IceCube projectPioneering High Energy Neutrino Astrophysics

Shigeru YoshidaDept. of Physics, Chiba University.

Unsolved Problems in “Astrophysics”2004 次世代天文学シンポジウム サマリー by 戸

起源がほとんどよくわかっていない、ワクワクするような「謎」起源がほとんどよくわかっていない、ワクワクするような「謎」

intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs)“missing” link between stellar mass & SMBHs in AGNsULX: IMBH を示唆する観測データが急速に蓄積している

球状星団中の IMBH？

IMBH の形成？

ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs)GZK cut off の存在？　top down or bottom up?

hot jupiters, planet formation

“The Biggest Mysteries”dark matter & dark energy (gamma-rays, HOP, …)formation of super/intermediate mass black holes (ALMA, NeXT, JELT, SPICA, …)ultra high energy cosmic rays (TA, ICE CUBE, EUSO, …)hot jupiters (JTPF, …)

Expanding Our horizonfirst / higher-z galaxies/PopIII, reionization (ALMA, SPICA, SKA, …)black hole event horizon (ASTRO-E2, VSOP-2, submm-VLBI, GW…)star formation / planet formation (ALMA, JTPF, SPICA, SKA, …)variety of extrasolar planets (JTPF, …)history of our Galaxy (JASMINE, JELT, …)

Unsolved Physical Processesjet formation / cosmic explosions (VSOP-2,　X-mas)particle acceleration (ASTRO-E2, NeXT, SKA, gamma-rays…)origin of cosmic magnetic field (NeXT, SKA, …)

Unsolved Problems in Astrophysics 2004次世代天文学シンポジウム サマリー by 戸

UHECR and Neutrinos: Standard Model

(Diego González-Díaz, Ricardo Vázquez, Enrique Zas 2003)

CRC 2005

UHECR and Neutrinos: New Physics?

Sigl, Lee, Bhattacharjee, Yoshida (1998)

IceCube EHE ν Sensitivity

Published in Phys. Rev. DS.Yoshida, R.Ishibashi, H,Miyamoto, PRD 69 103004 (2004)

90% C.L. for 10 year observation

¶O.C.De Jager & F.W.Stecker, Astrophy.J. 566 (2002), 738-743

Fit of the measured spectrum from HEGRA

(Low)Allowed range for the

emitted fluxAMANDA sensitivity

Low state:

can be compared to our best upper limit (sensitivity shown here)

Correction for extra-galactic γ absorption¶:

TeV γ-ray spectra are modified by red-shift dependent absorption by intergalactic IR-UV background

about factor 2

Mrk 421 sensitivity (AMANDA)

IceCube sensitivity

Bartol Research Inst, Univ of Delaware, USAPennsylvania State University, USAUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, USAUniversity of Wisconsin-River Falls, USALBNL, Berkeley, USAUC Berkeley, USAUC Irvine, USA

Bartol Research Inst, Univ of Delaware, USAPennsylvania State University, USAUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, USAUniversity of Wisconsin-River Falls, USALBNL, Berkeley, USAUC Berkeley, USAUC Irvine, USA

Univ. of Alabama, USAClark-Atlanta University, USAUniv. of Maryland, USAIAS, Princeton, USAUniversity of Kansas, USASouthern Univ. and A&M College, Baton Rouge

Univ. of Alabama, USAClark-Atlanta University, USAUniv. of Maryland, USAIAS, Princeton, USAUniversity of Kansas, USASouthern Univ. and A&M College, Baton Rouge

Université Libre de Bruxelles, BelgiumVrije Universiteit Brussel, BelgiumUniversité de Mons-Hainaut, BelgiumUniversität Mainz, GermanyDESY-Zeuthen, GermanyUniversität Wuppertal, Germany

Université Libre de Bruxelles, BelgiumVrije Universiteit Brussel, BelgiumUniversité de Mons-Hainaut, BelgiumUniversität Mainz, GermanyDESY-Zeuthen, GermanyUniversität Wuppertal, Germany

Uppsala Universitet, SwedenStockholm universitet, SwedenKalmar Universitet, SwedenImperial College, London, UKUniversity of Oxford, UKUtrecht University, Utrecht, NL

Uppsala Universitet, SwedenStockholm universitet, SwedenKalmar Universitet, SwedenImperial College, London, UKUniversity of Oxford, UKUtrecht University, Utrecht, NL

Chiba University, JapanChiba University, Japan

University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Who are we ?

AMANDA

IceCube

IceTop

IceCube80 strings

60 OMs/string17 m vertical spacing

125 m between strings

IceTop160 tanks

frozen-water tanks2 OMs / tank

First year deployment (Jan 2005) 4 IceCube strings (240 OMs)

8 IceTop Tanks (16 OMs)

10” Hamamatsu R-7081

1200 m

IceTop Tank deployed in 2004

Landing Strip

IceCube Drill Head Head & First Hole

Icecube Drill Camp

Counting House

AMANDA

South Pole Station

Dome

South Pole

Construction: 11/2004-01/2009

FY04:6

FY05:12FY06:16

FY07:16

FY08:16 FY09:14

AMANDA

SPASE-2 South Pole

100 m

Grid North

DomeSkiway

FY2005 target: ~ 10 strings deployment

Construction: RIGHT NOW

FY2005 target: ~ 10 strings deployment

International Corporation

What we can do in the large collaboration

EHE Physics – EeV ν search in horizontal/downward events!!PMT/DOM (Digital Optical Module) CalibrationPMT/DOM simulatorEHE particle simulator

Chiba FY2005-2006 PlanIn-Ice Device (1.3.1) Simulation(1.4.3)

EHE event analysis•S/BG discrimination•Geom/Energy reco•Sensitivity

JULIeT-IceTray•PropMTX-MC connection•MC Data Production

AMANDA-ICE3String•Offline readout•IceTop-String21 µ•Comparison with MC

Golden DOM Production• Uniformity• Absolute

ROMEO Upgrade• Library• Web

PMT advanced study•Dynamic Range

•Afterpulse

DOMIMANT

Verification(1.5.1.2) Reconstruction(1.5.2.4)

World-wide DOM collaboration

LBLWisconsin

Chiba

DESY

Stockholm

ElectronicsAssemblyCalibration

AssemblyCalibration

PMT screening/test2D scanAbsolute calibration

PMT base

PMT holder

LED holder

Setup photo

Absolute efficiency measurement measurement for DOMSame setup as for PMT (with 337nm N2 laser), except:

2000 incidental photons (increase the laser luminosity)luminosity)

N2 laserN2

DOM 2D 4π scan

Map out the detectionefficiency

Combine DOM absolute efficiency and DOM 2D scanning map!

Kubongo_Inuta

The GOLDEN DOMs

Hakkenden (“eight” dog) WarriorsDOM name PMT #

Sosuke_Inukawa : TA1181 --failedDosetsu_Inuyama : TA1069 Shino_Inuzuka : TA1052Genpachi_Inukai : TA1167Kobungo_Inuta : TA1062Keno_Inuzaka : TA1056 --failedShinbei_Inue : TA1059Daikaku_Inuyama : TA1176 --failed

What we can do in the large collaboration

EHE Physics – EeV ν search in horizontal/downward events!!PMT/DOM (Digital Optical Module) CalibrationPMT/DOM simulatorEHE particle simulator

Software

IceCube Software

CORSIKA JULIeT

MMC/NuSim

Photonics

ROMEO DOM Sim

EHE propagator

Cherenkov

Detector Electronics

Atm/EAS

propagator GEANT4

DOMIMANT

IceTray

EHE MC Event examples300 PeV taus

IceCube analysis interest matrix

EAS

EAS/m

u

UHE

cascades

Atmos nu

Atmos m

u

Diffuse

Point

GR

BEarth W

IMPS

Solar WIM

Ps

Supernovae

Monopoles

black holes

zillas

Yellow book

Ac/Rad/O

p

4 5 3 3 11 5 8 15 10 7 8 2 6 2 2 2 2Chiba - Yoshida EHE EHE tau/muPSU - Cowen x nu-e nu-e nu-e nu-e nu-e xClark Atlanta - Japaridze UHE x x xMainz - Koepke x x x xMons - Herquet nu-tau nu-taux xU Maryland - Sullivan x x x xCanterbury - Adams x x x x xStockholm - Hulth x xU Delaware - Gaisser x x x x x x x x x xULB/VLB - Declercq/Bertrand x x xWuppertal - Kampert x/oscillationsx xDortmund - Rhode x/oscilx x x xSouthern - Fazeley CR comp oscillations x xLBNL - Klein/Stokstad x nu-e nu-e/nnu-mu, nu-eDESY-Zeuthen - Spiering x x x x xUtrecht - van Eijndhoven x xOxford - Sarkar xKansas - Besson xUC Berkeley - Price x x x x x x xUC Irvine - Barwick diffuse x xUW Madison - Karle x x charmx x x xUppsala - Botner/Hallgren x x x xIAS Princeton xUW River Falls x xHumbolt - Kolanoski xGent - AlabamaImperial College

Verification OrganisationVerification working groups and leaders

DeepIce (Kara Hoffman)IceTop (Tom Gaisser)IceTop/DeepIce (Gaisser/Hoffman)DeepIce/AMANDA-II (Ty DeYoung)Flasher/cascade (Spencer Klein)High energy (Shigeru Yoshida)

High Energy groupAya, Kotoyo, Sean, Albrecht (UW-Madison)Dusan (Maryland)Hiroko, Keiichi, Shigeru (Chiba)

Paolo (UW-Madison) - MC productionDavid (UW-Madison) – Reco softwareGary (UW-Madison) - Likelihood

“Advisor”☺

Weighting -moduleAya (UW-Madison)

I3WeigherModuleJulietMCWeightDict()

• PowerLawIndex•JulietDifferentialFlux•JulietPropagationMatrixNeutrinoFlux (GZK)•JulietPropagationMatrixAtmMuonFlux (µ). . . .

I3WeigherCheckerJuliet

TTree

MCEvent

RecoEvent

Primary Cascade Track

WeightI3MCPrimary I3MCTrackI3MCCascade

Npe, NhitDOM, ..

Initial plots

Initial plots

GZK in energy-direction plane GZK µ GZK τ Atmospheric µ

High E

Low E

Calculated by JULIeT

“High energy” verification organization

The “gateway” websitehttp://www.ppl.phys.chiba-u.jp/research/IceCube/EHE/

+

Monthly video conference

High Energy data analysis schedule (PY05)

Production by Ice3sim v1.1 Production by Ice3sim v1.2

Systematic Study

Analysis

Pole Data

MC

Reco R&D

2005,Dec 2006,Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul.

Japanese contribution!!IceCube is one of the few major international collaboration in CR community a Japanese group participates in.

Yes, we are making significant contributionsin the large collaboration. In particular…

EHE PhysicsPMT-DOM calibration “里見八犬伝” DOMs!!Simulation (Detector/Particle)

Cost and Schedule Performance

ICECUBE - TOTAL Cost/Schedule Performance

43.1

41.2

40.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Fiscal Months, Quarters & Years

Perc

ent C

ompl

ete

Scheduled % 2.3 10.0 23.5 34.6 36.3 39.0 40.8 43.1 45.3 47.8 49.2 50.8 53.8 55.7 58.0 59.4 70.6 82.9 92.0 97.0 99.4 100.0

Performed % 2.3 8.9 22.3 33.0 36.0 36.9 39.3 41.2

Cost % 2.3 8.8 23.1 32.0 35.1 35.7 38.0 40.0

3&4 FY02

FY03 FY04 1&2 FY05

A-05 M-05 J-05 J-05 A-05 S-05 O-05 N-05 D-05 J-06 F-06 M-06 3&4 FY06

FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11

IceCube Project BaselineInitial In-Ice Strings & IceTop Tanks Installed January 2005 Initial Operational Capability March 2007 Project Completion & Closeout September 2010 Total Project Cost $273.1M Value of Foreign Contributions $31.0M NSF Funding $242.1M Contingency as % of Remaining Costs 25.3% # Strings/Tanks 70/140

41.2 % Complete

IceCube …. A part of NSF’s MRE (Major Research Equipment) Budget

The Bush Administration requesting MRE $202.3M (60.2% Increase) for FY2004.

ALMA $50.8M request (FY04) IceCube $60M request (FY04)

IceCube Funding, by Phase

$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Fiscal Year

$M Concept/Development Implementation Operations & Maintenance

Japan Group$10M for 10 more String!!

Baseline design 80-> 70 strings..

Funding short for 80 strings!!

Expands volume by 50 % with adding 5% of total budget!!

E > 107 GeV

Energy loss profile in UHE/EHE

Stochastic LossInitiating high energyCascades!

By JULIeT

Expands volume by 50 % with adding 5% of total budget!!

E > 107 GeV

Expands volume by 50 % with adding 5% of total budget!!

3x108GeV<

3x107GeV<

106GeV<

104GeV<

Ice3 MCEcascade

Outside ice3 Volume

Expands volume by 50 % with adding 5% of total budget!!

109GeV<

108GeV<

107GeV<

106GeV<Outside ice3 Volume

Ice3 MCEprimary

It will be a win-win relation!世界一の高エネルギーニュートリノ天文学プロジェクトへの参加

骨格となる予算はNSFによって保障済み

国際協力の大きな可能性。このレベルのプロジェクト(予算・マンパワー)は一国では無理

千葉大グループが日本としての礎を構築済み

Offline software が整備されてきた より詳細・現実的なプロポーザルが可能。

$10M の投資で大きな果実

It will be a win-win relation!日本の宇宙線の“お家芸”　超高エネルギー宇宙線＋ニュートリノ物理の融合！

国際協調・競争へ体制の変化も必要

国粋主義からの脱却

マンパワーの確保。アメリカ・ヨーロッパは多くのPostDocで勝負。日本は学生と少数の教官only。兵糧では不利。