ias details-negalum ias agalam

7/30/2019 IAS DETAILS-NEGALUM IAS AGALAM

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1 kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; -gzpfs;/gjtpfs; 3-4

2 ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp - Njh;T Kiw 5-6

3 Kjy; epiy Njh;T 7

4 Kjd;ik Njh;T 8-10

5 NeKfj; Njh;T 11

6 Neh;fhzYf;fhd Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs; 12-13

7 Neh;fhzypy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfspd;tiffs; 14

8 jFjpf;fhd epge;jidfs; 15-18

9 vj;jid Kiw Njh;T vOjyhk; 19

10 ,e;;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp Kjy; epiy Njh;T -E}y;fspd; gl;bay; 20-21

11 tpUg;gg; ghlk; - E}y;fspd; gl;bay; 22-24

12 elg;G epfo;Tfs; 25-29

13 topfhl;Ljy; Fwpg;Gfs; 30-34

14 Njh;T Row;rpf;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; 35-36


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nghJ Njh;Tfs; Fwpg;ghf kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;thizak;> jkpof

muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; kw;Wk; ,ju Njh;TfSf;F jauhFk; nghOJ

ePq;fs; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpa Fwpg;G njhFj;J toq;fpAs;Nsd;.

,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp vd;gJ gbj;J xU gl;lj;ij ngWtJ Nghd;W my;yhky;

Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy; fye;J nfhz;L jFjpg; gl;baypYk;> ju thpirapYk;Kd;dpiy ngWtjhFk;. cq;fs; ju thpir vz; kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; IAS/IPS/IRS/IFS/IRTS/IAAS/IRAS/ETC Nghd;w gzpfs; xJf;fPL

nra;ag;gLk;. fPo;fz;l gzpf;fhf xt;nthU Mz;Lk; kj;jpa Njh;thsh;

gzpahizahd Njh;Tfis elj;jp tUfpwJ. ,j;Njh;T ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp

Njh;T (Civil Service Examinations) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.


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1 Indian Administrative Service.

2 Indian Foreign Service.

3 Indian Police Service.

4 Indian P & T Accounts & FinanceService, Group A.

5 Indian Audit and Accounts Service,Group A.

6 Indian Revenue Service(Customs and Central Excise) Group 'A'.

7 Indian Defence Accounts Service,Group A.

8 Indian Revenue Service, Group A.9 Indian Ordnance Factories Service,

Group 'A'

10 Indian Postal Service, Group A.

11 Indian Civil Accounts Service,Group A.

12 Indian Railway Traffic Service,Group A.

13 Indian Railway Accounts Service,Group A.


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14 Indian Railway Personnel Service,Group A.

15 Post of Assistant Security Officer,Group 'A' in RPF.

16 Indian Defence Estates Service,Group A.

17 Indian Information Service (JuniorGrade), Group A.

18 Indian Trade Service, Group "A".

19 Indian Corporate Law Service,Group "A".

20 Armed Forces Headquarters CivilService, Group B.

21 Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands,Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra& Nagar Haveli Civil Service, Group 'B'.

22Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands,Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra& Nagar Haveli Police Service, Group'B'.

23 Pondicherry Civil Service, Group 'B'.

24 Pondicherry Police Service, Group 'B'.


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jho;j;jg;gl;l (SC) goq;Fbapdh; (ST) ,ju gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;Wj; jpwd;

nfhz;lth;fSf;fhd gphpTfSf;F fhypg; gzpaplq;fs; KiwNa muR

eph;zapj;Js;s xJf;fPl;bd;gb cUthf;fg;gLk;.

jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhpapy; fPo;f;fz;l Njh;T ikaq;fspy; Njh;T

eilngWk;.

1. nrd;id>2. kJiu>3. ghz;br;Nrhp

jkpofj;jpYs;s nrd;id kw;Wk; kJiu Mfpa ,uz;L Njh;T ikaq;fspy;

Kjy;epiy Njh;T eilngWk;. Mdhy; nrd;idapy; kl;Lk; jhd; Kjd;ik Njh;T

eilngWk;.

,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp ,uz;L njhlh; epiyfis nfhz;lJ. mit

1.,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpf;fhd Kjy;epiyj; Njh;T (nfhs;Fwp tif) %yk;Njh;thsh;fs; Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

2. Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpd; (vOj;J kw;Wk; Neh;fhzy;) %yk; ntt;NtWgzpfSf;Fk;> gjtpfSf;Fk; Njh;thsh;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

Kjy;epiyj; Njh;ntd;gJ ,uz;L jhl;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. 400

kjpg;ngz;fSf;fhd ,j;Njh;T nfhs;Fwp tifahFk;. ,j;Njh;thdJ ,g;gzpf;F

jFjpAilath;fis kl;Lk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; Nehf;fpy; elj;jg;gLk;. ,j;Njh;tpy;

ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fis itj;J xUth; Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; ,k;kjpg;ngz;fs; ,Wjpfl;l Kbtpw;F vLj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ.


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Xuhz;by; epug;gg;glNtz;ba fhypaplq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; Nghy; 12

my;yJ 13 klq;F khzth;fs; Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

Kjy;epiyj; Njh;tpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wtuhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l egh; me;jhz;L eilngWk;

Kjd;ikj; Njh;it kl;Lk; vOj jFjpAilatuhthh;.

Kjd;ikj; Njh;thdJ Xh; vOj;Jj; Njh;itAk; Xh; Neh;Kfj; Njh;itAk;

cs;slf;fpajhFk;. vOj;Jj; Njh;tpy; ghlthhpahf njhd;Wnjhl;L Nfl;fg;gLk;

fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fis nfhz;l xd;gJ Nfs;tpj; jhl;fis cs;slf;fpaJ

(nkhop ghlk;-jha;nkhop kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk;> nghJg;ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; tpUg;gg;ghlq;fs;).

Kjd;ik vOj;Jj; Njh;tpy; Njh;r;rp ngWtjw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r kjpg;ngz;fisg;

ngw;w Njh;thsh;fs; Njh;Tf;FOtpd; mDkjpNahL mth;fspd;

MSikj;jd;ikia mwpa xU Neh;fhzYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLthh;fs;.

,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; cs;s tpdhj;jhl;fs; ,ay;gpNyNa

jFjpAilajhFk;. ,t;tpdhj;jhl;fspy; ngwg;gl;l kjpg;ngz;fs; juthpirf;Fr;

Nrh;f;fg;glkhl;lhJ. fhypg;gzpaplq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl ,U klq;F

Njh;thsh;fs; Neh;fhzYf;F miof;fg;gLthh;fs;. Neh;fhzYf;fhd kjpg;ngz;fs;

300 MFk;(Fiwe;j gl;r kjpg;ngz;fs; fpilahJ).

Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpy; (vOj;J kw;Wk; Neh;fhzy;) Njh;thsh;fs; ngw;w

kjpg;ngz;fs; mth;fSila ,Wjp juthpiria jPh;khdpg;gjhf mikAk;. mth;fs;

Njh;tpy; ngw;w juthpirf;Nfw;gTk;> mth;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; ntt;NtW

gzpfspYk; gjtpfspYk; mkh;j;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

Kjy; epiy Njh;thdJ ,uz;L jhs;fis nfhz;ljhFk;.

jhs;-I nghJg;ghlk; - jhs;-II CSAT - ;

nkhj;jk; - ;

,uz;L jhs;fspYNk nfhs;Fwp tpdhf;fs; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;. [gyTs; njhpTtpdhf;fs; (Multiple choice questions)]


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tpdhj;jhs;fs; `pe;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ,Uf;Fk;. tpUg;ghlj;jpDila ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; nghUslf;fk; (Syllabi) gl;lg; gbg;G mstpy;

,Uf;Fk;.

xt;nthU tpdhj;jhSf;Fk; ,uz;L kzp Neuk; toq;fg;gLk;.ghh;itapy;yhjth;fSf;F xt;nthU jhSf;Fk; $Ljyhf ,UgJ epkplq;fs;

mspf;fg;gLk;.

Negative Marketing

nfhs;Fwp tpdhj;jhspy; Njh;thsh;fshy; jtwhf vOjg;gLk; tpilfSf;Ftpisg;gad; (Penalty) ,Uf;Fk;.

xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F tpilfspy; xd;iwj;Njh;e;njLj;J vOJtjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Njh;thsh;fshy; jtwhf vOjg;gLk; tpilfSf;F %d;wpy; xU gq;F kjpg;ngz;tpisg;gadhf (Penalty) Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

VjhtJ xU tpdhtpw;F tpil vOjhky; ,Ue;jhy; mt;tpdhtpw;F tpisg;gad;(Penalty) ,Uf;fhJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpd; tpUg;gg;ghlj;jpy; 120 tpdhf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.ePq;fs; 101 tpdhf;fSf;F tpil mspj;jpUe;jhy; 80 tpdhf;fs; rhpahf,Ue;jhy; kPjp 20 tpdhf;fs; jtwhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; kjpg;ngz;fs;

fPo;fz;lthW ,Uf;Fk;.

( 80 7 ) x 2

Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpy; Njh;thsh;fspd; jfty; mspf;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; epidTj;

jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;ahky; mth;fSila mwpTrhh; gz;GfisAk; (Intellectual

traits) Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwidAk; (depth of understanding) kjpg;gPL nra;tjhf

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpd; tpUg;gg; ghlj;jhs;fspd;

ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ KJfiy gl;lg;gbg;gpw;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

,sepiy gl;lg;gbg;gpd; msit tpl cah;thfTk;> KJepiyg; gl;lg; gbg;ig tpl

Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. nghwpapay; kw;Wk; rl;lg; gbg;Gfspy; ,jd; msT ,sepiy

gl;lg; gbg;Gf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk;.


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Kjd;ik vOj;Jj; Njh;thdJ fPo;f;fz;l jhs;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

jhs;-I : ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; cs;s vl;lhtJ

ml;ltizapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;s nkhopfspy;

Njh;thsh;fs; vjhtJ xd;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOjyhk;

(nkhopg;ghlk;)

jhs;-II : Mq;fpyk;

jhs;-III : fl;Liu

jhs;-IV-V : nghJg;ghlk; (xt;nthU jhspw;Fk;

jhs;-VI, VII, VIII & IX : fPo;f;fz;l gj;jpfspy; ,uz;lhk; gj;jpapy; cs;s

tpUg;gg; ghlq;fs; thpirapy; VjhtJ ,uz;L

ghlq;fis Njhe;njLj;J nfhs;syhk;. xt;nthU

ghlKk; ,uz;L jhs;fs; nfhz;ljhFk;.

xt;nthU jhSf;Fk; ; MFk;.

Neh;Kfj; Njh;T : ;

Nfs;tpj; jhsdJ ,e;jpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkl;hpFNyrd; my;yJmjw;F ,izahd juj;ij cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;Njh;Tfspy; ngw;w

kjpg;ngz;fs; juthpirf;F fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sgl khl;lhJ.

Njh;thsh;fSila fl;Liu> nghJg;ghlk; kw;Wk; tpUg;gg; ghl tpilj;jhs;fs;xNu rkaj;jpy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLtJld;> mNj rkaj;jpy; jFjpj; Njh;Tfshd

,e;jpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyg; ghl tpilj;jhs;fSk; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.

fl;Liug; ghlk; kw;Wk; tpUg;gg; ghlq;fspy; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs; Njh;thizak;eph;zapj;j Fiwe;j gl;r mwpT rhh; jpwidahtJ ngw;wpUe;jhy; kl;LNk jFjp

ngWth;. Mifahy; ,e;jpa nkhop kw;Wk; Mq;fpy ghlq;fspy; Fiwe;j gl;r

kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwhj khzth;fspd; fl;Liu> nghJg;ghlk; kw;Wk;

nkhopg;ghlq;fspy; kjpg;ngz;fs; ntspg;gilahf njhpa tuhJ.


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Ntshz;ik / tpyq;Ffisg; Ngzpf; fhj;jy; & fhy;eil mwptpay; / khdpltpay; /

jhtutpay; / Ntjpapay; / fl;bl nghwpapay; / tzpfk; kw;Wk; fzf;fpay; /

nghUshjuk; / kpd;dZ nghwpapay; / Gtpapay; / kz;zpay; / tuyhW / rl;lk; /

Nkyhz;ik / fzpjk; / ,ae;jputpay; / kUj;Jt mwptpay; / jj;Jtk; / ,aw;gpay; /

murpay; mwptpay; / gd;dhl;L cwT Kiwfs; / kNdh jj;Jtk; / nghJ eph;thfk; /

r%ftpay; / Gs;spay; / tpyq;fpay;

mugp / m];]hkp / NghNlh / ngq;fhy; / Nlhfphp / rPdk; / Mq;fpyk; / gpnuQ;r; /n[h;kdp / F[uhj;jp / `pe;jp / fd;dlk; / fh\;kPhp / nfhq;fdp / ikjpyp /

kiyahsk; / kzpg;Ghp / kuhj;jp / Neghsk; / xhpah / ghyp / ngh;rpad; / gQ;rhgp /

u\;ad; / rk];fpUjk; / rhe;jpyp / rpe;J / jkpo; / njYq;F / cUJ.

fPo;f;fz;l ghlq;fspd; fyitia (Combination) Njh;e;njLf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl

khl;lhh;fs;.

murpay; mwptpay;& gd;dhl;L cwTfs; kw;Wk; nghJ eph;thfk;. tzpftpay; & fzf;fpay; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik. khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpay;. fzpjk; kw;Wk; Gs;spapay;. Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsh;g;G kw;Wk; fhy;eil mwptpay;. Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; nghJ eph;thfk;. nghwpapay; ghlq;fspy; fl;bl nghwpapay; kpd;dDtpay;> ,ae;jputpay; vdVNjDk; ghlj;jpw;F Nky; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. fhy;eil tsh;g;G & fhy;eil mwptpay; kw;Wk; kUj;J mwptpay;.

i.,j;Njh;Tf;fhd tpdhj;jhs;fspy; njhd;W njhl;Lf; Nfl;fg;gLk; fl;Liu Kiw,Uf;Fk;.

ii. xt;nthU jhSf;Fk; %d;W kzp Neu mtfhrk; mspf;fg;gLk;.


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iii. ghh;itaw;wth;fSf;F xt;nthU jhSf;Fk; $Ljyhf 30 epkplq;fs;xJf;fgLk;.

iv. Njh;thsh;fs; ,e;jpa murpaiykg;Gr; rl;l vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy;Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;s VjhtJ xU nkhopg; ghlj; Njh;it jtpu kw;w Njh;Tfspy;

tpdhf;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOjyhk;.

v. Njh;thsh;fs; tpdhj;jhs;fis (III IX) murpayikg;Gr; rl;l vl;lhtJml;ltizapy; cs;s VjhtJ xU nkhopapy; gjpyspf;fyhk;. mth;fs;

tpUk;gpdhy; njhopy; El;gf; Fwpg;Gfis milf;fg;gl;l FwpaPl;Lf;Fs;

Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjyhk;. NkYk; mth;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nkhopapYk;

vOjyhk;.

vi. Njh;thsh;fs; Nkw;$wpa tpjpKiwfspy; Vjhtnjhd;wpid kPwpdhy; mth; ngw;wnkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fspypUe;J kjpg;ngz;fs; Fiwf;fg;gLk;. tpjp kPwpa

nray;ghLfspypUe;jhy; mth;fspd; tpilj;jhs;fs; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj Clfk;

vd kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl khl;lhJ.

vii. nkhopg;ghl tpdhj;jhs;fisj; jtpu kw;w tpdhj;jhs;fs; ,e;jpapYk;Mq;fpyj;jpYk; mikf;fg;gLk;.

Neh;fhzy; eilngWtjw;F Kd;Ng Mizaj;jplk; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;lth; gw;wpa

KO tptug; gl;bay; ,Uf;Fk;. tpz;zg;gjhuhplk; nghJ guhgl;rkpy;yhjth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fshy;

kl;LNk mg;gzp rhh;ghd kjpg;gPL nra;ag;;gLfpwJ. muRg; gzpf;F Vw;Gilatuh

vd;gij kjpg;gPL nra;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Njh;thdJ Njh;T nra;ag;gl;lthpd; kd Mw;wiy jPh;khdpf;Fk; tifapy;

jpl;lkplg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf $wNtz;Lkhdhy; ,j;Njh;thdJ mwpTj;jpwid

kjpg;gPL nra;tjy;y. mth;fspd; r%fg; gz;Gfs; elg;G epfo;Tfis njhpe;Jf;

nfhs;tjpy;


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Neh;fhzy; KiwahdJ fbdkhd Njh;ty;y. Mdhy; mj;Njh;thsh;fspd;

kdj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,aw;fhf elj;jg;gLk; Njh;thFk;.

Neh;Kfj; Njh;T vd;gJ gzpehLfspd; Ke;ija vOj;Jj; Njh;tpd;

mbg;gilapNyh nghJ mwpitNah (m) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ghl mwpitNahNrhjpg;gjhf my;yhky;> mth;fspd; ghl mwpT kw;Wk; jd;idg; gw;wpAk;> jd;Dila

khepyj;jpYk; Njrj;jpYk; cs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk; elf;Fk; epfo;Tfisg; gw;wpAk;

GJikahd epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; ,isa jiyKiwapdhpd; Gjpa

Kaw;rpfis ntspf;nfhzuf;$ba Mh;tj;jpid J}z;LtNj Neh;fhzypd; Kf;fpa

Nehf;fkhFk;.

Nfhj;jhhp FOthdJ> kj;jpag; gzpahsh; Njh;T thhpaj;jpw;Fg; gzpehLehplk;

Neh;fhzypd; NghJ ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jFjpfs; Fwpj;J gl;baypl;L

fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

njspthd ntspghL nrhy;Yjy; kw;Wk; tpthjq;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd; gFj;jwpTj; jpwd; ntt;NtW fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J ghuhl;Ljy;. r%f nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfs;

gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T kw;Wk; mf;fiw

mjpf Mh;tk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; czh;Tfs; njhlh;Gila jdpg;gl;l Mf;ff;$Wfs;

Ml;rpg; gzpf;fhd Neh;fhzy; vd;gJ MSikj; Njh;T vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;Fwpf;Nfhs; gzpehLehpd; MSikia kjpg;gPL nra;tjhfTk;> mth; jpwikahd

eph;thfj; jFjp tha;e;jtuh> ,y;iyah vd;gijAk; kjpg;gpLfpwJ. gzpehLehpd;

mwpTj;jpwd; kl;Lkpd;wp mtUila KOikahd MSik tsh;r;rp> Neh;ik>

ehzak;> tpopg;Gzh;T> rkepiyj; Njh;T> ftdk;> jiyikg; gz;G Mfpa

gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLfpwJ. Mifahy; Neh;Kfj; Njh;tpw;F rhpahd Kiwapy;

jpl;lkply; mtrpak;.


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Njh;th;fs; gzpehLehpd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lthpd; rpy gz;Gfis cw;W Nehf;fpmth; Ml;rpg; gzpf;Fj; jFjpahdtuh? ,y;iyah? vd KbT nra;thh;fs;.

mjw;fhf mth;fSf;F Neh;kiw vz;zq;fs; rkNahrpj Af;jp> jtwhd

vz;zq;fSf;F ,lkspf;fhjtuhfTk;> ,Wf;fkhd #oypYk; ifahSk; jpwd;

cilatuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Neh;Kfj; Njh;Tf;F jahh; nra;jy; vd;gJ

xU njhlh; epfo;T. jahh; nra;jy; vd;gJ mjpfkhd Gj;jfq;fs;> gj;jphpf;iffs;

Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L nra;jp jhs;fs; Mo;e;J gbg;gjhFk;. xUth; ey;y

cr;rhpg;Gld; $ba fye;Jiuahly; jpwid tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. jd;idg; gw;wpAk; jd;Dila nghOJ Nghf;F gw;wpAk; jd;Dila

,ju jpwikfisr; rhh;e;J Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f jahuhf

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ez;gh;fSld; elg;G epfo;Tfs; gw;wpAk;> rkPgfhy rk;gtq;fs;

Fwpj;J MNyhrpj;jy; ey;y mwpTiuahFk;. khjphp Neh;fhzy; kw;Wk; FO

ciuahly; %yk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;w Nfs;tpfisf; nfhz;L xj;jpif

ghh;g;gnjd;gJ xU rpwe;j topfhl;LjyhFk;. jd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdj;ij Ra

gFg;gha;T nra;J jd; jpwikiaf; nfhz;L ey;y Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cd;Dila ngah;fs; njhlh;ghd gpugykhd> Gfo; ngw;w xNu khjphpahd (m)FLk;g ngah;

cq;fSila ,yl;rpak; / tpUg;gk; Fbikg; gzpia Njh;e;njLf;f fhuzk;? cq;fSila nghOJ Nghf;Ffs; - ePq;fs; Vd; me;j nghOJ Nghf;if

Njh;e;njLj;jPh;fs; - nghOJ Nghf;F njhlh;ghd tpdhf;fs; Ma;Tfs;

tpdtg;gLk;. Mifapdhy; cq;fs; nghOJ Nghf;Fk; gw;wp ed;whf Muha;e;Jf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

rkPgj;jpa #lhd jfty;fs; - ef;]yprk; / gd;wpf; fha;r;ry; / ypgh;fhh;d; /mwpf;if njhlh;ghd ntspaPL> gaq;futhj jhf;Fjy;> ghk;gd; N`fd; re;jpg;G>

fhkd; nty;j; tpisahl;Lfs;


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,e;jpa fphpf;nfl;bd; thpir . . . . ,J Nghd;w gy md;whl nra;jpfisgbg;gijAk;> ftdpg;gijAk; njhlh; nray;ghLfshf mikj;Jf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. rkPgj;jpa jiyg;G nra;jpfs; cd;Dila ghlj;Jld;

njhlh;GilahjfapUg;gpd; me;jg; gFjpia kpfr; rpwg;ghf kW Ma;T nra;a

Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;gpl;l mwpit ePvt;thW gad;gLj;jg;Nghfpwha;?(eP lhf;luhf> tf;fPyhf> nghwpahsuhfapUg;gpd;)

#o;epiyf;Nfw;w Nfs;tpfs;ePthuzhrpapd; Ml;rpauhf Jiz fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf ,Ug;gpd; Fz;L ntbg;G

eilngw;wgpd; eP vd;d nra;tha;?

Njh;T Nritfs; - Nritfis Njh;T nra;Ak; Mizak; Nfs;tpfis vOg;gKbAk;.

eP gbj;j fy;tp epWtdj;ijg; gw;wpAk; mJ njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs; gw;wpAk;tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fyhk;.

ePIIM gbe;jpUe;jpUe;jhy; rk;gs cah;T gw;wp Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;.,e;jpuhfhe;jp gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gbj;jpUe;jhy; mjDld; njhlh;Gila

Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;.

tpz;zg;gj;jpypUe;J - G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l tpz;zg;gj;jpypUe;Jk; Nfs;tpfs;Nfl;fg;glyhk;. eP ghlj;ij khw;wpapUe;jhy; vjw;fhf khw;wpdha; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;

Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;.

cd;Dila nrhe;j khtl;lk;> khepyk; - khepy> khtl;lk; thhpahf Kf;fpantsaPLfs; gw;wp Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;.


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Kjy; epiy Njh;ntOJk; tpz;zg;gjhuh; 21 taJ G+h;j;jp mile;jtuhfTk;

NkYk; Mf];l; 1 Mk; Njjpf;Fs; 30 taJ G+h;j;jp milahkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.,Ue;jNghjpYk; fPo;f;fz;lth;fSf;F taJ tuk;gpy; rpy tpjpKiwfs;

jsh;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpz;zg;gjhuh; jho;j;jg;gl;l (SC) kiytho; kf;fs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapduhf,Ue;jhy; (ST) mjpfgl;rkhf 5 tUlk; tiuapYk;

tpz;zg;gjhuh; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;ltuhf ,Ue;jhy; mjpf gl;rkhf 3 tUlKk; tpz;zg;gjhuh; [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; 1980 [dthp-1 ypUe;J 1989 brk;gh;-

31f;Fs; FbNawpatuhf ,Ug;gpd; 5 tUlk; tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghJfhg;G gzpapy; FO

mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; ECOs/ SSCOs MfpNahh;fSf;F Ie;jhz;Lfs; taJtuk;gpypUe;J rYif toq;fg;gLk;. kw;Wk; xg;gilT (Assignment) Kbj;jth;fs;

(Kjdpiy Njh;ntOJk; Mz;by; Xuhz;L gzpepiwT ngwhky; ,Ug;gth;fSk;)

gzpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lth;fs; elj;ijapd;ik kw;Wk; jFjpapd;ik fhuzkhf

gzpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lth;fs; my;yJ ,uhZtj;jpy; gzpGhpa ,ayhj msTf;F

cly; FiwghL cilath;fs; kw;Wk; ,ayhik fhuzkhf gzpePf;fk; my;yJ

gzptpyf;F ngw;wth;fSf;Fk; Ie;jhz;Lfs; tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gLk;.

Kjdpiy Njh;ntOJk; Mz;L Mf];l; 1 Mk; Njjpad;W jd;Dila

Ie;jhz;L fhy ,uhZtg; gzpapy; xg;gilT (Assignment) Muk;g fl;lj;ij

Kbj;j CEOs/ SSCOs kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G mikr;rfj;jplkpUe;J Ml;rpg; gzp Njh;TvOj rhd;wpjo; ngw;w Ie;jhz;LfSf;F Nky; xg;gilt gzp

ePl;bf;fg;gl;ltUf;Fk; Ie;jhz;L fhyk; rYif toq;fg;gLk;. gzp epakd


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nkl;hpf;FNyrd; my;yJ gs;sp ,Wjp rhd;wpjo;> nkl;hpf;FNyrDf;F

,izahd ,e;jpa gy;fiyfofj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l rhd;wpjo; xU

gy;fiyfofj;jpd; Kiwahd mjpfhuKila mjpfhhpaplkpUe;J rhd;wpjo; ngw;w

nkl;hpf;FNyrd; gjpthsh; Nky;epiyg; gs;sp my;yJ mjw;F ,izahd Njh;T

rhd;wpjo; gpwe;j Njjpf;fhd rhd;whf Mizaj;jhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; NghJ Mtzq;fs;> taij

eph;zapf;ff;$ba [hjfk;> jhd; nrhy;tJ cz;iknad;w vOj;Jtbt fbjk;

(Affidavit); Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ. nkl;hpf;FNyrd;/gs;sp ,Wjp Njh;T

rhd;wpjo; kl;LNk tajpid eph;zapg;gjw;fhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

gzpehLeh; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;nghOJ taij eph;zapf;f nkl;hpf;FNyrd;/gs;sp

,Wjp Njh;T rhd;wpjo; kl;LNk Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. taJ tpj;jpahrj;ij ep&gpf;f

NtW ve;j vOj;J tbtpyhd tpz;zg;gq;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ.

taij ep&gpf;f xUKiw Mizaj;jplk; toq;fg;gl;l taJ rhd;wpjioNa

gyKiw Njh;ntOJk; nghOJk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. khw;wj;jf;fjy;y.

gzpehLeh; mth;fspd; gpwe;j Njjpia fyk; 8 ,y; G+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thW G+h;j;jp nra;Ak;NghJ mjpf ftdj;Jld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fyk; 8 IAk;

rhd;wpjioAk; rhpghh;f;Fk;NghJ tpj;jpahrkpd;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kPwpdhy;

gzpehLeh; kPJ Miza tpjpfspd;gb xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.


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gzpehLeh; kj;jpa khepy murhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l VNjDk; xU

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNyh my;yJ ghuhSkd;w rl;l tpjpfspd;gb epWtg;gl;l fy;tp

epWtdj;jpNyh my;yJ UGC Act 1956 ,d;gb> gphpT 3 ,d;;gb jd;dhl;rpgy;fiyf;fofj;jpNyh gl;lk; my;yJ mjw;F epfuhd fy;tpj; jFjpapid ngw;wpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzp Njh;tpw;F> Mizak; jFjpahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Njh;it>

Njh;thsh; vOjpapUe;J mjd; KbT ntspaplg;glhj epiyapy; mj;Njh;thsh;

Njh;ntOj tpUk;gpdhy; mth; Kjy;epiy Njh;ntOj jFjpAilath; Mthh;.

Mdhy; Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;NghJ Mizak; ,j;Njh;tpw;FjFjpahff; fUJk; gl;lg;gbg;gpd; rhd;wpjio ,izj;jpUe;jhy; kl;LNk Njh;Tf;F

jFjpAilatuhthh;. jtWk; gl;rj;jpy; mth;fs; Kjd;ikj; Njh;T

mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lhh;fs;. ngUk;ghYk; [_iy kw;Wk; Mf];l; khjq;fspy;

,k;Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F tpz;zg;gq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; tpjptpyf;fhf Nkw;$wpa jFjp ngwhj xUgzpehLeh;; NtnwhU epWtdj;jpd; %yk; elj;jg;gLk; Njh;tpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wpUg;gpd;

me;epWtdj;jpd; jFjpiag; nghWj;J Mizak; mtiu Njh;Tf;F mDkjpf;fpwJ.

murhq;fj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l njhopw;fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj; jFjp ngw;w

gzpehLeh; ,j;Njh;ntOj jFjpngw;wtuhthh;.

,Wjpahz;L kUj;Jtj; njhopy;fy;tp my;yJ VjhtnjhU kUj;Jt Njh;tpy;

Njh;r;rp ngw;w internship Kbf;fg;glhj gzpehLeh; Ml;rpg;gzp Kjd;ikj;Njh;Tf;F

tpz;zg;gk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;nghOJ xg;gilf;fhky; ,Ug;gpDk; mth; Kjd;ikj;

Njh;Tf;F mDkjpf;fg;gLthh;. tpz;zg;gj;Jld; mthpd; ,Wjpahz;L kUj;Jt

njhopw;fy;tp Njh;T Njh;r;rp ngw;Ws;shh; vd;W rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhuKila


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gy;fiyf;fofj;jplkpUe;Njh my;yJ epWtdj;jplkpUe;Njh ngw;Ws;s rhd;wpjio

,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;w epfo;tpd; NghJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l gzpehLeh;

Neh;fhzypd; NghJ gy;fiyf;fofj;jplkpUe;Njh my;yJ epWtdj;jplkpUe;Njh

ngw;w cz;ikr; rhd;wpjo; ( internship Kbj;jy; cl;gl) rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jFjpAila Njh;thsh;fs; Fbikg; gzp Njh;Tf;F ehd;F Kiw kl;LNk

mDkjpf;fg;gLthh;fs;. NkYk; epge;jidahdJ jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd

Njh;thsh;fSf;Fg; nghUe;jhJ. ,ju gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j jFjpAila

Njh;thsh;fs; VO Kiw Njh;ntOj mDkjpf;fg;gLth;.

nghJ gphpit rhh;e;j cly; CdKw;w Njh;thsh;fs; VO Kiw Njh;T vOj

mDkjpf;fg;gLth;.

Cly; CdKw;Nwhh; vg;gphpit rhh;e;jtNuh> mg;gphptpYs;s cly;

Cdky;yhjth;fSf;F vj;jid Kiw toq;fg;gLfpwNjh vj;jid Kiw kl;LNk

mDkjpf;fg;gLth;.

xU Kiw Kjy;epiy Njh;it vOjpdhy;> mJ Njh;tpw;fhd xU Kaw;rpahfvLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Kjy;epiyj; Njh;tpy; VNjDk; xU jhs; kl;LNk vOjpapUe;jhy; $l mJNjh;tpw;fhd xU Kaw;rpahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;

gzpehLeh; Njh;tpw;F jFjpapy;yhjtuhfNth> mtuJ tpz;zg;gk;epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lhNyh Njh;tpw;fhd mtuJ Kaw;rp fzf;fpy;

vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.


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Books l i st fo r s tudy I AS Pre l im s Exam

1 .NCERT Boo k s Indian History - Ancient India, Medieval India and Modern India

(+1, +2) and (Modern India Spectrum Publications)

Indian Geography - Indian Geography.o Principles of Geography.o Human and Economic Geography.

Science - Science and Technology (Standard 9 & 10)2 .I n d i an P ol i t y [ co n st i t u t i o n ] Indian polity - by Laxmikanth (TMH publications) (or) Wizard

guide for Indian Polity.

Reference Introduction to constitution of India D.D. Basu. Indian Constitution P.N. Bakshi / Pylee.

3. I nd ian Econom y Pratiyogita Darpan (Latest Edition) and Economic survey [2009-10]4.GK Book s Manorama Year Book 2010 India Year Book 2010 (Publication Division)5.Magazines Frontline (For Mains & Interview) Competition wizard/Civil Services Chronicle / Civil Service Times

(Any 1)

Yojana [Published by Publication Division]6.N ew sp ap er s / Da il y * - The Hindu/Economic Times/(Tamil Daily)


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7.Pre l im s Guid e* -Tata McGraw Hills UPSC General studies - Prelims guide -2010 and

Wizard strategist for General Studies for Prelims (Latest Edition).

8.Other Sour ces* -Regular watching of TV News (NDTV, BBC, CNN, and DD) and reading

general magazines like India Today, Outlook and Sunday Indian etc.

Note : * - 6, 7 & 8 - For beginners in preparation.

BOOK LI ST FOR OPTI ONAL SUBJECTS

Geography

6th to 12th Std - NCERT Books Physical Geography - Savindra Singh Indian Geography - Khullar Human Geography - Majjid Hussain Geographical Thought - Majjid Hussain Cartography - Khullar Geography thro maps - Siddhartha and Mukherjee Certificate of physical Geography - Goh Cheng Leong Map - Oriental Black swan and TTK Map

I n d i an H i st o r y

NCERT - XI Std. IGNOU Materials. An Advanced History of India 3 Authors Majumdar Roy Choudary

R.C. Dutt

Ancient India - Romila Thapar Ancient India - TN Jha The Wonder that was India - AL Basham


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M ed ieval I nd ia

NCERT - XI Std. IGNOU Materials. An Advanced History of India 3 Authors Majumdar Roy Choudary

RC Dutt

The History of South India - Nilakanta Shasthri Delhi Sultanate - Satish Chandra Mughal Empire - Satish Chandra The Wonder that was India - Rizvi Medieval India - J.L. Mehta Medieval India - Sathiya Natha Iyer

M od e r n I n d i a

NCERT - VIII and XII Std. Modern Indian History - BL Grover and S Grover. Indian Freedom Struggle - Bipin Chandra. India After Independence - Bipin Chandra. India 1857 1947 - Sumit Sarkar. IGNOU Materials. Advanced History of India 3 Authors - Majumdar Roy Choudary and

RC Dutt.

Modern India - Spectrum Guide.Guides

Indian History - Krishna Reddy and Tata Mc Graw hill Publications Indian History - Agnihothri

Quest ion Bank s

MnM Series Jawahar Publication Arihant previous years question papers


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Socio logy

Sociology - Shankar Rao. Social anthropology - Madhan and Majumdar. Sociology Themes and Perspectives - Harlon Bose. Dictionary of sociology - WP Scott. Modernisation of Indian tradition - Yogendhra Singh. Indian society - Ram Ahuja. NCERT Books on sociology. IGNOU Booklets on sociology. Spectrum prelims guide for sociology.

Pol i t ica l Science

1.An introduction to political theory Gauba.2.An introduction to the constitution of India - D.D. Basu.3.Political Ideology - Andrew Heywood.4.Political theory - Andrew Heywood.5.IGNOU Booklets.

Pub l i c Adm in i st r a t i on

Administrative Thinkers - Prasad & Prasad. Indian Public Administration - Arora & Goyal. Public Administration - Avasthi Maheshwari. Public Administration for prelims Laxmikanth. Public Administration - Fadia & Fadia. Introduction to Constitution of India - D.D. Basu.


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v.fh: NREGP - Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G cWjpaspg;G jpl;lk;>

r%feyj;Jiw jpl;lq;fs; (NOAP, ICDS, MDMS)> tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fs;

(AAY)> cs;fl;likg;G tsh;r;rp (NURM, NHDP)

SEBI - ,e;jpa gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ghpkhw;w thhpak;> gq;Fre;ij> gq;FFwpaPLfs;> gq;Ffs; tpw;gid> Nkhrbfs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs;

th;j;jfk; - Vw;Wkjp nghUs;fs; - ,wf;Fkjp nghUs;fs;> gy;NtW Jiwfspd;Vw;Wkjp ,yf;Ffs;> th;j;jf cld;gbf;iffs;

jpl;lq;fs; - jpl;l fhyq;fs;> nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP) ,yf;F>Kd;Dhpikfs;> Jiw xJf;fPL

rh;tNjr epWtdq;fs; WTO - cyf th;j;jf ikak;> cr;rp khehLfs;> tpthjpf;fg;gl;l

rpf;fy;fs; (th;j;jf Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l FOf;fs;)

IMF - rh;tNjr epjp Mizak;> cyf tq;fp> tsh;r;rpf;fhd mwpf;if(fld;fs; kw;Wk; khd;aq;fs;)

ILO - rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mikg;G (UNCTAD)> If;fpa ehLfspd;th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp khehLfspd; mwpf;if.

1. Gjpa rl;l jpUj;jq;fs;2. Njrpa rpf;fy;fs; - murpay; mikg;gpy; njhlh;Gila gFjpfs;3. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Njrpa gpur;ridfs; gw;wpa cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G4. murpay; mikg;G njhlh;ghd Kf;fpa FOf;fs;5. khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ejpePh; gq;fPL> vy;iy gpur;ridfs;.

1. rh;tNjr cr;rp khehLfs; - khehLfspd; fUg;nghUs;> nghpa epfo;Tfs;>nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs;> ghh;itahsh;fs;> ntspaplg;gl;l gpufldq;fs;>

rkPgfhy cWg;gpdh;fs;> mLj;j epfo;Tfs; eilngWk; ,lk;

2. rh;tNjr muR rhuh njhz;L epWtdq;fs; - cyf r%f Nguit WSF,WEF - cyf nghUshjhu kd;wk;> TI> cyf mikjp mikg;G kw;Wk; gpw


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3. rh;tNjr gpzf;Ffs; - gpuhe;jpa $w;Wfs;> cs;ehl;Lg;Nghh;> ,dg;gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Gila cld;gbf;iffs;

4. gaq;futhjk; - mikg;Gfs;> epjpfs;> rkPgj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fs; kw;Wk; ,dg;gLnfhiyfs;> jLj;J epWj;Jtjw;fhd rh;tNjr Kaw;rpfs; ([.eh-tpd;

jPh;khdq;fs; kw;Wk; xg;ge;jq;fs;)

rkPgj;jpa tpz;ntsp gazq;fs; - tpz;ntsp ngah;> tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpfofk;> tpz;fyj;jpd; ngz;> nraw;ifNfhs; ngah;> vjw;fhf mDg;gg;gl;lJ>

MAl;fhyk; vt;tsT?

tpz;ntsp epfo;T - rhj;jpakhd el;rj;jpu kPd;fspd; mr;RWjy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; - rkPgj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Nfhs;fs;> thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;>

el;rj;jpu kPd;fs;

rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp epiyaq;fs; tpz;ntsp tpgj;Jfs; - tpahod; # Nkf;fh; Nfhu tpgj;J> nfhyk;gpah Xl

tpgj;J

fypypNah Nghd;w rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp jpl;lq;fs;

rkPgj;jpy; Nrhjpf;fg;gl;l VTfizfs;> ngah;> tif> tPr;R> Ntfk;> mZrf;jpjpwd;> njhopy;El;g gad;ghL> cs;ehL my;yJ $l;L jahhpg;G

,Ujug;G ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jq;fs;> Nghuhspfs;> fg;gy;fs;> ePh;%o;fp fg;gy;fs;>VTfizfs;> Nulh; kw;Wk; gy.

,Ujug;G ,uhZtk;> fg;gw;gil> tpkhdg;gil gapw;rpfs; - ,lk;> FwpaPl;Lngah; eltbf;iffs;

rh;tNjr rkhjhd eltbf;iffs;> ,e;jpahtpd; gq;fspg;G> nray;ghLfs;. cyf mikjpf;fhf rkPgj;jpa gilfs;> fl;lisfs; kw;Wk; gpw.


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Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr mstpy; Gfo; ngw;w vOj;jhsh;fs; (Noam chomskey,Salman Rushdie, Arunthathi Roy, Shashi Tharoor)

tpisahl;L tPuh;fs; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L epfo;Tfs; Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr rhjidfs; xypk;gpf;> Mrpad;> fhkd;nty;j;> njw;fhrpa tpisahl;L> gq;Fngw;w ehLfs;>

Gjpjhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;l tpjpKiwfs;> mjpf gjf;fq;fis ntd;w ehLfs;.

Nghij kUe;J gad;gLj;jpa tpisahl;L tPuh;fs;> jil nra;ag;gl;l fhyk;>ehL

nld;dp]; tpishal;by; fpuhz;l; ];yk; gl;lq;fs; ntd;wth;fs;> ehLfs;

khz;hPy;> fPahl;Nlh> ghrpy;> fhh;n[d; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; gw;wpa rkPgj;j;paxg;ge;jq;fs;

If;fpa ehLfs; mDg;gpa Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy; jpl;lk; mopTfs;> ,aw;if NguopTfs;> vhpkiy tpgj;J> G+fk;gk;> Rdhkp Gay;fs; - ilG+d; v.fh. fhj;jphPdh> eh;fp]; jpBh; Neha;fs; (gwit fha;r;ry;> gd;wp fha;r;ry;> nlq;F fha;r;ry;) rkPgj;jpa Rw;Wr;#oy; gpur;ridfs; rkPgj;jpa Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;Gfspd; gpur;rhuq;fs;.

United Nation Education, Scientific and cultural Organization (UNESCO) NjrpaehLfspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpay; fyhr;rhu mikg;G. cyfg; guhk;ghpa

jyq;fs; (,lq;fs;) Kf;fpa Nfhtpy;fs;> tpohf;fs; / v.fh. Fk;gNksh

,e;jpa ghuk;ghpa eldq;fs; ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd; ehl;Lg;Gw fiyfs; eld ebfh;fs; fiy kw;Wk; jpiuauq;Ffspd; jw;Nghija nra;jpfs;.


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,Ujug;G vy;iyfspy; cs;s rh;tNjr gpzf;Ffs; (islands etc) NguopTfs;> vhpkiyfs;> Gay;> mZ tpgj;Jfs; nkhop mbg;gilapy; ehLfs; xU ehl;bd; Kf;fpa efuq;fs;> MWfs;> ,lq;fs; Njrpa kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G gw;wpa tpdhf;fs;

jpdrhp gj;jphpf;iffs; - The Hindu English Economic Times, jpdkzp khj ,jo;fs; - Mz;Lkyh;> kNdhukh ,ah; Gf; Economic Survey

mjpf ftdj;Jld; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tptuq;fs; midj;Jk; nghJthdit. gpd;tUk;

gf;fq;fspy; ePq;fs; Njh;Tf;F jahuhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fwpg;Gfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l xU

gy;fiyf;fofj;jplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l xU gl;lg;gbg;G kl;LNk Ml;rpg;gzp Njh;T

vOJtjw;F NghJkhdJ. ,Wjp Mz;L gl;lg;gbg;G gbf;Fk; khzth;fSk;,j;Njh;it vOjyhk;. Mdhy; Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; NghJ

gl;lg;gbg;G rhd;wpjio rkh;g;gpf;Fk; epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Kjy;epiy Njh;T tpdhj;jhs; Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpapy; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;.

MfNt Nfs;tpfisg;Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; Fiwe;jgl;r Mq;fpy


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GyikahtJ ekf;F ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Kjd;ikj; Njh;it Mq;fpyk; my;yJ

jkpopy; vOjyhk;. vk;nkhopapy; Njh;T vOjg;NghfpNwhk; vd;gij tpz;zg;gj;ij

G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; NghJ mtrpak; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpw;F

vk;nkhopia Njh;e;njLf;fpwPh;fNsh mNj nkhopapy; jhd; Neh;fhzYk; eilngWk;.

Mdhy; rpy rkaq;fspy; Neh;fhzy; elj;Jk; FOthdJ Neh;fhzy; jUzj;jpy;

ehk; tpUk;Gk; nkhopia Njh;e;njLf;Fk; tha;g;gpid ey;Fk;. mt;thW

tha;g;gspf;fg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; ePq;fs; Mq;fpyj;ij Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;. gpw nkhopapy;

GyikiaAk; Mh;tj;ijAk; vz;zp ghuhl;Lthh;fs;. NkYk; cq;fSf;F

jd;dk;gpf;if tsUk;. Neh;fhzYf;F Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; jkpopy; jahh; nra;J

nfhs;tjpd; %yk; #o;epiyia vspjhf ifahsyhk; vd;gJ vd;Dila mwpTiu

MFk;.

Kd;ngy;yhk; Fbikg; gzp Njh;Tf;F gapw;rp ngWtjw;F khzth;fs;

nly;ypf;F nrd;W te;jdh;. Vndd;why; gapw;rp ikaq;fs; mq;F mjpfstpy;

,Ue;jJ. jw;rkak; Ml;rpg; gzp Njh;Tf;F gapw;rpaspf;Fk; ikakhf nrd;id khwp

tUfpwJ. gapw;rp ikaq;fspy; gapw;rp vLg;gJ kl;LNk Njh;tpy; ntw;wp

ngWtjw;fhd cj;jputhjj;ij juhJ vd;gJ vd;Dila MNyhrid MFk;.

,j;Njh;tpw;F Gjpa eguhfapUg;gpd; ,j;Njh;itg;gw;wp tpsf;fkhf vd;d> VJ>

vt;thW vd;gJ gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F xU gapw;rp ikaj;jpy; Nrh;tJ rpwe;j

mwpTiuahFk;. Mdhy; gzk; nryT nra;tjpy; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ePq;fs; ikaq;fspy; nryT nra;J Nru ,ayhJ vd;W epidj;jhy;> ,ytr gapw;rp

ikaq;fs; epiwa cs;sd. mtw;wpy; VNjDk; xU gapw;rp ikaj;jpy; Nrh;e;J

nfhs;syhk; my;yJ ehq;fs; njhlq;fTs;s gapw;rp ikak; vg;NGhJk; cq;fSf;F

cjtpf;fuk; ePl;Lk;.

ePq;fs; xUKiw Njh;T vOJk; Kiwapid Ghpe;J nfhz;lhy; gapw;rp

ikaq;fspy; njhlh;e;J gapw;rp ngw Njitapy;iy. ePq;fs; Nrfhpj;Js;s ghl

jfty;fs; > nka;ik $WfSld; (Study Materials) mz;ikapy; kw;Wk; elg;Gjfty;fisAk; Nrfhpj;J ePq;fNs Njh;tpw;F jahh; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.


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cstpay; jkpopyf;fpak; nghUshjhuk; jj;Jtapay;Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpUg;gg;ghlq;fisjhd; fl;lhakhf Njh;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjpy;iy. jd;dk;gpf;if kw;Wk; Njitf;Nfw;g kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpf; FO

toq;fpAs;s gl;baypy; VNjDk; xU tpUg;gg;ghlj;ij Njitf;Nfw;g Njh;T nra;J

nfhs;syhk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpUg;gg;ghlq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;l Ntz;b

nfhLf;fg;gl;litahFk;.

nghJthff; $wpdhy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;Nl Njh;Tf;Fj; jahh; nra;tJvd;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhFk;. KO ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jp mjpf

cdf;Fj; njhpahj gyUld; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j;Njh;tpd;

El;gq;fis ed;F njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkdpy; ,uz;lhz;L fhykhtJ jahh;

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; rpy khzth;fs; FLk;g #o;epiy fhuzkhf Ntiy

nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. mth;fSk; Njh;ntOj tpUk;gyhk;. Mdhy; Fiwe;jJ

,uz;L khj fhykhtJ tpLg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;L KO Mh;tj;JlDk;


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Mdhy; UPSC ,y; jtwhd gjpy;fSf;F kjpg;ngz;fs; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. (NegativeMarking)

ghlk; rhh;e;j tif vd;gJ Nfs;tpfSf;F El;gkhf gFe;jha;J tpsf;fkhf

tphpthf gjpyspg;gJ. ,k;KiwahdJ Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.,g;ghlk; rhh;e;J Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F jpwdwpe;J gFj;jha;e;J (Criticallyanalyse) gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpsf;fg;glk; (Diagram) khjphp tiuglk; (Sketch)

epyg;glk; (Map) kw;Wk; glq;fs; (Pictures) tiuayhk;. Cq;fs; gFj;jha;T jpwd;

kw;Wk; toq;Fjy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.

nghJthf $wNtz;Lnkdpy; ,j;Njh;tpw;F ePq;fs; jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w ve;jnkhopapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; jahh; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. ePq;fs; Njh;e;njLj;Js;s

ghlk; njhlh;ghd Gj;jfq;fs; fpilf;Fk; vd;gJ ghuhl;Lf;FwpaJ. Mq;fpy

nkhopapy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fpilg;gjdhy; ePq;fs; Njh;tpy;

mjpfstpy; tpsf;fk; mspf;fyhk;. Mdhy; jkpo; nkhopapy; ePq;fs; jahh; nra;jhy;

jkpo; nkhop Gj;jfq;fs; Fiwthf fpilg;gjhdhy; rpy rkaq;fspy; Gj;jfq;fis

nkhop ngah;f;f Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; cq;fsJ Neuk; nghpastpy; tPzhFk;. vdNt

ePq;fs; jkpo; nkhopapy; jahh; nra;tJ vspik vd epidj;jhy; mk;nkhopapNyNajahh; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

ehd; cWjpahff; $WNtd; gioa Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; kl;LNk Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F

rpwe;j topfhl;bahf ,Uf;f KbAk;. ePq;fs; Ml;rpg; gzp Njh;tpw;F jahh; nra;tJ

vd KbntLj;J tpl;lhy; gioa Nfs;tpj; jhs;fspd; njhFg;ig thq;fp itj;Jf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nfs;tpfs; vg;gb Nfl;fg; gLfpd;wd vd;w njspthd Kd;

mDgtk; fpilf;Fk;. ePq;fs; Gj;jfq;fis gbf;Fk; nghOJ Nfs;tpj; jhs;

njhFg;ig itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia

gbj;J Kbj;J tpl;lhy; Nfs;tpj;jhs; njhFg;igg; ghh;j;J mjw;fhd gjpiy

fz;Lgbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwapy; jahh; nra;jhy; Njh;tpy; vt;tifahd

Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk; vd;gij Kd;$l;bNa mwpayhk;.


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ePq;fs; ,g;Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F rpwg;ghf jahh; nra;tJ vd;W KbntLj;J

tpl;lhy; jahh; nra;Ak; fhy msthdJ njhlh;r;rpahfTk; epiyahdjhfTk; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ xU ehisf;F gj;J kzp NeukhtJ gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

%d;W ehl;fs; gbj;J tpl;L %d;W ehl;fs; gbf;fhky; Xa;T vLj;jy; $lhJ. xU

ehisf;F gj;J kzp Neuk; gbj;jhy; epr;rakhf ey;y gyidj; jUk;. rpyh; ,uz;L

my;yJ %d;W khjq;fs; ed;whf gbj;Jtpl;L gpd; ePz;l Xa;T vLg;gh;.

,k;KiwahdJ vjph;ghh;j;j ey;y Kbtpid juhJ.

- fle;j Mz;L etk;gh;/brk;gh; (v.fh. etk;gh;/brk;gh; 2011)

- ,t;thz;L Nk/[_d; (v.fh. Nk/[_d; 2012)

- ,t;thz;L mf;Nlhgh;/etk;gh; (v.fh. mf;Nlhgh;/etk;gh; 2012)

; - mLj;j Mz;L Vg;uy;/Nk (v.fh. Vg;uy;/ Nk 2013)

- mLj;j Mz;L Nk/[_d; (v.fh. Nk/[_d; 2013)

UPSC TNPSC

UPSC kwWk; TNPSC Njh;T KiwahdJ jw;NghJ Vwj;jho xNu khjphpahf

,Ug;gjhy; ePq;fs; ,uz;L Njh;tpw;Fk; xNu Neuj;jpy; jahh; nra;ayhk;. ,d;Wk; UPSC

Njh;tpy; tpUg;gg;ghl Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. TNPSC Njh;tpy; tpUg;gg;ghl Kiw

ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


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UPSC TNPSC

UPSC

nghJ mwpTkw;Wk; fhuzfhhpak; mwpAk;

jpwd;

jkpo;>Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; nghJmwpT (2 jhs;fs;)+ fl;Liu+ ,uz;L tpUg;gg;ghlq;fs;(xtnthd;wpYk; ,uz;L

jhs;fs;)

MSikj; jpwd;Njh;T kl;Lk;

TNPSC

nghJ mwpTkw;Wk; jkpo;nkhop Njh;T

(,uz;L jhs;fs;)

jkpo;>Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; nghJmwpT (2 jhs;fs;)

MSikj; jpwd;Njh;T kl;Lk;

Kjy;epiyj; Njh;tpw;Fk; Njh;T Kbtpw;Fk; cs;s fhy ,ilntspiaKjd;ik Njh;tpw;F gaDs;s tifapy; jahh; nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Kjd;ikj; Njh;T vOjp Kbj;jTld; Kjd;ikj; Njh;T KbT ntspaplg;gLk;tiuAs;s fhy ,ilntspia Neh;fhzYf;F jahh; nra;tjw;F

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthff; $w Ntz;Lnkdpy; Njh;tpw;fhd xt;nthU fhy fl;lj;jpYk;ePz;l Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ.

Mk;. ePq;fs; jpdKk; xU kzp NeukhtJ nra;jpj;jhs; thrpj;J Kf;fpa

Fwpg;Gfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpy; nghJ mwpT

ghlj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp nra;jpj; jhspypUe;J ngw;w mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp

gjpyspg;gPh;fs;.

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