Inglés II 2014

PN

F A

min

istr

ació

n

1

Ideas Principales y Secundarias Cuando un autor escribe sus planteamientos, pretende que los lectores compartan con él su punto de vista. Por eso se esmera en comunicar en el texto con la mayor claridad sus ideas. Pero no todos los enunciados son esenciales para entender lo que dice; algunos tan sólo acompañan el enunciado principal para: ampliarlo, ilustrarlo, repetirlo, ejemplificarlo, estos son ideas secundarias. Ideas principales e ideas secundarias La idea en torno a la cual gira la información recibe el nombre de idea dominante. Pero, como ocurría en el caso de los temas, no todas las ideas dominantes tienen la misma relevancia; habrá, pues, que diferenciar entre ideas principales e ideas secundarias. Las ideas principales (main idea) son ideas que expresan una información básica para el desarrollo del tema que se trata. Da introducción al contenido del párrafo y anuncia el pensamiento que se va a desarrollar. La idea principal se puede encontrar en un párrafo del texto. Las ideas secundarias (supporting details) expresan detalles o aspectos derivados del tema principal. A menudo, estas ideas sirven para ampliar, demostrar o ejemplificar una idea principal. Se encuentran ligadas a la idea principal puesto que depende de ella y ayudan a matizar el pensamiento que se va a desarrollar. Generalmente son detalles descriptivos, ejemplos, circunstancias de tiempo, lugares o apoyos que sirven para reforzar, justificar o precisar la idea principal

Tanto las ideas principales como las ideas secundarias se expresan en forma oracional.

Consejos de lectura:

1. Tan pronto como usted pueda definir el tema, pregúntese "¿Qué sentido general el autor quiere hacer sobre

este tema?" Una vez que pueda responder a esa pregunta, usted tiene más probabilidades de encontrar la idea

principal.

2. La mayoría de las ideas principales se expresan o sugieren desde el principio en la lectura, preste especial

atención al primer tercio de un pasaje, un artículo o capítulo. Ahí es donde es probable que obtenga la expresión

más clara de la idea principal.

3. Preste atención a cualquier idea que se repite de diferentes maneras. Si un autor vuelve a la misma idea en

varias frases o párrafos diferentes, esa idea es la idea principal o central en discusión.

4. Una vez que usted se siente seguro de haber encontrado la idea principal, prueba lo. Pregúntese si los

ejemplos, razones, estadísticas, estudios, y los hechos incluidos en la lectura se prestan como evidencia o

explicación en apoyo de la idea principal que tiene en mente. Si lo hacen, su comprensión está justo en el

blanco. Si no lo hacen, es posible que desee revisar su primera noción acerca de la idea principal del autor.

Lee el siguiente texto e identifique la idea principal:

Someday we will all have robots that will be our personal servants. They will look and behave much like real humans. We will be able to talk to these mechanical helpers and they will be able to respond in kind. Amazingly, the robots of the future will be able to learn from experience. They will be smart, strong, and untiring workers whose only goal will be to make our lives easier.

Inglés II 2014

PN

F A

min

istr

ació

n

2

Which sentence from the paragraph expresses the main idea?

a. Someday we will all have robots that will be our personal servants.

b. We will be able to talk to these mechanical helpers and they will be able to respond in kind.

c. They will look and behave much like real humans.

d. Amazingly, the robots of the future will be able to learn from experience.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph?

A. Industries in nations across the United States need to unite to maintain the standards created by the Clean

Air Act despite the costs to the country.

B. Industries are doing their part to reduce emissions that are known to have ill effects on the environment

and human health.

C. Although legislation that supports cleaning up the environment is a good idea, the costs of such efforts

need to be evaluated.

D. Cleaning up the environment is best accomplished through both legislation like the Clean Air Act and

volunteerism from humans impacted by emissions.

Ideas secundarias

Credit cards offer clear advantages to college students because they provide an interest free loan for students until the payment is due and a convenient noncash payment option for both routine transactions and emergencies. If used responsibly, credit cards allow students to build up credit histories that will facilitate increased access to credit in the future. However, if college students have not learned financial management skills in their secondary education or from their parents and misuse their credit cards or mismanage their credit card debt, the disadvantages can outweigh the advantages. Many college students are responsible for making important financial decisions for the first time in their lives and are naïve about managing a budget. As is true with any credit card user,

Almost everyone would agree that cleaning up the environment and keeping it that way is a good thing. The obvious negative impacts on human health and the ecosystems on Earth are well understood. Yet, there are underlying consequences to compliance to this most basic need that need to be studied, as well. The government of the U.S. has requested voluntary action from citizens and industry, and it has also legislated action in order to start the clean-up process. An example of this is the Clean Air Act. The good news is that this law requires that emissions into the air meet certain standards that will help clean up the environment. Under this act, cars have to reduce emissions of nitrous oxides by 60%, and "clean coal" technologies have to reduce harmful emissions by 20%. Industry is required to reduce emissions of over 200 compounds that are known to cause health problems. The bad news is the cost of compliance. Estimates of consumer costs for a cleaner environment go as high as $50 billion a year, and that study does not even take into account the loss of jobs from reshaping industries to meet the new standards.

Inglés II 2014

PN

F A

min

istr

ació

n

3

using credit cards to make impetuous purchases can lead to extended repayment periods and high interest charges. Because of inexperience with credit and finance, some college students may not be financially literate and may be at greater risk of substantial debt burdens than more experienced consumers. Consistent misuse of credit cards by college students—particularly combined with student loan debt—could lead to substantial debt burdens.

Main Idea: However, if college students have not learned financial management skills in their secondary education or from their parents and misuse their credit cards or mismanage their credit card debt, the disadvantages can outweigh the advantages.

What are the advantages of a college student having a credit card? a. They feel more like other, more affluent students. b. They do not have to wait until payday to buy what they want. c. They can have several credit cards simultaneously. d. They get interest free loan until the end of the month, have access to money without carrying cash; and can build a credit history if they use it responsibly. When does having a credit card become a liability for college students? a. When they encounter an emergency and need quick cash. b. When they use the card for impulsive purchases, fail to pay off the balance in a timely manner, and mismanage their budgets. c. When they need to build a good credit history. d. When they need a short-term interest free loan for books and tuition but are prepared to pay it back as soon as the balance is due. Where should a college student have learned financial literacy? a. family and high school b. other friends c. television, movies, and other popular media. d. advertisements. How do some students acquire substantial debt before graduating from college? a. misusing credit card and accruing student loans b. possessing several national credit cards c. developing a credit history d. becoming financially literate

Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are small, hand-held electronic organizers that come in a range of prices and capabilities. These lightweight computers are usually operated with a stylus, a special "pen." The most basic, inexpensive PDAs have monochromatic screens.

They can be used to organize and store contact information, such as names, phone numbers, and email addresses. More expensive models have color screens and offer

computer-like applications. For example, you can manage email and create documents. In addition, they include a calendar function that allows you to keep track of appointments

and events. They feature the ability to play video and audio files. The most expensive PDAs also offer a phone function, including text messaging.

Inglés II 2014

PN

F A

min

istr

ació

n

4

Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph? A) Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are small, hand-held electronic organizers that come in a range of prices and capabilities. B) They can be used to organize and store contact information, such as names, phone numbers, and email addresses. C) More expensive models have color screens and offer computer-like applications. D) The most expensive PDAs offer a phone function, including text messaging. The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to give A) reasons to buy a color PDA. B) differences between inexpensive and expensive PDAs. C) the procedure for buying a PDA.

Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph? A)A growing number of parents are using a new way to teach their teenagers to handle money wisely: a prepaid debit card. B)Parents put a certain amount of money on a Visa® or Mastercard® debit card, for example. C)Purchases show up on their parents’ monthly statement, so parents can monitor how the money is being spent and how fast it is being spent. D)They feel the safety, monitoring capability, and convenience are worth it. The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to give A) an explanation of how teen debit cards came into existence. B) examples of several popular teen debit cards. C) a description of a how prepaid teen debit cards work. Identifique la idea principal y secundarias de las siguientes lecturas a. - A growing trend in many organizations is to find opportunities to serve others in a community effort. 2While

participants expect to provide aid to people less fortunate, they often discover something else. 3A community effort to complete a project such as building a house can provide gratifying results. 4First, participants learn the art of cooperation. 5Working with a diverse group to accomplish a monumental task such as laying cinder block walls in 112º heat or cutting wood for doors with only a hand saw offers an understanding of what can be done as they connect with others. 6In addition, participants learn the art of communication. 7As a result, they also learn that people are more alike than different. 8Finally, workers gain a sense of pride and confidence from knowing they helped build something that will shelter a family and provide a venue for happy memories. b.- 1Many businesses are honest, ethical, and honorable. 2However, some businesses use ploys, or tricks, to attract their patrons. 3For example, one local furniture store uses the tactic of no down payment, no interest for

A growing number of parents are using a new way to teach their teenagers to handle money wisely: a prepaid debit card. Parents put a certain amount of money on a Visa® or Mastercard® debit card, for example. Teens use it instead of cash. Purchases show up on their parents’ monthly statement, so parents can monitor how the money is being spent and how fast it is being spent. When the money is used up, parents can "reload" the card. Depending on the plan, parents may pay initial set-up fees, monthly fees, or transaction fees. They feel the safety, monitoring capability, and convenience are worth it.

Inglés II 2014

PN

F A

min

istr

ació

n

5

two years. 4Another trick used by other businesses includes the offer of free items such as a satellite dish or home security system. 5While it may look good initially to the consumer, he or she must consider the required monthly and yearly fees, which can compute to exorbitant prices. 6A third ploy is the attractive display ad with nearly indiscernible fine print. 7Savvy shoppers learn to scrutinize the content of sale flyers for hidden penalties and misleading or omitted details. c.- Before you throw away that aluminum can or plastic bottle, think again. 2Recycling has many advantages that affect all of us. 3For one, it creates new industries, and it can also lead to the evolution of new products from old ones. 4 Used tires, for instance, often become the material used as ground cover to prevent erosion. 5Another advantage in recycling is that it reduces the amount of trash transported to landfills, many of which have surpassed their original expected capacity and currently need to be capped.

d.- 1The more privileged social classes are not crime-free, of course, but for them different illegitimate opportunities beckon. 2They find other forms of crime to be functional. 3Rather than mugging, pimping, and burglary, the more privileged encounter "opportunities" for evading income tax, bribing public officials, embezzling from employers, participating in fraud, and so on. 4Physicians, for example never hold up cabbies, but many do cheat Medicare. Sociologist Edwin Sutherland coined the term white-collar crime to refer to crimes that people of respectable and high social status commit in the course of their occupations.

Grammar Comparativos

Vocabulary

budget s. Presupuesto meet v. conocer, encontrar, satisfacer

burden s. carga misuse Adj. mal uso v. usar inadecuadamente

cleaner Adj. más limpio mugging s. asalto

due Adj. vencido naïve Adj. ingenuo

easier Adj. más fácil pimping s. proxenetismo

Hand-held Adj. portátil reshaping s. reorganización

helper s. ayudante Set-up s. establecido

Inexpensive Adj.barato Underlying Adj. subyacente

Keep track v. Hacer un seguimiento untiring Adj. incansable

lighweight Adj. ligero wisely Adv. sabiamente

**Recuerda identificar y archivar las palabras administrativas para tu glosario

Intelligent

more intelligent

The most intelligent

Smart

smarter

the smartest

good

better

the best

Bad

worse

the worst