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The word hydrocomes from a Greek word meaning water. The energy from water has been harnessed toproduce electricity since long. It is the first renewable energysource to be tapped essentially to produceelectricity.

Hydro power currently suffices one fifth of the global electricity supply, also improving the electrical systemreliability and stability throughout the world. It also substantially avoids the green house gas emissions, thuscomplimenting the measures taken towards theclimate changeissues.

Hydro projects below a specified capacity are known as small hydro. The definition of small hydro differs fromcountry to country, depending on the resources available and the prevalent national perspective. The small hydroatlas shows that the largest of the projects (30 MW) is in US and Canada. Small hydro power has emerged asone of the least cost options of harnessinggreen energyamongst all the renewable energy technologies.

According to thepowergenerated, small hydro power is classified into small, mini/micro and pico hydro. In India,it is being classified as follows.

Small hydro - 2 MW - 30 MWMini - 100 kW - 2 MWMicro - 10 kW - 100 kWMico hydro - 1 kW - 10 kW

Projects with the range of 100 kW and above feed power into the grid. They are commercial by nature. Projectsbelow 100 kW are mostly off grid options being harnessed for rural village electrification. They come under thesocial sector.

Hydro Power

The basicsof power from water is the result of conversion ofpotential energy (the water body at a certain heightwhich is known as the "Head") tokinetic energy (a flow which is known as "Discharge" down the pipe) which istransferred to the buckets in the turbine (mechanical energy). It is the prime mover for the generator (electricalenergy) which produces electricity.

Essentially power from a small hydro potential site is derived from two parameters, head and discharge .

Where "head" is the vertical height from which the potential energy of water is converted into electricity after thefall anddischargeis the flow rate of the water in the stream/river.

Power (kW) = H * Q * Y

WhereH = Head in m(meter)Q = Discharge in m3/sec (cumecs) Y = Specific weight of water, being the product of mass and acceleration dueto gravity (9.81 kN/m3).

An altimeter is used forhead measurementand various methods are used fordischarge measurement based onthe site conditions. Limitedcivil worksis carried out for the development of the site for small hydro power. Tomaintain the power quality controllers and electrical equipments is used.

India Hydro Energy

IntroductionHydropower is a renewable energy resource because it uses the Earth's water cycleto generate electricity. Water evaporates from the Earth's surface, forms clouds,precipitates back to earth, and flows toward the ocean. The movement of water as itflows downstream creates kinetic energy that can be converted into electricity. 2700TWH is generated every year. Hydropower supplies at least 50% of electricityproduction in 66 countries and at least 90% in 24 countries. Out of the total power

generation installed capacity in India of 1,76,990 MW (June, 2011), hydro powercontributes about 21.5% i.e. 38,106 MW. A capacity addition of 78,700 MW is

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hydrohttp://www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome.homehttp://www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome.homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://microhydropower.net/intro.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/intro.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinetic_energyhttp://microhydropower.net/turbines.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electrical_energyhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://microhydropower.net/intro.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/intro.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/intro.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/head.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/head.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/head.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/flow.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/flow.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/components.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/components.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/components.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_hydrohttp://www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome.homehttp://www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome.homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://microhydropower.net/intro.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinetic_energyhttp://microhydropower.net/turbines.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electrical_energyhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://microhydropower.net/intro.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/head.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/flow.htmlhttp://microhydropower.net/components.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro

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envisaged from different conventional sources during 2007-2012 (the 11th Plan),which includes 15,627 MW from large hydro projects. In addition to this, a capacityaddition of 1400 MW was envisaged from small hydro up to 25 MW station capacity.The total hydroelectric power potential in the country is assessed at about 150,000MW, equivalent to 84,000 MW at 60% load factor. The potential of small hydro power

projects is estimated at about 15,000 MW. TechnologyA hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river tocreate a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion toelectricity takes place. The first step in the generation of energy in a hydropowerplant is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams andrivers, during the hydrological cycle. The run-off flows to dams downstream. Thewater falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns a large wheel called aturbine. The turbine converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy todrive the generator After this process has taken place electricity is transferred to thecommunities through transmission lines and the water is released back into thelakes, streams or rivers. This is entirely not harmful, because no pollutants areadded to the water while it flows through the hydropower plant.

Potential in India

India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th interms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario. As per assessment made byCEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to thetune of 1 48 700 MW of installed capacity. The basin wise assessed potential is asunder :-

Basin/RiversProbable Installed Capacity (MW)

Indus Basin 33,832

Ganga Basin 20,711

Central Indian River system 4,152

Western Flowing Rivers of southern India 9,430Eastern Flowing Rivers of southern India 14,511

Brahmaputra Basin 66,065

Total 1,48,701

In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified withprobable installed capacity of 94 000 MW. In addition to this, hydro-potential fromsmall, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6 782 MW from 1 512 sites.Thus, in totality India is endowed with hydro-potential of about 2 50 000 MW.

Installed CapacityThe total installed capacity of India is 36878 MW.

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ProjectsMajor Hydropower Generating Units

NAME STATE CAPACITY (MW)

BHAKRA PUNJAB 1100

NAGARJUNA ANDHRA PRADESH 960

KOYNA MAHARASHTRA 920

DEHAR HIMACHAL PRADESH 990

SHARAVATHY KARNATAKA 891

KALINADI KARNATAKA 810

SRISAILAM ANDHRA PRADESH 770

Top Ten Countries (In Terms Of Capacity)

COUNTRY POWER CAPACITY (MWh) INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)

TAJIKISTAN 527000 4000

CANADA 341312 66954

USA 319484 79511

BRAZIL 285603 57517

CHINA 204300 65000

RUSSIA 160500 44000

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NORWAY 121824 27528

JAPAN 84500 27229

INDIA 82237 22083

FRANCE 77500 77500

Growth In Hydropower

Small Hydro

In India, hydro power projects with a station capacity of up to 25 megawatt (MW)each fall under the category of small hydro power (SHP).Potential

India has an estimated SHP potential of about 15 000 MW.Installed Capacity

The total installed capacity of small hydro power projects (upto 25 MW) as on

31.03.2009 is 2429.77 MW from 674 projects and 188 projects with aggregatecapacity of 483.23 MW are under construction.

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Potential And Projects

State-wise details of the potential and installed/under installation projects

S.No State Potential Projects

Installed

Projects Under

implementation

Nos Capacity Nos Capacity Nos Capacity1 Andhra Pradesh 497 560.18 62 189.83 18 61.75

2 Arunachal Pradesh 550 1328.68 101 78.835 28 38.71

3 Assam 119 238.69 4 27.11 4 15

4 Bihar 95 213.25 18 58.3 11 36.31

5 Chhattisgarh 184 993.11 6 19.05 1 1.2

6 Goa 6 6.5 1 0.05 - -

- 7 Gujarat 292 196.97 4 12.6 - -

8 Haryana 33 110.05 7 70.1 2 3.4

9 Himachal Pradesh 536 2267.81 112 375.385 40 132.2

10 Jammu & kashmir 246 1417.80 34 129.33 5 5.91

11 Jharkhand 103 208.95 6 4.05 8 34.85

12 Karnataka 138 747.95 111 725.05 18 107.5

13 Kerela 245 704.1 20 136.87 7 23.8

14 Madhya Pradesh 299 803.64 11 86.16 4 19.9

15 Maharashtra 255 732.63 39 263.825 15 51.7

16 Manipur 114 109.13 8 5.45 3 2.75

17 Meghalaya 101 229.8 4 31.03 3 1.718 Mizoram 75 166.93 18 36.47 1 0.5

19 Nagaland 99 188.98 10 28.67 4 4.2

20 Orissa 222 295.47 10 79.625 5 3.93

21 Punjab 237 393.23 43 153.2 15 21.4

22 Rajasthan 66 57.17 10 23.85 - -

23 Sikkim 91 265.55 16 47.11 2 5.2

24 Tamil Nadu 197 659.51 16 94.05 6 33

25 Tripura 13 46.86 3 16.01 - -

26 Uttar Pradesh 251 460.75 7 23.3 - -

27 Uttarakhand 444 1577.44 95 134.12 55 230.65

28 West bengal 203 396.11 24 98.9 16 79.25

29 Andaman & Nicobar

Islands

7 7.27 1 5.25 - -

Total 571

8

15384.1

5

801 2953.58 271 914.81

SHP Projects Installed In Private Sector (As On 31.03.2009)

S.No State TotalNumber Total Capacity

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1 Andhra Pradesh 43 104.43

2 Assam 1 0.10

3 Gujarat 2 5.6

4 Himachal Pradesh 63 271.25

5 Haryana 2 7.4

6 Jammu & Kashmir 2 17.5

7 Karnataka 95 694.90

8 Kerela 3 36.00

9 Madhya Pradesh 1 2.20

10 Maharashtra 13 74.00

11 Orissa 2 32.00

12 Punjab 18 26.20

13 Tamil Nadu 1 0.3514 Uttaranchal 10 48.30

15 West Bengal 5 6.45

Total 261 1326.68