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HYDROTHERAPY CHAPTER 9

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Page 1: HYDROTHERAPY CHAPTER 9contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/cu/shinhwakyung/10.pdf · 2016-09-09 · -untreated osteomyelitis(골수염)-

HYDROTHERAPYCHAPTER 9

Page 2: HYDROTHERAPY CHAPTER 9contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/cu/shinhwakyung/10.pdf · 2016-09-09 · -untreated osteomyelitis(골수염)-

Definition

Definitio

Page 3: HYDROTHERAPY CHAPTER 9contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/cu/shinhwakyung/10.pdf · 2016-09-09 · -untreated osteomyelitis(골수염)-

Hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy

치료적 목적을 이용하여 물의 여러 가지 다양한 성질을 이용하여 질병을 치료하는 물리치료의 한 분야

Physical properties of water

Specific heat (비열), thermal conductivity(열전도)

Buoyancy(부력)

Resistance(저항)

Hydrostatic pressure(정수압)

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Specific heat and thermal conductivity

Specific heat

비열은 물질 1g의 온도를 1 ℃ 상승시키기 위해 요구되는 열의 양(calories)

Thermal conductivity

물은 conduction와 convection에 의해 열을 전도함

- stationary water : conduction에 의해

- moving water : convection에 의해

Comparison of specific heat and thermal conductivity of water and air

물과 공기의 비열과 열전도 비교

Specific heat Thermal conductivity

Water 4.19 0.0014

Air 1.01 0.000057

Water : air ratio 4.14 24.56

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Buoyancy

Buoyancy

- 중력에 대해 반대 방향으로 몸을 위로 밀어내는 힘

- ‘Archimedes Principle’

유체속의 잠긴 물체가 받는 부력의 크기는 유체속에 잠긴 물체의 부피에 해당하는 유체의 무게와 같다.“

부력의 크기(F)

= m(유체의 질량) × g(중력가속도)= ρ(유체의 밀도) × V(잠긴부분의 부피) × g ※밀도 = 질량 / 부피

Submersion of the most of the body

- ↓stress and compression on weight bearing joint, muscle and connective tissue

- To help raise weakened body parts against gravity

- To assist the therapist in supporting the weight of the patient’s bodyduring therapeutic activity

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6

Figure 09-01. Buoyancy.

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7

Figure 09-02. Patient exercising in water while wearing a foam vest to increase buoyancy

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Resistance

Viscosity of water

provide resistance to the motion of a body in water

Resistance

- occurs against the direction of the motion of the body

- Relative resistance of motion of the body can be Increased

by having the patient move faster in the water

by increasing the speed at which the water moves toward the patient

frontal area of the body part in contact with the water

resistance and pressure

- beneficial for debriding and cleansing wound

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Resistance9

Figure 09-03. Resistance.

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Hydrostatic Pressure

물(액체)에 잠겨 있을때 몸에 작용하는 물(액체)의 압력

정수압의 임상적 효과

- promoting circulating(혈액순환 도움)

- alleviating periphearal edema(말초 부종의 경감)

- unstable joint와 weak muscle을 잡아줌

- vertical positioning(발이 깊이 위치한 자세)일때 정수압의 효과는 가장 큼

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Hydrostatic Pressure

③Pascal’s law침수된 물체의 표면에작용하는 정수압은 같다.

정수압은물의 깊이에 비례한다.

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3.Physiological effects of hydrotherapy

Cleansing effects

Musculoskeletal effects

Cardiovascular effects

Respiratory effects

Renal effects

Psychological effects

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Cleansing effects

①remove debris

-endogenous debris-wound

exudate, necrotic tissue

-exogenous debris-adhered

dressing materials

②reduce bacterial burden(박테리아성

유해물질)

③Additives(첨가물) : antimicrovials and

surfactants(soap,detergent products)

increase cleansing power

=> hydration(수화작용),friction(마찰),pressure(압력)

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Musculoskeletal effects

① decrease weight bearing(boyance에

의해)exercise with less trauma&

pain

② strengthening(velocity-dependent

resistance에 의해)

③ less fat&weight loss than other

forms of exercise

④ effect on bone density loss

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Cardiovascular effects

대정맥 - 우심방우심실 폐 좌심방좌심실 대동맥 -

30%↑ 30%↑

1)

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Cardiovascular effects

2)Reduce physiological responsesReduce heart rate(심박률)Reduce systolic blood pressure(수축압)Reduce VO₂(oxygen consumtion)

∴수중에서의 운동은 myocardial efficiency(심근 효율성)을 위한 목적으로 시행

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Respiratory effects

Cardiovascular effect

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Mechanisms-hydrostatic pressure -hyperventilation(호흡량감소)-hypercapnia(과탄산)-peripheral vasoconstriction

-high humidity of air

호흡 점막(mucos)의 drying 이나cooling 예방

2)

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Renal effects

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Psychological effects

Depending on temperature Warm: relaxing (comforting & calming)

과민성, 흥분성 환자에 적용

Cold: invigorating and energizing

비활동적이거나 반응이 적은 환자의 능동적 운동참여를 촉진

시키기 위해 적용

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Use of hydrotherapy 21

Superficial heating agent

Water exercise

Pain control

Edema control

Wound care

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Superficial heating or cooling22

Heat transfer by conduction or convection

Advantage? - Perfect contact to skin

- Movable during healing or cooling

- No need things to be fastened to the body

Disadvantage ? - Dependent-position for edema control by hydrostatic pressue

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Water exercise

Types of water exercise- Swimming, running with or without vest or belt

- Walking, cycle ergometry

- Other forms of upright exercise

General uses of water exercise - Using Ability to retain and conduct heat

- Buoyancy

- Resistance

- Hydrostatic pressure

- Circulation, muscle strength, joint viscoelasticity, flexiblity,

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Water exercise

②general uses of water exercise

BuoyancyResistance

Hydrostatic pressure

increaseCirculationm.Strength

Joint viscoelasticityFlexibility

ROM

ImproveAmbulationCoordination

Cardiovascular/Respiratory cond.Psycological effect

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Water exercise

③specific uses of water exercise

Orthopedic rehabilitation

Neurological rehabilitation

Cardiorespiratory fitness

Ex in water during pregnancy

Ex-induce Asthma

Age-related deficits

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specific uses of water exercise

ⅰ) Orthopedic rehabilitation=> musculoskeletal problems=>(예)상해,수술,고정이후

관절염,척추 디스크등-decrease wt.bearing on joint:

flotation device이용-resistance:speed&direction 변화줌-closed chain exercise-open chain exercise-effect on bone density :폐경기 이후 골밀도 유지

를 위해 도움 적음(∵wt.bearing on bones↓)

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specific uses of water exercise

ⅱ) Neurological rehabilitation improving stability and motor control

-proprioceptive input제공:stroke이나TBI환자의 central sensory deficit에 대해 효과적

-weight relief:움직임 쉽고,위험적다

(safety) weakness나 motor control 장애의 strength,functional training 에 효과적

-balance향상-breathing보조:부력과 정수압에 의한 복근보조

에 의해weak diaphram환자에 효과적

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specific uses of water exercise

ⅲ) cardiorespiratory fitness

maintain and increase

aerobic conditioning

-congetive heart failure(울혈성심부전),

deconditioned patient,cardiovascular

fitness의개선을 원하는 환자에 적용

-chronic obstructive pulmonary(만성

폐쇄성 폐질환)physical capacity와

quality of life 의 개선

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specific uses of water exercise

Ⅳ) Exercise in water during Pregnancy

-unloading weight bearing joints

-controlling peripheral edema(감소)

-less elevation of heart rate

-less elevation of blood pressure

-less elevation of body temperature

(고체온의 위험요소 감소)

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specific uses of water exercise

Ⅴ)Exercise-induced Asthma(운동 유발성

천식):EIA의 증상 감소됨

Ⅵ)Age-related Deficits(노화증상)

-60세이후 노인에 효과적

-increase strength,functional

mobility,balance,quality of life

-decrease aches and pains

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Uses of hydrotherapy

3)Pain control

①Mechanism

Peripheral mechanoreceptors at spinal cord(말초의 기계적 자극 수용기)

Transmission of pain sensation 을 조절(제어)함

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3)Pain control

② cold water : also reduce pain by

reduce acute inflammation

③침수 weight bearing 감소/움직임이

쉬워져 pain control

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Uses of hydrotherapy

4)Edema control

①by hydrostatic perssurecirculation

and renal function 변화부종감소

②venous or lymphatic insufficiency

(정맥,림프 기능부전),renal dysfunction,

postoperation inflammation에 효과적

③contrast bath, cold water immersion은 부종

경감 위해 사용 그러나, warm or hot water는

추천하지 않음

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5)Wound care

①effects(비침수)

nonimmersion cleansingSoftens necrotic tissue↓Remove wound debris↓

Bacterial loadBarrier toepitheliailzation

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immersion

Hydrostatic pressure heat of warm water

circulation↑

nutrients↑ removal of waste products↑

②Effect(침수)

cleansing

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5)Wound care

③wound care의 대상:

- Diabetes mellitus(당뇨),pressure,

vascular insufficienty(혈관성 기능전),burns.

- Wounds from trauma,surgery,

abscesses(농양),dehisced incisions(절개된상

처),necrotizing fascititis or cellulitis(괴사성

근막염 또는 세포염증)

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5)Wound care

④ treatment of Burnsⅰ)hydrotherapy is used to

-cleanse, soften,loosen necrotictissue before debridement

-reduce bactereal loadⅱ)application: Hubbard tank whirlpoolⅲ)AD: increase ROM in scarred area &

prevent contracturesAROM,PROM

⑤ Negative pressure wound therapy(=Vacuum-assisted wound therapy):conjunction withnonimmersion hydrotherapy(p260사진)

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Local immersion forms

① contraindication

-Maceration(약화부위) around a

woundwound size가 커질수 있다.

-Bleeding

② precautions

-감각이상

-염증성

-인지적 이상

-최근의 피부 이식

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Full body immersion

contraindication(금기증)-심장 불안정성(cardiac instability)-염증성 : 물에의해 퍼질수 있음-뇨실금(Bowel incontinence)-심한 간질(epilepsy)-자멸적인 환자(suicidal)

Precaution - confusion or disorientation - Alcohol ingestion by patient -

precaution in hot water -임산부-다발성 경화증-온도조절능력저하

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Nonimmersion hydrotherapy

Precaution

-Maceration

-potential for inefficaciousness

(잠재적으로 효과가 없는경우)

cleansing위해 사용,적은 열전도만 제공

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Negative pressure wound therapy

①금기증-괴사성 조직-untreated osteomyelitis(골수염)-악성종양-untreated malnutrition(영양결핍)-위험성 높은 동맥,정맥,신경,기관-Nonenteric & unexplored fistulas

②주의점-항응고 치료 받을때-지혈이 어려울 때-인지적 문제(혼돈,혼미)

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6.Adverse effect

①Drowning(익사)

②burns(화상),fainting(어지럼증),bleeding

③htponatremia

④infection(감염)

⑤aggravation of edema( 부종악화)

⑥Asthma exacerbation(천식악화)

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7.Application techniques

1)General hydrotherapy

① evaluation, set the goal

②determine indication

③select form(whirlpool,hubbard tank,

contrast bath,pool,nonimmersion)

④explain:환자에게 치료과정과 이유설명

⑤apply

⑥assess:치료후 결과 평가

⑦document(기록)

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Whirlpool

2) (p267표)①advantage-열전달,세정,운동을 위해 적용-open wound에도 적용가능-지상에서보다 약한 근육이 쉽고 자유스럽게 움직임

-적용중에도 움직임이 허용됨②disadvantage-size가 한계가 있음-물양이 많이 필요함-감염우려-장비 세척에 드는 시간과 비용-물온도 높이기 위한 비용이 많이듬-환자의 의복착탈을 위한 시간소요

③ 온도는 0도에서 43도사이 다양한 범위로 나누어 목적에 맞게 적용

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Whirlpool

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Hubbard tank

(p269표)① 장점

-넓은 범위,다양한 범위를 치료할 수 있음-열전달,세정,수중운동에 적용-개방성 상처에도 적용가능

② 단점-치료 고비용-장비 고비용과 많은 공간 요구-따뜻한 물의 사용량이 많음-물을 채우고 비울때,탱크와 공간세척시 시간많이 걸림-전신에 적용되므로 전신효과의 가능성에 대해 주의해야함

③ 온도는 36도~39도 범위에서 유지

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Hubbard tank

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Contrast bath

(p270표)①장점-열이나 냉만 적용했을 때보다 더욱 활발

한 순환효과-원위부의 형태에 대한 적합한 접촉-부종을 악화시키지않고 통증조절을 도움-순환효과 증진을 위해 물에서 움직임 허용됨

②단점-사지의 자세에 따라 부종이 악화될 수도 있음-어떤 환자는 냉적용에 대해 거부감을 느낌-교대욕에 대해 증명된 연구 결과가 많지않음③온도-온수 38도~44도 범위-냉수 10도~18도 범위

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Contrast bath

상지용 하지용

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Pool exercise

(p271표)장점-운동하는 동안 낙상위험 적고 자유롭게 움

직일 수 있음-관절에 대한 무게 부담이 적음-부력을 이용해 약화근의 능동운동 증진단점-물밖에서의 미끄러짐과 낙상 위험-물 속 다른 사람으로 인한 감염 위험-몸의 안정화나 분리해서 운동하기 어려움-익사 위험-물에 침수하는 것에 대한 두려움

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Nonimmersion irrigation device

(비침수 관주법) (p272표)①장점-개방성 상처에 대해 효과적 범위와 안정성 내에서 적용가능

-중력과 흡입에 의해 상처조직과 삼출물을제거하므로 감염 위험도 낮음

-상처 부위에 직접 액체(약물)을 주입-whirlpool보다 적은 시간소비-이동의 번거로움이 없음-정상 염수적용으로 물에서 나타날 수 있는 저나트륨증의 우려 적음

②단점-부속품과 소모품에 대한 비용이 든다-침수와 관련한 정수압,부력등의 잇점이 제공되지 않음

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Negative pressure wound therapy

(Vacuum-assisted wound therapy)(표274-275)

①장점

-상처치유 촉진

-큰상처에 계속 적용가능,상처 감염위험

적음

-편안함

-상처 주위는 건조하게,상처부위는 적당히

습도 유지할 수 있음

-자주 갈지 않아도 되므로 조직이 차갑거나 치유과정

의 방해요인이 감소

②단점

-보통 소독보다 고비용

-흡입기에 연결되어 있어 자유롭게 다니지 못함

-장착에 시간 소요

-수중치료로 대치될 수 없음