho vicchi ho xsi. Qu trnh ch xt trong my nghin lm b mt xsi b xra, din tch

b mt xsi tng, tng kh nng to lin kt do lm tng bn cl ca giy.

Sau khi c nghin k, bt c dng lm lp lng tgiy.

(3). Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut giy tbt giy

a). Chun b bt xeo tUKP (Theo dy chuyn ny do Cng ty Andritz sn xut tic v Trung Quc)

Dy chuyn chun b bt xeo t nguyn liu UKP n gin hn dy chuyn chunb bt t nguyn liu OCC v bt UKP c lc, nghin k trong qu trnh sn xut,tc l kh sch. Tuy nhin cng cn phi tip tc x l li m bo an ton cho snxut v ph hp vi yu cu.

UKP c bng chuyn kiu tm xch cn ong ri chuyn ti n my nghin btthy lc nh ti nng 4%. Sau dng bt c a vo thit b lc th nng cao lc nhng mnh tp cht th (cc loi rc nha, thy tinh, kim loi, sn ctln vo trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun). Sau bt c a vo b cha. y tip nhn thm bt si di c phn tch t dy chuyn sn xut OCC tiu chunlm bt lp mt tgiy. Dng bt tip tc c a vo my nghin a i chi hoxsi ri vo b cha bt cho my xeo.

Bt t hai loi nguyn liu AOCC v UKP sau khi x l c cha trong cc bdung dch bt lp mt, lp gia v lp y.

b). Xeo giy (My xeo giy PM15 do Cng ty Metso Paper ca Phn Lan sn xut)

S cng ngh Dy chuyn xeo giy lm bao b c trnh by trong hnh 1.


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Hnh 1: Dy chuyn xeo giy lm bao b.

Bt xeo c cc dy chuyn trong cng on chun b bt c cha trong cc b

bt xeo lp mt, bt xeo lp lng v bt xeo lp gia cho tgiy.T b cha ring bit cng on chun b bt, tng loi bt xeo c a vo b

cha u my l b cha ln c khuy lin tc dng cha bt sau khi phi trn. Tib cha u my ny, cc cht ph gia c b sung v phi trn vi bt giy tngcng thm nhng tnh cht cn thit cho tgiy.

Cng dng ca b cha u my l duy tr mt lng bt nht nh c chunb sn cho my xeo hot ng lin tc trong cc trng hp cc cng on nghin v ldo no phi ngng li mt thi gian ngn. Nu khng c b ny th khi c s ckhu nghin m phi dng my xeo th s tiu hao mt lng sn phm ln trong qutrnh dng my v khi ng my tr li cho n khi cha t sn nh cht lng

giy. Thng th nng trong b cha u my khong 3 4%.Hm iu tit(Stuff Box) l hm cha bt, kch thc nh, nm trung gian gia

b cha u my v bm qut. Cng dng ca hm l duy tr dng chy n nh cadng bt t b cha u my sang bm qut. Dng bt trong hm iu tit lc ra c nng 3 - 4% sc ho long bng nc trng (nc thu hi t b phn li ca my xeo)ti nng 0,6% trc khi vo bm qut sang thit b tinh lc v sng chn trc khiln my xeo.

B cha u my

Sng

Hm bt

Hnh thnh

p

Sy qua

p gia keo

Sy

Cn lng

CunCun li

In nhn & Gi

Kho

H thng chn

Nc


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Bm qut (Fan Pump) l mt bm cng sut ln dng bm dng bt holong nng thp thch hp khi vo thit b tinh lc v sng chn trc khi ln myxeo.

H thng tinh lc bt gm rt nhiu n v lc ly tm hnh cn, ng knh nh.Mc ch l tinh lc tp cht nh ln trong dng bt. H thng y gm 3 nc. Nc

u gm nhiu n v lc nht ri n nc th hai, t nht l nc th ba. Dng bt thi canc lc trn s l dng vo ca nc lc sau. Mc ch ca lc nhiu nc l thu hi trit lng bt tt c ln trong dng bt thi. Sau khi qua h thng tinh lc th dng bt sc a vo khoang cha c chn khng kh bt trong dng bt.

Khoang cha c chn khng cha bt sau tinh lc. Mc ch duy tr p sut chnkhng trong khoang ph vnhng bt kh trong dng bt. Nguyn tc l trn b mtdung dch bt c p sut chn khng, iu ny lm cho cc bt kh c trong lng dungdch bt s ni ln trn v b vra, nhng cht kh ho tan trong bt cng thot ln trn,kt qu l hn chc s to bt dng bt. Nu dng bt c kh th vt bt kh s litrn b mt tgiy khi xeo giy, cn trs thot nc trn li xeo v bt kh cn lm

tng s kt t ca xsi bt lm cho chng phn tn khng u khi hnh thnh tgiy.H thng sng tinh trc khi xeo: Sau khi qua khoang c chn khng, dng bt s

c a vo h thng sng tinh nhm mc ch boi b ln cui nhng tp cht c kchthc ln hn so vi nhng xsi v ht ca nhng cht ph gia hp cch gip cho qutrnh hnh thnh tgiy c u hn. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b sngdng trong h thng sng tinh tng t nh sng p lc dng trong khu x l bt saunu l sng khe. Nng bt khi vo sng l 2 5%.

Sau khi c tinh lc v sng tinh th dng bt c ho long ti nng khong0,5% ri bm vo thng u ca my xeo xeo giy.

Cng on to thnh tgiy trn li my xeo c thc hin phn u my xeo,

khi bt c phn bu trong thng u v c phun ln li xeo hnh thnh lpb mt, lp gia v lp y tgiy. Trong cng on ny dng bt long c phun lnmt li, mt phn nc t dng bt c thot i qua li v tgiy c hnh thnh.

Cng on thot nc c thc hin trn b phn li, l qu trnh thot nc tnhin do tc dng ca trng lc v thot nc cng bc do tc dng ca cc hm htchn khng c lp t trn b phn li, nhm lm kh dn tm giy t mi chnh thnh.

Cng onp c thc hin ti b phn p l cng on dng lc p chc vtnc trong tm giy cng nhiu cng tt, gip cho cng on sy sau tn hi sy.

Cng on sy c thc hin trong b phn sy ca my xeo l cng on lm bayhi gn nh ton b lng nc cn li trong tgiy nhtgiy p st vo b mt l sy

bn trong c hi nng. Kt qu l nhnhit cao ca hi nng m nc trong giy sbay hi v tgiy c lm kh.

b phn li, nc trng c thu hi. Nc trng l nc thot ra t tm bt tthu hi c phn di ca b phn li trn my xeo. Nc trng c cha xsi mnv nhng cht ph gia c trong thnh phn bt giy. Nng ca nhng cht ny gimdn t phn u n phn cui ca b phn li. Nng bt mn trong nc trng thot


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ra phn u b phn li khong 0,01 0,02% (so vi nng ca bt khi phun lnli l 0,5 1%). Nc trng thu hi c s dng li trong h thng my xeo titkim nc v tn dng nhng thnh phn c trong nc trng xeo giy.

- Nc trng c nng si cao l nc thu hi c phn u b phn li, ncny sc a v b cha ring nm di li. Nc ny c s dng pha long

dng bt trc khi vo thng u;- Nc trng c nng bt thp hn thu hi c t cc hm ht chn khng p

lc cao phn sau ca b phn li. Nc ny c a v b ring v dng lm ncho long trong cc khu nghin hoc ra bt, ra li, ra chn. Phn nc d tha t

b ny sc a qua thit b thu hi bt.

Giy t (rch) l ton b phn giy sn xut hng trn ton b my xeo t khu tn khu kh. Lng giy ny c thu hi v x l h thng x l giy t. Mynghin thy lc c dng x l giy hng t (giy hng t khu li ti khu p).Thit b ch xt bt nng cao (Deflaker) c dng x l giy hng kh (giyhng t khu sy ti khu cun).

Sau khi qua b phn li, tm bt c kh khong 18 22%, n c tip tc asang b phn p ca my xeo. Sau khi qua b phn p, kh ca tgiy t 40 50%,tit kim c lng hi ng k sy kh tgiy.

T b phn p tm bt c a vo b phn sy sb, ri ti p gia keo b mt.My xeo dng y c b phn gia keo b mt ngay trn my xeo. B phn ny nm gia b phn sy ca my xeo. N gm 2 l t p st vo nhau, bn di mi l cmng cha cht gia keo cho b mt tm giy.

Tip theo tm giy c a vo b phn sy ca my xeo. B phn sy c nhimv tip tc lm bay hi phn nc cn li trong tm giy bng l sy. Nhim v ca lsy l truyn nhit t hi nc nng cha trong thn l n lp giy c p st v bmt l, lm bay hi nc trong tm giy.

Nc trong tm giy gm nc trn b mt xsi, l phn chnh cn gi l nc tdo, d bay hi trong qu trnh sy v lng nc nm trong cc khe nh bn trong hocgia cc xsi k st nhau, gi l nc lin kt kh bay hi.

Do qu trnh sy c nhiu giai on vi tc sy v nhit sy khc nhau nncc l trong b phn sy c phn b thnh tng nhm gi l nhng t sy. Mi t syc cng mt nhit sy trn cc l, cng chung nhau mt chn sy. Phn b nh vythun tin cho vic phn b hi vo cc l sy v iu khin d dng nhit theo cc tsy. T sy u tin c nhit thp v t ny tng ng vi qu trnh tng dn nhit ca tm giy m (mt lng nc t do bay hi, tc bay hi chm), t sy giathng c nhit sy cao nht tng ng vi giai on tc sy khng i (lngnc t do bay hi ht), t sy th ba c nhit sy gim hn so vi t th hai trnhlm dn giy do y l giai on tng ng vi qu trnh gim tc bay hi (do lngnc lin kt bay hi chm), phn cui cng ca b phn sy l l lm lnh v lc nygiy t n kh khng i (trong tm giy ch cn li lng nc lin kt sutrong cc x si, khng bay hi c na v kh ca giy khng tng thm cna). Trong l lm lnh ta a nc lnh tun hon lin tc. Nhim v ca l ny l lm


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gim nhit ca tm giy, lm cho n trnn mm mi trc khi i sang b phn cnlng tm giy d cn lng hn.

Mi t sy c b phn cung cp hi ring bao gm c hi mi (p lc cao) v hithu hi (p lc thp). Lng hi thu hi i ra t mi t sy sc tch khi nc ngngri qua my nn kh n p sut cao, sau mi c kt hp vi hi mi ri a vo l

sy.Cch phn b hi ny tn dng c lng hi thu hi, d dng iu khin p sut

hi trong tng t sy theo yu cu ca khc tuyn sy do cc t sy c c lp vinhau v phn b hi.

Sau tm giy i tip vo b phn cn lng lm cho b mt tm giy c nhnhn, bng hn v cht hn ( xp gim i).

B phn cun l b phn cui cng ca my xeo. N bao gm mt li kim loing knh nht nm song song v t ln mt l kim loi rng ng knh ln quaylin tc (gi l l cun). Tm giy c lun qua khe p gia li v l cun ri cun voli. Khi li t ln l ln v quay theo l ln th tm giy sc tng cun lin tc chon khi ng knh cun giy t kch thc. Cun giy c cu ra ngoi v li mic thay vo.

Cun giy tip tc c cun li ngoi my xeo, cn trng lng, bao gi, in nhnri chuyn vo kho thnh phm.

1.2.3.3. My mc thit b

i vi ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy thng thng my mc thit bc u t cho cc cng on t khai thc nguyn liu, ngun vt liu th n sn phm

ph thuc vo tnh cht cng vic (khai thc, vn chuyn) v cng ngh sn xut.

Cc phng tin vn chuyn c th l xe t ti, tu, cc loi thuyn b. Nhng

phng tin vn chuyn ny cng c s dng chuyn giy thnh phm n ni tiuth.

Cc hng mc cng trnh ch yu s dng sn xut giy v bt giy c trnhby bng 2 v 3 di y:

Bng 2 Cc hng mc cng trnh ch yu s dng sn xut giy v bt giy

1. Sn xut ha cht 8. Sn bi nguyn liu2. Cin 9. Kho tng3. ng lc 10. Bn cng

4. Sn xut bt giy 11. ng st5. Xeo giy 12. ng b6. H thng cu cng, chuyn ti hi, innc v ha cht

13. iu hnh sn xut (c th l phngiu khin tng)

7. Xng sa cha t v cc phn xngvn ti, bc d

14. Nh hnh chnh

Bng 3. Cc thit b ch yu s dng sn xut giy v bt giy:


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15

Thit b Cng sut (n v) Nh ch to (tn my, ncsn xut, tnh trng thit b)

X l nc m3/hL hi FCB Tn hi/h

Nu thit b my mc v cngsut s s dng cho D n.

Tua bin ngng MW/h

Tua bin i p MW/hMy xeo giy TnNi nu bt Tn/nmL hi thu hi kim Tn hi/hPhn xng ha cht Tn/nm

i vi tng trng hp c th, cn lit k y cc loi my mc, thit b cn cca d n km theo ch dn v nc sn xut, nm sn xut, hin trng (cn bao nhiu

phn trm hay mi).

1.2.3.4. Nhu cu nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, in, nc phc v sn xut

giy v bt giyNhu cu tiu th nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, in, nc ph thuc vo cng

ngh sn xut, sn lng (Xem bng 4).

Bng 4. Nhu cu nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, in, nc

Danh mc Chng loi nh mcTng lng tiuth cho sn xutca D n

Nguyn liu,ho cht

(NaOH, CaCO3,Cl3, NaClO)

- G, na, b ma, giy loi

- G mnh- Ha cht nu, ty bt

Tnh trn 01n v sn

phm

Tng lng cnthit cho D n.

Ph gia

- Al2(SO4)3, nha thng, t st,bt - t st, bt , thch cao- Cc cht phm mu, tinh bt.

Nhin liu,in, nc

- in (Nhit in t than, inli, thy in, my pht in)- Nc (Nc mt, nc ngm)- Hi nc- Xng du, du m

i vi tng trng hp c th, cn lit k y thnh phn v tnh cht ca ccloi nguyn, nhin, vt liu (u vo) ca d n km theo ch dn v tn thng hiu, tnho hc v cng thc ho hc (nu c).

1.2.3.5. Bin ch lao ng v t chc thc hin

Trong phn ny trnh by v s lng cn b, cng nhn vin lm vic trong nhmy giy v bt giy; s ngy lm vic trong 01 nm; s gi trong 1 ca, s ca lm vic


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trong 1 ngy; t chc qun l v thc hin d n. Ngoi ra, cn trnh by v ngun laong v cng tc o to lao ng.

1.3. u tdn

Cn trnh by v tng mc u t v ngun vn u t ca d n, nu r vn u t

cho xy dng cbn, mua sm my mc thit b, trong c vn u t cho cc cngtrnh bo v mi trng.

1.4. Tin thc hin dn

Trnh by v lch trnh thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca D n t giai onchun bn giai on hon thnh a cng trnh vo hot ng.


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CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST V NH GIIU KIN TNHIN V KINH T - X HI TI KHU VC

DN SN XUT GIY V BT GIY

Yu cu : Mi trng nn l mi trng khu vc trc khi thc hin dn v schutc ng ca qu trnh thc hin dn. nh gi mi trng nn l qu trnh xcnh hin trng mi trng ca khu vc m dn dnh sthc hin.

Chng ny phi nh gi c cht lng mi trng ti khu vc dn thng quanhng sliu quan trc, o c cc chtiu mi trngc trng cho hotng cadn.

Cc sliu vhin trng mi trng ti khu vc dn l nhng cn ckhoa hc nh gi tc ng mi trng v nh gi hiu qu ca cc gii php gim thiu tcng tiu cc.

Cc s liu vhin trng mi trng ti khu vc dn cn t nhng yu cu chtlng sau y:

- C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly tnhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc mi trng quc gia v tnh,cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng bchnhthc hoc sliu ttin hnh kho st, o c trong qu trnh lp bo coTM.

- Cc sliu, ti liu phi c thu thp, kho st, o c ti khu vc dn v vngln cn chu tc ng trc tip ca dn.

- Cc sliu phi c xl sb, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi nh gi ddng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn nh c im cavng nghin cu.

- Phng php kho st, o c, ly mu, phn tch phi tun th cc Tiu chun, quychun hin hnh. Trong trng hp thiu cc Tiu chun, quy chun th sdng tiuchun ca nc ngoi sau khi c php ca cquan qun l mi trng nh ncv a phng.- Cc my mc thit bo lng ngoi thc a v trong phng th nghim phi cchun ho

2.1. iu kin tnhin :Vic thu thp s liu, kho st v quan trc cc ch th mi trng t nhin phi y lm csnh gi hin trng mi trng trc khi thc hin d n, cng nh d

bo din bin mi trng khi thc hin d n. Tuy nhin, cng tc thu thp, o c, iutra cc s liu v mi trng, ti nguyn thin nhin phi tin hnh khu vc d n vvng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n.

Hin trng mi trng t nhin ti khu vc D n sn xut giy v bt giy v vngln cn sc xc nh thng qua cc ch thc nu trong bng 5 di y.


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Bng 5. Cc ch th mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st khi lp TM D n snxut giy v bt giy.

TT Mi trng vti nguyn

Thng s Phng php kho st vquan trc

(1) (2) (3) (4)1. iu kin tnhin

1.1 V tr a l a danh, to v v tr a lca khu vc thc hin d n. Vtr d n trong mi quan h vikhu vc ln cn.

Ti liu d n hoc atlatquc gia

1.2 c im ahnh, a mo

M t nhng c im a hnhca khu vc d n mt cch chitit (ni, i, ng bng...)

Ti liu d n hoc al, a cht khu vc

1.3 c im khtng, khhu, thu vn

- Nhit - Lng ma, m- Ch gi- Cc hin tng thi tit btthng- Lu lng, tc dng chy,mc nc ca ngun tip nhnnc thi

Ti liu ca cc trm khtng thu vn khu vcv s liu quan trc tihin trng

2. Ti nguyn thin nhin

2.1 Ti nguyn t - Tng din tch t t nhin vcht lng t- Hin trng s dng t (nngnghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng,

t , t s dng khc, t chas dng)

Theo s liu thng kca a phng v tiliu iu tra, kho st

2.2 Ti nguynnc mt

- c im thu vn ti khu vcd n (sng, h, knh mng)- Hin trng s dng ti nguynnc mt trong khu vc

Thu thp thng tin, tliu iu tra cbn cakhu vc v kho st,iu tra b sung

2.3 Ti nguynnc ngm (vnc khong)

- c im a cht thu vn khuvc (tng cha nc, tr lng,cht lng nc ngm).- Hin trng khai thc v s dng.

Thu thp thng tin, tliu iu tra cbn cakhu vc v kho st,iu tra b sung

2.4 Ti nguyn

sinh vt

Cc s liu v thm thc vt v

hng vt trong khu vc thchin d n. Cn c bit ch n nhng chng loi c th cakhu vc hoc c trong Sch

Thu thp thng tin, t

liu iu tra cbn cakhu vc v kho st,iu tra b sung

3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng vt l3.1 Cht lng t - Tng Phenol

- Cc kim loi nng- Du m

- Phng php trcquang- Quang ph hp thnguyn t


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- Sc k kh3.2 Cht lng

nc mt, ncngm

- Nhit - pH- Hm lng cn llng- c

- mu- Tng khong ho- Oxy ho tan (DO)- Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5)

- Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD)- Cl- Tng lng st (Fe)- Hm lng du, m- Tng s Coliform

- Nhit k- My o pH in ccthu tinh- Lc, sy 1050C

- My o c- My o mu- My o khong- Winhle hoc in ccoxy- Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngynhit 200C- Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7- So mu quang ph kh

bin- Quang ph h p th

nguyn t- Sc k kh, theo TCVN5070-1995- Lc qua mng v nuicy 430C

3.3. Cht lngkhng kh

- CO

- SO2

- NOx

- H2S

- Bi llng tng s (TSP)

- Tng hydrocacbon (THC)

- Phng php sc kkh theo TCVN 5972-1995 hay phng phpth Folin-Ciocalteur- Phng phpTetracloromercurat

(TCM/pararosanilin)theo TCVN 5971-1995- Phng php Griss-Saltman theo ISO6768/1995- Phng php o khilng, theo TCVN 5067-1995- Phng php sc k

kh

3.4 Ting n - L50

- L eq- Lmax

- My o mc n tngng tch phn.

3.5 rung - Gia tc- Vn tc- Tn s

- My o rung


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S liu mi trng tnhin sau khi c thu thp cn phi c x l v thhin r rng, chi tit trong bo co TM. Di y l mt s hng dn k thut vvic xc nh cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng.

(1). Ti nguyn t

Ti nguyn t ti khu vc d n c nh gi da vo cc s liu iu tra v hintrng s dng t cho cc mc ch pht trin kinh t x hi. Cc s liu cn c thhin mt cch nh lng nh bng 6 di y.

Bng 6. Hin trng s dng t khu vc d n

TT Mc ch sdng Din tch cc loi t (ha) Ghi ch2008 2009 2010 2011

01 t nng nghip02 t lm nghip03 t 04 t khc

Tng din tch t tnhin

Hm lng kim loi nng, du mv tng phenol trong t ti khu vc d n sc phn tch nhm nh gi hin trng nhim t v l csnh gi tc ngca d n ln cht lng t khi d n i vo hot ng.

(2). Cht lng nc

i vi D n Nh my giy v bt giy, vic nh gi cht lng mi trng ncmt v nc ngm s cn c vo kt quo c v phn tch mu nc ti cc im lymu. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc c trnh by theo mu ti cc bng 7, 8.

Bng 7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt.

Thi gian ly mu: ...............................................

TT Ch tiu n v im o/ly mu Phng php lymu/thit boW1 W2

01 Nhit 0C02 pH -03 c NTU04 Hm lng cn l

lng (SS)

mg/l

05 xy ho tan (DO) mg/l06 BOD5 mg/l07 COD mg/l08 tng N mg/l09 Tng P mg/l10 Kim loi nng mg/l11 Tng phenol mg/l12 AOX mg/l


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13 Du m mg/l14 Coliform MPN/

100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im W1, W2

Bng 8. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc ngmThi gian ly mu: ...............................................

TT Ch tiu n v im o/ly mu Phng php lymu/thit boGW1 GW2

01 pH -

03 c NTU03 Tng cht rn ho tan

(TDS)mg/l

04 oxy ho KMnO4 mg/l05 kim ton phn mglg/l06 cng mg/l07 Cl- mg/l08 PO4

3- mg/l09 NH4

+ mg/l10 NO2

- mg/l11 SO4

2- mg/l12 Fe mg/l13 Tng Phenol mg/l14 Coliforms MPN/

100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im GW1, GW2 (3). Cht lng khng kh

Hot ng ca d n c rt nhiu tim nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh cbit l bi, kh thi v mi hi. Do vy cc s liu kho st, o c cn phi c lachn sao cho phn nh c mt cch chnh xc v trung thc nht v cht lng khngkh ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu nhng tc ng trc tip ca d n. S liuquan trc kh tng nhiu nm c thc th hin theo mu trong bng 9 v cht lngkhng kh c th hin theo mu trong bng 10 di y.

Bng 9: S liu kh tng trung bnh thng nhiu nm ti khu vc d n

Thi gian quan trc:..........................................Tn trm : .

Thng Thng 1 Thng 2 Thng 12 Trung bnhnm

Hng giTc gi(m/s)


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Nhit (oC)m (%)p sut(mbar)

Bng 10: Cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n

Thi gian o c, ly mu: ...............................................

a imo c/ly

mu

Nng cc kh c hi (mg/m3)Bi SO2 NO2 CO H2S THC

KK1KK2KK3

TCVN (so snh)

Ghi ch : im o: KK1, KK2, KK3

(4). Ting n, rung

nh gi mc n ti khu vc d n phi tin hnh la chn a im ph hp c th xc nh nhng ngun gy ra ting n hin c trong khu vc ng thi nh gic kh nng lan truyn m thanh. Kt quo c ting n c thc th hin theomu bng 11.

Bng 11 : Kt quo ting n

Thi gian o : .......................

a im o Laeq (dBA) Lamax (dBA) L50 (dBA) Ghi chTO1TO2TO3

TCVN

Ghi ch : V tr o ting n : TO1, TO2, TO3 ...

rung sc o theo 3 thng s (Gia tc, vn tc v tn sut) ti cc im oting n, sau so vi Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (Xem bng 12).

Bng 12: Kt quo rung

Thi gian o : .......................

a im o Gia tc (m/s2) Vn tc (m/s) Tn sut (Hz) Ghi chDR1


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DR2DR3

TCVN

Ghi ch : V tr o ting n : DR1, DR2, DR3 ...

Da vo cc s liu iu tra, o c cc ch th mi trng t nhin nu trn, c thnh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin ti khu vc D n sn xut giy v bt giy trncsso snh vi cc tiu chun, quy chun mi trng Vit Nam v a phng. C thnh sau:

- Mi trng vt l: cht lng t, nc mt, nc ngm, cht lng khng kh,iu kin kh tng, ting n, rung.

- Ti nguyn sinh vt:ng vt, thc vt, h sinh thi, bao gm c sinh vt dinc v sinh vt trn cn, cn c bit quan tm i vi ng vt hoang d v thc vt

qu him.- Ti nguyn t: hin trng s dng t, vn gii to mt bng phc v cho d

n;

2.2. c im kinh t - x hi :

iu kin kinh t - x hi ti khu vc D n v ln cn s chu tc ng trc tip bid n, v vy vic kho st v nh gi hin trng pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vcl cn thit.Vic kho st, thu thp s liu v KTXH phi y , phi tin hnh khuvc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n.

Hin trng KT-XH ti khu vc D n sn xut giy v bt giy v vng ln cn sc trnh by thng qua cc ch thc nu trong bng 13 di y.

Bng 13. Cc thng tin v KTXH cn thu thp khi lp TM D n sn xut giy vbt giy :

TT Ch tiuKTXH

Thng s Phng php kho st vquan trc

(1) (2) (3) (4)1. c im kinh t- x hi

1.1 Dn c -lao ng

Ch n tnh hnh dn c sinhsng ti khu vc thc hin d nv chu tc ng ca d n

Theo s liu thng kca a phng v tiliu iu tra, phng vnkhi kho st

1.2 Kinh t Vic pht trin d n trong milin quan n Quy hoch phttrin kinh t ca a phng, tnhv vng.

Theo s liu quy hochca a phng

1.3 Tnh hnh xhi

- Y t v sc kho cng ng- Bnh lin quan n ngun nc

Theo s liu thng kca a phng v ti


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v bnh h hp- Mng li v tnh hnh giodc, nng cao nhn thc cngng- Vic lm v tht nghip

liu iu tra, phng vnkhi kho st

1.4 Lch s, vnho - Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s,du lch c gi tr trong khu vcthc hin d n hoc nhngkhu vc ln cn chu tc ng cad n.- Thun phong m tc v phongtc tp qun ca dn a phngc th c nh hng n victhc hin d n

Theo s liu thng kca a phng v tiliu iu tra, phng vnkhi kho st

2. H tng csv dch v2.1 Giao thng - c im ca cc tuyn ng

giao thng (thu, b) c lin quann hot ng vn chuyn ca dn- Tai nn, s c giao thng

Ti liu ca cquan

chc nng v qun lhnh chnh a phng

2.2 Dch v,thng mi

Hin trng v kh nng cung cpdch v, thng mi

Ti liu ca cquanchc nng v qun lhnh chnh a phng

Ni dung iu tra hin trng kinh t - x hi ti khu vc D n c th tham khomu ti Ph lc I.

Da vo cc s liu thu thp, iu tra v KTXH nu trn, c thnh gi hin trngKTXH ti khu vc D n Nh my giy v bt giy. C th nh sau:

- Cng trnh vn ho, lch s: nh l cng trnh tn gio, m m, khu kho c, cngtrnh vn ho - lch s, cnh quan, du lch;

- Kinh t- x hi: dn s, ngh nghip, mc sng, iu kin v sinh, sc kho cngng, n b, ti nh c v.v...


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CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA DN SN XUTGIY V BT GIY TI MI TRNG TNHIN V KINH

T - X HI

Yu cu : Phn ni dung ny cn phi chra mt cch nh lng, ton din nhngtc ng tim tng bao gm nhng tc ng trc tip v gin tip, ngn hn v ludi, nhng tc ng tim n v tch lu, nhng tc ng c thv khng thkhc phcc tim nng ln gy suy thoi, nhim mi trng khu vc.

nh gi tc ng mi trng cho Dn ny cn c tin hnh theo 03 giai on :

- Giai on chun b mt bng.- Giai on xy dng nh my.- Giai on hotng ca nh my.

Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng, cng cn phi xem xt ccgii php bo v mi trng do Chu dn la chn nhm iu chnh, honthin hoc bsung cc gii php mi tc tiu chun/quy chun vbo v mitrng. Trng hp c bit cn thit th xut thay i mt phn hoc ton b

phng n thit kkh thi ca Dn.

3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh chun b mt bng

Cc tc ng chnh trong giai on chun b mt bng l :

- Bi, cht thi t qu trnh pht quang, cht b thm thc vt ti khu t d n;

- Bi, kh thi t cc xe ti vn chuyn thc vt b cht, vn chuyn t ct phc vsan lp;

- Kh thi t cc x lan vn chuyn ct phc v san lp mt bng;

- Bi, kh thi t cc xe i san lp mt bng;

- Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n cun theo cht thi xung ngunnc.

3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng

3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng

Cc hot ng v ngun cht thi trong giai on xy dng c trnh by trongbng 14.

Bng 14: Cc hot ng v ngun cht thi trong giai on xy dng.

Stt Cc hot ng Ngun gy tc ng01 Gii phng, san lp mt

bng- Bi, cht thi t qu trnh pht quang, cht b thmthc vt ti khu t d n;


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Stt Cc hot ng Ngun gy tc ng- Bi, kh thi t cc xe ti vn chuyn thc vt b cht,vn chuyn t ct phc v san lp;- Kh thi t cc x lan vn chuyn ct phc v san lpmt bng;

- Bi, kh thi t cc xe i san lp mt bng;- Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n cuntheo cht thi xung ngun nc.

02 Xy dng csh tngcc hng mc cng trnhca d n

- Kh thi t cc x lan, tu thuyn, vn chuyn vt liuxy dng, ct, t, , st thp, ng cng, ct in,ng dy, trm bin in, thit b my mc, - Bi, kh thi t cc my mc phc v thi cng xydng: ba my, cn cu, - Bi, kh thi t cc qu trnh thi cng c gia nhitnh ct, hn, t nng chy nha Bitum.- Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n cun

theo cht thi xung ngun nc;- Cht thi rn pht sinh t qu trnh xy dng.

03 Hot ng tp kt, lutr nguyn, nhin, vtliu.

- Kh thi ca cc xe ti vn chuyn nhin, nguyn, vtliu nh: xng du, vt liu xy dng, sn- Cht thi rn nguy hi bao gm cc thng cha xngdu, sn sau khi s dng, gi lau dnh du m, sn

04 Sinh hot ca cng nhnti cng trng

Cht thi sinh hot ca cng nhn trn cng trng.

3.2.2. nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng

(1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng:Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on xy dng ch yu l nc thi sinh hot

ca cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng.

- Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot thng ln(bnh qun 60-80 l/ngi/ngy m), song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma trongnm. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht rn llng, cht hu c, cc chtdinh dng v vi sinh.

- Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch ma ca khu vc vthng c c, hm lng cht rn l lng cao. Ngoi ra, nc ma chy trn cncha nhiu tp cht khc (du m, ho cht ri vi ...).

(2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on xy dng

- Trong giai on xy dng cng trnh, cht nhim khng kh ch yu l bi sinhra t qu trnh i t, bc dvt liu xy dng v khi hn c ch bi, CO, SOx, NOx,hydrocarbon ; kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti. Tc ng ca kh thi lncht lng khng kh giai on ny ph thuc vo quy m d n, thi tit ti khu vcd n v ch mang tnh tm thi. Tuy nhin, cng cn phi nh gi chi tit xutcc bin php gim thiu thch hp.


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- Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch yu l t cc my mc san i v ccphng tin giao thng vn ti vi mc n ln ti 80-90 dBA.

(3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on xy dng

Trong qu trnh xy dng Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy, t b tc ng chnhdo cng vic o p v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc tip n sn xut nngnghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng, ph hu thm thc vt. Xi mn s lmtng c, tng tc bi lng ngun nc, gy tc nghn cng rnh thot nc dnn c th gy ng ngp cc b, suy gim cht lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinhthi di nc.

V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t vxi mn i vi sc kho con ngi v ti nguyn sinh hc, t xut cc bin phpgim thiu cc tc ng xu ny.

(4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng

Cht thi rn pht sinh trong giai on xy dng ch yu l cc loi nguyn vt liuxy dng ph thi nh gch ngi, xi mng, cp pha, st thp vn... Lng cht thi nyty thuc vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l d n. Ngoi ra, cn mtkhi lng khng ln rc sinh hot ca cng nhn.

3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh

3.3.1. Cc ngun cht thi trong giai on hot ng

Trong qu trnh sn xut giy v bt giy, phn ln cht thi c to ra cngon sn xut bt giy. Ngun nguyn vt liu ban u v ha cht s dng snh hng

n thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi. V vy, cn nu r cc ngun pht thi theotng loi cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy.

Ngoi ra, trong giai on hot ng nh my sn xut giy v bt giy s pht sinhcc loi cht thi khc, bao gm cht thi t qu trnh bo qun g, nguyn vt liu, bao

b g ...

Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn pht sinh t hot ngsn xut giy v bt giy c trnh by di y.

(1). Nc thi

Ngun gc nc thi pht sinh t Nh my giy v bt giy trong giai on hot

ng c th hin trong bng 15 di y.Bng 15: Ngun gc nc thi pht sinh t Nh my giy v bt giy

Cng on sn xut Ngun nc thi chnhChun b nguyn liu th - B vt

- Bc vt- Nc vn chuyn g- Lm sch rm, ct


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- Nc ra nguyn liuNghin bt - Ngng t dng thi

- Ngng t t cc bnh nha thng- R r v ri vi cc dch en- Nc lm lnh m t cc my tinh ch v.v...

- Tuyn bt khng ty- Cc vt thi cha si, sn hay ct c nng cao.- Nc lc t qu trnh lm c bt

Ty - Nc ty cha chloroligninChun b nguyn liu uvo v my xeo

- R r v ri vi ha cht v cht ph gia- Nc ra sn- Ri vi bt giy- Cc cht thi cha si, sn hoc ct- Nc thi cha si- Dng trn nc trng

Cc khu h tr - X ni hi

- Nc thi ti to t my lm mm siThu hi ha cht - Nc ngng t

- Dch long t cc cn my tuyn- Nc lm mt v hi nc ngng t- Nc ngng t c cht bn

Trong sn xut giy lng nc s dng u vo thng xp x lng nc cthi ra. Nc thi ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy cha mt lng ln cc cht rn llng (SS), xsi v cc hp cht hu cha tan.

Kt qu phn tch nc thi sn xut bt giy c nu ra ti bng 16, 17 di y:

Bng 16: Kt qu phn tch nc thi sn xut bt giy

Thng s n vo Kt qu phn tchTng cht rn ppm 1.160Cht rn llng ppm 600Tro (cht rn llng) ppm 60Tng cht rn ha tan ppm 560ASO (cht rn ha tan) ppm 240BOD5 ppm 250COD mg/l 1.200 1.600

Bng 17: Kt qa phn tch nc thi sn xut bt bng phng php Sulfat

Thng s Cao nht Thp nht Trung bnh pH 9,5Tng kim (ppm) 300 100 175Phenolphtalein kim (ppm) 50 0 0Tng cht rn 2.000 800 1.200Cht rn khng n nh (%) 75 60 65


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Tng cht rn llng (ppm) 300 75 150Cht rn (%) 90 80 85BOD5 (ppm) 350 100 175 mu (ppm) 350 100 175(SO4)2 thi ra trong dch nu


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25%; v cy, mnh g chim 15% v giy vn ph loi chim 10%, cc loi khc chim5%.

X than thi ra t l hi v l thu hi, trong hn hp x than v than cm c khong70% x v 30% than cha t ht. Lng x than ny c thc ti s dng lm cht t

hoc lm gch khng nung.Xsc trong nc thi c a vo b x l v sau c tch ra. Chngc ti s dng lm phn bn, ba carton, m cng, hp...

3.3.2. Tc ng n mi trng vt l

(1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on vn hnh

Nc thi pht sinh trong giai on ny ca D n ch yu l nc thi cngnghi p, nc thi sinh hot v nc ma chy trn.

Nc thi cng nghip ca Nh my giy v bt giy nh trnh by trong phn trnc hm lng cht rn llng, cht hu c, ha cht v c bit l mu kh cao.

Nc thi Nh my giy v bt giy s khng ch c tim nng gy nhim ncmt nhng ao, h, sng, nc ngm trong khu vc m cn c th lm gia tng lulng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn gy nn hin tng xi l, tch t... Do vy trn cs ly mu phn tch hoc c tnh theo phng php nh gi nhanh ca T chc Y tTh gii (WHO) cn thit phi xc nh r cc vn sau y :

- Lu lng nc thi sinh hot, sn xut (cc loi) sinh ra trong ngy, thng, nm.

- Thnh phn, ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi.

- V tr tip nhn nc thi, kh nng pha long ca cc ngun nc mt ti khu vcd n.

- nh gi kh nng lan truyn v mc gy nhim nc (nhit cao, cht nhim) thng qua phng php tnh ton m hnh cht lng nc.

Nc thi sinh hot ca Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c cha cc cht cn b,cht rn llng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh. Lu lng nc thi sinhhot c thc tnh trn csnhu cu s dng nc (khong 120 l/ngi/ngy m), tl nc thi sinh hot bng 80% lu lng nc cp. Ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot c c tnh trn csh s nhim ca T chc Yt Th gii hoc trn cskt quo thc t ti cc nh my giy v bt giy c cngngh tng t.

Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch ma ca khu vc. Nc

ma chy trn qua khu vc nh my, cc bi cha nguyn liu cun theo rc, sxi, tct, du m, ho cht, lignin ri vi ... xung ngun nc.

(2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on vn hnh

Cc ngun pht thi bi, kh c v mi ca hot ng sn xut giy v bt giy nh cp phn trn gm: Cc b v thit b cha ha cht, cc cng on ha tan, ra bt,nu bt, cc ng khi l hi, l t lignin, cc hot ng bc dnguyn liu g, tre, na,

ph liu ...


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Kh thi ca nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c cha cc cht nhim c nng cao. Vic pht tn kh thi v ting n s gp phn lm gia tng mc nhim khngkh ti khu vc d n, c bit l nh hng n sc khe con ngi v cc h sinh thi.Do vy trong phn nh gi tc ng ca kh thi n mi trng khng kh khu vc cnlm r cc ni dung sau:

- Cc ngun kh thi, lu lng kh thi ca tng ngun,- Thnh phn, ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi, c bit ch

nh gi cc thng s: bi, cc cht gy mi (H2S, metyl mecaptan (CH3SH), CH3SCH3,AOX...), SO2, CO, CO2, NO2, THC

- Ngun pht sinh ting n ca nh my, cng gy n ca tng ngun,

- Tnh ton mc lan truyn cc cht nhim khng kh, nh hng ca cc cht nhim khng kh theo thi gian v khng gian trn css dng cc m hnh lan truynkh (Sutton, Guass, Screen 3, IGM, ISCT ...).

(3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on vn hnh

Bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t nh my sn xut giy v bt giytrong giai on hot ng c th gy nhim t v nh hng n s sinh trng v

pht trin ca cy trng. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca bi,kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn ti cht lng t trong giai on hot ng ca D n,t xut cc gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng xu ny.

(4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on vn hnh

Thnh phn, tnh cht ca cht thi rn pht sinh t nh my sn xut giy v btgiy c cp phn trn. nh gi c mc tc ng ca cht thi rncng nghip, cht thi rn sinh hot v cht thi nguy hi cn phi xc nh c khilng, thnh phn v tnh cht cu tng loi thi rn, CTNH pht sinh trong tng cng

on sn xut ca nh my.(5). nhim nhit

nhim nhit trong qu trnh hot ng ca cc nh my sn xut giy v bt giycn phi c nh gi nhm xut cc bin php gim thiu. Nhit pht sinh ch yut cc ngun sau y:

- S truyn nhit t cc l hi, ni nu bt, l hi thu hi kim v ca cc my mcthit b s dng hi v ca h thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng.

- S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng.

Tng cc nhit lng ny ta ra khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit trongxng tng cao hn so vi nhit bn ngoi, gy nh hng ti qu trnh h hp ca cth con ngi, tc ng xu ti sc khe v nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn. Ngoi ra,nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy n.

3.3.3. Tc ng n cc h sinh thi

Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my sn xut giy v bt giy, vic pht thi cccht nhim nc, khng kh, cc cht thi rn vt qu mc cho php vo mi trng


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tip nhn gy nn nhng tc ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi. Ty theo dng cht thi vmi trng tip nhn m cc h sinh thi c th b tc ng khc nhau, c th nh sau:

- H sinh thi di nc: Nc thi ca Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c chasxi, cc cht hu c, ha cht, rn l lng khi thi vo ngun nc s lm cho chtlng b xu i (DO gim, pH tng, nng nhiu ho cht c hi gia tng, c bit l

lignin, phenol...), gy nh hng ti s sng ca hu ht cc loi thy sinh v thm chgy cn kit mt s loi c gi tr kinh t (tm, c).

- H sinh thi trn cn: Bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t Nh mysn xut giy v bt giy s c nhng nh hng nht nh n cc h sinh thi trn cn.Hu ht cc cht nhim cha trong kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn v cc cht thinguy hi u c tc ng xu n i sng ca ng, thc vt ; lm cho cy trng chm

pht trin, c bit l cc sng khi quang ha gy tc hi n cc loi rau, u, la,ng, cc loi cy n tri v cc loi cy cnh. Cc cht nhim khng kh nh SO2, NO2,Cl2 v bi than, ngay cnng thp cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy

trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s bcht.

Vi nhng tc ng bt li nh trn cn thit phi c nhng tnh ton, d bo vmc tc ng t xut cc bin php gi thiu tc ng.

3.3.4. Tc ng n kinh t-x hi

(1). Tc ng ti kinh t x hi

D n sn xut giy v bt giy c mt ngha kinh t x hi rt to ln cho khu vcni ring v cho t nc ni chung. D n s gp phn to ra cng n vic lm v nngcao i sng ca nhn dn trong vng. Hot ng ca D n s thu ht mt s lng ln

lao ng v gii quyt cng n vic lm khng ch cho ngi dn a phng, m cncho t nc. Hot ng ca D n s thc y tin trnh th ha, cng nghip honhanh hn. iu ny cng gp phn nng cao dn tr v thc vn minh th cho nhndn ti khu vc d n.

Nhng tc ng ny c thc nh gi nh lng thng qua cc tnh ton chi ph li ch theo cc ni dung sau:

- Tng hp chi ph cho 1 nm

- Tng hp doanh thu cho 1 nm

- Tng hp cc chi tiu :Doanh thu, thu, thu thu nh p doanh nghi p, li nhun

thun.- Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t : Chi tiu hon vn tnh theo 2 mc: T khi dy chuyni vo hot ng v t khi nhn vay tin ; t sut li nhun thun ; im hon vn.

- Hiu qu kinh t x hi : To cng n vic lm ; nng cao trnh tay ngh, khnng qun l, iu hnh, nhn thc thc t v th trng trong v ngoi nc ; to sn

phm cho x hi...


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(2). Tc ng n csh tng

(a). Tc ng ti giao thng vn ti

D n sn xut giy v bt giy s gp phn gia tng mt giao thng trong khuvc, gia tng nguy c tai nn giao thng, gy n tc giao thng ti khu vc d n, nh

hng n nhu cu i li ca nhn dn. Hot ng giao thng vn ti ca D n cn gpphn lm suy gim cht lng ng x, cu cng ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn.

Tuy nhin, chnh s ra i ca D n cng s thc y qa trnh u t xy dng cs h tng, trong c m rng, nng c p, xy mi cc cng trnh giao thng (cu,ng, cng ...).

(b). Tc ng ti h thng cp thot nc

Nhu cu s dng nc ca Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy thng kh ln, vvy cc d n sn xut giy v bt giy thng t gn cc ngun nc mt c lu lngln. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, chu t c th phi khoan ging hoc oging khai thc nc ngm phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca nh my. Vic khai

thc nc ngm c nguy cgy nn s cn kit ngun nc ngm vo ma kh, dn ctrong khu vc s khng nc dng v t ko theo hng lot cc tc ng tiu cckhc.

Hot ng ca D n c th lm gia tng mc chu ti ca h thng thot nc tptrung, dn n gy ngp lt hoc lm thay i ch thu vn, lm gia tng nhim ccngun tip nhn nc thi. V vy, cn phi nh gi kh nng tiu thot nc, kh nngxy ra tnh trng ngp lt ... ti khu vc d n.

(3). Tc ng ti cc cng trnh vn ho, lch sv kho c

Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c trong khu vc thc hin d n c th btc ng. V vy cn phi nh gi c th cc tc ng ca d n theo cc khi cnh nh :

a im, loi cng trnh, nin i v gi tr tinh thn cng nh vt cht ca cng trnh.Cc tc ng chnh ca d n i vi cc cng trnh vn ho lch s v kho c cn phi cp l : mt t, gy nt n, ln st, gy n mn, lo ho cng trnh. Trn cscc tcng c th, s xut cc bin php bo v cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho cti khu vc d n.

(4). Tc ng ti sc khe cng ng

Tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my sn xut giyv bt giy u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc khe ca con ngitrong vng chu nh hng ca D n. Ty thuc vo nng v thi gian tc ng cacc cht nhim m mc tc ng ti sc khe cng ng s khc nhau. Do vy cn

nh gi mt cch c th mc nh hng ca cht thi (kh thi, nc thi v cht thirn, CTNH) n sc kho con ngi, t xut cc bin php hn ch cc tc ng chi.

3.4. nh gi ri ro sc mi trng

S c mi trng ti nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c th xy ra ti hu ht cccng on sn xut gm: khu chun b nguyn liu (lm sch, cht, nghin), phn xngha cht (sn xut NaOH, HCl), phn xng ng lc (l t), nu giy, sng ty bt


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giy. Ngoi ra, s c mi trng cn c th gy ra do s tc nghn, hng hc, s qu tica h thng x l nc thi; s s ca h thng x l kh thi

Nhng cng on hoc thit b c th xy ra s c trong qu trnh sn xut l:

(1). ng lc :

- Ni hi t than : B hm nc v h thng cc ng sinh hi, b qu nhit, bmtun hon x v qut khi, bm cp nc, h thng lng chc v h gia nhit cao p vthit biu khin bng thi x.

- Ni hi thu hi : Cc bng ti, h lng tnh in, ng cp gi, h thanh ging,sn thao tc khu vc mui, Turbine v cc my nn kh

(2). Sn xut bt giy :Gm ch yu cc khu : Ti ko nguyn liu, sn bi, ccbng ti, my cht co v sng mnh, nu, ra, ty bt giy.

(3). Sn xut giy : H cc my nghin tinh, h thu hi bt, toa p quanh my xeo,

bn nng h my cun.(4). Sn xut ha cht : Cc tm lng cc thng in gi, my li tm v my nn

kh, l t lu hunh .

nh gi ri ro s c cn tp trung vo cc ni dung nh xc nh nhng cng onsn xut c nhiu tim nng sinh ra s c, d bo mc tc ng khi xy ra s c,

phn tch thit hi i vi h sinh thi, thit hi v ti sn, thit hi v sc khe ... t xut cc bin php qun l ri ro.


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CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NGTIU CC CA DN SN XUT GIY V BT GIY N

MI TRNG TNHIN V KINH T - X HI

Yu cu : Cn cvo cc tc ng mi trng nu trong chng 3, xut mt cchc th cc bin php qun l v k thut mang tnh kh thi cao nhm phng trnh,

gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng do vic thc hin dn gy nn.

Cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi c xut phi m bo cc nguyntc sau:

- Gim thiu ti a cc tc ng ca D n nhm m bo cc tiu chun v quychun mi trng trong giai on xy dng v hotng.- Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi iu kin thc tv phhp vi kh nng ti chnh ca chu t.- Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng phi c trin khai lin tc trong sut qu trnhchun b mt bng, xy dng nh my v qu trnh hotng ca nh my.-xut vi cc cquan chc nng cc gii php ph hp nhm gim thiu cc tcng mi trng khng thkhc phc hoc gim nh trong phm vi mt dn.

Nh phn tch chng 3, cc tc ng ca Dn n mi trng vt l xut phttvic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc scpht sinh trong qu trnh hotng ca dn. Do vy, gim thiu cc tc ngca Dn n mi trngvt l cn phi khng ch nhim do cc cht thi v hnchn mc thp nht kh nng xy ra sc. Vic khng chv gim thiu nhimdo cht thi ca Dn nh my giy v bt giy c thc tin hnh bng cch kthp 3 nhm bin php sau: Bin php phng nga nhim v scmi trng; bin

php k thut khng ch nhim v x l cht thi ; bin php qun l v quan trcmi trng.

4.1. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on chun b dn

Cc bin php phng nga rt quan trng nhm gim thiu khi lng cht thi phtsinh ngay ti ngun, dn n hn chc nhng nh hng bt li i vi mi trngdo cc cht nhim gy ra. C th nh sau :

(1). Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng ca Dn : Trn csxem xt cc yu t

mi trng c lin quan nh:- La chn hng nh hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin thng gi

t nhin gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh my.

- Xc nh kch thc cc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc cngtrnh trong nh my cng nh gia nh my v cc khu dn cm bo s thngthong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn nhim, m bo phng chy cha chyv gim thiu nhng nh hng trc tip do cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnhxung quanh.


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- B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, khu kho bi, khu hnh chnhv c di cy xanh ngn cch c t l din tch cy xanh trn tng din tch t s dngca d n hp l (ti thiu 15%). Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi ca nh my cn b trcc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l.

- Khu vc b tr trm in, khu x l nc thi tp trung, x l rc thi cn c t

pha cui hng gi cho.(2). p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sch, t cht thi

Vic la chn cng ngh tin tin, hin i, tiu th t nguyn vt liu, nc, nnglng ; thi ra t cht thi s gp phn nng cao hiu qa sn xut, tit kim nguyn liu,nng lng, gim tc ng bt li ti mi trng. Gii php ny cn phi c quan tmngay t khu la chn cng ngh, thit b v vt liu phc v cho sn xut giy v btgiy.

(3). Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh : nh lng chnhxc nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh cao, gim bt lngcht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi to iu kin thun li cho vicqun l v x l cht thi.

4.2. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on xy dng dn

4.2.1. Cc bin php t chc thi cng xy dng

- p dng cc bin php thi cng thch hp, cgii ho cc thao tc v qu trnh thicng xy dng cng trnh;

- Lp cc t chc thi cng xy dng theo tng hng mc cng trnh cbn qunl v chu trch nhim ton din trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng;

- p dng bin php thi cng cun chiu theo tng giai on xy dng c th, nhanhgn theo trnh t trc - sau hp l gia vic thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh cbn

bo m rt gn thi gian thi cng, bo m an ton giao thng v hn ch cc tc ngc hi do bi, kh thi, gia cc khu vc thi cng trn cng trng.

- Chu t d n s yu cu n v thi cng xy dng p dng cc gii php c thcho vic bo v mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng hng mc cng trnh m nhim;

- B tr hp l ng vn chuyn v i li, trnh ng vn chuyn i ngang quakhu vc dn c, cm vn chuyn v thi cng cc cng vic c mc n cao vo ban m,hoc gim tc khi i qua khu vc dn c;

- Lp ro chn cch ly cc khu vc nguy him nh khu cha vt liu d chy n(kho cha nhin liu xng du, ...);

- Thit k chiu sng cho nhng ni cn lm vic ban m, hoc nhng ni o su lp t ng ng, ng dy;

- Cc cht thi rn xy dng, cc vt liu ph bc thu gom thng xuyn v vnchuyn ra khi cng trng, tp trung vo cc khu x l chung ca a phng;

- Tin hnh kim tra, bo dng thng xuyn cc phng tin vn ti, cc mymc thit b k thut thi cng, bo m tuyt i an ton trong thi cng;


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- Lp t ng ng thot nc ma, hoc thng xuyn khi thng dng chy theoa hnh t nhin nhm khng ch tnh trng ng, ng p ng, snh ly, che chnnguyn vt liu trnh b nc ma cun tri trong qu trnh thi cng cc hng mc cngtrnh cbn ca d n.

4.2.2. Cc bin php kim sot nhim trong hot ng ca cng nhn

- Thu gom v chn lp hp v sinh rc thi sinh hot ti khu vc quy nh;

- Xy dng b t hoi tm thi hoc thu nh v sinh di ng ; lp t thng rc,quy nh bi rc, ... trnh phng u, vt rc sinh hot ba bi gy nhim mi trng;

- u tin tuyn chn cng nhn xy dng gn khu vc d n gim lng cngnhn trong ln tri, gim lng cht thi pht sinh v nhim, hn ch cc tc ng xhi tiu cc ti khu vc d n;

- T chc ba n tp trung cho cng nhn ti cng trng, m bo cc yu cu vv sinh, an ton thc phm.

4.2.3. Cc bin php an ton lao ng

- Quy nh cc ni quy lm vic ti cng trng, bao gm Ni quy ra, vo lm victi cng trng; Ni quy v trang phc bo h lao ng; Ni quy s dng thit b nngcu; Ni quy v an ton in; Ni quy an ton giao thng; Ni quy an ton chy n, ...

- T chc tuyn truyn, ph bin cc ni quy cho cng nhn bng nhiu hnh thckhc nhau nh in ni quy vo bng treo ti cng trng, ln tri; t chc hc ni quy; tchc tuyn truyn; thanh tra v nhc nhti hin trng, ...

- T chc theo di tai nn lao ng, xc nh kp thi nguyn nhn tai nn v pdng cc bin php khc phc kp thi nhm trnh xy ra tai nn tng t;

- Lp t bin cm ngi qua li khu lm vic ca thit b nng cu;

- Lp h thng bin bo ch dn ng, bin bo an ton giao thng ti khu vccng trng;

- Lp t bin bo cm la ti cc khu vc d gy ra chy n (kho xng du, khosn, dung mi, kho vt t d chy n, trm bin p, ...).

- Trang b cc phng tin cha chy ti cc kho (bnh bt, bnh CO2, ct, h nc,cc khu mc git, ...).

- T chc tuyn truyn, kim tra, thanh tra cng tc phng chng chy n ti cckho, ln tri ca cc n v thi cng.

4.3. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on hot ng dn

4.3.1. Gim thiu tc ng do nc thi

Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng do nc thi bao gm :

- Phn lung dng thi bao gm: cc loi nc quy c sch, nc nhim chc,nc nhim do ho cht v nc nhim do du m, cht rn llng... Bin php nyva mang tnh k thut, va mang tnh qun l rt hu hiu v kinh t gim bt nh


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mc tiu hao nc cho sn xut, tit kim vt t, ho cht, nng lng, ng thi gim imt lng ng k nc thi cn x l.

- Tun hon ti s dng nc lm mt.

- Khi thng h thng thot nc thi, b tr h ga v t thng thu gom cht thi

rn. gim thiu ti a cc tc ng mi trng bt li do nc thi ca nh my snxut giy v bt giy cn p dng mt cch ng b cc bin php qun l ni vi (bntrong d n) v cc bin php cng ngh ph hp i vi vic x l nc thi trc khithi ra mi trng xung quanh, cn m t cc bin php gim thiu nhim c pdng i vi d n.

Mt s bin php x l nc thi ph bin nht nhm gim thiu tc ng mitrng i vi nh my sn xut giy v bt giy nh sau :

(1). Bin php thu hi:

Qu trnh thu hi nc trong nh my lin quan n vic tit kim nc trong tt ccc h thng khp kn hon ton hay mt phn. Vic tit kim ny khng ch l bin phpgim thiu cht thi m cn l l bin php thu hi si v ha cht. V d thu hi hacht ca phng php sunfat l ti sinh kim t dch en.

(2). Tch dng nc thi

Mt trong nhng bin php hn ch nhim do nc thi l tch nc thi i vicc dng thi khc nhau (Tch nc giu xsi thu hi xsi qua b lng, tch ncthi c cha dch en t v ti s dng xt, tch nc thi lm ngui ti s dng). Mt s bin php gim thiu nhim nc thi c th p dng ti nh my sn xutgiy v bt giy c tm tt trong bng 18.

Bng 18 :Mt s bin php gim thiu nhim nc thi

Bin php Ni dung1. Bn trong dnBin php thu hi nc, ha cht nu

bt giy.Nc khp kn, cn bng nc c c, t, xtha kim, lng

Tch dng nc thi 3 loi (x si, dch v nc sch h s phalong 2,5)

Ra hiu qu Nng btH thng sng bt giy Loi sng, nng btX l nc ngng b nhimPhng nga cc ha cht chy trn ra

bn ngoiH thng tng bao, rnh

Ty bt giy Bng zn, H2O2B lng Thu hi s, si2. Bn ngoi dnX l ha hc X l mu v cc cht llngX l sinh hc H sc kh, bn hot ha, thit b lc ta nh,

ym kh.


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(3). Bin php ra c hiu qu

Giai on ra l giai on rt quan trng lm gim mc nhim mi trng.Hiu sut ra tng bng cch tng h s pha long mc thch hp. Vic ra c hiu qu

lin quan cht ch vi mi quan h gia h s pha long v tn tht ra (tnh theoNa2SO4).

(4). H thng sng bt

H thng sng trong cng nghip bt v giy cng nh hng ln ti mc nhim nc. H thng sng khp kn s lm tng lng nc thi v lm tng cc hpcht hu ccha Clo c trong nc thi. Nu p dng h thng sng mth bin php xl sn gin hn nhiu so vi h thng sng kn. Ngoi ra s dng h thng sng mst c hiu qu ra bt cao hn.

(5). Ty trng bt giy :

Hn ch dng thi chy trn t cng on ra bt giy ty trng nhm hn ch BOD,TSS, COD, TS, Kim.

(6). Cc bin php phng nga nc thi chy trn ra khun vin dn do sc k thut

Vic xy dng cc h thng tng bao quanh v cng rnh thu gom tp trung ccdch c b chy trn v ti s dng l bin php thch hp v mt kinh t, k thut vmi trng. Mt s phng php thng c s dng tch cc loi cht nhimtrong nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy bao gm : phng php chc (lng, lc, tuynni), phng php ha l (keo t, h p th, trung ha, xi ha kh, c c v t) v

phng php sinh hc (hiu kh, ym kh, lc mng ng).

(7). Phng php lngNc thi t cc b phn cha nhiu xsi c a vo b phn x l nc thi.

Cc thit b chnh ca dy chuyn x l gm c : song chn rc; mng Chila o lulng u vo, b phn chun ho cht kt lng v trung ha.

B lng thng c chc nng lm lng cc cht huyn ph khng cn s dng hacht. Tuy nhin vic lm lng cc cht huyn ph cng cn thc hin mt cch trit .Vi mc ch thu hi li sxi, bt giy thng c s dng thit b lng hnh phu.Trong qu trnh lng cn tnh ton thi gian lu thch hp v nu thi gian lu di s dgy ra hin tng phn hy ym kh khi bn lng khng c ly ra thng xuyn. gim thi gian lu, tng hiu sut lng c th thi kh nn (p sut 4-6 bar) vo b lng.

(8). Xl nc ngung b nhimNc ngng cha cc cht nhim nh H2S, CH3SCH3. Methanol v nhng cht

hu ckhc c gii phng ra t qu trnh nu. Nhng cht gy nhim ny cng lnguyn nhn chnh gy ra cc mi c trng v kh chu ca nh my sn xut bt vgiy. Ngoi ra, nhng hp cht ha tan trong nc ngng l cc cht c c tnh cao.

Ngun chnh to nc ngng l b phn chng bc v nu bt. Mc d lng ncngng ch chim di 15% tng lng nc thi ca nh my song chng li chim 30%BOD bt ty (theo l thuyt).


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(9). Nhng bin php xl nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng

Xut pht tc tnh ca nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy sau khi p dng ccbin php x l m vn cha p ng c tiu chun x thi v cc thng s nh : mu, nhu cu oxy ha hc, hm lng SS, cn thc hin mt s bin php tng cng x l nc thi.

Cc phng php x l thng c p dng i vi nc thi ngnh giy ttiu chun x thi l :

- Phng php ho l (ng keo t ho hc): s dng x l cht rn llng, mtphn cht hu cho tan, hp cht photpho, mt s cht n v kh mi. Phng phpng keo t ho hc c th x l trc hoc sau x l sinh hc. Cc cht keo t thngthng l st, phn, phn nhm v vi. Cc cht polymer dng trkeo v tng tc ca qu trnh lng. i vi mi loi phn cn iu chnh pH ca nc thi n gi trthch hp, v d nh phn nhm ph 5-7, phn st pH 5-11, vi pH >11.

- Phng php sinh hc : s dng x l cc cht hu cdng tan. Nc thisn xut giy v bt giy c nng cht hu ccao, c bit l cc hp cht lignin. Cchp cht ca lignin khng c kh nng phn hu hiu kh v phn hu ym kh cng rtchm, do vy t hiu qu x l cao nht, trc khi a nc thi vo b x l sinhhc, dch en cn c s l cc b loi b bt lignin.

Do nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy c hm lng cht hu cBDO, COD cao,nn thng kt hp x l ym kh v hiu kh.

H thng x l nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy bao gm cc cng on chnhsau y: hiu ho, b keo t, b ym kh , b hiu kh bn hot tnh, b lng, b phnng Fenton, b lc

Nc thi sau khi x l t Tiu chun mi trng cho php.

4.3.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng khNh trnh by trong chng 4, nhim khng kh Nh my sn xut giy v bt

giy ch yu l do khi t l hi t du (hoc t than), l t lignin v cc dng khc trng pht ra t dy chuyn cng ngh. Do vy gim thiu tc ng mi trngkhng kh c th p dng cc bin php sau y:

- Dng nhin liu (than hoc du) c hm lng lu hunh thp.

- p dng cng ngh tin tin.

- Xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph h p trong mi tng quan vi lu lng,nng kh thi, a hnh v iu kin kh hu khu vc.

- Trong cc phn xng ca nh my cn phi c thit km bo iu kin vsinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cngtrnh nht l ti nhng v tr thao tc ca ngi cng nhn bng cch thit lp h thngthng gi t nhin, h thng thng gi ht, thng gi chung v thng gi cc b.

- Ti cc ngun sinh ra kh thi c hi v bi: lp t cc thit b x l kh, bi ccng sut ph hp m bo kh thi sau khi x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php.


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Nhng phng php thng c p dng i vi vic x l kh c c bit l SO2l phng php hp th dng m hoc dng a, phng php hp th, phng php xyha kh

Ngoi ra, cn p dng cc bin php k thut v qun l cn thit gim thiu nhim bi do hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti.

Mt s bin php khng ch nhim khng kh c th p dng cho cc nh my snxut giy v bt giy l :

(1). Xl bi:

Ty thuc vo tc dng kh v t trng ca bi c th la chn cc thit b x lkhc nhau tuy nhin cn gi cho tc ca dng kh mc thp nht trnh va pmnh (p lc). C th s dng cc thit b sau: Bung lng trng lc; Cc ng thu bi;Cc thit b phn ring bng Xylon v cc thit b lc ti.

Cc ht cht rn trong hn hp kh thi ra tng khi ch yu gm: natri sunfat vnatri cacbonat c tch ring trong thit b lc tnh in ri tun hon tr li dch enm c pha trc ni nu.

(2). Xl cc hp cht cha lu hunh:

Gim kh metyl mecaptan, v dimetyl mecaptan trong qu trnh nu bng cch sdng cc thit b thu hi v sau em t.

Kh SO2: Hin nay trn th gis dng hai loi thit b kh SO2 trong khi kiu khv kiu t. Trong kiu t dng vi v vi l ph bin nht, gi thnh thp, sn

phm to ra l CaSO4 v nc, hoc dng NH3 hp th SO3 trong kh thi.

Oxy ha dch en c tc dng gim c hm lng lu hunh v ng thi kh

c mi kh chu.Kh hydro sunfua (H2S) thot ra t cc ni nu thu hi c th khng chc mc

thp (5mg/l) bng cch duy tr mt lng khng dtrong ni nu.

(3). Xl cc hp cht cha nit:

Phn ln cc kh gy nhim trng c thot ra t cc l hi trong qu trnh nu.Khi NOxc to thnh trong qu trnh t nhin liu. gim lng NOx c th sdng cc loi nhin liu c hm lng nitthp hoc phun hi nc lm gim lngkh NOx thi ra ngoi.

Ngoi ra cc nh my ny cng c th la chn phng n s dng du FO, ng

thi s dng thm thit b x l bi t hiu qu x l cao nht.Bng 19. Cc phng n x l tm thi.

Phng n u im Nhc imS dng du FOc hm lng luhunh thp

- Cu trc l hi v ng khi ngin, r tin.- Gim c ti lng nhim SO2.

- Ngun du FO trongnc hin ti cha ccung cp n nh.- Do hm lng Paraphin


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trong du FO Vit Namcao, nn phi lp t hthng hm nng trc khi

bm vo l hi.- Khng gii quyt c

vn bi.Hp th kh bngnc

- Chng v nguyn liu- Gim c ti lng nhim- Khng tn ha cht- C th x l bi v cc cht nhim khc

- Phi u t cho cc thitb xut khu.- Phi chng n mn thit

b.- Phi trung ha nc thi.

Hp th kh thibng kim phalong

- Chng v nguyn liu- Gim c ti lng nhim- C th x l bi v cc cht gy nhim.- C th thu v ti s dng ha cht

trong h thng x l

- Phi u t tin cho ccthit b x l.- Phai chi ph tin mua hacht.

4.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn

Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca D n nh trnh by chng 4bao gm ch yu l v cy, mn tre na, x than, xsi v bn thi. Cc loi cht thiny phi c thu gom, x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php.

Mt s bin php x l v ti s dng cht thi rn ti nh my sn xut giy v btgiy l:

- X l mnh tre g vn, v cy: Loi cht thi ny c th tn dng li lm cht

t, tn dng lm vn rm.- X l x than: Tn dng vt liu xy dng, lm gch, san lp ng.

- X l s si: Xsi c th thu hi v tn dng sn xut ba carton hoc lmm, lm hp; phi kh c thc dng lm phn hu c; s dng vo cc mc chkhc.

4.3.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc h sinh thi

D n sn xut giy v bt giy s gy tc ng rt ln n cc h sinh thi ti khuvc v cc hot ng nh xy dng h thng giao thng, cng trnh ngm, h tng csv cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Do vy cn c nhng bin php gim thiuthch hp nh:

- Trong qu trnh la chn a im cn quan tm n cc h sinh thi c th b tcng bi d n trn csso snh nh gi li hi gia cc v tr c a ra nhm chnc v tr ti u cho D n, t tc ng nht ti cc h sinh thi.

- Khng ch nhng tc ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi bng cc gii php hn ch nhim nh trnh by trn.

- Trin khai cc bin php bo v, qun l v phc hi cc h sinh thi b tc ng.


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4.3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - xhi - nhn vn

Nh trn trnh by, cc tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi v nhn vn l rtln. Do vy cn phi c cc bin php thch hp gim thiu cc tc ng kinh t xhi. Cc bin php c th l :

- Mi loi tc ng xu ti kinh t, x hi xc nh trong giai on xy dng vhot ng ca D n u phi c km theo bin php gim thiu tng ng, c l gii rrng v hiu qu gim thiu tc ng kinh t x hi.

- Phi xut phng n n b, gii to, ti nh c; h trdi di, gii to nh ca,m m, cc cng trnh lch s, vn ho, tn gio; h tro to chuyn i ngh nghip,h trvic lm cho nhng i tng b tc ng. Cc gii php phi c th, kh thi,tun th cc quy nh hin hnh, km theo d tr kinh ph, tin thc hin v cquanthc hin, cquan gim st thc hin.

- Phi xut cc bin php nhm qun l cng nhn, gii quyt mu thun giacng nhn v ngi a phng ni thc hin d n; phng nga ly lan bnh dch (V d: HIV/AIDS); h trcho cc hot ng ca a phng trong qu trnh xy dng vhot ng ca d n.

4.4. Bin php gim thiu, phng nga v ng ph cc sc mi trng

Cc bin php phng chng, khng ch s c mi trng i vi cc nh my snxut giy v bt giy nh sau:

4.4.1. Phng chng r r nguyn nhin liu

phng chng v cp cu s c r r nguyn nhin liu dng lng hay kh pht

sinh t nh my, Ch d n s phi hp cng cc cquan chc nng kim tra nghimngt cc h thng k thut trong kho cha, phng tin vn ti v lp phng n ng cus c, c th nh sau:

(1). H thng kho cha

H thng kho cha nguyn nhin liu ca Nh my p ng y cc tiu chunv k thut, an ton (bao gm cc h thng lm mt, van thot hi, h thng chng st, hthng cu ho, ...).

(2).Vn ti v qu trnh nhp xut nguyn nhin liu

Cc bin php phng chng r r trong qu trnh vn ti v xut nhp nhin liu tinh sau:

Thc hin nghim ngt qui nh k thut, an ton trong qu trnh nh p xutnguyn, nhin liu;

Cc phng tin vn chuyn xng du, nguyn liu lng, ... (nh xe bn, ...) c t cch php nhn, cng nhp ng tiu chun an ton, k thut khi vn chuyn trnng giao thng.

(3).Phng chng r r ho cht

1). Bin php kim sot khi thit kbn cha ho cht


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Nhm ngn nga s c trn ho cht, cc yu cu khi thc hin thit k, thmnh thit k cc bn cha ho cht l :

Thit k bn cha ho cht cn c vo c im ho l ca lu cht cha trongbn, c s la chn vt liu ch to ph hp loi tr hin tng n mn;

Thit k mng m bo k thut, loi tr hin tng ln st dn n ph hu bn;Thit k cu trc bn ph hp nhm m bo tnh bn chc, tui th ca thit b;

Vt liu ch to c h schng nhn;Cc bn cha ho cht sau khi c gia cng lp t hon chnh, c kim tra

p ng tiu chun v p lc, th kn, th bn thn bn, c lp t y cc thit bph trph hp nh: van, ng o mc, ng thng hi, ... trc khi a vo s dng;

Bn cha ho cht c tnh c hi cho mi sinh nh xt, axt, bn du FO, ... cthit k bao. Bbao hoc vng cha phm bo cha t nht 20% lng ho chtcha trong bn;

Tu theo p sut lm vic v quy nh ca nh nc v cc loi bn cha chu plc v khng chu p lc s tin hnh kim nh hoc kim tra trc khi a vo s dng;

C bin bn nghim thu cng trnh trc khi a bn vo s dng v thc hin luh s thit k, nghim thu theo ng hng dn v kim sot thit k gia cng lp tthit b;

Cc h thng ph trnh bm, ... c t ngoi khun vin tng bao ca bncha.

2). Phng n xl scr r, trn ho cht

Cc phng n khc phc d phng cho cc trng trng h p trn ho chtc d bo c kh nng xy ra nh sau.

a). i vi Xt lng

Tm cch thng gi khu vc r r/trn xt;Ngn cm ngi khng c nhim v v khng c phng tin bo hi vo khu

vc nhim;

i vin x l mang trang phc BHLD y bao gm: Knh bo v mt hocton b mt, ng, gng tay cao su, tp d chng ho cht;

i vin x l vo hin trng tm cch ngn chn r r. Nu khng c kh nngngn chn c th bo co cho Trng ca xin h trbm xt sang bn khc, c th yu

cu iu ng xe bn chuyn xt trong bn b r ri ni khc;Khng s dng nc di v thi xt vo h thng cng thot;Ngn khng xt trn ra khi bbao, cch ly khu vc trn ho cht vi cc khu

vc khc bng cch t bn cha tm, bm thu hi xt bn trong bao;

Phn xt d c th c h p thu bng vt liu Alkasorb hoc pha long bngnc, trung ho trong dung dch axt long nh HCl hoc H2SO4 to ra cc sn phmkhng c hi cho mi trng;


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Hp thu phn cht lng sau khi trung ho cn li bng hp cht nh: t st, tkhong hay bt k hp cht trno khc, sau bao gi phn cht rn ny v em bvo khu vc cht cht thi ho cht nguy hi.

b). i vi axt

Thng gi khu vc b trn/r r axt do hi axt s thot ra rt mnh;Ngn cm ngi khng c nhim v v khng c phng tin bo hi vo khu

vc nhim;

Trang phc BHLD bao gm: Mt n phng c c hp lc, knh bo v mt, quno, ng, gng tay, tp d chng ho cht;

i vin x l vo hin trng tm cch ngn chn r r. Nu khng c kh nngngn chn c th bo co cho Trng ca xin h trbm xt sang bn khc, c th yucu iu ng xe bn chuyn axt trong bn b r ri ni khc;

Cch ly khu vc trn ho cht vi cc khu vc khc bng cch t bn cha tm,bm thu hi xt bn trong bao;

Khoanh vng khu vc b trn/r r, khng di nc vo v tho axt xung hthng cng;

Lng nh axt cn li c hp thu bng vt liu axt absorb hoc trung ho bngnhng ho cht mang tnh kim nh soda ash, nc vi, ... sau hp thu bng vt liuc kh nng ht m nht khong, ct kh, t, bao gi phn cht rn ny v em tptrung vo khu vc cha cht thi ho cht nguy hi;

Khng s dng cht d chy nh mt ca hp thu;Vic hu cht thm cha axt b trung ho tun theo quy nh ca nh nc.4.4.2. Phng nga v ng ph sc chy n

(1). Chy n do yu tin

H thng s dng thit bin thit k chun ho ph hp vi cng sut, iu kinlm vic, iu kin kh hu Vit Nam v mi trng lm vic (trong nh, ngoi tri,);

Nh xng lp t dy chuyn c thit k theo tiu chun chng chy loi 2 vloi 3, tng v ct btng, mi tn;

Trong nh xng c trang b thit b cha chy gm cc thit b cha chy CO2,hng cp nc cha chy v bm nc t hng s dng nhin liu lng;

Phng n cha chy chi tit trong cc tnh hung c th da trn cc yu t chyn nu trn c xy dng vi s tham vn v ph duyt ca Phng cnh st PCCC;

Lc lng cha chy ni b c xy dng, hun luyn nh k v thao dtthng xuyn bao gm c thao dt phng n cha chy phi hp vi Phng cnh stPCCC.

(2). Phng n PCCC

- Thc hin nghim chnh cc tiu chun quy phm, qui nh v PCCC trong qutrnh xy dng t khu chun b thit k, thi cng n nghim thu a vo s dng;


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- Xy dng i PCCC m nhim cho ton nh my;

- u t cc thit b PCCC ti cc khu vc nh xng. B tr ng ng dn ncchng chy theo mng li vng ti tt c cc khu vc chnh, t cc hng cu ho ticc im gn cc khu chc nng thun tin cho vic cha chy;

- Cc tr cha chy b tr theo ng trc cch mp ng chnh t 1 - 2m;- m bo ng cu kp thi s c chy n, trong cc to nh s thit lp h thngbo chy tng ng thi phi c h thng cha chy trc tip bng cc vi rng phunnc theo quy phm hin hnh.

(3). Phng chng st

- Lp h thng chng st cho cc v tr cao ca nh my;

- Lp t h thng thu st, thu tnh in tch t v ci tin h thng theo cc cngngh mi nhm t an ton cao;

- in trtip t xung kch < 10 khi in trsut ca t < 50.000 /cm2. in

trtip t xung kch >10 khi in trsut ca t > 50.000 /cm2

;- S dng loi thit b chng st tch cc, cc tr chng st c b tr bo v

khp d n vi cao bo v tnh ton l 10 - 14 m;

4.4.3. Bin php phng nga khi h thng xl nc thi ngng hot ng

phng nga s c trm XLNT ngoi vi tm ngng hot ng, cn trang by cc my mc thit b d phng nh my bm, my khuy, my chm ho cht, ...

Xy dng h sinh thi m bo sc cha cho nh my hot ng bnh thngtrong 3 ngy nu xy ra s c h thng x l nc thi ngng hot ng. Nu thi giankhc phc s c vt qu 3 ngy th nh my ngng hot ng, sau khi s cc khc

phc xong th nh my trli hot ng bnh thng;Thng xuyn kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca cc my mc, sa cha kp thi

nhng hng hc, duy tu bo dng nh k;

Hun luyn nng cao k nng cho cng nhn vn hnh trm.


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CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC,GIM ST MI TRNG

Yu cu : Phn ni dung ny phi xutc cc bin php qun l v gim st ,quan trc mi trng nhm m bo thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mitrngc nu trong chng 4 ng thi kp thi pht hin nhng kim khuyttrong qu trnh thc hin cng nhnhng biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do

Dn gy ra iu chnh, ngn chn.

Do vy nhngxut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau :

- Nhngxut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht

huong dan dtm - sx giay va bot giay_2

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