ib chemistry on nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy and spin spin coupling
DESCRIPTION
IB Chemistry on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Spin spin coupling and Splitting Pattern.TRANSCRIPT
Electromagnetic Radiation and Spectroscopy
Radiowaves
Nuclear spin
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Organic structure determination • MRI and body scanning
Infra Red
Molecular vibration
Infra Red Spectroscopy
UV or visible
Transition of outer most valence electrons
• Organic structure determination • Functional gp determination • Measuring bond strength • Measuring degree unsaturation in fat • Measuring level of alcohol in breath
Electromagnetic Radiation
UV Spectroscopy Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
• Quantification of metal ions • Detection of metal in various samples
Electromagnetic Radiation Interact with Matter (Atoms, Molecules) = Spectroscopy
Main features of HNMR Spectra 1. Number of different absorption peaks – Number of different proton/chemical environment
2. Area under the peaks - Number of hydrogen in a particular proton/chemical environment (Integration trace) - Ratio of number of hydrogen in each environment
3. Chemical shift - Chemical environment where the proton is in - Spinning electrons create own magnetic field, creating a shielding effect - Proton which are shielded appear upfield. (Lower frequency for resonance to occur) - Proton which are deshielded appear downfield away. (Higher frequency for resonance to occur)
- Measured in ppm (δ) 4. Splitting pattern - Due to spin-spin coupling - The number of peak split is equal to number of hydrogen on neighbouring carbon +1 (n+1) peak
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Splitting Pattern NMR spectrum of CH3CH2Br
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Quantum_Mechanics/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Electron_Spin
Singlet – Neighbouring Carbon with No H Doublet – Neighbouring Carbon with 1 H Triplet – Neighbouring Carbon with 2H Quartet – Neighbouring Carbon with 3H
• Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • Equivalent H do not split each other • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment will produce a same peak /signal. • Spin spin coupling – occurs when protons have different chemical shift • Splitting not observed for protons that are chemically equivalent/same chemical shift
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
(n + 1 rule) • Equivalent H in same chemical environment do not split each other. • If a proton H has n equivalent protons on neighboring carbons, then the signal for H will be split into n + 1 peaks. • H nuclei split neighbouring H in CH3 into 2 peaks, called a doublet.
1H nuclei split the CH3 methyl gp into doublet • H can align with EMF or against EMF. • CH3 will experience 2 different EMF • One lower, one higher EMF • Split into doublet
EMF couple with magnetic field by H • Overall magnetic field experience CH3 lower • H from CH3 will absorb at lower radiofreq (upfield)
EMF
EMF couple with magnetic field by H • Overall magnetic field experience by CH3 higher • H from CH3 will absorb at higher radiofreq (downfield)
EMF
• CH3 spilt to doublet by 1 adj H • CH3 experience two slightly different magnetic field due to neighbouring H
MF MF
Split with relative intensity of 1 : 1
Downfield Upfield
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
(n + 1 rule) • If a proton H has n equivalent protons on neighboring carbons, then the signal for H will be split into n + 1 peaks. • 2H nuclei split neighbouring H in CH3 into 3 peaks, called triplet.
2H nuclei split the CH3 methyl into triplet • H can align with EMF or against EMF. • CH3 will experience 3 different EMF • One lower, one higher , one no net change • Split into triplet (ratio 1 : 2 : 1 )
EMF couple with magnetic field by H • Both align against EMF (Net lower EMF) •Overall magnetic field experience CH3 lower • H from CH3, absorb at lower radiofreq (upfield)
EMF
EMF couple with magnetic field by H • Both H align with EMF (Net greater EMF) • Overall magnetic field experience by CH3 higher • H from CH3, absorb at higher radiofreq (downfield)
EMF
EMF MF MF
MF
MF
EMF couple with magnetic field by H • One align with and one against EMF • MF by H cancel each other • Overall magnetic field experience CH3 the same
Split with relative intensity of 1 : 2 : 1 • CH3 spilt to triplet by 2 adj H • CH3 experience three different magnetic field due to 2 adjacent H
Downfield Upfield
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
(n + 1 rule) • If a proton H has n equivalent protons on neighboring carbons, then the signal for H will be split into n + 1 peaks. • 3 H nuclei split neighbouring H in CH2 into 4 peaks, called a quartet.
3H nuclei split the CH2 methylene into quartet • H can align with EMF or against EMF. • CH2 will experience 4 different EMF • Split into quartet (ratio 1 : 3 : 3 : 1 )
EMF couple with MF by H • Three H align against EMF (Net lower EMF) •Overall magnetic field experience CH2 lower • H from CH2, absorb at lower radiofreq (upfield)
EMF
EMF couple with MF by H • Three H align with EMF (Net greater EMF) • Overall magnetic field experience by CH2 higher • H from CH2, absorb at higher radiofreq (downfield)
EMF EMF
MF MF
EMF couple with MF by H • Two align with and one against EMF (higher) • Two align against and one with EMF (lower) • Two different MF experience by CH2 in 3 : 3 ratio
Split with relative intensity of 1 : 3 : 3 : 1 • CH2 spilt to quartet by 3 adjacent H • CH2 experience four different magnetic field due to 3 adjacent H
Upfield Downfield
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Singlet peak • H nuclei attach to electronegative atom , O - NO splitting – Singlet • H nuclei attach to neighbouring C without any H - NO splitting – Singlet • Equivalent H nuclei do not split each other but will split neighbouring H • CH3CH2OH, quartet, triplet and singlet split
• CH3 spilt to triplet by 2 adj H • CH3 experience three different magnetic field due to 2 adj H
• CH2 spilt to quartet by 3 adj H • CH2 experience four different magnetic field due to 3 adj H
• No signal splitting from coupling between hydroxyl proton and methylene proton of CH2 – despite 2 adjacent H • Protons attached to OH, undergo rapid chemical exchange, transfer rapidly from each other /loss of H • Spin coupling due to H (OH) on methylene proton CH2 is negligible /not seen. • NO triplet split on OH due to 2 adjacent H from CH2 – Only singlet
H H
| | HO- C- C- H
| | H H
CH3
• chemical shift ≈ 1
• integration = 3 H
• split into 3
CH2
• chemical shift ≈ 3.8
• integration = 2 H
• split into 4
OH
• chemical shift ≈ 4.8
• integration = 1 H
• No split (Singlet)
3 2 1
Triplet split Quartet split
Singlet split
Equivalent Hydrogen in same chemical Environment (chemical Shift)
Equivalent H - Hydrogen attached to carbon in particular chemical environment • Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • All Equivalent H will produce same signal/peak
O ║ CH3-C-O-CH2-CH3
HO-CH2-CH3
O ║ HO-C-CH2-CH3
O ║ CH3-C-CH2-CH2-CH3
Equivalent Hydrogen in same chemical Environment (chemical Shift)
4 different chemical environment • 4 absorption peak /chemical shift
3 equivalent H
2 equivalent H 2 equivalent H
3 equivalent H
2 equivalent H
3 equivalent H
1 equivalent H
3 different chemical environment • 3 absorption peak/chemical shift
3 equivalent H
3 equivalent H
2 equivalent H
3 different chemical environment • 3 absorption peak/chemical shift
1 equivalent H 2 equivalent H
3 equivalent H
3 different chemical environment • 3 absorption peak/chemical shift
12
3 2 1 3 2 3 2
3 2 1 3 2 3
Equivalent Hydrogen in molecule with plane of symmetry
Equivalent H - Hydrogen attach to carbon in particular chemical environment • Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • Hydrogen atoms on neighbouring carbon can be equivalent if they are in the same environment • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment/shift will produce a same peak /signal.
CH3
| CH3 – C -CH3
| CH3
1 chemical environment • 1 absorption peak/chemical shift
12 equivalent H O ║ CH3-CH2-C-CH2- CH3
2 different chemical environment • 2 absorption peak/chemical shift
4 equivalent H 6 equivalent H
CI | CH3-C-CH3
| H
2 different chemical environment • 2 absorption peak/chemical shift
1 equivalent H 6 equivalent H CH3
| HO-CH2- HC
| CH3
4 different chemical environment • 4 absorption peak/chemical shift
1 equivalent H
2 equivalent H 1 equivalent H
6 equivalent H
2
4 2
3 2 12
6 1 2 1 6 1
Equivalent H - Hydrogen attach to carbon in particular chemical environment • Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • Hydrogen atoms on neighbouring carbon can be equivalent if they are in the same environment • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment/shift will produce a same peak /signal.
O CH3
║ | H-C- C-CH3
| CH3
CH3
| H-C-OH
| CH3
3 different chemical environment • 3 absorption peaks /chemical shift
6 equivalent H 1 equivalent H
1 equivalent H
2 different chemical environment • 2 absorption peaks / chemical shift
1 equivalent H
9 equivalent H 1 equivalent H
O CH3
║ | CH3-C-O-C-H
| CH3
6 equivalent H
3 equivalent H
9 equivalent H
2 equivalent H
H CH3
| | CI- C- C- CH3
| | H CH3
2 different chemical environment • 2 absorption peaks / chemical shift
3 different chemical environment • 3 absorption peaks / chemical shift
9.7
Equivalent Hydrogen in molecule with plane of symmetry
9 1 6 1 1
9 2 6 3 1
CI CI | | C = C | | H H
CI CI CI
| | | H- C- C - C- H
| | | CI H CI
Equivalent H - Hydrogen attach to carbon in particular chemical environment • Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • Hydrogen atoms on neighbouring carbon can be equivalent if they are in the same environment • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment/shift will produce a same peak /signal.
2 equivalent H
1 equivalent H
2 equivalent H
4 equivalent H
H H | | CI- C- C- CI
| | H H
H H | | H - C- C- H
| | H H
2 different chemical environment • 2 absorption peak/ chemical shift
1 chemical environment • 1 absorption peak/chemical shift
1 chemical environment • 1 absorption peak/chemical shift
1 chemical environment • 1 absorption peak/chemical shift
6 equivalent H
4.5 6.1
Equivalent Hydrogen in molecule with plane of symmetry
2 2 1
6 4
Splitting Pattern by neighbouring H
O ║ CH3-C-O-CH2-CH3
HO-CH2-CH3
O ║ HO-C-CH2-CH3
O ║ CH3-C-CH2-CH2-CH3
4 chemical environment • 4 absorption peak
3 chemical environment • 3 absorption peak
3 chemical environment • 3 absorption peak
3 chemical environment • 3 absorption peak
12
• Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • Equivalent H do not split each other • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment will produce a same peak /signal.
Triplet
2 adj H
Septet 5 adj H
Singlet
No H
Triplet
2 adj H
Triplet
2 adj H
Quartet
3 adj H
Singlet OH – No split
Triplet
2 adj H
Singlet
No H
Quartet 3 adj H
Triplet
2 adj H
Quartet 3 adj H
Singlet No H
Splitting Pattern by neighbouring H
3 2 1 3 2 3 2
3 2 1 3 3 2
CH3
| CH3 – C -CH3
| CH3
1 chemical environment • 1 absorption peak
O ║ CH3-CH2-C-CH2- CH3
2 chemical environment • 2 absorption peak
CI | CH3-C-CH3
| H
2 chemical environment • 2 absorption peak
CH3
| HO-CH2- HC
| CH3
4 chemical environment • 4 absorption peak
2
4 2
Splitting Pattern by neighbouring H
• Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • Equivalent H do not split each other • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment will produce a same peak /signal.
Singlet No H
Triplet
2 adj H
Quartet 3 adj H
Doublet
1 adj H
Heptet 6 adj H
Doublet
1 adj H
Doublet
1 adj H
Singlet OH- No split
Nonet 8 adj H
3 2 12
6 1 1 2 6 1
O CH3
║ | H-C- C-CH3
| CH3
CH3
| H-C-OH
| CH3
3 chemical environment • 3 absorption peaks
2 chemical environment • 2 absorption peaks
O CH3
║ | CH3-C-O-C-H
| CH3
H CH3
| | CI- C- C- CH3
| | H CH3
2 chemical environment • 2 absorption peaks
3 chemical environment • 3 absorption peaks
9.7
• Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • Equivalent H do not split each other • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment will produce a same peak /signal.
Heptet 6 adj H
Singlet OH- No split
Doublet 1 adj H
Singlet No H
Doublet 1 adj H
Heptet 6 adj H
Singlet No H
Singlet No H
Singlet No H
Singlet No H
Splitting Pattern by neighbouring H
9 1 6 1 1
9 2 6 1 3
Singlet Splitting Pattern
• Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment will produce a same peak /signal. • Singlet can be due to presence of OH or no adjacent H
Singlet due to • Equivalent H in same chemical environment • No adj H
CH3
| CH3 – C -CH3
| CH3
Singlet No H
O CH3
║ | H-C- C-CH3
| CH3
Singlet No H
Singlet due to • Equivalent H in same chemical environment • No adj H
9.7
Singlet No H
H CH3
| | CI- C- C- CH3
| | H CH3
Singlet No H
Singlet No H
Singlet due to • Equivalent H in same chemical environment • No adj H
H H | | CI- C- C- CI
| | H H
Singlet due to • Equivalent H in same chemical environment • Equivalent H do not split each other
Singlet No H
9 2 4
12 9 1
Singlet Splitting Pattern
• Equivalent H in same chemical environment have no splitting effect on each other • All Equivalent H in the same chemical environment will produce a same peak /signal. • Singlet can be due to presence of OH or no adjacent H
Singlet No H
Singlet No H
Singlet due to • Equivalent H in same chemical environment • No adj H
Singlet No H
Singlet due to • Equivalent H in same chemical environment • Equivalent H do not split each other
H H | | H - C- C- H
| | H H
CH3
| CH3 – O-C -CH3
| CH3
O ║ HO-C-CH3
12
Singlet No H
Singlet due to • OH in COOH • No adj H
2
Singlet No H
O ║ HO-C-H
Singlet due to • OH in COOH • H in CHO
Singlet No H
10.6 8.3
Singlet No H
3 1 1 1
6 9 3
Spin Spin Coupling and Chemical Shift
NMR Spectrum
O ║ HO-C-CH2-CH3
3 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H - 3: 3 : 2 • Peak A – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak B - No split – No H on adj C • Peak C – split to 4 – 3H on adj C
3 diff proton enviroment, ratio H - 3:2:1 • Peak A – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak B – split to 4 – 3H on adj C • Peak C – No split – No H on adj C
A B
C
B
A
C
O ║ CH3-C-O-CH2-CH3
12
3 2 3
3 2 1
HO-CH2-CH3
NMR Spectrum
O ║ CH3-C-CH2-CH2-CH3
3 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H - 3:2:1 • Peak A – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak B – split to 4 – 3H on adj C • Peak C – No split for OH
4 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H - 3:2:2:3 • Peak A – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak B – split to 6 – 5H on adj C • Peak C – No split – No H on adj C • Peak D – split to 3 – 2H on adj C
A
B C
3
B
A C D
2 1
3 2 2 3
O
║
H-C-CH3
NMR Spectrum
O ║
CH3-C-O-CH2-CH2-CH3
4 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 3:2:2:3 • Peak A – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak B – split to 6 – 5H on adj C • Peak C – No split – No H on adj C • Peak D – split to 3 – 2H on adj C
A
B C D
2 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H - 3:1 • Peak A – split to 2 – 1H on adj C • Peak B – split to 4 – 3H on adj C
9.8
A
B
3 2 2 3
3 1
NMR Spectrum
Molecule with plane of symmetry
3 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H - 6:1:1 • Peak A – split to 2 – 1H on adj C • Peak B – No split for OH • Peak C – split to 7 – 6H on adj C
CH3
| H-C-OH
| CH3
O CH3
║ |
CH3-C-O-C-H
|
CH3
A
B
C
A B
C
3 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H - 6:3:1 • Peak A – split to 2 – 1H on adj C • Peak B – No split – 0H on adj C • Peak C – split to 7 – 6H on adj C
Molecule with plane of symmetry
6 1 1
6 3 1
NMR Spectrum
Molecule with plane of symmetry
O
║
CH3-CH2-C-CH2-CH3
O CH3
║ |
H-C-C-CH3
|
CH3
2 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 6:4 • Peak A – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak B – split to 4 – 3H on adj C
A
B
A
B
6 4
9 1
2 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 9:1 • Peak A – No split – No H on adj C • Peak B – No split – No H on adj C
Molecule with plane of symmetry
NMR Spectrum
Molecule with plane of symmetry
4 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 6:1:1:2 • Peak A – split to 2 – 1H on adj C • Peak B – split to 7 – 6H on adj C • Peak C – No split for OH • Peak D – split to 2 – 1H on adj C
CH3
|
HO-CH2-CH
|
CH3
A
B D C
2 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 6:1 • Peak A – split to 2 – 1H on adj C • Peak B – split to 7 – 6H on adj C
CH3-CH-CH3
| CI
A
B
Molecule with plane of symmetry
6 1 1 2
6 1
NMR Spectrum
2 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 3:5 • Peak A – No split – No H on adj C • Peak B – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak C – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak D – split to 2 – 1H on adj C
A B
Molecule with benzene ring
3
Molecule with benzene ring
5
2 1 2
C D
7.3 8
All H in benzene are consider • as 1 proton environment
All H in benzene are consider • as 1 proton environment
7.3 8
2
E
1
D
2 5
C
2
3 2
A
B
3 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 3 : 2 :5 • Peak A – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak B – split to 4 – 3H on adj C • Peak C – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak D – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak E – split to 2 – 1H on adj C
NMR Spectrum
A C
Molecule with benzene ring
3
Molecule with benzene ring
5
2 1 2
D E
7.3 8
All H in benzene are consider • as 1 proton environment
All H in benzene are consider • as 1 proton environment
7.3 8
2
F
1
E
2 5
D
3
1 2
A
B
4 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 1 : 2 : 2 :5 • Peak A – No split for OH • Peak B – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak C – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak D – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak E – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak F – split to 2 – 1H on adj C
2
B
3 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 3 : 2 : 5 • Peak A – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak B – split to 4 – 3H on adj C • Peak C – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak D – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak E – split to 2 – 1H on adj C
3
4
C
2
NMR Spectrum
A C
6
Molecule with benzene ring
5
2 1 2
D E
7.3 8
All H in benzene are consider • as 1 proton environment
1
B
3 diff proton enviroment, Ratio H – 6 : 1 : 5 • Peak A – split to 2 – 1H on adj C • Peak B – split to 7 – 6H on adj C • Peak C – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak D – split to 3 – 2H on adj C • Peak E – split to 2 – 1H on adj C
5