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Hybrid Cars


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Hybrid Cars

Any vehicle that combines two or more sources ofpowers that can directly or indirectly providepropulsion power.

It is also called Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) whichcombines an internal combustion engine and onemore electric motors.


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Vehicle Types

Simple form:

Two wheeled & cycle type vehicle (Mopeds, electric bicyclesand electric kick scooters)- as a powers is delivered both viaan internal combustion engine or electric motor and the

pedal power of the rider.Parallel hybrid bicycle- human and motor power

Series hybrid bicycle-the users powers a generator using pedal.This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the

motor.


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Vehicle types

Heavy vehicles: Cars- gasoline-electric; diesel electric

Power trains- diesel-electric; turbo-electric

Trucks- diesel-electric

Military off road vehicles- gasoline-electric, diesel electric

Submarines- nuclear-electric; diesel-electric

Buses-diesel-electric


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Comparison between electric hybrid cars and gas

powered cars:

Gasoline powered car has a fuel tank which supplies

gasoline to engine. The engine then turns a transmission

which turns the wheel.


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Comparison between electric hybrid cars and gas

powered cars:

An electric car has a set of batteries that provides

electricity to an electric motor, the motor turns a

transmission and then the transmission turns the wheel.


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The hybrid is a compromise. It attempts to significantly

increase mileage and reduce the emission of a gas

powered which overcoming the shortcomings of electric

car. To be useful a car must met certain minimum

requirements. The car should be able to- Drive at least 300 miles (482 km) before refueling, Be refueled easily and quickly Keep up with the traffic on the road


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A gasoline car meets the requirements but produces a

relatively large amount of pollution and generally gets

poor gas mileage. An electric car produces almost no

pollution but it can only go 80-100 miles between

charges and is very slow and inconvenient to recharge.

A gasoline-electric car combine these set up into one

system that leverage both gas powerand electric power.


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Gasoline-Electric Hybrid Structure

Gasoline Engine- just like any other cars, Hybrid cars has agasoline engine. The size is smaller compared to

conventional cars but it uses advanced technology to reduceemission and increase the efficiency.

Fuel Tank- the energy storage device for the gasoline engine.Gasoline has much higher energy densities than batteries do.

Electric motor- very sophisticated. Advance electronics allowit to act as a motor as well as generator.

Example- when it needs to, it can draw energy from thebattery to accelerate the car. But acting as generator, it canslow the car down and return the energy to batteries.


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Generator- similar to electric motor but it acts only to

produce electrical power. It is used in series hybrids. Batteries- are the energy storage device for electric motor.

Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can onlypower the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid

car can put energy into batteries as well as draw energy

from them. Transmission- can perform the same basic function as

the transmission on a conventional car like Honda

Insight.


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Power Sources

Parallel hybrid- it has fuel tank that supplies gasoline to

the engine and a set of batteries that supplies the power to

the electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor

can turn the transmission and the transmission turns thewheel.


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Power Sources

Series hybrid- the gasoline turns a generator and the

generator can either charge the batteries or power an

electric motor that drives the transmission. Thus the

gasoline never directly power the vehicle.


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Hybrid car performance

Gasoline engine can be much smaller than the one in

conventional car and therefore more efficient. Efficiency can be improved by using smaller, lighter parts By reducing the number of cylinder By operating the engine closer to its maximum load.


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Reasons why smaller engines are more efficient than

bigger engines

Big engine is heavier than small engine so the car uses

extra energy every time it accelerates or drive up a hill. The pistons and other internal components are heavier,

requiring more energy each time they go up and down inthe cylinder. The displacement of the cylinders is larger, so more fuel

is required by each cylinder. Bigger engines usually have more cylinders, and each

cylinder uses fuel every time the engine fires, even if the

car isn't moving.


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Improving fuel economy

Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, today's hybrids

use many other tricks to increase fuel efficiency. Some of

those tricks will help any type of car get better mileage,

and some only apply to a hybrid. To squeeze every last

mile out of a gallon of gasoline, a hybrid car can:


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Capabilities of Hybrid Car to maximize usage ofgasoline

Sometimes shut off the engine - A hybrid car does not need to rely on the

gasoline engine all of the time because it has an alternate power source --

the electric motor and batteries. So the hybrid car can sometimes turn off the

gasoline engine, for example when the vehicle is stopped at a red light. Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag - When you are driving on

the freeway, most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the carthrough the air. This force is known as aerodynamic drag. This drag force

can be reduced in a variety of ways. One sure way is to reduce the frontal

area of the car. Think of how a big SUV has to push a much greater area

through the air than a tiny sports car.

Reducing disturbances around objects that stick out from the car oreliminating them altogether can also help to improve the aerodynamics. For

example, covers over the wheel housings smooth the airflow and reduce

drag. And sometimes, mirrors are replaced with small cameras.


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Capabilities of Hybrid Car to maximize usage ofgasoline

Use low-rolling resistance tires - The tires on most cars are

optimized to give a smooth ride, minimize noise, and provide good

traction in a variety of weather conditions. But they are rarely

optimized for efficiency. In fact, the tires cause a surprising amount

of drag while you are driving. Hybrid cars use special tires that areboth stiffer and inflated to a higher pressure than conventional tires.

The result is that they cause about half the drag of regular tires. Use lightweight materials - Reducing the overall weight of a car is

one easy way to increase the mileage. A lighter vehicle uses less

energy each time you accelerate or drive up a hill. Compositematerials like carbon fiber or lightweight metals like aluminum and

magnesium can be used to reduce weight.


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Hybrid cars

Advantages DisadvantagesHybrid car owners virtually do not feelthe increasing cost in fuel prices.

Braking in hybrid cars are configuredto capture the energy released and uses

it to charge the batteries inside thehybrid car. This means thatunlike electric cars, hybrid cars do notactually need to be charged from yourhome electric outlet.

It ables to effectively conserve fuel andat the same time, it only produces lowlevels of toxic fumes.

What makes a hybrid car workeffectively is also what makes it risky ifit ever gets involved in an accident. Thisis because hybrid cars stores highamount of voltage in its batteries.

Hybrid cars can never really go fast.

Hybrid cars are relatively heavybecause of the heavy batteries installedinside the car.

Hybrid cars are expensive rightfrom the car lot.

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