idrf;csr f;p gmtw l, sofw jgaex dkifa&0g'r son f pp ... · aom tz j@ (13) zg @ wugj...

_idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ

(pmpOftrSwf = 11)

PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE:

Towards Federal Union of Burma

[Series No. 11]

jynfaxmifpktwGif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.tqifhae&mESifh

wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udkOD;wnfxm;aom

aqmif;yg;rsm;

Edkif[Hom

ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:13 PM1

Typesetting: Thang PiLayout & Design: Sai Mawn (UNLD-LA)

With generous financial support from:National Reconciliation Program (NRP)

UNLD PressChiang Mai, Thailand

2006


rmwdum

1? pma&;ol. jzwfoef;cJhr_ESifh qENoabmxm; .................................. 5

2? jynfaxmifpktwGif; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. tqifhae&m ................... 11

3? tcsif;csif;em;vnfr_jzifh jy\emudkajz&Sif;=uygpdk@ ....................... 37

4? jy\emaygif;pHk. xGufayguf ........................................................ 47

5? jy\emrsm;. a&aomufjrpf ...................................................... 55

6? jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;a&; jy\em ................................................... 63

7? +idrf;csrf;a&;udk wnfaqmufrnfqdkygv#if ....................................... 69

8? aomif;xdkuf.yx0DEdkifiHa&;pmtkyftay:oHk;oyfjcif; ................. 77

9? vlrsdK;wdk@. touf ...................................................................... 87

10? rsufarSmufumv urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;tvm;tvm ........................ 93

11? usm;udkoem;&if orifudkvnf;pmemwwfygap ......................... 105

12? trsdK;om;pmayoif=um;jcif;ESifhqufpyfr_ .................................. 115

11? urBmh&GmacwfESifhtnD bmawGjyifzdk@vdkae+yDvJ .......................... 125

13? "gwfyHkrSwfwrf; ........................................................................... 135


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7


pma&;ol. jzwfoef;cJhr_ESifh qEoabmxm;

usaemfonf 1968 ckESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;e,fajrodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJh+yD; rsKd;cspfawmfvSefa&;orm;wpfOD;taejzihf rGefjynfopfygwDwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? 1971 ckESpfwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHknD!Gwfa&;ESifh vGwfajrmufa&;wyfaygif;pk (wnv) . toHv$ihfXmewGif rGefbmomjzifh toHv$ifhjcif;udk wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1972 ckESpfwGif OuUXEdkifa&$usif. aemufudkvdkufcJh&aoma=umifh r[mrdwftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qHkqufqHcJh&onf? 1976 ckESpfwGif (KNU) A[dkXmecsKyf rme,fyavmpcef;wGifusif;yaom tzGJ@ (13) zGJ@ wufa&mufonfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJodk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? 1982 ckESpfv,frS 1987 ckESpfv,ftxd trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (r'w) wGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1988 ckaESmif;ydkif;wGif pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhaom jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwftzGJ@csKyf (r'rc) ac: (DAB) wGif wGJzuftwGif; a&;rSL;tjzpfwpfESpfausmf wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1993 ckESpfv,frS 1995 ckESpfv,ftxd(r'rc) wyfaygif;pkwGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf?rme,fyavmoabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqdkaompnf;a0;yGJESifh r,foa&mxmoabmwlnDcsuf csKyfqdkaom ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwdk@wGif yg0ifcJhonf? rGefjynfopfygwD. udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;taejzifh r[mrdwfa&;&mESifh wyfaygif;pka&;&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif r=umc%wm0ef,lcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pHkrS acgif;aqmifudk,fpm;vS,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh odu|rf;&if;ESD;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@ESifh EdkifiHa&;&mudpP&yfrsm;udk t}udrf}udrfaqG;aEG;wdkifyif tjrifzvS,fcJh&mrS u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiH. tajccHEdkifiHa&;jy\emonfwdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; ysufjym;aejcif;a=umifhjzpfa=umif; odjrifem;vnfcJhonf?

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom EdkifiHwpfckwGif wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkifor# +idrf;csrf;atmif zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifI&rnfr[kwfonfrSm txl;ajymzG,f&mvdkrnfrxifyg? ‚if;udk cHpm;em;vnfojzifh (r'rc) ac: (DAB) wyfaygif;pkjzpfay:vm+yD;aemuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk vufcHEdkifaom zuf'&,fjynf

'


8

Edkif[Hom

axmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (rl=urf;) wpfckay:aygufavma&;udk trsm;ESifhtwl pwif}udK;yrf;cJhonf? xdkumvwGif Oya'ynm&Sifrsm; tawmftwefjynfhpHkaeojzifh rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;jcif;/ tajccHoabmxm;&&Sd&ef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm; usif;yjcif;wdk@udk vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf?

xdktcsdefrSp+yD; rdrdtaeESifh wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;qdkif&mtajccHoabmxm;Zpfjrpfrsm;udk ydkrdkavhvm&SmazGjzpfcJhonf? xdkodk@&SmazGavhvmaepOf awmif}uD;OD;xGef;jrifh a&;om;cJhaom “&Srf;jynfb,fvJ”qdkonfhpmtkyfudk &Srf;udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;xHrS vufcH&&Sdzwf±_cJh&onf? xdkpmtkyfonf yifvHkpmcsKyfta=umif; 1947 ck jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tm;enf;csufESifh &Srf;jynfolrsm;. epfemcsufrsm;ta=umif;wdk@udkpkaygif;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? awmif}uD;OD;xGef;jrifhonf ‚if;udk,fwdkifyg0ifawG@}uHKcJhaom EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOftwGif;rS &&SdcJhonfhcHpm;csuftjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk ypPKyefESifh tem*wfjynfolrsm;od&Sdem;vnf&ef a&;om;cJhojzifh u|Ekfyfwdk@twGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom todynmrsm;udk vG,fvG,fESifh&&SdapcJhonf?

awmfvSefa&;wGif pmaya&;om;+yD; b0wl&Jabmfrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;udkpnf;±Hk;ynmay;jcif;onf tvGefvdktyfaom vkyfief;pOfwpfck jzpfonf?u|Ekfyfonf ta=umif;t&mrsKd;pHkudk 0wK/ uAsm/ aqmif;yg; toGifrsKd;pHkuavmifemrnfrsKd;pHkjzifh a&;om;um *sme,f/ r*~Zif;rsKd;pHkudk ay;ydk@cJhonf?1988 ck aemufydkif;wGif wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;udk pwiftav;xm;+yD; a&;om;jzpfcJhonf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfwGif 1988 ckudk xl;jcm;aom tvSnfhtajymif;wpfcktjzpf tm;vHk;vdkvdku ±_jrif=uonf? odk@aomf ±_jrif=uaomtjrifonf wpfrsKd;wnf;/ wpfxyfwnf; r[kwfyg? +rdK@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;wGif'Drdkua&pDpepfay:xGef;a&;udkom tav;xm;awmif;qdk=uaomfvnf;e,fpyfESifh awme,frsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh ArmvlrsKd;pkESifh usefwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;t=um; nD!Gwfr_&&Sda&;udk awmif;qdk=uonf? ‚if;udk vkyfief;pOftm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;aom wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdonfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;udk azmfaqmif&efjzpfonf?


9


Tvkyfief;pOfudk tcsKd@aom EkdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u vufrcHvdk=uyg? ‚if;wdk@u 'Drdkua&pDpepf ay:xGef;a&;onfom yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd,jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD&&Sd+yD;rS EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHkudpPudk pDpOfrnf? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udpPudk azmfaqmifrnf? zGJ@pnf;yHkudpP/ wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;udpPudk wcsdefwnf;wGif pOf;pm;azmfaqmifaeygu 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;udkaESmifhaES;xdcdkufaprnf [kjrif=uonf?

odk@aomfArmr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;url rdrdwdk@tcGifhta&;twGuf wpfpHkwpfckaom tmrcHcsufr&SdyJ Armwdk@udkr,Hk=unf/ ryl;aygif;vdk? TtodcHpm;csufudk 1948 rS 1988 txd ESpfaygif; (40) umvtawG@t}uHKrsm;rS cdkif+rJvmapcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@taejzifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifhzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;onf '*F g;wpfck. acgif;ESifhyef;yrmcGJIr&? w+ydKifwnf;azmfaqmif&rnf[k jrifonf? rwlnDaomb0 rwlnDaom ywf0ef;usifrS }uD;jyif;vmolrsm;t=um; ausauseyfeyfESifh cdkifcdkif+rJ+rJvufwGJEdkif&ef aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;ynmay;r_onf rsm;pGmvdktyfrnfjzpfayonf?

xdkodk@vdktyfaeonfhtav#muf ,ckacwfEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkwGif Zmwfydk@Zmwf&Htjzpf wpfcef;wpfu¾rS yg0ifcJhaom u|Ekfyfonfvnf; rdrd.todtjrifcHpm;csufrsm;udk wcgw&H aqmif;yg;toGifjzifh a&;om;jzpfcJhonf? xdka&;om;cJhaom pmrla[mif;rsm;xJrS u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHtwGuf 1947 ckrS ,ae@txd vdktyfaeqJjzpfaom wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;udk OD;wnfonfhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk jyefvnf&SmazGawG@&Sdor#pkpnf;+yD; rsKd;qufopfvli,frsm;tm; vufqifhurf;tjrifoabmxm;rsm;r#a0Edkif&ef pmtkyfi,ftjzpf ±dkufESdyfjzef@a0aomqEN&Sdygonf?

Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcsuftvufwpfcsKd@onf rSm;,Gif;tm;enf;csuf&Sdygu pma&;ol.wm0efomjzpfygonf?axmufjyay;Edkifygu txl;aus;Zl;wifygrnf? Tpmtkyfi,fonf wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&; twGufwpHkw&mtaxmuftuljzpfygu pma&;oltzdk@ auseyf+yDjzpfyga=umif;?

Edkif[HomouU&mZf 2005 ckESpf?


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wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.tqifhae&m


13


jynfaxmifpktwGif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.tqifhae&m

1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&csdefrS ,ae@wdkif u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwpfcktjzpf ac:qdkrSwf,l vufcHxm;cJh=uygonf? T jynfaxmifpk.jynfe,frsm;udk yx0DtajccHjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r[kwf/ vlrsKd;wdk@. pkpnf;aexdkifr_udk tajcjyK+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? jynfe,femrnfrsm;udkvnf;ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf; ponfjzifh qdkif&mvlrsKd;wdk@. emrnfrsm;udk twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf? TonfrSm vlrsKd;pHkyg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpkwpfckjzpfa=umif; o¿eftm;jzifh ay:vGifxif&Sm;aponf?

odk@aomf ‚if;udk rSwfausmufwifppfaq;=unfhygu ta&+cHK/ a&$r_H}uJ/“emrnfcHjynfaxmifpk” jzpfaea=umif;ukd EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifwdk@u aumif;pGmem;vnfxm;=uonf? T jynfaxmifpk.1947 ck zGJ@pnf;yHkonf jynfe,fjynfryHkpHjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; jynfru jynfe,frsm;tay: v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifxm;onf? 1974 ck zGJ@pnf;yHkonf jynfe,frsm;/wdkif;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aomfvnf; wpfckwnf;aom A[dktpdk;&u tm%mudk csKyfudkifxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh jynfe,f[lonfrSm emrnfcH[efjyr#omjzpfaoma=umifh “twkta,mifjynfaxmifpk” jzpfa=umif;xif&Sm;onf?

jynfaxmifpktrnfcH,lxm;+yD; tb,fa=umifhtwkta,mif jzpfae&ygoenf;? ar;p&m&Sdygvdrfhrnf? tajzrSm tm%m&acgif;aqmifrsm; (txl;ojzifh ArmvlrsKd;acgif;aqmifrsm;) onf wdkif;&if;om;ta&;udk tav;rxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifh tav;rxm;& oenf;? tqifhae&mrSefudk em;rvnfI jzpfEdkifovdk/ v$rf;rdk;0g;rsKdvdkIvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. tqifhae&mrSefudkzHk;uG,fEdkif&ef }uD;us,faom EdkifiHa&;tbd"rRmpum;vHk;rsm;jzifh zHk;tkyfcJh=uonf? vGefcJhaom tESpf 30§40 ausmf uGefjrLepf0g'acwfaumif;cJhpOfu “vlrsKd;a&;jy\emonf vlwef;pm;jy\em.vufatmufcHjzpfonf? vlwef;pm;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;+yD;onfESifh vlrsKd;a&;jy\emonfvnf; tvdkvdkajyvnfoGm;rnf” [k qdkcJh=uonf? vlrsKd;a&;jy\emudkwifjyv#if tjrifusOf;onf[k ESdrfhcsajymqdkwwf =uonf?


14

Edkif[Hom

'Drdkua&pDacwfa&mufjyefaomtcg “vlrsdK;a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;onfvl@tcGifhta&;abmifxJwGif&Sdonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfonf vl@tcGifhta&; rSefor#udk azmfaqmifay;onfjzpfaoma=umifh 'Drdkua&pD&ygu vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; tvdkvdk&&Sdvdrfhrnf” [kqdkjyefygonf? Todk@ uGefjrLepf/'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;tbd"rRm q&m}uD;rsm; (tm;vHk;udkrqdkvdk) . '\eqefaom EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&rsm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. tqifhae&mrSefudkzHk;uG,fcJh=uonf? rnfodk@aom oabmxm;rsKd;&Sd&Sd/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.wef;wla&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhudk ab;z,fxm;cJh=uojzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; tESpf(50)ausmf awmufavmifcJh&jcif; jzpfonf? u|Ekfyfonf Armr[kwfaomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. tqifhae&mrSefudk trsm;odatmif rD;armif;xdk;wifjyvdkI Taqmif;yg;udk a&;om;wifjy&jcif;jzpfonf?

1? a&S;twdwfuordkif;aemufcH

rdrdwifjyvdkaom OD;wnfcsuftwGuf vdktyfrnf[k,lqonfh twdwfordkif;wpfcsKd@udk wifjyygrnf? odk@aomfOD;pm;ay;xnfhwGuf&rnfh ypPKyefESifh tem*wfta&;twGuf ordkif;aemufcHtcsKd@a=umifh taESmifht,Sufrjzpfapvdkyg?xdk@a=umifh txl;rvdktyfonfrsm;ESifh tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm;udk twwfEdkifqHk;a&Smif&Sm;I wifjyygrnf?

T jynfaxmifpkt0ef;t0dkif;wGif &yfwnfaexdkif =uukefaom ucsif/u,m;/ u&if/ csif;/ Arm/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;/ ytdk0f;/ yavmif/ 0/ vm;[l ponfhwdkif;&if;om;wdk@onf ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI TajrwGif aexdkifvmcJh=uonf?tm;vHk;onf Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzpf=uonf? OD;pGma&muf&Sdae&m&xm;jcif;/ vlOD;a&rsm;jcif;/ tiftm;}uD;rm;jcif;/ "avhxHk;pHESifh t}udKufudkvdkuf+yD; ae&ma&G;cs,fjcif; ponfjzifh ae&m,laexdkifvmcJh=u&mrS ol@a'oESifh olowfowfrSwfrSwf jzpf&SdvmcJhonf? ol@a'oolae/ ol@vlrsKd;ta&;udk olzefwD;/ ol@rif;/ ol@apmfbGm;/ ol@apmfuJ/ ol@apmzsm/ ol@'l;0g;/ ol@awmifydkif/ ol@awmiftkyfwdk@ESifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifvmcJh=uonf? TonfrSmc&pfESpf at'D 9§10 &mpkxdjzpfonf?


15


Armwdk@onf at'D 9&mpkwGif Tjynfaxmifpka'otwGif;odk@ pwifa&muf&Sdvma=umif;/ xdkrwdkifrDu rGefESifhysLwdk@onf +rdK@jyEdkifiHrsm;wnfaxmif+yD; pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_wdk@jzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm;wnf&Sdae+yD; jzpfa=umif;/ Armwdk@tifESifhtm;ESifh 0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif ysLEdkifiHonf w±[email protected];jcif; cHxm;&onfh umvjzpfojzifh tm;enf;ysufpD;aea=umif;/ ‚if;ae&mwGif Armwdk@0ifa&mufae&m&cJh+yD; wpwpESifh +rdK@jyEdkifiHwnfaxmifvmcJha=umif; ordkif;pmtkyfrsm;wGif trsm;enf;wl usaemfavhvm od&Sd&onf?

xdkumvrS (11) &mpkOD;ydkif;txdonf tv,fydkif;wGif ArmEdkifiH/taemufydkif;wGif &cdkifEdkifiH/ awmifydkif;wGif rGefEdkifiH[lI xifxif&Sm;&Sm;xD;+ydKifeef;+ydKifrsm;jzifh wnf&SdcJhonf? tjcm;vlrsKd;wdk@onf wdkif;EdkifiHtjzpfrxif&Sm;aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@e,fajrwGif rdrdwdk@t}uD;tuJESifh rdrdwdk@trsKd;om;uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@zefwD;cJh=uonf?

(11) &mpkrSm yk*HwGif rif;vkyfaeaom Armbk&iftaemf&xmu ppftiftm;jzifh EdkifiHudkwdk;csJŒ+yD;/ yxrArm tifyg&mEdkifiHudk wnfaxmifcJh onf?(13) &mpktxd wnfwHhcJhonf? (16) &mpkwGif awmifilrS Armbk&ifbk&ifhaemifonf ppftiftm;jzifhyif 'kwd,Armtifyg&mEdkifiHudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? (18) &mpktxd wnfwhHcJhonf? (18) &mpkwGifyif rkqdk;bdk&Gmom; tavmif;bk&m; OD;atmifaZ,sonf wwd,Armtifyg&mEdkifiHudkwnfaxmifcJhonf? (19) &mpktxd wnfwHhcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif t*Fvdyfwdk@ 0ifa&mufvmcJh+yD; &yfa0;wdkif;om;wdk@. udkvdkeDu|efb0atmuf vlrsKd;tm;vHk; a&muf&SdcJh=u&onf?

Armbk&ifrsm;e,fajrcsJ@xGif odrf;,lxm;cJhaom yxr/ 'kwd,tifyg&macwfumvrsm;wGif ppf±_H;aome,fajrrsm;udk b¾m/ orD;unmESifh vdktyfonfhtcg ppfom;rsm;ay;ydk@&aom vufatmufcH e,fpm;rsm;tjzpfxm;&Sd=ua=umif; avhvmod&Sd&onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_wdk@tay: v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,f zsufqD;jcif; rjyK=uay? tavmif;bk&m; (ac: )OD;atmifaZ,s. wwd,tifyg&macwfwGifum; ajr=oZm/ &moDOwk/vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh jyifyurBmESifh qufoG,f&m wHcg;aygufjzpfaome,fajrrsm;udk Armydkife,fajrtjzpf xm0&&,lEdkif&ef pepfwuspDpOf cJhonf?


16

Edkif[Hom

xdk@a=umifh TtcsdefwGif owfjzwfarmif;xkwf/ 0ifa&mufae&m,l 0g;rsKdr_rsm;jyKcJhonf? Todk@jzifh awmifydkif;odk@ Armrsm;a&muf&Sdv$rf;rdk; EdkifcJhonf?

Tordkif;aemufcHjzpfpOftay: oHk;oyf=unfhygu ,[email protected],fe,ferdwftwGif;&Sd e,fajrrsm;onf rlvtpOftquftm;jzifhXmaewdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; ydkifqdkifaome,fajrrsm; jzpfonf? a&GŒvsm;ajymif;vJr_tcsKd@&SdcJhaomfvnf; rdrdwdk@rlvbdk;bGm;ydkife,fajrwGif qufvuf&yfwnfv#uf&Sd=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um;wGif Armonf tiftm;ydk}uD;aom (plygyg0g) vlrsKd;jzpf+yD; tcsuftjcme,fajrrsm;pGmudk &&Sdydkifqdkifxm;EdkifcJh=uonf? odk@aomfe,fajrtm;vHk;udk Armwdk@uom ydkifqdkifcJhonf/[email protected];bGm;ydkifajr jzpfonf/ xdk@a=umifhqufvufydkifqdkifoifhonf[krSwf,lI r&paumif;yg?

2? vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumvESifh yifvHkpmcsKyf

e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyfvufatmuf/ u|efoabmufb0wGif u|efawmfwdk@vlrsKd;pkwdk@. b0b,fyHkb,fenf; wnf&Sd cJh&onfudkvnf; tenf;tusOf; wifjyvdkygonf? vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHe,fajrudk t*Fvdyfwdk@ 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf tajcpdkufcsdefrSpI 1948 ckvGwfvyfa&;&csdeftxd tm%mydkifwpfOD;wnf;.atmufwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmftaejzifh wpnf;wvHk;wnf; wnf&SdaexdkifvmcJh=ujcif;r[kwfay? vlrsKd;tvdkuf a'otvdkuf oD;jcm;pDaexdkifvmcJh=uonfrSm ordkif;wGif txift&Sm;yifjzpfonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufatmufwGif (1) jrefrmjynfr/ (2) awmifwef;a'orsm;/ (3) u&ifeDe,f[lI oHk;rsKd;cGJjcm;xm;&Sdygonf?

txufygtajctaeonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaomzqyvtzGJ@u bk&ifcH. twdkifyifcHtr_aqmiftzGJ@ (0ef}uD;tzGJ@) wGif 0ifa&muftm%m,lonfh 1947 ckESpftxd jzpfonf? txufyg 0ef}uD;tzGJ@onf bk&ifcHtm;jrefrmjynfrtwGuf t}uHay;Edkifaomfvnf; usefa'orsm;twGuf vHk;0ajymqdk ydkifcGifhr&SdcJhyg? u&ifeDe,fac: ,cku,m;jynfe,fonf jrefrmbk&ifrif;wkef; rif;vufxufu jrefrmtpdk;&udk,fpm; uif;0efrif;}uD;ESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ csKyfqdkcJhaompmcsKyft& vGwfvyfaoma'o


17


wpfck tjzpfowfrSwf+yD; rnfonfhtpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyK&ay?aemufydkif;wpfjynfvHk;udk t*Fvdyfwdk@odrf;ydkufvdkufaomtcg t*Fvdyfwdk@uyif oD;jcm;xdef;csKyfudkifwG,fcJh a=umif;od&onf?

'kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;aemuf +Adwdo#tpdk;&u xkwfjyefaom puULjzLpmwrf;wGif jynfrjrefrmEdkifiHtm; 'dkrDeD,HtqifhrS vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef jzpfaomfvnf; awmifwef;a'orsm;udk +Adwdo#tpdk;&vufatmufwGif qufvufxm;&Sd&efjzpfonf? Ttaetxm;wGif 1946 ck Zefe0g&Dv a&$wd*HkapwDtv,fypP,HY usif;yaom zqyv. yxrt}udrfEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcHwGif tqdktrSwf (6) taeESifh wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkta&;acgif;pOfjzifh “vGwfvyfaomArmjynfopfudk wnfaxmif&mrSm wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pk/vlrsKd;pktm;vHk; oabmwlnDwJhenf;eJ@ vGwfvyfpGmwnfaxmif&ef usaemfwdk@oabmwlnDa=umif; uwday;ygonf? rnfonfhwdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkudkrqdk rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@bmomzefwD;cGifhay;ygrnf? usaemfwdk@ESifhcGJxGufvdkonfhtcg cGJxGufcGifh&Sda=umif;” uwdjyKxm;ygonf? xdk@twl 1946ck rwfvwGif usif;yaom yxryifvHktpnf;ta0;wGif zqyvudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ocifEk/ OD;b*srf;ESifh tjcm;aom yk*~dKvftcsKd@wufa&muf+yD;awmifwef;om;rsm; ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;I vGwfvyfa&;&,l&ef wdkufwGef;xm;+yD; vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;v#if wGJvdkuwGJEdkifI/ cGJxGufvdkuvnf; cGJxGufcGifh&Sdrnfjzpfa=umif; xdkrlrSm rnfonfh tm%m&tzGJ@tpnf;rqdk usifhoHk;oGm;&rnfh “rl” jzpfa=umif; xnfhoGif;ajymqdkxm;onf?

&Srf;jynf jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf (&yv) u 1946 ck =o*kwfvwGifjynfrESifhaygif;I vGwfvyfa&;t&,l+yD;v#if —

(1) jynfaxmifpkrlt& aygif;rnf/(2) tcGifhta&;ESifhtqifhtwef;wl jzpf&rnf/(3) &Srf;jynftm; vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh ay;&rnf/(4) cGJxGufvdku tcsdefra&G;cGJxGufcGifh ay;&rnf/

[k aºuG;a=umfpnf;±Hk;cJhonf?

xdkESpf Edk0ifbmv (14) &ufae@wGif &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u bk&ifcHxHpma&;ay;ydk@&mY jrefrmjynfrESifh jynfaxmifpkpepfrlt& aygif;rnfqdkv#if

(1) &Srf;jynftm;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay;&rnf/


18

Edkif[Hom

(2) tcGifhta&;ESifh tqifhtwef;wljzpf&rnf(3) cGJxGufvdkonfhtcsdefwGif cGJxGufcGifhay;&rnf

[k azmfjyxm;onf?

ucsifwdk@uvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; zGJ@pnf;rnfhjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ucsifjynfe,f yg0ifa&;udk atmufyg¹cGif;csufESpf&yfjzifh pOf;pm;rnf?

(1) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ucsifjynfe,fyga&; ryga&;udkucsifjynfe,fom;rsm;uom qHk;jzwf&rnf?

(2) cGJxGufvdkonfhtcsdefwGif cGJxGufcGifhay;&ef [kaz: jyawmif;qdkonf?

xdktajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk yifvHknDvmcHwGif qufvufn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;=u+yD; 1947 ck azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufae@wGif yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk csKyfqdkEdkifcJhonf? yifvHkpmcsKyf. tESpfom& oabmwlnDcsuf (Agreement in

Spirit) rSm —

(1) wef;wlnDr#aom jynfaxmifpkwpfckzGJ@pnf;&efESifh(2) cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufcGifh ay;&ef jzpfonf?

yifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyfqdk+yD;aemuf tusKd;quftm;jzifh atmifqef; —tufwvDpmcsKyfwGif awmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif jzpfay:vmonf? ‚if;tzGJ@onf u&ifeDe,ftygt0if awmifwef;a'orS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkus,fjyef@pGm zdwfac:awG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD;/ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;EdkifcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpkwpfckvHk; t0ef;t0dkif;jzifh twlwuGvGwfvyfa&; &&Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI awmifwef;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfaxmifpktoGifjzifh Armwdk@ESifh ryl;aygif;cJhv#if yifvHkpmcsKyf ay:aygufvmrnf r[kwfay? yifvHkpmcsKyfomray:aygufcJhv#if “awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif” vnf;ay:aygufvmrnfr[kwf? xdkodk@jzpfcJhv#if ArmESifh awmifwef;om; wdk@onf ,cktcg oD;jcm;EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdae=uayvdrfhrnf?

3? yx0DEdkifiHa&;tjrifjzifh avhvmjcif;

yx0DEkdifiHa&;qdkonfrSm yuwdwnf&Sdaeaom a&ajrtaetxm; wnfae&mESifh vlrsKd;/ vlOD;a&/ udk;uG,fonfhbmom/ pD;yGm;a&;tajccH/ pdwf"mwf


19


tajccH ponfwdk@udkyg avhvm+yD; xnfhwGufpOf;pm;onfh EdkifiHa&;tjrif jzpfonf? ‚if;tjrift& avhvm=unfhygu usaemfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwGif1974 ck EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& zGJ@pnf;owfrSwfxm;+yD; ,ae@wdkif todtrSwfjyKaeao;aom jynfe,f (7) jynfe,fESifh wdkif; (7) wdkif;&Sdonf? jynfe,f (7) e,frSm emrnfay;xm;onfhtwdkif; qdkif&mvlrsKd;rsm;.e,fajr[ktodtrSwfjyK+yD; wdkif; (7) wdkif;rSm a,bl,stm;jzifh ArmvlrsKd;rsm; aexdkifonfha'o[k owfrSwfEdkifonf? T zGJ@pnf;wnf&Sdaer_ tay:tajccH+yD; avhvm=unfhygpdk@?

&ckdif/ csif;/ ucsif/ &Srf;/ u,m;/ u&if/ rGefjynfe,frsm;onf jynfaxmifpk.e,fpyf wpfav#mufwGif wnf&Sdae=u+yD; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhqufpyfae=uonf? tqdkyg qufpyfaeonfhwpfzufEdkifiHrsm; twGif;wGifvnf; ‚if;vlrsKd;rsm;&Sdae=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf EdkifiHom;csif;rwluGJjym;aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk@tcsif;csif;xdawG@qufqHae=uonf? tcsKd@rSm vlrsKd;a&;t& cHpm;csufjcif;eD;pyf+yD; tjyeftvSef ±dkif;yif;ulnDr_rsm; &Sd=uonf? tqdkygvlrsKd;rsm;onf qufpyfaeaomEdkifiHrsm;&Sd jynfol@tpdk;&rsm;ESifh jy\em}uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&S=duay? aemufwpfcsufrSm qufpyfaeonfhEdkifiHrsm;onfrdrdwdk@jynfaxmifpkxuf at;csrf;onf/ wdk;wufonf/ aecsifpzG,fvnf;ydk&Sdonf? T taetxm;onf jynfe,fwckcku rdrdwdk@jynfaxmifpkrScGJxGuf+yD; oD;jcm;&yfwnfjcif; odk@r[kwf wzufEdkifiHESifh yl;aygif;jcif;rsm;jyKvkyfvdkatmif qGJaqmifaeonfh taetxm;&Sda=umif; awG@&onf?

jynfe,f&&Sdxm;=uaom vlrsKd; (7) rsKd;. taetxm;tay: oHk;oyf=unfhygu ordkif;a=umif;t& vnf;aumif;/ vlOD;a&t& vnf;aumif;/tajccHpD;yGm;a&;t& vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;wufºuGr_t& vnf;aumif; pHrD=uI jynfe,f&&Sdxm;=ujcif; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um; wufºuGr_t&mwGif pHrD±Hkru — tm%m&jynfaxmifpktpdk;& tqufqufudkyifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vufeufudkifawmfvSef ykefuefcJh=uonf? ,ae@wdkif OD;aqmifEdkifiHa&;ygwD trsKd;om;vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; yDyDjyifjyif&Sdae=uonf? ‚if; EdkifiHa&;ygwD/ vufeufudkiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;tcsif;csif;qufpyfr_/ &if;ESD;r_aumif;pGm &Sd=uonf?


20

Edkif[Hom

ArmvlrsKd;rsm;onf tv,fydkif;ESifh ajrjyef@ydkif;wGif taersm;onf? e,fpyfESifh qufpyfaeaom ppfudkif;wdkif;. taemufajrmufa'orsm;wGif ArmvlrsKd;enf;+yD; csif;/ em*/ &Srf;/ ucsifponfh wdkif;&if;om;awGu rsm;ygonf?xdk@twl weoFm&Dwdkif;wGifvnf; xm;0,fom;rsm;onf trsm;pkjzpf+yD;u&if/ rGef vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sd=uonf? xm;0,fom;rsm;onf ArmrsKd;EG,fpk0if[k qdkaomfvnf; ArmvlrsKd;tjzpf rcH,lvdkyg? ‚if;wdk@wGif “bdwf- xm;0,ftrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;” awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf; &Sdonf?

jrifomonfrSm ArmvlrsKd;onf e,fpyfwav#mufwGif taeenf;+yD;tv,fydkif;wGif pkpnf;aexdkif=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk0ef;&Hxm;onf? vuf&Sdjynfe,f (7) jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;onf{&d,mpwk&ef;rdkif (143650) &Sd+yD; wdkif; (7) wdkif;. tus,ft0ef;rSm {&d,mpwk&ef;rdkif (117578) &Sdonf? xdk@a=umifhe,fajrt& jynfe,frsm;uydkIus,fygonf? vlOD;a&t&=unfhv#if wdkif; (7) wdkif;aygif;onf jynfe,f(7) jynfe,faygif;xuf ydkrsm;ygonf? odk@aomf ArmvlrsKd;tm;vHk;aygif;onftjcm;wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pk tm;vHk;aygif;xuf ydkIrrsm;yg? ArmvlrsKd;wdk@taeESifh tay: pD;&xm;onfrSm =um+yDjzpf+yD;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;taejzifhpmay/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh EdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm; uef@owfzdESdyfcHae&onfhtwGufArmvlrsKd;rsm;tjzpfcH,lol ydkrsm;aejcif;jzpfonf?

pdwf"mwfa&;&mudk avhvm=unfhygu Armtrsm;pkonf Ak'<bmomudkudk;uG,f,Hk=unf=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;tcsKd@onf c&pf,mefbmomudkudk;uG,f=u+yD; tcsKd@rSm ewfudk;uG,f=uonf? "avhxHk;pH ,Ofaus;r_t&tcsKd@rSm ArmvlrsKd;ESifh tvGefjcm;em;onf? EdkifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsuft& qdkygrlArmwdk@.}uD;pdk;r_udk rcHvdkI ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qef@usiftmcH awmfvSefcJh=uonf? ,cktcg tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@u tm%mydkifppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfqdkaomfvnf; tajccHEdkifiHa&;tjrif ,Hk=unfcsufwdk@wGif uGJjym;v#uf yif&Sdonf? ‚if;udk n‡dE_dif;ajz&Sif;&ef ,ae@txd pwifEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;yg? wdkif;&if;om;trsm;pkwdk@rSm trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;qHk;±_H;ae&ojzifh tm%m&tpdk;&tqufquftay: usL;ausmfolr[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;tjzpf ±_jrifae=uonf? Todk@ ±_jrifaeygu udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef tcuftcJrsm;pGm&Sda=umif; od&SdEdkifygonf?


21


4 ? av;eufaomrsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf

jynfaxmifpktwGif;rS Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfonf ArmvlrsKd;rsm;xufydkonf[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; avsmhenf;rnf[kxifjrifygu rSm;ayvdrfhrnf? ArmvlrsKd;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;om; t*Fvdyf/ *syefe,fcsJŒrsm;vufatmuf usa&mufcJhpOfumvwGif rnfodk@cHpm;&onfudkjyefvnfpOf;pm;oHk;oyfygu usefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;. cHpm;csufudk em;vnfygvdrfhrnf? Armwdk@wpfcsdefu trsKd;/ bmom/ omoem aysmufuG,frSmtvGefpdk;&drfcJh=uovdk usefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;taeESifh =umjrifhcJhonfh tcsdefrS,ae@xdwdkif pdk;&drfae=uqJ jzpfonf? Tonfudk Armacgif;aqmifrsm; av;av;eufeuf udk,fcsif;pm xnfhwGufapvdkonf?

vlrsKd;qdkonfrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_csif; wlnDaom vlpkudk ac:qdk=uonf? Todk@ wlnDEdkif&efrSm ESpfaygif;axmifaomif;csDI twlwuGaexdkifoGm;vm a&GŒvsm;&if; 'kuQtE W&m,f toG,foG,fudk twlwuG wGef;vSefumuG,fcJh=uaom aumif;wlqdk;buf uH=urRmcsif;qufae=uonfh bdk;ab;bDbifrsm;rS aygufzGm;vmolrsm; jzpf=u&ayrnf? t&if;ppfygu vlrsKd;qdkonfrSm aqGrsLd;om;csif;rsm; jzpf=uonf?vl@b0ordkif;udk avhvmv#if vlwdk@onf wpfpkESifhwpfpk wdkufcdkufowfjzwf+yD;ypPnf;OpPmESifh ae&mudkvk/ ppf±_H;I xGufrajy;Edkifoludk u|efjyKcJh=uonf?xdk@a=umifh vdktyfr_t& tkyfpkzGJ@aexdkif&if; bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? aus;&Gm/ +rdK@jy/ EdkifiHrsm; jzpfay:vmonf? xdkodk@tkyfpktvdkufom &Sifoef&yfwnf}uD;yGm;Edkifaom jzpfpOftwGif; vlwdk@rSmtkyfpkcspfpdwf/ rsKd;cspfpdwfonf euf±_dif;pGm tjrpfwG,fcJh=uonf? acwfumvrnfodk@yifajymif; apumrl ,ae@txd vlrsKd;/ EdkifiHcGJjcm;r_onf &SdaeqJjzpf+yD; ‚if;udkt&if;ppf=unfhygu udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,faejcif;jzpfa=umif; awG@&rnf?

rsKd;cspfpdwfonf EdkifiHa&;t,l0g' ,Hk=unfr_xufrsm;pGm euf±_dif;onf?xdkodk@euf±_dif;a=umif;udk a&&Sm;aom ae&modk@a&mufrS a&.wefzdk;udkav;av;eufeufod&SdEdkfifaom vlrsm;uJhodk@ EdkifiHaysmuf zdESdyfr_atmufa&mufaeaom vlrsKd;rsm;u ydkIod&Sdem;vnf=uonf? um;ruf (pf)/ vDeifESifh


22

Edkif[Hom

ocif - - wdk@u vlrsKd;a&;jy\emonf vlwef;pm;jy\em. vufatmufcH[k qdkcJh=uaomfvnf; qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ ,l*dkpvm;AD,m;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhuGefjrLepfygwDtawmfrsm;rsm; ysufjym;aysmufuG,foGm;=u+yD;/ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfum; EdkifiHwumwGif vnf;aumif;/ jynfwGif;rSm vnf;aumif;&Sifoefa&SŒwdk;aeqJyif?

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; todtrSwfjyKr_rcH&jcif;ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t& 0g;rsKdazsmufzsufcH&r_rS vGwfajrmuf&ef u&ifeD/rGef/ &cdkifwdk@u vGwfvyfa&;&onfqdkonfh 1948 ckESpfrSpI ±kef;uefwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf? 1949 ck ESpfqef;wGif u&ifwdk@uvnf;aumif;/ ESpfukefydkif;wGif ytdk0f;wdk@u vnf;aumif; vufeufudkifawmfvSef vm=ujyefonf? &Srf;/ucsif/ csif;/ yavmif/ vm;[l/ 0/ em* ponfwdk@u 1958 ckESpfESifh 1960ckESpf 0ef;usifavmufwGif toD;oD;±kef;uef wdkufyGJ0ifvm=uonf? xdk vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf toGifo¿meft& ajymif;vJr_tcsKd@&Sdaomfvnf; ,ae@xufwdkif wnf&SdaeqJyif?

wdkif;&if;om;rsm;vlrsdK;pkrsm;. trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufr_ awmfvSefa&;onf rdrdwdk@trsKd;om;a&;udkom t"duxm; wdkufyGJ0ifaeojzifh rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;. axmufcHtultnDay;r_udkom &&Sdonf? tcsKd@aom Armacgif;aqmifrsm;u xdktrsKd;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;tay: e,fcsJŒvufyg;aprsm;[kxifjrifpGyfpGJ=uaomfvnf; rnfonfhEdkifiH wckckur# vufeufaiGa=u;axmufyHhjcif;rsKd; r&SdcJhyg? rdrdwdk@trsKd;om;jynfolrsm;. axmufyHhulnDr_jzifhom =uyf=uyfwnf;wnf; &yfwnfcJh&if; wjznf;jznf;csif; wkd;wuftm;aumif;vmjcif; jzpfonf?

'Drdkua&pDta&;tay: tajccHaom OD;Ek. ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwDvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;onf EdkifiHwpfcsKd@. tultnDjzifh 1970 rSp+yD;t&Sdeft0gaumif;aumif;ESifh ay:xGufvmaomfvnf; (5) ESpf (6) ESpftawmtwGif;rSmyif csKyf+idrf;oGm;cJhonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonfEdkifiHwumtvkyform;nDtpfudk oabmxm;t& jyifyrS vufeufusnfqH/aiGa=u;/ aq;0g; tpkt+yHKESifh &cJhygaomfvnf; tESpf (50) ausmf awmfvSefa&;c&D;rSm tprf;oyfrcHEdkifcJhyg? tjrifusOf;olrsm;[k tajymcHae&aomtrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;url tiftm;}uD;rm;onfh jzwfav;


23


jzwf/ 0dkif;ywfydwfqdk@ppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm;udk ckcHI t&Sdeft[kef rjyif;aomfvnf; &Sifoefv_yf&Sm;a&SŒwdk;aeqJyif? Todk@ &yfwnfaeEdkifonfrSmcdkifrmaom rsKd;cspfpdwftay: tajcjyKjcif;jzpfa=umif; om"urD;armif;xdk;jyvdkufjcif; jzpfawmhonf?

5? oifhjrwfrSefuefaomwdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;oabmxm;

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Todk@aom taetxm;rsKd;wGifyif jynfyrS bmompum;/ pmay/,Ofaus;r_rsm; 0ifa&mufv$rf;rdk;vmrnfudk pdk;&drf+yD;/ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;/ trsKd;*k%f Zmwd*k%f jrifhrm;a&;twGuf vkyfief;rsm;pGmudkvkyfae=uao;onf? Oyrm — ,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESpf xdef;odrf;a&;twGufeef;awmfa[mif;/ ausmif;a[mif;/ apwDa[mif;rsm; jyifqifjcif;/ topfaqmufvkyfjcif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; / ,Ofaus;r_xdef;odrf;a&;twGuf tqdktuta&;twD;+ydKifyGJrsm;udk +rdK@e,frSA[dktxd ESpfpOfusif;yjcif;udk vnf;aumif;/ ,Ofaus;r_jywdkufrsm; aqmufvkyfjcif;udk vnf;aumif;/ ±kd;&myGJawmfrsm;jzpfonfh avS+ydKifyGJ/ vSnf;+ydKifyGJESifh jrif;cif;obif ponfrsm; usif;yjcif;udkvnf;aumif; b¾maiG tajrmuftjrm; tukeftuscH+yD; vkyfaqmifae=uonf?

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24

Edkif[Hom

w&m;0ifoif=um;cGifhr&Sd jzpfae&onf? xdkodk@ w&m;0ifoHk;pGJcGifhrjyKjcif;onft&mwpfckudk wefzdk;rJhatmif vkyfvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? wefzdk;rJhaom ypPnf;wpfckudk rnfolwdk@u =um=um xdef;odrf;=urnfenf;? wenf;tm;jzifh rdk;xJa&xJajrmif;xJodk@ ypfcsap+yD; tvdkvdkaqG;ajrhysufpD;oGm;ap&ef zefwD;vdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? bmompum;/ pmay r&Sdawmhaom vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;onfbmjzpfoGm; rnfenf;? ajredrfh&m uefwl;+yD;/ ukef;jrifhtm; xyfzdk@aejcif;onfnDnmaom ajrjyifudk rnfonfhtcgr# jzpfay:apEdkifrnf r[kwfyg?

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urBmhv$rf;+cHK,SufEG,fr_ (Globalization) acwf}uD;wGif tiftm;ydkrdk}uD;olwdk@u pD;yGm;a&;t&om v$rf;rdk; oGm;Edkifonfr[kwf? bmompum;/pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_t&vnf; 0g;rsKdv$rf;rdk;oGm;rnfh tE W&m,f&Sda=umif; trsm;od=uygonf? tiftm;}uD; taemuftkyfpku v$rf;rdk;Edkifovdk vlOD;a&oef;aygif;axmifausmf&Sdonfh EdkifiH}uD;ESpfcku 0ef;&Hv#uf&Sdonfudkvnf;od=uygonf? wu,fyif pdk;&drfp&m&Sdygonf? odk@aomf xdktE W&m,fonfeufjzef odk@r[kwf wae@aomtcgrS a&mufvmEdkifrnfjzpf+yD; u|Ekfyfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tzdk@ ,ckavmavmq,f &ifqdkifae&onfu r[mArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g' jzpfaeygonf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@onfvlrsKd;a&;t& uGJjym;r_&Sdaeaomfvnf; EdkifiHwpfckwnf;wGif twlwuG aexkdif=uonf? rauseyfr_ rnfodk@yif&Sdap/ vlrsKd;pktvdkufarmif;xkwfI r&ovdk xGufajy;Ivnf; r&yg? em;cdkp&majrr&Sd? twlwuGae=u&rnfom? aumif;wlqdk;zuf uH=urRmcsif;qufpyfae=uonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHonf obm0 a&/ ajr/ &moDOwk oifhawmfaumif;rGefonf? pdkufysKd;ajrvHkavmufpGm &Sdonf? ajray:ajratmuf obm0 o,HZmw ypPnf;rsm;vnf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf? rD;awmif/ ivsif/ rkefwdkif; paom obm0ab;tE W&m,fawGvnf; tvGefenf;onf? odk@ygaomfvnf; urBmwGif zGHH@+zdK;r_tenf;qHk;(tqif;&JqHk;) EdkifiHpm&if;0if jzpfae&onf?


25


u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHom;rsm;onf jynfywGif ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tjzpfvlOD;a&odef;ausmf a&muf&Sdae&onf? tvkyf&SmazGa&;twGufvnf;jynfywGif w&m;r0if odef;ESifhcsD a&muf&Sdae=uonf? jynfolrsm;. b0onfvHk+cHKr_r&Sd/ ae&mwumwGif a=umufvef@ae&+yD; tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;qHk;±_H;ae&onf? pm;0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&; wdk@wGifvnf; edrfhusae&onf? Todk@aom tajctaeqdk;rsm; tb,fa=umifh jzpfay:vm&oenf;? ta=umif;&Smaomf jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh jzpfvm&onf? jynfwGif;ppftb,fa=umifh jzpf&oenf;? rnD!Gwfr_a=umifh? rnD!Gwfr_ bma=umifhjzpfay: ae&oenf;? vlrsKd;pHkpkpnf;aexdkifaom wdkif;jynfwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pHkESifh ywfoufaom rSefuefonfh oabmxm;r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpf&onf? xdk@a=umifh Ttjzpfqdk;/ tajctaeqdk;rsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef rSefuefonfh oabmxm;/ rSefuefonfh enf;emrsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;oifhyga=umif;wifjyvdkygonf?

6? tem*wfudk rnfodk@zefwD;=urnfenf;

vlom;wdk@twGuf t"duar#mfrSef;csufonf aumif;rGefaom b0udka&muf&Sda&;jzpfonf? xdkaumif;rGefaom b0udka&muf&SdEdkifa&;rSm twdwfrS oifcef;pmudk,l+yD; ypPKyefwGif taumif;qHk; taumiftxnfazmf&rnf? TonfrSmoDtdk&Dac: ed,mrw&m;/ twdwfudkavhvm+yD; vufpm;vdkufacsaezdk@r[kwf? twdwfudk ravhvmyguvnf; ypPKyefrSm rSefuefatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfr[kwf? xdk@twl ypPKyefwGif &ifqdkifae&aom tcuftcJrsm;/ b0edrfhusr_rsm; rjynfhpHkr_rsm;udk pdwfukef+yD; xdkif+iD;aeIvnf; bmr#xl;vmrnfr[kwf? tcuftcJaygif;pHk=um;rS tem*wftwGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif}udK;yrf;vkyfaqmif&rnfrSm vlom;wdk@. wm0efjzpfonf? odk@rSom tem*wfwGif u|Ekfyfwdk@b0/ u|Ekfyfwdk@om;orD;/ u|Ekfyfwdk@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHonf aumif;rGefaom tajctaeodk@ a&muf&SdEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

u|Ekfyftjrift& — twdwfudk oHk;oyf&mwGif vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpfrsm;utcsdefumvudk avhvmjcif;ESifh vGefcJhonfh q,fpkESpfrsm;umvudk avhvmzdk@vdkrnf? &mpkESpfumvudkavhvmjcif;onf rlvwnf&Sdr_ tajctaerSefudk


26

Edkif[Hom

em;vnf&efjzpfonf? xdk@twl EdkifiHe,ferdwftwGif;&Sd e,fajronf [email protected];ab;bDbif ydkifajrtm;vHk;r[kwfa=umif; odygvdrfhrnf? q,fpkESpfumvudk avhvmjcif;onf vuf&Sd&ifqdkifae&aom jy\emrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ppfudkajz&Sif;Edkif&ef jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh 1948 - 49 0ef;usif ESifh 1960 0ef;usifwdk@udk ydkI tav;xm;avhvm&ef vdkvdrfhrnf? xdkodk@avhvm+yD; 1947ck zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. vGJacsmftm;enf;csufrsm;udk od&SdvufcHvmyguajymif;vJjyKjyif&ef vG,fulygvdrfhrnf? acgif;aqmifvkyfol yk*~dKvftcsKd@. qENpGJtrSm;awGa=umifh oef;aygif; (50) ausmf jynfolrsm; ESpfaygif; (50) ausmf'kuQyifv,fa0cJh&onfudk oifcef;pm,lwwfzdk@ vdkonf?

yifvHkoabmwlnDcsuftay: tajcjyK+yD; pwifaygif;pnf;cJhonfudktajccHI ppfrSefaomjynfe,faygif;pk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwpfckudk wnfaqmufrnfqdkv#if rnfonfhvlrsKd;twGuf epfemp&m&Sdygoenf;? vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;ESifhwpfrsKd;t=um; vlOD;a&t& uGmcsifuGmrnf? wdk;wufr_t& uGmcsifuGmrnf?odk@aomf vlrsKd;qdkonfh ,lepft&=unfh+yD; twlwljzpfonfqdkonfh oabmxm;udk vufcHEdkifrnfqdkv#if vlrsKd;a&;t& jy\em&Sdawmhrnfr[kwfay?

qGpfZmvefEdkifiHwGif qGpfvlrsKd; 83³5μ &Sd+yD;/ usefvlrsKd;tm;vHk;aygif;onf16³5μ om&Sdonf? oHk;pGJaom bmompum;rSm *smref 69μ/ jyifopf 20μ/tDwvD 10μ/ ±dkrif 1μ jzpf&Sdaeaomfvnf; vlrsKd;a&;t& jy\emr&Sd?bmompum;av;rsKd;pvHk;udk w&m;0if todtrSwfjyKxm;onf? qdkAD,uf,leD,HacwfumvwGif ±k&Sm;ESifh tufpfwdk;eD;,ef;wdk@onf vlOD;a&t& 173q uGmjcm;+yD; ,cktdENd,wGif wrD;vfem'l;jynfe,fESifh rDZdk&rfjynfe,fwdk@onf vlOD;a&t& tq 100 cef@ uGmaeonf? {&d,mtus,ft0ef;t&vnf; qdkAD,ufEdkifiHwGif t}uD;qHk;jynfe,fESifh ti,fqHk;jynfe,f wdk@onftq 60 r#uGmjcm;onf? odk@aomf vlrsKd;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;wGif wef;wlxm;&Sdaoma=umifh vlrsKd;a&; qdkif&m jy\emrsm;ray:aygufcJhay? wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfa=umifhom jy\em&Sdonf? qGpfZmvefEdkifiHonf pdkufysKd;&efajrtenf;tusOf;om&Sd+yD; wefzdk;}uD;aom obm0o,HZmwypPnf;txl;r&Sd/ obm0a&wHcGef rsm;rS v#yfppf"gwftm;udk xkwf,ltoHk;jyKItqifhjrifh ukefypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;jzifh uHkvHkºuG,f0aom EdkifiHwpfckudk wnfaxmifEdkifcJhonf? aiGukefa=u;usenf;ap&ef t+rJwrf;ppfwyfudk


27


tenf;tusOf;om xm;&Sd+yD;/ trsKd;om;wdkif; ppfynmoifapI vufeufwyfqifum vHk+cHKa&;udpP cdkifrmatmif wnfaqmufxm;onfrSm tm;&p&mjzpfonf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif vlrsKd;a&;t& wef;wla&; oabmrxm;Edkifaoma=umifh vlrsKd;a&;yÉdyuQ jzpfay:vmcJh&onf? ,if; yÉdyuQudk ppfa&;jzifhajz&Sif;=u&m jynfvHk;tESHŒjynfwGif;ppfrD;awmufavmifcJh&onf? jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh pD;yGm;a&;c|wf+cHKus/ vl@tcGifhta&;qdwfokOf;/ trkef;ESifh &efn‡dK;zGJ@r_rsm; jyif;xefae&onf? TonfrSm wef;wla&; oabmrxm;Edkifjcif;.&vm'fqdk; 0uFyg}uD;yif jzpfawmhonf? T 0uFbmrS vGwfajrmufEdkif&efrSmtem*wfwGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;&Sdonfh vlrsKd;a&;t& wef;wla&;ESihf udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom jynfe,faygif;pkjynfaxmifpkudk wnfaqmuf&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfa=umif; apwemaumif;jzifh wifjytyfygonf?

7? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tay: oabmxm;

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0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek. jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmuf&ef 1958 ckESpf ZGefv(24) &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefonfh vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh oifykef;ajca&;ESifhvufeufpGef@+yD; Oya'abmifxJ0ifum EdkifiHa&;ygwD xlaxmifa&; urf;vSrf;


28

Edkif[Hom

csufonf tm%m&tpdk;&ESifh wyfrawmfbufu oabmxm;}uD;rm;r_rsm;pGm&Sda=umif;udk azmfjyojzifh jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;uvnf; vdkvm;axmufcHcJh=uonf? xdk@twl jynfol@&JabmfwyfzGJ@/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;/ytdk0f;trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfzGJ@ESifh &cdkifjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@wdk@uvnf; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf jrifhjrwfaomapwemjzifh 0ifa&mufvufeuftyfum EdkifiHa&;t& ajyvnfr_&atmifvkyfcJhonfudk awG@&onf? Tonfwdk@rSm EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;enf;t& ajz&Sif;&ef jynfolvlxk. qENrJtqHk;tjzwfudk ±dk;om;pGmcH,l=ujcif;jzpfonf? xdktcsdefuEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk;onf EdkifiHtay: apwemaumif;&Sda=umif;ESifhoabmxm;}uD;a=umif;udk jyocJh=uonf?

1962 ckESpfwGif ygvDrefY ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;qdkif&m zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' jyifqifa&;tqdkrsm; tm;aumif;jyif;xefvmonf? 'Drdkua&pDvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;t& ygvDrefwGif aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfjcif;udkrdrdwdk@qENtvdkESifhrudkufnDaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh acgif;aqmifwpfcsKd@wdk@u wdkif;jynf+ydKuGJawmhrnf[k ta=umif;jy+yD; EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;um tm%modrf;cJhonf?

TonfrSm vufeufudktyf/ wyfzGJ@udkzsufodrf;+yD; +idrf;csrf;pGm w&m;enf;vrf;t& 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;cJh=uonfh vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.±kd;om;onfh apwemtay: tjrwfxkwf/ rw&m;jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? xdkvkyf&yfa=umifh aemufaemifwGif tcsif;csif;tay:,Hk=unfr_enf;yg;+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; ysufjym;cufcJ vmcJh&onf? xdkvkyf&yf. tusKd;qufa=umifh jynfwGif;ppfrD;}uD;us,fjyif;xefpGm awmufavmifvm&+yD; wdkif;jynfrGJjymus cJh&onf?

1969 ckavmufwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ekonf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyf&ef xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;qdkonfht&Sdeft0gESifh ‚if;. ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD wpfygwDwnf;jzifh EdkifiHwumwGifxdk;azmuf&ef }udK;pm;cJhonf? odk@aomf bmr#tvkyfrjzpfcJh? 1970 ckwGifa'ocH wdkif;&if;om; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±Hk;(KNU)/ rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP) ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHknD!Gwfa&; ESifh vGwfajrmufa&;wyfaygif;pk (wnv) udk wnfaxmif


29


zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif csif;'Drdkua&pDygwDESifh *sifrD,ef; OD;aqmifaom&Srf;rsKd;cspfwyfOD;wdk@ yg0ifvmonf?

xdktcgusrS jyify. ,Hk=unfr_udk &&SdcJh+yD; jynfyukr%DwpfcsKd@. }udKwift&if;pdkufacs;aiG tultnDrsm; &&SdcJhonf? xdkodk@aiGrsm; &&Sdaomtcg rGef/u&if/ csif;/ &Srf;tzGJ@rsm;tm; tenf;tusOf;pDom cGJa0ay;+yD; trsm;pk}uD;udkOD;Ek.tzGJ@u ,lxm;vdkufonf? xdkodk@rnDrr#&SdcJh&mu r=umrD rausrvnfjzpfvmonf? aemufydkif;wGif trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudpPEdkifiHa&;t& tjiif;yGg;cJh=uonf? aemufqHk;wGif OD;Ekonf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwDrSxGuf+yD; tdENd,wGif oGm;a&mufem;cdkcJhonf? OD;Ek. ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwDESifh jynfcspfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfwdk@onfvnf; 1975 - 76avmufwGif tpdyfpdyftr$mr$muGJum wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,f oGm;cJh&onf?

1986 ckESpftwGif;u (r'w) ac: trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk.tzGJ@0ifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf (Auy) ac: ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDA[dkXmecsKyfjzpfaom yefqef;odk@a&mufcJhonf/ xdkpOfu (r'w) wGif wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;aygif; (11) zGJ@ yg0ifae+yD; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;pkpnf;r_tm;aumif;aecsdef jzpfonf? wpfzufwGif (Auy) onf wyftiftm;/ vufeuftiftm; jynfhpHkaumif;rGef+yD; t&Sdeft0gaumif;aecsdefvnf;jzpfonf?tu,fI Ttiftm;pkESpfckom em;vnfr_&Sd+yD; vufwGJEdkifygu EdkifiHa&;t&a&m ppfa&;t&yg (rqv) tpdk;&udk v_yfcgEdkifaom taetxm;wGif&Sdonf? odk@aomfESpfzufn‡dE_dif;&mwGif (r'w) u wifjyaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk (Auy) wdk@bufrSvufrcH/ wef;wla&;ESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;rlay:wGifom &yfwnfcJhonf?xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;t& n‡dE_dif;Ir&/ vufwGJ&ef ae&mrusjzpfcJh &onf?

trSefpifppf xkdtcsdefu (Auy) . wyftiftm;onf 0/ udk;uef@/ tmcg/&Srf;/ vm;[l/ yavmif paom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhom t"dupkpnf;xm;onf? odk@aomfvnf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. &&Sdoifhaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tav;teufxnfhrwGufcJhyg? 0/ udk;uef@paom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_ wdk;wufa&;udkvnf; tm;ay;aqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdyg? acwfaemufusaom awmifay:wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: cdkif;zwfozG,foabmxm; cJhonf?


30

Edkif[Hom

(Auy) . Toabmxm;a=umifh awmfvSefa&;tvm;tvm wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmatmif zefwD;,lEdkifaom tcGifhta&;aumif;wpf&yf vufv$wfcJh&onf? xdkxufru (Auy) vufatmuf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf‚if;wdk@. vlrsKd;pkta&;tay:xm;&Sdaom (Auy) wdk@. oabmxm;udkrausreyf jzpfvm=uonf? Todk@jzifh 1989 ckESpfwGif (Auy) . ajcvufcE<mozG,fjzpfaom wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;cGJxGuf=uukefojzifh OD;acgif;wpfvHk;omusefonfh (Auy) onf jynfwGif;rSm r&yfwnf EdkifawmhonftxdjzpfcJh&onf? awmfvSefa&;umvwpfav#mufwGif EdkifiHa&;t&a&m ppfa&;t&yg OD;aqmif r_tcef;rS &yfwnfvmcJhaom (Auy) onf ajrrsKdcH&onfhES,fajratmufv#dKawmfvSefa&;b0 a&mufoGm;cJh&onf?

txufazmfjyyg tawG@t}uHKtjzpftysufrsm;u oufaojy!$ef;qdkaeonfrSm wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf rSefuefaomoabmxm; &Sdv#if&Sdovdk ajyvnf+yD;wdk;wuf&ef vrf;pay:xGufvmonf?

xkd@twl rSefuefaom oabmxm;vrf;a=umif;rS ab;xGufwdrf;acsmfoGm;onfESifh qHk;±_H;r_tEœ&,frsm;ESifh &ifqdkif=u&onfrSmvnf; oifcef;pm,lp&maumif;ygonf?

8? t=uyftwnf;aygif;pHkrS xGuf&yfvrf;

vGwfvyfa&;ESifhtwl ay:aygufvmaom jynfwGif;ppfonf aejrifhav t±l;&ifhavqdkovdk wjznf;jznf;ESifh }uD;xGm;us,fjyef@vmonf? wpfcgwpfavt&Sdefaoawmhra,mif +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ay:aygufcJhaomfvnf;em;vnfr_r&EdkifbJ/ ysufjy,fcJh&onfu rsm;ygonf? vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m yÉdyuQ/0g'a&;&mqdkif&m yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh tpdk;&twGif; tuGJt+yJ/ tpdk;&ESifhwyfrawmft=um; tuGJt+yJrsm; jzpfay:vmcJh&onf? tm%modrf;r_rsm;jzpfcJh&onf?

1963 ckESpfwGif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhyg? EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfa&;qGJjyXmef;aomfvnf; xl;jcm;aumif;rGefvmjcif;r&Sd? tpdk;&ESifh ausmif;om;/


31


tpdk;&ESifh tvkyform;xkt=um; yÉdyuQt}udrf}udrfjzpfay: cJhonf? 1988ckESpfwGif wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;tESH@ tHkºuGr_}uD;jzpfay:cJh+yD; aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ }uD;rm;pGm jzpfay:cJhonf? 1990 ckESpfwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;ycJhaomfvnf; jy\emudkrajz&Sif;EkdifbJ jy\emopfrsm;om xyfwdk;vmcJhonf?1993 rS 96 ckESpftxd trsKd;om;nDvmcHusif;ycJhaomfvnf; jy\emudkwpfpHkwpf&m avsmhyg;oGm;atmif rvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhyg? wpfzufwGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;udk typftcwf&yfpJa&;enf;jzifh wpfzGJ@+yD;wpfzGJ@ vkyfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;r_r&Sdojzifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;tqifhrSmyif wpfqdk@aeonf?

ta&;ygaom tiftm;}uD;[email protected]&;/ pD;yGm;a&; ydwfqdk@t=uyfudkifr_rsm;ESihf &ifqdkifcJh&onf? 2004 ckESpfarv (17) &ufwGiftrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk jyefvnfusif;yaeaomfvnf; yg0ifoifhaom tzGJ@tpnf; tcsKd@ESifh yk*~dKvftcsKd@yg0ifjcif;r&Sdojzifh taxGaxGEdkifiHa&; t=uyftwnf;rS azmufxGufEdkif&ef tvm;tvm rjrifawG@&yg?

,cktajctaewGif tm%m&ppftpdk;&ESifh wyfrawmftiftm;pk/ a&G;aumufyGJEdkif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (NLD) ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@rsm;tiftm;pktrsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk awmif;qdkaeaomEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ vufeufudkiftypftcwf&yftzGJ@rsm;ESifh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ0ifaeqJtzGJ@rsm;jzpfaom wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;[lI tiftm;}uD; (3) pk &Sdae=uonf? Ttiftm;pk}uD; (3) ck wGif rwljcm;em;aomEdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufrsm;ESifh ausmaxmufaemufcHtiftm;pkrsm; &Sdae=uonf? rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufudk toufESifhvJ+yD; &yfwnfumuG,foGm;&ef cdkifrmaom ,Hk=unfcsufrsm; &Sdae=uonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtoufaygif;rsm;pGm &if;+yD;umuG,fcJh/ taumiftxnfazmfcJh=u+yD;vnf;jzpfonf? rnfonfhbufrS rdrdwkd@.&yfwnfcsufudk ayghayghwefwefESifh vufv$wftavsmhay;+yD; tjcm;bufudk tm%mukefv$Jtyfay;Edkifaom tajctaer&Sd? ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;&yfwnfr_onf ‚if;[email protected] qufpyfaeonf?

xdk@a=umifh Tjy\emudk vG,fvG,fESifh ajz&Sif;Edkifaom tajctaersKd;r&Sdyg? Tjy\emudk tcsKd@u 'Drdkua&pDta&;[k vG,fvG,fESifh trnfay;=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif


32

Edkif[Hom

'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; aysmufqHk;ae&aoma=umifh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;onfom t"duvdktyfcsuf[k ±_jrifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@aomf ppftm%m&Sifpepftb,fa=umifh jzpfay:cdkif+rJae&onfudk xnfhrwGufrdIxdkodk@jrifygvdrfhrnf?

Oyrmtm;jzifh vlemwpfa,muftzsm;wuf+yD; csrf;wkefaeonfudkawG@&ojzifh apmif+cHKay;&rnf (odk@) rD;yHkay;&rnf[k wGufq=uovdkyif?tb,fa=umifh csrf;wHkvm&onfudk xnfhrwGufbJ apmif+cHK (0g) rD;yHkay;ygu c%oufomaumif;oufomrnf (odk@) twGif;a&mtjyifygyl+yD; vlemtajctaeydkqdk; oGm;Edkifonf? t&if;cHa&m*g aysmufuif;Edkif rnfr[kwfyg?

xdk@a=umifh tay:,Hudkausmf+yD; av;av;eufeuf±_jrifoifhonf? wpfcsdefu u|Ekfyfwkd@EdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD tawmftwef &SdcJhonf? odk@aomf wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. wef;wltcGifhta&;awmif;qdkr_udk ray;vdkI wyfudktm;arG;+yD; ppftiftm;jzifh zdapcJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;bufuvnf; rcHEdkifI vufeufudkifawmfvSefonf? ‚if;udktEdkif,lacsr_ef;&ef wyfudkydkrdktm;jznfhjyifqif+yD; wdkufcdkufapcJhonf? Todk@jzifh ppfwyfudk ydkrdktm;jznfhtm%may;&if; csKyfudkifr_vGwfxGufoGm;onfuwpfa=umif;/ ppfwyfonf rdrdwm0efudk ydkrdkjrefqefxda&mufpGm xrf;aqmifEdkif&eftvdk@iSm xdef;csKyfr_udk jzwfawmuf+yD; tm;oGefcGefpdkuf vkyfrd&mu ppftm%m&Sifpepf jzpfoGm;cJh&onf?

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;bufuvnf; rdrdwdk@. arG;&mygtcGifhta&;twGuf toufay;ckcHumuG,f=uaomtcg jynfwGif;ppfrD;w[kef;[kef;awmufavmifvm&awmhonf? t&if;ppfaomf jy\em.t&if;tjrpfonf Armr[kwfaomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: ‚if;wdk@&&SdcHpm;xdkufaomvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;/ wenf;tm;jzifh trsKd;om;qdkif&mwef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk ray;vdkIcsKyfcs,fxm;aoma=umifhjzpfa=umif; awG@&Sd&ayrnf?

TtajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm;udk tajrmftjrif&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ Armjynfta&;udk u|rf;usifol EdkifiHjcm;rS EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sifrsm;/EdkifiHwpfcsKd@. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;wdk@u wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ta&;udk tav;xm;ajz&Sif;ay;&efvdka=umif; ±_jrifawmif;qdkvm=uonf?


33


xdk@a=umifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk ±kyfodrf;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDvkyf[ef ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;xnfh±HkESifhr+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. w&m;aomcHpm;cGifhrsm;udkyg jznfhpGrf;ay;&ef tajctaeu awmif;qdkaeyg onf?xdkodk@aom tajctaea=umifh ArmvlrsKd;rsm;tygt0if vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolrsm; vdkvm;awmif;qdkaeaom 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;ESifh Armr[kwfaomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udkyg jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&ef rSefuefaomenf;vrf;rsm; vdktyfaeygonf?

T yuwdtajctaeu awmif;qdkaeaomvdktyfr_rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&ef ppftpdk;&.udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ (NLD) ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom udk,fpm;vS,foHk;zGJ@wdk@onf rSefuefaomapwem/ w&m;r#waomyHkpHjzifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGm awG@qHkaqG;aEG; ajz&Sif;=uygu ydwfqdk@aeaom jy\em}uD;rsm;udk xGif;azmufajz&Sif;ay; Edkifygvdrfhrnf?

tiftm;pkoHk;ckpvHk;onf rdrdwdk@EdkifiHESifh jynfolvlxkaumif;pm;a&;/rdrdudk,fpm;jyKaom vl@tzJG@tpnf; tusKd;udk umuG,fEdkifa&;wdk@twGufrdrdwnf&SdaeaombufrS jrifawG@&onfh oabmxm;tjriftay: &yfwnf+yD; taumiftxnfazmfae=ujcif;jzpfonf? tusKd;&Sdrnf[kjrifygu awG@qHkn‡dE_dif;ajz&Sif;a&;udk jiif;y,fvdkaom oabmxm;tjrifvnf;r&Sdyg? odk@aomfrdrdwkd@bufrS ydkrdktm;aumif;aom tompD; taetxm;&SdrS rSefuefpGmESifhvG,fulpGmajz&Sif;Edkifrnf[laom tjrif&Sdaewwfygonf? xdk@a=umifh xkdtaetxm;rsKd;&&Sdatmif pDrHjyifqifapmifhar#mfae=uonf? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;jcif;onf rdrdtjrif/ rdrdtcuftcJudk wzufvlem;vnfatmif &Sif;jy+yD;buftm;vHk;vufcHEdkif/ &yfwnfEdkifaom taetxm;udk &SmazGaejcif;jzpfa=umif; ,Hk=unfvufcHvmygu a&Smifz,ftcsdefqGJae=urnfr[kwfyg? buftoD;oD;yg0ifaom awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif wifjyaqG;aEG;&mY rdrdwdk@trSm;udkjrifv#if 0efcH/ tm;vHk;twGuf tEœ&m,fr&Sdatmif vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifha=ujim/ bmawGqufvkyf&rnfudk n‡dE_dif;csrSwf+yD; =um;jzwfumvwGifyl;wGJwm0ef,ljcif;jzifh ydwfqdk@aeonfhtcuftcJudk ausmfjzwfoGm;Edkifygonf?


34

Edkif[Hom

9? yuwdtaetxm;ESifh a&SŒtvm;tvm

,cktcg urBm}uD;wGif 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk tav;ay;wnfaqmufae=uonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@ jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;uvnf; vdkvm;awmif;qdk ae=uonf? xdk@twlEdkifiHwum&SdEdkifiHhacgif;aqmif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;onf ‚if;[email protected] vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk at;csrf;om,mvmatmif zefwD;+yD; ynma&;udkjr‡ifhwifum pD;yGm;a&;udkwdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmifae=uonf? TonfrSm acwfumv. urBmha&pD;a=umif;jzpfonf? u|Efkyfwdk@onf EdkifiHhacgif;aqmif/ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif/ tzJG@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uygu Tacwfa&;pD;a=umif;/ acwfumvawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk [ef@wm;jcif;/ vspfvsL±_jcif; jyKvkyfaeI r&yg? ordkif;w&m;cH odk@r[kwf vrf;ab;ajrmif;xJusoGm;ygvdrfhrnf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiH/ u|Ekfyfwdk@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk trsm;ESifh&ifabmifwef; vdkufrDEdkifatmif }udK;yrf;=u&rnf? xdkodk@}udK;yrf;&mwGif tao;tzGJjy\em&yfrsm;jzpfaom vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;/ b0wlvlwpfpkaumif;pm;a&; ponfwdk@a=umifh tcsdefukeftiftm;qHk;±_H;r_rjzpfay:ap&ef owdxm;a&Smif=uOf=u&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? ,ae@u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif jzpfay:aeaom jy\emtrsm;pkonf txufazmfjyyg vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;/ b0wl vlwpfpkaumif;pm;a&;abmiftwGif;rSmyif &SdaeonfudkowdjyKv#if jrif&yg vdrfhrnf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif vlrsKd;a&;t& jy\emjzpf&Sdaeygonf? t"dutm;jzifh r[mpdwf&Sdaom ArmESifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;t=um;wGif jzpf&Sdaeygonf? yuwdtaetxm;t& ArmvlrsKd;onf tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ESpfaygif; (200) ausmf tay: pD;&a&SŒa&mufaeonf? vuf&SdwGif vlOD;a&t&/ e,fajrt&/ bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_t&/ynma&; pD;yGm;a&;t&/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;/ todynm tppt&m&mwGif r,SOfomatmif tompD;wGif&Sdaeonf? rnfonfhvlrsKd;r# ArmvlrsKd;udk,SOfEdkifaom tvm;tvmr&Sd? vlrsKd;pkoHk;av;ig;ckaygif;v#ifvnf; ArmvlrsKd;udk ,SOfEdkifaom tvm;tvm r&Sd? ,SOfvnf;r,SOf=uyg? ol@vlrsKd;aysmufuG,froGm;atmif cHppftaetxm;rSm ±kef;uefae=ujcif;om&Sdonf? Todk@jzpfaeygv#uf tb,fa=umifh wdkif;&if;om;. vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk [ef@wm;ae&oenf;?


35


bmoma&;wGifvnf; Ak'<bmomonf jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;u udk;uG,faom bmomjzpfonf? rnfonfh bmomwpfckcku Ak'<bmomudk,SOf+ydKifIausmfwufoGm;Edkifaom tvm;tvmr&Sdyg? +ydKifvnf; r+ydKif=uyg? ‚if;wdk@,Hk=unfaombmomw&m;udk vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,f,Hk=unfcGifh&Sd&efomawmif;qkdae=u jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh Ak'<bmomudk ydktm;ay;+yD; tjcm;bmomudk ESdrfhcszdk@ rvdktyfyg?

b0wlvlwpfpkaumif;pm;a&;pdwf"mwfonf omrefvlom;yDyDtcsKd@vlpkwGif xm;&Sdwwf=uonf? wenf;tm;jzifh acwftqufqufujrifawG@cJhzl;aom vlwef;pm;tjrifrsKd;jzpfonf? odk@aomf tm;ay;arG;jrLxm;tyfaom pdwf"mwfr[kwf? arG;jrLxm;ygu wHk@jyefqef@usifr_jyif;xefvm+yD;tusKd;qkwf,kwfr_rsm;ESihf &ifqdkif&ayvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh &SdcJhv#if t&Snfudk=unfh+yD; y,fazsmuf&vdrfhrnf?

vl@avmutzGJ@tpnf;wGif rdrdESifhr,SOf+ydKifEdkifaomolrsm;udk tEdkif,lIzdESdyfjcif;rjyKbJ pnf;±Hk;wGJac: ulnDjcif;jzifh rdrdonfacgif;aqmifae&mudktvdkvdka&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf? acgif;aqmiftqifh a&muf&Sdaeolrsm;/tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf acgif;aqmif.wm0ef0wW&m;ESifh acgif;aqmif.vkyfief;udk yDjyifatmif xrf;aqmifae&efomjzpfonf? xdkodk@oabmxm;jynfh0aeygu aemufvdkufi,fom;rsm;onf acgif;aqmifukd qef@usifaeawmhrnfr[kwfawmhbJ [email protected];udk arG;jrL+yD; aemufvdkufwdk@. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;ygvdrfhrnf?

vl@avmuwGif }uD;oludk±dkao/ &G,fwludkav;pm;/ i,foludkoem;jcif;jzifh pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_udk wnfaqmuf=u+rJ jzpfonf? wpfzufwGif vlwef;pm;uGm[r_udk usOf;ajrmif;apjcif;jzifh jy\emtzHkzHkray:atmif xdef;odrf;=u&onf? EdkifiHa&;onf vlr_a&;yifjzpfaoma=umifh Todk@oabmxm;Edkifv#ifjzpfay:aeaom tcuftcJaygif;pHkudk r=umrD ausmfv$m;vGefajrmufEdkifrnfjzpfyga=umif; oabmxm;tjrif wifjyjcif;udk ed*Hk;csKyftyfygonf?

[cspf=unfa&;*sme,f trSwfpOf 1/ 2/ 3 2003 -2004]


tcsif;csif;em;vnfr_jzifh jy\emudkajz&Sif;=uygpdk@


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tcsif;csif;em;vnfr_jzifh jy\emudkajz&Sif;=uygpdk@

vlom;wdk@onf wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf; odk@r[kwf rdom;pkwpfpkwnf; woD;wjcm;aexdkifI &aumif;onfr[kwf? tEœ&m,ftoG,foG,fudk umuG,f&efESifh ydkrdkjynfhpHkaom okcbHkudk&&Sd&ef tpkESifhtzGJ@ESifh aexdkif=u&onf? tpktzGJ@}uD;av tm;&Sdav/ ydkrdk}uD;rm;aom tusdK;aus;Zl;udk &&Sdavyif? xdk@a=umifh&yfuGuf/ aus;&Gm/ +rdK@/ EdkifiH/ a'owl EdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@ (tmqD,H/ Oa&myor*~ponf)/ urBmhEdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfhtzGJ@ (urBmhukvor*~)ponfjzifh pkpnf;=uonf?

“pnf;vHk;jcif;onf tiftm;” qdk±dk;pum;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@tm;vHk; =um;ae=uodae=u+yD; jzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@udk,fwdkifvnf; rdom;pk/ toif;tzGJ@/&yfuGuf/ +rdK@&Gm/ EdkifiHt0ef;t0dkif;tvdkuf pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf=u&ef aqmf=ocJh/}udK;yrf;cJh=ubl;onf? touft&G,f}uD;vmav/ wm0ef}uD;vmav/ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfjcif;. wefzdk;udkem;vnfav/ ‚if;twGuf aqmf=o}udK;yrf;cJhbl;avyif?

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,cku|Ekfyfwdk@aexdkif&yfwnfaeaom EdkifiHwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckESifhwpfckt=um; omrefxufvGefuJaom yÉdyuQrsm; jzpf&Sdaeaoma=umifh/vufeufudkiftzGJ@wpfckESifh wpfckt=um;/ vufeufudkiftzGJ@wpfckckESifhvufeufrudkifaom tzGJ@tcsKd@t=um;/ vufeufudkiftzGJ@wpfckckESifh tajccH


40

Edkif[Hom

jynfolrsm;t=um; owfjzwfn‡if;qJ/ tEdkifusifhr_rsm; a'otrsm;tjym;wGift}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfyGm;cJh jzpfyGm;aeonf? txl;ojzifh tm%m&tpdk;&tqufqufESifh Armr[kwfaom trsKd;om;tiftm;pkrsm;t=um; yÉdyuQonf tESpf (50) ausmf ajz&Sif;cJh+yDjzpfaomfvnf; ,ae@txdajyvnfp&mvrf;pudk rcsOf;uyfEdkifao;yg? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH[kac:qdkaeonfh u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHonf obm0o,HZmwESifh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHaumif;rsm; ydkrdkjynfhpHkaeaomfvnf; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ,SOfvdkufonfhtcg acwfaemufususef&pfae&onf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@onf TEdkifiHwGifarG;I TEdkifiHwGif aexdkifae=uonf?u|[email protected]=urRmudk u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiH. uH=urRmtajctaeu pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,faeonf? ±kef;xGufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifyg? xdk@a=umifh u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiH. uH=urRmwdk;wufaumif;rGefvmatmif u|Efkyfwdk@tm;vHk;wGif wm0eftjynfh&Sdonf?TurBm}uD;wGif vufeuftm;udk;+yD; tm%moHk;jcif;jzifh jy\emt&yf&yfudk +yD;jywfajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;Edkifaom tawG@t}uHKr&Sdao;yg? tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif;om xdef;odrf;Edkif+yD; xm0&+idrf;csrf;jcif;r&SdEdkifonfrSm,ae@urBmh±_cif;wGif jzpfay:aeaom tajctaersm;uom"u jyaeayonf? xdka=umifh tcsif;csif; em;vnfr_jzifh awG@qHkn‡dE_dif;+yD; tem*wftwGuftajz&Smoifhonf?

ppftpdk;&. wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;ESifh jy\emajz&Sif;a&;udk avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhygu tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; vkyfxm;ygaomfvnf; a&S@udkrquf vrf;ckvyfwGif &yfaejcif;a=umifhar#mfvifhcsufwpfpHkwpf&mxm;I r&ao;yg? ol@vufeufoludkif/ ol@ae&molae tqifhrSmom&Sdae+yD; jy\emudk ajyvnfapa=umif; ajz&Sif;r_r&Sdao;yg? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfcsKd@ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;vkyfief;wpfcsKd@jzifh acsmhodyfacsmifydwfxm;onf? Tvkyf[efonf jy\emajz&Sif;a&;r[kwf/ zHk;tkyfxm;jcif; [k ajymv#if ydkrSefygvdrfhrnf? Ttaetxm;tay: a&&SnftwGufpOf;pm;v#if &ifav;zG,f&m jzpfaeonf? vufeufjzifh olEdkifudk,fEdkif t+ydKifusJae=uqJ tzGJ@rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sdaeonf? xdke,fajru jynfolrsm;rSmaep&m/ pm;p&m tmrcHcsufbmrS r&Sd/ xdkxufydkqdk;onfrSm r=umc%"m;pmcHb0 jzpfae=u&onf? Ttaetxm;onfvnf; ajyvnfzG,frjrif/&ifav;p&m wpfckjzpfonf?


41


u|Ekfyfwdk@onf EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh u|[email protected];xufwGifvnf; trsm;enf;wl wm0eftjynfh&Sdonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiH. jy\emudkrajz&Sif;EdkifbJv#uf u|Ekfyf.vlrsKd;/ u|Ekfyf.aqGrsKd;/ u|Ekfyf.udk,fusdK;jy\emrsm;udk +yD;jynfhpHkatmif ajz&Sif;I&Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? ,m,D odk@r[kwf wpfpdwfwpfydkif;tm;jzifh ajyvnfaumif;ajyvnfygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf vHk+cHKpdwfcsEdkifjcif;r&Sd? xdk@a=umifh ajyvnfr_&&SdEdkif&efenf;vrf;udk &SmazG=unfhzdk@ vdktyfaeygonf? tqdkyg ajz&Sif;&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk EdkifiHwumtawG@t}uHKESifhpmtkyfpmayrsm;rSmxuf twdwfESifh ypPKyefwGif ±kef;uefajz&Sif;cJh=uaomvufawG@e,fy,frSm &SmazG=unfhjcif;u ydkrdkwdus rSefuefaomenf;vrf;udk&&SdEdkifrnf[k,Hk=unfonf? rSefuefaom oabmw&m;wpf&yfudk vufawG@e,fy,fxJrS tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk oHk;oyfavhvm+yD;rS trSm;udky,f/ trSefudkq,f,ljcif;jzifh &&SdEdkifa=umif; ynm&Sifrsm;u!$efjyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifhtwdwfESifhypPKyefwGif ajz&Sif;cJhaomenf;emrsm;udk qef;ppf=unfhygpdk@?

1947 ckrS ,ae@txd }udK;yrf;ajz&Sif;cJhaom enf;emoabmw&m;rsm;udk avhvm=unfhygu rwljcm;em;aom enf;emoHk;rsKd;udk awG@&onf?‚if;wdk@rSm —

(1) yifvHkoabmxm; odk@r[kwf em;vnfr_jzifh ajz&Sif;jcif;/(2) qGJaqmif vSnfhpm;oabmw&m;tcsKd@ESifh ajz&Sif;jcif;/(3) tiftm;oHk;ajz&Sif;jcif; [lIjzpfonf?

1? yifvHkoabmxm; odk@r[kwf em;vnfr_jzifhajz&Sif;jcif;

Tenf;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pkaygif;nd‡E_dif;ajz&Sif;cJhaom enf;jzpfonf? t*Fvdyfwdk@onf ajrjyef@a'oESifh ArmvlrsKd;trsm;pkaexdkifaom a'oudk OD;pGm vGwfvyfa&; ay;vdkonf?awmifwef;a'ojzpfaom &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&ifeD trsKd;om;e,fajrrsm;ESifhu&iftrsKd;om; e,fajrwcsKd@wdk@udk aemufcsefxm;I tcsdefqGJ+yD;ay;&efjzpfonf? ‚if;tpDtpOftwdkif; vufcHcJhv#if u|[email protected] ,ae@taetxm;twdkif; jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf? rjzpfzdk@ ydkrsm;ygonf?


42

Edkif[Hom

T tajctaewGif &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pkpnf;n‡dE_dif;=u+yD; ‚if;wdk@. e,fajra'orsm;ESifh ajrjyef@a'orsm;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkwpfck wnfaqmuf&ef ArmtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh n‡dE_dif;cJh=uonf? pkpnf;onfhenf;rSm e,fajr}uD;onfjzpfap/i,fonfjzpfap/ vlOD;a& enf;onfjzpfap/ rsm;onfjzpfap/ EdkifiHa&;t&wef;wla&;ESifh trsKd;om;vGwfvyfcGifh (udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh) tay: tajccH+yD;pkpnf;cJh=uonf? Tenf;emonf wuGJwjym;pD&Sdaeaom taetxm;udkqENt& wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; jzpfatmif vkyfEdkifcJhonf? jy\emtaxGtxl;r&SdcJh? cspf=unfr_/ ,Hk=unfr_udk &,lwnfaqmufEdkifcJhonf?

uHqdk;onfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh apwemrSefaom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKd@ 1947 Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae@wGif vkyf}uHcHvdkuf&onf? xdk acgif;aqmifrsm;r&SdawmhonfhaemufwGif ‚if;[email protected];/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk aemufvlawGu r±dk;om;aom apwemjzifh ysufjym;vGJacsmfoGm;atmifvkyfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh xdkenf;emonf &Sifoef}uD;xGm;cGifhr&bJyÉdoaE<tqifhwGif ysufjym;oGm;&onf?

2? qGJaqmifvSnfhpm; oabmw&m;tcsKd@ESifh ajz&Sif;jcif;

Tenf;emudk EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@wkd@u usifhoHk;cJh=uonf?t"dutm;jzifh rwluGJjym;aeaom vlrsKd;a&;vuQ%mtay: tm&Hkavsmhyg;ap+yD; tjcm;udpPwpfckcktay: tav;xm;apaom enf;jzpfonf? OD;wnfcsufrSm Armr[kwfaom trsKd;om;rsm;. trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%mrsm;udktodtrSwfrjyKa&;/ ‚if;udk oabmw&m; tcsKd@ESifh ±dkufcsKd;ypfa&;jzpfonf?Tenf;ukd wcsdefu vuf0JygwDuGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpfrsm;u usifhoHk;cJhonf?‚if;wdk@u “vlrsKd;a&;jy\emonf vlwef;pm;jy\em. vufatmufcHjzpfonf? vlwef;pm;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;+yD;ygu vlrsKd;a&;jy\emonfvnf;tvdkvdk ajyvnfoGm;rnf” [k ajymqdk±dkufoGif; cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@onf vlrsKd;a&;tjrifudk ao;odrfatmifvkyfcJhonf? uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf vuf0Jt,ltq acwfaumif;cJhaom umvwpfav#mufwGif vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m oabmxm;onf tcsKd@ae&mwGif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd arS;rSdefcJh&onf?


43


odk@aomf ajymyavmufatmif aysmufuG,fqdwfokOf;oGm;jcif; r&Sdyg?uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onfom tusacwfwGif Armr[kwfaom trsKd;om;rsm;. axmufcHr_ukd r&ojzifh r&yfwnfEdkifawmhbJ tvG,fwul tm;enf;ysufokOf;oGm;cJh&onf?

TuJhodk@yif ArmtrsKd;om;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK@wdk@u'Drdkua&pDudk a&S@wef;wif+yD; t&m&mudk trsm;pkqENjzifh qHk;jzwfajz&Sif;onfhenf;udk ajymqdk±dkufoGif;+yD; trsKd;om;a&;tcef;udk arS;rSdefatmif vkyfaeonf? ‚if;wdk@u “trsm;pkqENjzifh qHk;jzwfv#if trSefw&m;/ vlwpfudk,frJwpfjym;pepfonf wef;wlnDr#r_ tjzpfqHk;” [k ajymqdkae=uonf?

TtajccHESifh jcm;em;aom trsKd;om;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;/ trsKd;om;pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_vGwfvyfcGifhESihf trsKd;om;udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh awmif;qdkjcif;wdk@udk ao;odrfI acwfrrDawmhoa,mif oabmxm;=uonf? T tjrifoabmxm;onf rae@urS ,ae@txd/ eufjzefodk@wdkif &SdcJh/ &Sdae/ &SdESifhOD;rnfjzpfonf? tajctaer[efao;onfhtcg Toabmxm;udk csKdxm;iHkxm;wwf+yD; tajctaeaumif;vmonfESihf xkwfazmfaºuG;a=umfvmwwfonf?

aemufwpfenf;rSm txufyguJhodk@ EdkifiHa&;t,ltqtay: tajcrcHbJ a0g[m&jzifhvSnfhpm;rd_if;wdkufonfhenf; jzpfonf? xif&Sm;onfha0g[m&wpfckrSm — Armae&mwGif jrefrmudk tpm;xdk;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmjynf/jrefrmpm[k ac:vdkufjcif;jzifh vlrsdK;tm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKoa,mif vSnfhpm;enf;jzpfonf?

Todk@qGJaqmifvSnfhpm;oabmw&m;±dkufoGif;onfhenf;onf umva'otcsKd@twGif; atmifjrifr_tcsKd@&SdcJhygaomfvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGifum;atmifjrifr_r&SdcJhyg? jzpf&Sdaeaom vlrsKd;a&;/ yÉdyuQudk rnfodk@r#avsmhyg;apjcif;r&SdonfrSm vufawG@jyocJh+yD;jzpfonf?

3? tiftm;oHk;ajz&Sif;jcif;

Tenf;udk 1948 ckrS ,ae@txd tm%m&tpdk;&tqufqufwdk@ usifhoHk;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@vkyfykdifcGifh&Sdaom tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mpufjzihf


44

Edkif[Hom

vnf;aumif;/ ppftiftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ Armr[kwfaom trsKd;om;rsm;. vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ±dkufcsKd;ydwfyifjcif;/ remcHolrsm;tay: zdESdyfacsr_ef;owfjzwfjcif;rsm; vkyfcJhonf? ‚if;[email protected],ae@jrefrmEdkifiHonf taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m; vufxufuuJhodk@ ArmawGodrf;ydkuf&&Sdxm;aom wdkif;jynfjzpfonf? Armr[kwfaomtrsKd;om;rsm;onf ArmtrsKd;om;rsm;. tkyfpdk;r_atmufwGif &Sdae&rnf?trsKd;om;a&;t& rnfonfhawmif;qdkr_udkr# cGifhray;vdkay? oD;jcm;jynfe,fESifh trsKd;om;rsm;tjzpf wnf&Sdaejcif;udkyif vufrcHvdkay?

xkd@a=umifhjynfaxmifpktoGifudk azsmufzsuf+yD; wwfEdkifoavmufwpfjynfaxmifpepfjzpfatmif taumiftxnfazmfvmcJh=uonf? wpfzufwGif Armr[kwfaom trsKd;om;rsm;. bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk awmf&mwef&m ae&mray;/ wefbdk;enf;oGm;atmif tm%mjzifhydwfyifxm;jcif;/ enf;y&d,m,fºuG,fºuG,fjzifhvnf; ESdrfxm;vdkufonf? udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;paom tcGifhtm%mawmif;qdkr_ rSefor#udk e,fcsJvufyg;ap/ cGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;[k wHqdyfuyf+yD; jiif;y,fwm;jrpfta&;,lonf? vufeufudkifykefuefvmygu ydkrdk}uD;rm;aomppftiftm;jzifhr&yfwnfEdkifatmif vdkufvHacsr_ef;onf? acsr_ef;&efrvG,fonfhtcg tajccHjynfolrsm;udk ajrvSefpepft& r&yfwnfEdkifatmif armif;xkwfypf=uonf?Tenf;ema=umifh ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm; odef;*%ef;csD+yD; xGufay:vmcJh&onf? tkyfpkvdkufrk'def;usifhr_/ owfjzwfr_rsm;udkvnf; r=umc%=um;odae&+yD; cGifhv$wf&efrvG,faom emusnf;r_/ rkef;wD;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf?

txufygenf;em (3) rsKd;teuf rnfonfhenf;u EdkifiHudkvufawG@tusKd;jyKcJhygoenf;?

yxrenf;onf wuGJwjym;pD&Sdae&mrS pkpnf;apcJhonf? us,f0ef;aome,fajrESifh rsm;jym;aom trsKd;om;tiftm;pkrsm;udk wpfpkwnf;aomtiftm;jzpfatmif zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhonf? trsKd;om;rsm;tcsif;csif; ,Hk=unfr_/cspf=unfr_udk wnfaqmufEdkifcJhonf? tcsdefwdktwGif;rSm }uD;rm;aomtusdK;aus;Zl;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf?

'kwd,enf;rSmum; t&mrxif/ tusKd;rjrif? ±dkufoGif;olrsm;omaemufqHk;ysufqD;qHk;±H_;cJh&onfudk awG@&onf?


45


wwd,enf;rSmum; ESpfaygif; (50) ausmfjynfwGif;ppfrD; awmifavmifcJh&+yD; trsKd;om;aygif;pHk jynfoltm;vHk; 'kuQtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf?xdkxufydkqdk;onfrSm vlrsKd;a&;t& emusnf;r_/ rkef;wD;r_/ &efvdkr_/ vufpm;acsvdkr_/ r,Hk=unfr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? jzwfoef;cJh&aom pepfqdk;acwfqdk;rsm;a=umifh jynfolrsm;twGif; udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;+yD; vdrfvnfcdk;0Suf/vk,lwwfaompdwfxm;rsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;twGif; cdkuyfvmbfpm;/ jcpm;r_pdwf"mwfrsm;/ vufeufudkiftiftm;pkESifh tm%mydkifrsm;twGif; jynfoltay: tEdkifusifh/ zdESdyf/ acgif;yHkjzwfpm;vdkonfh pdwf"mwfrsm;jzpfay:vm+yD;jyKjyifukpm;Edkif&ef tcsdefrsm;pGm ay;&ayOD;rnf?

rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_udk wnfaqmuf&ef qufpyfaeaom e,fajrrsm;/ trsKd;om;rsm;udk trsKd;om;e,fajrrsm;jzifh pkpnf;+yD;jynfaxmifpkwpfck wnfaqmufa&; oabmxm;ukd ±dk;om;pGmvufcHwwf&efArmacgif;aqmifrsm;twGif; vdktyfaeonf[k jrifonf? ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'/zufqpftrsKd;jzKwf0g'jzifh tjcm;aom trsKd;om;rsm;udk tiftm;oHk;0g;rsKd;+yD;ArmvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;wnf; jzpfvma&;tjrifudk y,f&Sif;zdk@vdkonf?

,ckacwfumvonf vGefcJhaom ESpfwpf&mausmfuuJhodk@ tiftm;}uD;aomvlrsKd;u tiftm;i,faomvlrsKd;udk vlrsKd;wHk;aysmufuG,foGm;atmifwdkufcdkufowfjzwfI&aom acwfr[kwfawmh+yD? urBmh&Gm}uD;tjzpfudkOD;wnfaeaomacwfwGif &yfuGufwpfcktwGif;&Sdae=uaom u|Ekfyfwdk@onfrSefuefaom oabmxm;vkyf[efrsm;jzifh pkpnf;nD!Gwf=u&efvdkonf?jrifhjrwfrSefuefaom oabmxm;vkyf[efrsm;jzifh pkpnf;nD!Gwf=u&efvdkonf? jrifhjrwfrSefuefaom oabmxm;ESihf vkyfaqmifcsufonf aumif;rGefaom tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfxGef;aprnfrSm ajr}uD;vufcwfrvGJyg? EdkifiHa&;wGif apwemrSefolrsm;om t&Snfojzifh acgif;aqmifae&m&&Sd ygvdrfhrnf?

,cktcsdefonf pkpnf;nD!Gwfaom jynfaxmifpkukd wnfaqmuf&efacgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; vdktyfaeygonf? trsm;vufcHaom acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpfEdkif&efrSm jynfolrsm;twGuf vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; ay;tyf&ef vdktyfovdk uGJjym;aeaom trsKd;om;rsm;udkpkpnf;&ef trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; r#wrSefuefpGm ay;tyfzdk@vdka=umif; ±dk;om;pGm wifjyvdkufygonf?

[cspf=unfa&;*sme,f/ trSwfpOf (3) 2004]


jy\emaygif;pHk.xGufayguf


49


jy\emaygif;pHk.xGufayguf

u|Ekfyfwdk@jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif vufawG@tm;jzifh wnf&Sdaeaomtm%m&ppfwyftkyfpk/ 'Drdkua&pD &&Sda&;twGuf OD;pm;ay;zGJ@pnf;xm;aomEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tkyfpkESifh Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tkyfpk/ TtkyfpkoHk;pkwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; EdkifiHa&;t& awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifhom ,ae@rsufarSmufjy\emaygif;pHkudk ajyvnfatmifudkifwG,fajz&Sif;Edkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? T aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:vma&; twGufurBmhukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;tygt0if urBmhEdkifiHrsm;/ jrefrmjynfta&; udkem;vnfaom EdkifiHwum&Sd EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sif}uD;rsm;/ jrefrmjynf&Sd 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;wdk@u awmif;qkdae=uonf? Todk@awmif;qdkae=u&jcif;onf Tenf;jzifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;jcif;jzifh jy\em}uD;rsm;udk t&if;tjrpfuaeajz&Sif;Edkifrnf[k ,Hk=unfae=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

tb,fa=umifh xdkodk@wlnDpGm ±_jrifae=uoenf;? cdkifvHkaom ta=umif;&if;cHrsm;&Sdaeygonf? odk@aomf tcsKd@aomolwdk@u Ttjrifudk jiif;y,fae=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf ppfwyfuvuf&Sdtm%mudk csKyfudkifxm;olrsm;jzpf+yD;/ 1990 ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (NLD)

u tEdkif&xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh TESpfzGJ@aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;v#if jynfhpHkvHkavmufonf[k qdk=uonf? T t,ltqudk qkyfudkifxm;=uolrsm;rSmpifppftm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktay: ArmvlrsKd;wdk@ wav#mufvHk;v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fcGifh &vmaeonfudk vufrvGwfvdkaom t&if;cHqENa=umifhjzpfonf?

‚if;qENudk ±dk;om;yGifhvif;pGm razmfxkwf0hH=uay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomfrw&m;rSef;odae=u+yD; udk,fusKd;qENudkvnf; jznfhqnf;vdkaejcif;a=umifhtjcm;aompum;vHk;rsm;jzifh jiif;y,fae=ujcif; jzpfonf? tu,fI a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& trwfOD;a&tay: tajccHwGufcsufv#ifvnf; wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzifh pkaygif;xm;aom “jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf” (UNLD) ESifh r[mrdwfwdkif;&if;om; tzGJ@wdk@


50

Edkif[Hom

u 'kwd,trwfOD;a&trsm;qHk;tEkdif&xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh jiif;y,fcsefxm;jcif;jzifh w&m;r#wrnfr[kwfay?

EdkifiHa&;t& awG@qHkaqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;jcif;onf jzpf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk ajyvnfapvdkIjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;jy\emtydkif;rS csOf;uyf=unfhv#if jynfwGif;ppftESpfig;q,fausmfudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&efvdkvdrfhrnf?1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&aomESpfwGifyif jynfwGif;ppfpcJhonf? xdkpOfuwnf;u tpdk;&udk vufeufudkifqef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ twef;tpm;ta&;tay: tajccHonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@xuf ta&twGufrsm;cJhonf? 1948 ckESpfrS ,ae@txd (53) ESpfausmf vlrsKd;pktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jzpfyGm;aeaom wdkufyGJrSaoewfoHrsm;udk wpfywf/ wpfv rjcm; =um;ae&onf? ,cktcsdefwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktzGJ@tpnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;aomfvnf; wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif aoewfoHrsm;=um;ae&qJ jzpfonf? typftcwf&yfpJa&;oufoufonf jzpf&Sdaeaom jy\emrsm;udk ajyvnfapEdkifrnfr[kwfa=umif; trsm;od+yD;vnf; jzpfygonf?

1958 ckESpfwkef;u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom yxp tpdk;&onfrGef/ &cdkif/ ytdk@0fvlrsKd;pktzGJ@rsm;ESihf oabmwlnDr_&+yD; ‚if;tzGJ@rsm;vufeufpGef@cJh=uaomfvnf; r=umao;rDtcsdefuav;rSmyif ‚if;[email protected]; jyefvnfay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESihf tm%m&tpdk;&tqufquft=um; jy\emonf ao;r$m;aom jy\emr[kwfay?

tcsKd@aomolwdk@onf vlrsKd;a&;jy\emudk tav;teufrxm;=u?vlrsKd;a&;jy\emonf vlwef;pm;jy\em. vufatmufcHjzpfonf [kqdkonf? vltcsKd@wdk@uvnf; vlrsKd;a&;jy\emonf 'Drdkua&pDa&; jy\em. vufatmufcHjzpfonf[k qdk=ujyefonf? xdkolwdk@u vlwef;pm;jy\em/'Drdkua&pDa&;jy\emwdk@udk ajyvnfatmifajz&Sif;Edkifygu vlrsK;da&;jy\emonf tvdkvdkajyvnfoGm;rnf[k xifjrifajymqdkae=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onfvlrsKd;a&;jy\em. twdrfteufudk wu,frjrifIvm; odk@wnf;r[kwfta&;ray;vdkIvm; qdkonfudk ‚if;wdk@ukd,fwdkifom od=uayvdrfhrnf?


51


u|Ekfyf.tjrifum; ‚if;wdk@ESifh vHk;0jcm;em;ygonf? vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&mjy\emonf av;eufonf/ cdkif+rJonf? rnfonfhjy\em. vufatmufcHr[kwfay? woD;wjcm;rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfaeonf? bmoma&;jy\emonf urBmwcGif&Sd bmomwlrsm;. pmemaxmufcHr_udk &&SdEdkifojzifht&Sdef=oZmaumif;wwfonf? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwpfcsKd@wGif a&muf&SdaeaomvlrsKd;wlrsm;. pmemr_udk &&SdEdkifaomfvnf; bmoma&;/ vlwef;pm;a&;wdk@ESifhpmv#if jyifypmemaxmufyHhr_enf;ayonf? udk,fhtm;udk,fudk; ajz&Sif;=u&aom jy\emrsKd;[kqdkEdkifonf?

vlrsKd;[lonfum; ESpfaygif;&m/ axmifcsD+yD; eD;uyfpGm twlaexdkifaygufzGm;vmaom b0wluH=urRmwl vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonf? ordkif;rwifrDtcsdefrSonf ,ae@txd jzpfay:cJhaom vltzGJ@tpnf;tcsif;csif;t=um;yÉdyuQrsm;wGif tjcm;ta=umif;tcsufrsm; yg0ifaeaomfvnf; vlrsKd;a&;tajccHrS uif;vGwfjcif;enf;yg; ygonf? e,fajrvk,ufr_/ aps;uGufvk,ufr_wdk@onf vlrsKd;a&;tay: tajccHr_wpf0ufausmf yg0ifonf? acwfa[mif;udkvdkeD e,fcsJŒppfyGJrsm;wGif vlrsKd;a&;tay: tajccHr_rsm;pGm yg0ifaeouJhodk@aiGt&if;tESD;tay: tajccHaom acwfopfe,fcsJŒpepfwGifvnf; vlrsKd;a&;tay: tajccHr_yg&Sdonf? urBmay:&Sdvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk txif&Sm;qkH;pnf;jcm;xm;&m EdkifiHrsm;onf rwluGJjym;aomvlrsKd;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;=uonf? vlrsKd;wlEdkifiHuGJ[lI tvGefenf;yg; ygonf? bmoma&;t&rnfodk@yifwlnDapumrl vlrsKd;rwlu EdkifiHwpfcktjzpf ryl;aygif;=u? twef;tpm;wlrsm; t=um;wGifvnf; xdk@twlyifjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vlrsKd;a&;tpGJonf bmoma&;twef;tpm;a&;xuf av;eufonf[k qdk&ygrnf?

,ae@urBmwGif vlrsKd;a&;yÉdyuQonf tm;avsmhoGm;jcif;r&Sd/ ydkIyifa&SŒwef;a&mufvmaeonf? (Globalization) *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif; ac:urBmv$rf;ywf,SufEG,fr_ acwfumvwGif t"dutm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_wdk@Y qufpyfv$rf;+cHKr_rnfodk@&Sdap/ rdrdvlrsKd;udk v$rf;rdk;oGm;jcif; r&Sdatmif umuG,fae=uonf? EdkifiHwpfckwGif tm%m&vlrsKd;pkjzpfaomvlrsKd;u tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: vlrsKd;a&;t& v$rf;rdk;0g;rsKd vdk=uonf? odk@aomfurBmv$rf;ywf,SufEG,fr_t& tjcm;vlrsKd;}uD;wdk@. 0g;rsKdr_udk &ifqdkifvm& aomtcg rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;&ef }udK;yrf;vmae=uonf?


52

Edkif[Hom

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif ppfwyftpdk;&onf qdk/ u/ a&;/ wD; +ydKifyGJrsm;udk wdkif;ESifhjynfe,ftvdkufac:,l+yD; aiGukefa=u;usrsm;pGmcHum usif;yae=uonf?Tonfvnf; vlrsKd;a&; tajccHpdwf"mwf.av;eufr_ yifjzpfonf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif u|Ekfyfwdk@udk,fwdkifyg0if+yD; jy\emrsm;udk enf;aygif;pHkjzifh ajz&Sif;cJh=uonf? jy\emajz&Sif;a&; enf;aygif;rsm;pGmteufvufeufudkifajz&Sif;enf;onf tqifhtjrifhqHk;ESihf t&Snf=umqHk; jzpfonf?ESpfaygif; (50) ausmfajz&Sif;cJh+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; ,ae@txd ajyvnfp&mtvm;tvm rjrifawG@&ao;ay? 1958 ckESpfwGif OD;Ek. (yxp) tpdk;&onf'Drdkua&pDudk ydkrdkus,fjyef@atmifvrf;zGifhay;+yD; EdkifiHa&;t& ajz&Sif;&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm; t&Sdefavsmhusvm+yD; EdkifiHa&;t&v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdefaumif;vmonf? Todk@ t&Sdeft[keftm;aumif;vmonfudk ppfwyfurvdkvm;ojzifh tm%modrf;cJhonf? ppfa&;t& t&Sdefjr‡ifh+yD; ajz&Sif;cJhonf? &vm'fum;ESpfzufpvHk; tiftm;ydkrdk}uD;rm;vm+yD; wdkufyGJrsm;ae&mtES@Hus,fjyef@vmum ppfyGJ.tedXm±Hkrsm;udk jynfolrsm;cg;oD;pGm cHpm;vmcJh&onf?

1970 ckwGif ay:aygufcJhaom OD;Ek. ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwDonfEdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm;. tm;ay;ulnDr_udk tawmftwef&&SdcJhonf? vlrsKd;pktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkum; rnfonfhEkdfifiHurS ay;urf;jcif;r&Sd? Auy ESifhyl;aygif;v#if Auy ay;urf;or#udkom&&Sd+yD; vHk;yg;yg;aysmufuG,foGm;onf?awmfvSefa&;umvwpfav#mufvHk;rSm acgif;axmifcJhaom Auy onfvnf;1990 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif OD;usKd;I ajrv#Kd;cJh&onf? wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSmum; rdrdvlrsKd;ESifh rdrdjynfolrsm;. axmufyhHay;r_jzifhcufcJpGm±kef;uefcJh&aomfvnf; yef;yef+rJyif? TonfrSmvnf; vlrsKd;a&;tcef;. av;eufr_om"uwpf&yf yifjzpfonf?

,ckacwf,cktcgonf 'Drdkua&pDacwfumvjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDonfum; ysKdwdkif;}udKufonfhESif;qDcdkif? 'Drdkua&pDysKd;yifudk usaemfwdk@jynfaxmifpkrSm pdkufysKd;cJhbl;ygonf? odk@aomf=um&Snfr&SifoefEdkifcJhyg?tb,fa=umifhenf;? Tenf;ESifh T&moDrsKd;wGif 'Drdkua&pDysKd;yifrsm;aygufyGm;}uD;jyif;Edkif&ef vdktyfaeonfh aea&mifumyif (t&dyfyif) odk@r[kwfwG,fwuf&eftyifjzpfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf vlrsKd;a&;t&


53


wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtyifrsm;udk aygufcGifhray;/ ckwfxGifz,f&Sif;xm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? 1962 ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae@ ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;jcif;onf t"dutm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. wef;wla&;ESifhudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk &SifoefcGifhray;vdkIjzpfonf? xdktcGifhta&;udkzsufqD;&if; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; ysufjym;cJh&+yD;jzpfonf?

u|Efkyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufjcif;udk xnfhwGufjcif;rjyKbJ 'Drdkua&pDa&; oufoufjzifh jy\emrsm;ukd rajz&Sif;Edkif?jynfwGif;ppfudk r&yfwef@Edkifyg? jzpf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Ekdifygu +idrf;csrf;a&;/ zGH@+zdK;a&;/ vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhESifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;onfvnf; r&SifoefEdkifay? u|[email protected];jcm;r_wpf&yfjzpfaom Armr[kwfonfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. OD;a&onf EdkifiHvlOD;a&. xuf0ufausmf&Sdaejcif;/ xdkvlrsKd;pkrsm; aexdkifaome,fajrrsm;onf jynfaxmifpkwpfckvHk;. ig;yHkoHk;yHkausmf&Sdaejcif;/ xdkvlrsKd;pkrsm;teuf ordkif;a=umif;t& vGwfvyfxif&Sm;pGm aexdkifvmcJh=uonfursm;+yD; ,ae@txd trsKd;om;udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk vdkvm;awmif;qdkaeonfhvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaejcif;wdk@onf xl;jcm;r_jzpfonf?

xdk@a=umifh Tae&mrsKd; TtajctaersKd;wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;.ta&;udk aemufcsef (odk@r[kwf) ab;z,fxm;+yD; EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udkajz&Sif;aeygu tcsdefukef/ vlyef;/ oHo,rsm;udk ydkI wkd;yGm;ap±Hkomjzpfrnf?xkd@a=umifh jy\emrsm;udk trSefwu,fajz&Sif;vdkaomqEN&Sdygu “oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;” onfom ajyvnfr_udkay;aqmifEdkifaom xGufaygufjzpfa=umif; tdyfaysmfa,mifaqmifaeolrsm;udk xyfrHv_yfE_d; wifjyygonf?

[wdk;wufaomrGefvli,f*sme,f - 2002]


jy\emrsm;.a&aomufjrpf


57


jy\emrsm;.a&aomufjrpf

,ae@ u|Efkyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif jynfolrsm;awG@}uHK&ifqdkifae&aom pm;0wfaea&;=uyfwnf;r_jy\em/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;±_H;ae&r_jy\em/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. vlrsdK;a&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;qHk;&H_;ae&r_ jy\emESifh qlyltHkºuGr_jy\emwdk@onf xif&Sm;aom jy\em}uD;rsm;jzpfonf? Tjy\em}uD;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh qufpyfoufqdkifaeaom jy\emrsm;jzpfI rnfodk@udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&rnfenf;? T jy\em}uD;rsm;teuf rnfonfhjy\emu t"duus+yD; ‚if;udkajz&Sif;Edkifygu tjcm;jy\em}uD;rsm;udkvnf; vG,fulpGmajz&Sif;Edkifygrnfenf;? Todk@ jy\em}uD;rsm;. a&aomufjrpfudk ±_jrif&mwGif tjrifrwl tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm; &Sdaeygao;onf?TuGJjym;aeaom tjrifrsm;udkwlnDvmatmif n‡dE_dif;Edkifygu jy\emudkvG,fulpGm ajz&Sif;Edkif ygvdrfhrnf?

tcsKd@u pm;0wfaea&;jy\emonf t&if;cHtusqHk;jy\emjzpfonf? vlom;wdk@&yfwnf&SifoefEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;t}uD;qHk;vdktyfcsufvnf;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh pm;0wfaea&;tqifhjrifhrm;vmEdkifa&;twGufpD;yGm;a&;udk t"duOD;pm;ay;&rnf? pD;yGm;a&;jrifhrm;vmap&ef tjcm;udpP&yfrsm;udk tepfemcH&ef vdktyfygu tepfemcH=u&rnf[k tjrif&Sd=uonf? TtjrifrsKd;udk uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf vuf0JEdkifiHa&;tjrif&Sdolrsm;ESifh tm%m&tkyfpdk;oltcsKd@wdk@u ydkrdk,Hk=unfvufcH=ua=umif; avhvmod&Sd&onf?

tcsKd@u 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;qHk;±_H;ae&jcif;onf ta&;t}uD;qHk;jy\em jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; tjynfht0&&Sdygu udpPwckudk'Drdkua&pDabmiftwGif; vGwfvyfpGmwifjyawmif;qdkEdkif=u+yD; jynfoltrsm;pkwdk@vufcHaomtcg jzpfay:aeaomjy\emrsm; ajyvnfoGm;Edkifrnf[k ±_jrif=uonf? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdk a&;om;pnf;±Hk;qENjycGifh rsm;&Sd+yD;jzpfI jynfolrsm;.tcGifhta&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdk&mwGif vufeufudkifolykefx&efrvdktyfawmh/ xdk@a=umifhjynfwGif;ppfr&Sd at;csrf;rnf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkumuG,fusifhoHk;rnf? vGwfvyfpGmpD;yGm; &SmazGcGifh&Sdrnf? xdk@a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;


58

Edkif[Hom

wdk;wufvmrnf[k ±_jrif=uonf? T±_axmifht& 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;jy\emonf tajccHtusqHk;jy\emjzpfonf[k xifjrif,Hk=unf ae=uonf? Tt,ltqudk ArmvlrsKd;trsm;pkESifh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u vufcH,Hk=unfxm;=uonf?

tcsKd@u wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;wef;wla&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifh (udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh) jy\emonf tajccHtusqHk; jzpfonf? vlrsdK;aygif;pHkESifh zJG@pnf;xm;aom EdkifiHwpfckwGif vlrsdK;aygif;pHkcspf=unfnD!Gwfa&;onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf? vlrsKd;aygif;pHk cspf=unfnD !Gwfa&;udk vlrsKd;a&;t& wef;wla&;ESifhvGwfvyfcGifh (udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh) jzifhom wnfaqmmuf&rnf? ‚if;tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;±H_;ae&I vufeufudkifawmfvSefcJh =uonf? tm%m&tkyfpdk;olwdk@uvnf; vHk+cHKa&;udkta=umif;jy+yD; ppfwyfudkwkd;csJ@zGJ@pnf;umppfqifwdkufckdufonf? ESpfzufaomppfwyftwGuf vufeufypPnf; 0,f,lpkaqmif;&ef b¾maiGrsm;pGmudk oHk;pGJcJh&onf? wyftiftm;twGuf vltiftm;rsm;pGmudk ac:,lpkaqmif;cJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh b¾maiGtiftm;/ vltiftm;rsm;pGmudk pD;yGm;a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf toHk;jyKcGifhr&ojzifh wdkif;jynfepfem cJh&onf?

vHk+cHKa&; r&Sdojzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aumif;pGmrvkyfEdkif/ jynfwGif;jynfy&Sd t&if;&Sifrsm;rS t&if;tESD;rsm; rpdkufxkwf0Hhojzifh pD;yGm;a&;wGifedrfhuscJh&onf? ppftEdkif&a&;ESifh vHk+cHKa&;twGuf jynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk uef@owfydwfyif cJh&onf? jynfol@tiftm;udkk qGJ,ltoHk;cs cJh&onf? [email protected]¾mESifh &duQmudk &,ljcif;/ zsufqD;jcif;rsm;vkyfcJh&onf?vlrsKd;a&;t& trkef;yGm;r_ &efjyKr_rsm; }uD;rm;&Snf=umcJh&onf? pD;yGm;a&;t&a&m/ vlrsKd;a&;t&yg 'kuQaygif;pHkESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? aemufqHk; wdkif;jynf+ydKuGJysufqD;a&;odk@yif a&S@±_vmonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;.wef;wla&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhjy\emonf tajccHusonfh jy\emjzpfonf[k ±_jrif=uonf? T t,ltqudk Armr[kwfaomvlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifhEdkifiHjcm;rS jrefrmjynfta&;udk avhvmae=uonfh EdkifiHa&;okawoDtcsdK@uvufcH,Hk=unfxm;=ua=umif; avhvmod&Sd&onf?

tcsKd@u jynfwGif;qlyltHkºuGr_jy\emonf ta&;t}uD;qHk; jy\emjzpfonf? qlyltHkºuGr_rsm;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;/ tdk;tdrftaqmuf


59


tOD;rsm; ysufpD;rnf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;topfrsm; vkyfaqmif&ef r0Hhr&J&Sdrnf?t&if;tESD;&Sdolrsm; r&if;ESD;0Hh=u? jynfolrsm; xdwfvef@acsmufcsm;aomursm;rnf? vk,uftEdkifusifhr_rsm; ay:aygufvm+yD; ±dk;om;aomjynfolrsm;'kuQa&muf=urnf? xdkodk@aom tHkºuGr_udk rxdef;odrf;Edkifygu wdkif;jynfysufpD;a&;odk@ OD;wnfoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh Tjy\emonf t"dutusqHk;jy\emjzpfonf[k ,lq=uonf? Tt,ltqudk tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&rsm;ESifh ‚if;[email protected];t0dkif;wdk@u vufcH,Hk=unfxm;=ua=umif; avhvmawG@&Sd&onf?

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qlyltHkºuGjcif;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftOD;rsm; ysufpD;rnf? 'kuQrsKd;pHkESifh }uHKawG@&rnf? wdkif;jynfysufpD;a&;odk@ OD;wnfoGm;Edkifonf — qdkonfwdk@rSm trSefyifjzpfayonf? odk@aomfqlyltHkºuGr_onf tb,fa=umifhjzpfay:vm&oenf;? qlyltHkºuGjcif;onf aygufuGJr_wpfrsKd;jzpfonf? xdkodk@aygufuGJEdkif&ef ,rf;ESifhwlaom pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_/ wif;=uyfaomxdef;csKyfuef@owf ydwfyifxm;r_rsm;tay: rauseyfr_rsm; cdkifcdkifrmrm&Sd&efvdkonf? xdk@tjyif peufwHESifhwlaom tm%mydkifwdk@. rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifjyr_wck&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? TESpfckr&Sdygu }uD;rm;aomqlyltHkºuGr_qdkonfh aygufuGJr_rsKd;rjzpfay:Edkif? jzpfvmyguvnf; umvwdktcsdefydkif;r#om=umwwf+yD; +yD;qHk;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf? Tjy\emonf jzpfay:vmonfhtcg rSefuefEdkifeif;pGm xdef;odrf;&efvdktyfaom ta&;ygonfhjy\emjzpfonf? odk@aomftajccHusaom jy\emr[kwf?

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60

Edkif[Hom

awGudk OD;aqmifEdkifaom tpdk;&wpf&yfvnf;&Sd&rnf? t&if;tESD;/ twwfynmESifh tjcm;aom tajccHaumif;rsm;vnf;&Sd&ef vdktyfayrnf? jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh qif;&JrGJjymusaeaom tajctaewGif t&if;tESD;vnf;r&SdEdkif/twwfynm&Sif/ todynm&SifawGudkvnf; vHkvHkavmufavmuf rarG;xkwfEdkif? vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;cufcJaeaom tajctaewGif pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wuf&efrSm “0”r&SdbJ “0d”vkyfIr&aom tajctaejzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jy\em}uD;av;ckteuf qlyltHkºuGr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifhqdkifonfh pm;0wfaea&; =uyfwnf;r_jy\emwdk@onf tajccHrusaom tudkif;tcufjy\emrsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;ayonf?

usef jy\emESpf&yfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;onf jy\emawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk at;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;ay; Edkifonf? vGwfvyfpGmpD;yGm;a&;&SmazGEdkifcGifhESifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk azmfaqmifay;aoma=umifh pD;yGm;a&;t& wdk;wufvmaprnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf 'Drdkua&pDonf jynfoltrsm;pk.qENudkom azmfaqmifay;+yD; vlenf;pktay:vspfvsL±_r_rsm;&Sdonf? t&m&mudktrsm;pk.qENjzifh tqHk;tjzwfay;jcif;onf vlenf;pkrsm;udk epfemaponf? xdk@a=umifhvlrsKd;wl/ bmomwlaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif jy\emr&Sdaomfvnf; vlrsKd;aygif;pHk/ bmomaygif;pHkESifh pkpnf;xm;aom u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;wckwnf;ESifh rvHkavmufyg? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;jzpfaom t*FvefESifh tdENd,EdkifiHwdk@wGifvnf; Tjy\emrsKd;&SdcJhonf?

t*Fvefac: (United Kingdom) wGif ajrmuftdkif,mvefjynfe,fom; tdkif;&pfvlrsKd;rsm;u vufeufudkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonfrSmvlodrsm;aom udpPjzpfonf? tdEdN,EdkifiHwGifvnf; vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;jzpfaom em*ESifh r%dylwdk@vufeufudkif+yD; tdEdN,tpdk;&udk wdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;+yD; vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;pGmudkvdkufavsmay;cJh&+yD; jzpfonf?

vlrsKd;pkjynfe,frsm;ESifh 0ef;&Hvsuf&Sdaom u|Efkyfwdk@jynfaxmifpkwGifvlrsKd;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;or# rat;csrf; rwdk;wufEdkifa=umif; ESpfaygif; (50) ausmf jynfwGif;ppfordkif;u oufaojycJh+yD;jzpfonf? vlrsm;pkjzpfaom ArmvlrsKd;rsm;onfyifv#if rnfodk@aomtajc


61


tae a&muf&SdcJh&onfudkvnf; txl;ajymp&mvdkrnfr[kwfyg? u|Efkyfwdk@EdkifiH. tajctaeESifh udkufnDonfh vlrsKd;a&;t& wef;wlnDr#r_&Sd+yD;/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;jzifh pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif 'Drdkua&pDenf;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfoGm;jcif;onfomv#if at;csrf;om,mwdk;wufr_udk azmfaqmifay;Edkifygvdrfhrnf? Tonfum; t"duESifhtajccHusaomjy\em jzpfonf?

[rGefjynfopf*sme,f - 2000]


jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;jy\em


65


jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;jy\em

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHtwGif; jzpf&Sdaeaom ESpfig;q,fausmfjynfwGif; ppf}uD;.t"duaomhcsufjy\emonf jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&; jy\emjzpfonf?bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ aemufcHordkif;/ pkpnf;aexdkif&me,fajra'ocsif;rwlnDaom vlrsKd;rsm;pkaygif;aexdkifonfh EdkifiHwpfcktwGif; vlrsKd;pkrsm; twlaexdkifa&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;jy\emonft"dujy\em}uD;jzpfonf? ‚if;jy\emudk yuwdtaetxm;ESifh udkufnDrSefuefpGmrajz&Sif;bJ tm%m&olwdk@u rdrdwdk@qENt&vdk&mqGJyHkpHcs trnfcHjynfaxmifpkudk zGJ@pnf;cJhojzifh nDtpfudkvlrsKd;tcsif;csif; jyif;xefpGm ppfcif;&aom vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ jzpfay:vmcJh&onf? ,if; ppfyGJa=umifhppfwyfonfta&;yg t&Sdeft0g&vm+yD; aemufqHk;tm%m odrf;onftxd jzpfay:vmonf? odk@ESifh wpfygwDtm%m&Siftpdk;&. pkd;rdk; zdESdyfr_udk jynfolwpf&yfvHk;ESpfaygif;&Snf=umpGm cHcJh&onf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; r}uHKbl;atmif qif;&JiwfrGwfvm&onf? xdk@a=umifh Tpkpnf;aexdkifa&; odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;jy\emudk tjrefqHk;ajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfaeayonf?

jy\emw&yfudk ajz&Sif;&mwGif jy\emjzpfay:vm&jcif; tajccHudkavhvm&ef vdktyfayonf? ordkif;udkjyef=unfhv#if u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif vlrsKd;tcsKd@wdk@onf oD;jcm;EdkifiHrsm;jzifh ESpfaygif;&Snf=umpGm aexdkifvmcJh =uonf?tcsKd@vlrsKd;wdk@rSm vlOD;a&/ "etiftm;/ ppftiftm; enf;yg;ojzihf vufatmufcHb0ESifh aexdkifvmcJh&onf? odk@aomf {u&mZf ya'o&mZfpepfwGifb¾mqufo&efomt"dujzpf+yD; rdrdwdk@t}uD;tuJESifh rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;a'oudktkyfcsKyfaexdkifvmcJh=uonf? wcsdefcsdefwGif ppftiftm;}uD;rm;aombk&ifwyg;yg;u eD;pyf&m {u&mZfbk&ifhe,fajrrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhojzifh us,fjyef@aom EkdifiHtoGifa&mufcJhonf? odk@aomf tiftm;enf;yg;vmonfESifh xdktifyg&mEdkifiHonfvnf; +ydKuGJysufpD;&jyefonf?ppftiftm;aumif;aom tavmif;bk&m;ESifh bdk;awmfbk&m;wdk@u rGefESifh&cdkifjynfukdodrf;+yD; ukef;abmifrif;quf tifyg&mEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmuftkyfcsKyfEdkifcJhonf? TtajccHudk,l+yD; twkta,mifjynfaxmifpkudk vSnfhpm;yHkazmfcJhojzifh ,ae@txdjy\em ay:ae&jcif;jzpfonf?


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Edkif[Hom

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;tajccHudk awmifwef;a'ovlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh n‡dE_dif;+yD;csrSwf oGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf ‚if;vkyf}uHcH&+yD;aemuf ‚if;ESihf vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm; csKyfqdkcJhaom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;onfvnf; ‚if;enf;wl ajrjr‡Kyfo+*FK d[fcH cJh&onf?OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;onf toGiftm;jzifhjynfaxmifpk (Federal State) vufawG@tm;jzifh wpfjynfaxmifpepf(Unitary State) jzpfaom trnfcHjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHkudk OD;csefxGef;tm;a&;qGJapcJhonf? yifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&mwGif ryg0ifcJhaom wenf;tm;jzifht*Fvdyfwdk@pnf;±Hk;zJhxkwfr_udk rpdk;&drf&aom u&if/ rGef/ &cdkif vlrsKd;rsm;udkrlvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;. t*F g&yfrsm;ESihf rnfr#jynhfpHkaeapumrl rnfonfhtcGifhta&;r# ray;cJhyg? txyfxyftcgcg qENjywdkufyGJ0ifawmif;qdkaomtcgrSrajymyavmufaom tcGifhta&;wpfcsKd@udk ay;cJhonf? u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@rSmt*Fvdyfwdk@vufxufu zGJ@pnf;cJhaom ppfwyft&Sdeft0ga=umifh rGefESifh &cdkifwdk@xuf apmvsifpGm jynfe,f&cJhonf?

wdkif;&if;om;nDtpfudk tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;cspf=unfat;csrf;pGm jy\emudk rajz&Sif;bJ ‚if;wdk@a&;qGJxm;aom Oya'udk bk&m;a'oemuJhodk@rSwf,l+yD;taoqkyfudkifxm;um ppfom;ESihf ykvdyfudkoHk;I zDqefolrsm;udk usnfqefESifh axmif'%frsm;ay;cJhonf? xdk@a=umihf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;jzpfay:vmcJh&onf?

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67


usif+yD; jy\emudkqENpGJjzifh ajz&Sif;cJhojzifh EdkifiHa&;'%fcwfjcif;udk cHoGm;=u&+yD;jzpfonf?

u|Efkyfwdk@EdkifiH. yuwdtaetxm;ESifh udkufnDaom jynfaxmifpkudkrnfodk@wnfaqmuf&rnfenf;? urBmay:wGif rwluGJjym;aomvlrsKd;rsm;udktajccH+yD; EdkifiHrsm;pGmudk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? Oyrm— qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ tdENd,/ qGpfZmvef/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;ESifh csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHwdk@ jzpfonf? ‚if;EdkifiHrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;t& u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHESifhqifwlr_&Sdonf? rwlaomvlrsKd;uGJrsm;twGif; vlOD;a&rsm;aom(odk@r[kwf) ,Ofaus;r_ todynmwdk;wufaom (odk@r[kwf) ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk@wGif tm;aumif;aomvlrsKd;wrsKd;u tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;udk vufatmufcHtjzpfESifh pkpnf;xm;Ir&? &yguvnf; r+rJEdkif? rat;csrf;Edkifyg? auseyfcspfcifpGmjzifh pkpnf;=urnf r[kwfay? u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHtwGuf jzpfoifhaomjynfaxmifpkrSm bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ aemufcHordkif;/ pkpnf;aexdkifaoma'o/ xdkufoifhaom vlOD;a&/ zlvHkaom pD;yGm;a&;tajccHwdk@ESifhjynfhpHku ‚if;vlrsKd;twGuf jynfe,fwck zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef vdkonf? jynfe,ftus,ft0ef;ESifh wnfae&mwdk@rSm ‚if;pkpnf;aexdkif&m a'oay:wGif&Sd&rnf? xkdjynfe,frsm;onf csKyfcs,fr_r&Sdaom udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tcGifhtm%mrsm;&Sd&rnf? udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tcGifhtm%mqdkonfrSm ‚if;wdk@jynfe,ftjctaeESifh udkufnDaomOya'udk ‚if;wdk@a&;qGJydkifcGifh/ jyXmef;ydkifcGihf/ ‚if;wdk@jynfe,fudk ‚if;wdk@}udKufESpfoufolrsm;ESifh a&G;cs,ftkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh/ ‚if;wdk@jynfe,ftwGif; w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifhrsm; &Sd&rnf?

txufyg t*F g&yf (odk@r[kwf) tajccHtcsufrsm;wGif tm;enf;r_&Sdaom vlrsKd;pki,frsm;udkrl udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh jynfe,fwcktwGif; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;jynfe,f/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'o/ vlrsKd;pka'o ponfjzifh vlrsKd;i,frsm;. tcGifhtm%mudk xdkufoifhovdkay;xm;&rnf? vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;.trsKd;om;qdkif&m zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf r_udk wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;jcif;rsKd;r&SdbJ tm;ay;oGm;&rnfjzpfonf?

t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh rwlnDaomfvnf; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGihfjynfe,frsm;wGif tcGifhtm%mrsm; wlnDpGm &Sd&rnf? ‚if;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKaomudk,fpm;vS,ftnDtr#jzifh trsKd;om;v$wfawmf (odk@r[kwf) txufv$wf


awmfudkzGJ@pnf;+yD; jynfaxmifpkqdkif&m tqifhjrifhaomtm%mrsm;udk ay;tyfxm;&rnf?

jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf jynfe,frsm;taejzifh rvkyfoifhaom odk@r[kwf jynfe,frsm;u v$Jtyfxm;aom tcGifhtm%mrsm;ESifh vkyfief;rsm;udkudkifwG,fvkyfaqmifoGm;&rnf? Oyrm — EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/ jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ aiGa=u;±dkufESdyfxkwfa0a&;ESifhvlr_axmufyHhu,fq,fa&; vkyfief;wdk@udk vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef jzpfonf?

TonfrSm ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkwck. zGJ@pnf;yHkqdkif&m vdktyfcsufjzpfonf? EdkifiHaygif;pHkrS jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;udk avhvm/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtajctaeESifh aygif;pyf/ vlrsKd;pHkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf n‡dE_dif;+yD; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fpdk;rdk;r_uif;aom trsm;vufcHEdkifonfhyHkpHopfjzifh ppfrSefaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkudk zGJ@pnf;EdkifrSom u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHtwGif; jzpf&Sdaeonfh vlrsKd;a&;t&rkef;wD;r_/ &efjyKwdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?

vlrsKd;a&;t& ESpfaygif;&Snf=umpGm jzpfay:cJhaom jy\emudk twkta,mifjynfaxmifpkjzifh vSnfhpm;I r&yg? ydkrkdpkpnf;tm;aumif;&efqdk+yD;wpfjynfaxmifpepfjzifh vlrsKd;uGJtoGifudk azsmufzsuf&ef }udK;yrf;r_onfvnf; tm;raumif;EdkifbJ ydkIydkIomtm;enf;vmapcJhonfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? aemufqHk;rsKd;quf tESpfig;q,fausmf vufawG@e,fy,fwGifprf;oyfcJh+yD;jzpfI vrf;rSefudkav#muf=u&ef oifh+yD? vlrsKd;a&;t& jzpfay:aeaom jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udkyg jznfhpGufvdkufygu wrsKd;om;vHk;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk ajr}uD;vufcwfrvGJ &&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf? xdktcg at;csrf;om,m+yD; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufaom jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk vG,fulpGm trSefwu,fazmfaqmif Edkifygvdrfhrnf?

[tem*wfjynfaxmifpkopfpmpOf - 1989]



jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;

wnfaqmufrnfqkdygv#if


71


jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufrnfqkdygv#if

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yxrtrsKd;tpm;wGif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qdkonfrSm olykefoluefr&Sd/twdkuftcHr&Sd tkyfcsKyfol. csKyfudkifr_atmufwGif acgif;iHk@/ cHrajymaomtajctaersKd; EdkifiHESihft0Srf; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@&Sdaeygu jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&Sd+yD[k jrifae=uonf? txl;ojzifh tm%m&tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;rsm;uTtjrifrsKd; &Sdwwf=uonf? Todk@jzpfapcsif=uonf?

'kwd,trsKd;tpm;wGif jynfolrsm; 00vifvifpm;oHk;&+yD; at;at;csrf;csrf;aeEdkifv#if jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&+yD[k jrif=uonf? TtjrifrsKd;udktkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;xJuwcsKd@ESifh tkyfpdk;cHjynfolxJu vl+ydef;rsm; vufcHxm;=uonf?

wwd,trsKd;tpm;wGif jynfolrsm; 00vifvifpm;oHk;Edkif&rnf? at;at;csrf;csrf;vnf; tdyfpufem;aeEdkif &rnf? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdka&;om;cGifh/rdrdqENudk azmfjycGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,f,Hk=unfcGifh/ vlrsKd;pkrsm; rdrdwdk@ta&;udk rdrdwkd@pDrH qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhrsm;vnf; &Sd&rnf? xdkodk@aom tcGifhtm%mrsm;udk wdkif;jynfESihft0Srf; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jynfolrsm;cHpm;cGifh&SdygrSjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&Sdonf[k ±_jrif=uonf? Ttjrifudk twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tjrif&Sdaom jynfolrsm;u ±_jrifae=uonf?

pmzwfoltaeESifh rnfodk@tjrif&Sdygoenf;? rdrdwnf&Sdaeaom twef;tpm; tv$mtaetxm;xuf bufaygif;pHkpDppf+yD;rS tajzay;apvdkonf?


72

Edkif[Hom

pma&;oltaeESihf wwd,tjrifudkom vufcHonf? yxrtjrifrSm Om%fynmenf;yg;aom tm%m&vlwpfpku rdrdwdk@tm%m&xm;pOfwGifomxm;&SdEdkifaom tjrifrsKd;jzpfonf? tm%mvufvGwfoGm;onfESihf Ttjrifudk vufcHEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf? 'kwd,tjrifrSmvnf; pm;/ tdyf/rdwfvdkuf oHk;rsKd;udkom odem;vnfaom wd&p>mefomom vl+ydef;rsm;ESifhtkyfpdk;oljynfolrsm;udk tusOf;om;tqifhwGifxm;&Sdvdkaom tkyfpdk;olvlwcsKd@xm;&Sdaomtjrif oabmxm; jzpfonf[k ±_jrifonf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@onf vlom;rsm;jzpf=uonf? vlom;csif;twlwl vdkvm;awmifhwr_jcif; odyfuGmjcm;=uvdrfhrnfr[kwf? u|JEGm;rsm;udkrl ezmxdk;/ }udK;qGJ}udrfjzifhwdk@I vdk&mcdkif;Edkifonf? vlom;tcsif;csif;udkum; xdkodk@vkyfI&rnfr[kwf? a,bl,stm;jzifh todw&m;ESifh cHpm;csufcsif; wlnD=uaomvlom;rsm;wGif tm%m&olwdk@u rdrdwdk@a&muf&Sdaeaom b0. tvdkqENwpfckwnf;udk rjrifbJ/ tjcm;vlrsm;. tvdkqENudkvnf; =unfhjrifwwf&efvdkonf? xdkodk@r[kwfbJ olwyg;.tvdkqENoabmxm;rsm;udk *&krxm;/rdrdtpktzGJ@. tjrifoabmxm;oufoufjzifh csKyfudkifxm;ygu tm%m&SifpepfjzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? ‚if;udk tm%mjzihfxyfrHudkifwG,f ajz&Sif;ygu±kef;ueftefwkr_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; aemufqHk;awmfvSefykefuefr_rsm; jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk v$JrSm;aomtjrifjzifh ±_jrift"dyg,fazmf+yD; ‚if;udkt"rRenf;jzifh taumiftxnfazmfvdkufaomtcgrvdkvm;tyfaom qef@usifbuftusKd; oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfvm&awmhonf?

Tr#qdkv#if jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &,lwnfaqmufEdkif&ef tedrfhqHk;tqifhwGif vdktyfaomoabmxm;tjrif w&yfudkawG@&Sd&yg+yD? ‚if;udkwenf;tm;jzifh tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;[kvnf; ac:qdkonf? TtajccHvl@tcGifhta&; rsm;r&SdbJ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkifay?

[email protected]&m;udk ‚if;wdk@jzwfoef;cJh&aom b0c&D;wpfav#mufawG@}uHKcJh&onfrsm;ESifh ‚if;.ywf0ef;usif tjzpftysufrsm;u owfrSwfay;onf? u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif vlrsKd;vlwef;pm; vl@tv$mrsm;pGm&Sdonfhtjyiftouft&G,f aexdkif&ma'o uGJjym;r_a=umifhvnf; todtjrifcH,lcsufESifhoabmxm;trsKd;rsKd; &Sd=uonf? Todk@aom taetxm;wGif ta&twGuf


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ydkrsm;aom odk@r[kwf tm%m&xm;aomvlpku rdrdwdk@oabmus&m wpfckwnf;udk csrSwfvkyfaqmifygv#if jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk rnfodk@r#azmfaqmifEdkifrnf r[kwfay?

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'Drdkua&pDqdkonfrSm trsm;pkjzpfaom [email protected]&tkyfcsKyfjcif;qdk+yD;/ vlrsm;pkjzpfaom tiftm;pku rdrdwdk@oabmus&mudkcsnf;csrSwfoGm;ygu jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfay? rwluGJjym;aomvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&; udpP&yfrsm;wGif wef;wlr_/vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_rsm; &Sd&ef txl;vdktyfonf?

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txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pDvkyf[efESifh wef;wla&;ESifhudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtay: tajccHaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;wdk@udk =unfvifpGm vufcHEdkifygu ±dk;om;yGifhvif;aom apwemjzifh n‡dE_dif;ajz&Sif;=uygv#if jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk vG,fulpGmwnfaqmufEdkifygonf?xdkodk@ jzLpifaomapwemudk t&if;cHrxm;bJ t+rD;usuf t+rD;pm;/ acgif;


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Edkif[Hom

usuf acgif;pm;/ wpdyf&& wydkif;&& &or#udk zJh,lwwfaom enf;jzifhum;jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkifyg?

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rSefuefaomenf;vrf;udk jrifaeygv#ufrav#mufbJ ppfa&;jzifh qufwdkufaernfqdkygu aemufxyftESpfig;q,fjynfhvnf; +yD;qHk;Edkifrnf r[kwfay? vlrsKd;pka&;&mwGif tm%mcGJa0r_r&SdbJ 'Drdkua&pD&&Sd±Hkr#ESifh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk r&Edkifa=umif; t*FvefESifh tdENd,EdkifiHwdk@u oufaojyaeygonf? vlrsKd;pkrsm;. jy\emrsm;udk ,m,Dtypftcwf &yfpJxm;+yD;a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;aeIum; rajyvnfEdkif?ppfyGJwpf&mwdkuf&efrvdk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh +zdKcGJaomenf;onf rSefuefaomenf; r[kwf/ tcsdefqGJaom enf;wckom jzpfonf? acgif;aqmiftiftm;pkudk om,mr_jzifh odrf;oGif;,laom enf;onfvnf; om,mr_tay: rl;,pfwwfaom acgif;aqmiftcsKd@udkom qGJaqmifESpfodrfhI &aumif;&rnf? acgif;aqmiftcsKd@avsmhoGm;±Hkr#jzifh awmfvSefa&;udk &yfwef@atmif vkyfI&rnfr[kwfay? awmfvSefa&;qdkaom vufeufudkifykefuefr_onf EdkifiHa&;tcGifhtm%m&&Sda&;[laom OD;wnfcsuftwGufjzpfonf? xdkEdkifiHa&;tcGifhtm%mjy\emudk EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;r_rjyKor# rajyvnfr+yD;jywfEdkif? xdkodk@r+yD;jywfygu +idrf;csrf;a&;udk OD;wnfaom &nf&G,fcsufonftcsnf;tESD;yif jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf?


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u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif o,HZmwaygºuG,f0aeygv#uf EdkifiH.zG@H+zdK;wdk;wufr_tqifhonf urBmwGif aemufqHk;wef;u vdkufae&onf? tcsdefudktusKd;rJhpGm tESpfig;q,fausmf jzKef;cJh+yD;+yDjzpfonf? aemufxyftcsefray;oifhawmhyg? vrf;rSefudkodjrifaeygv#uf rav#mufaom a&SŒaqmifolonf=um&SnfpGma&SŒaqmifEdkifrnf r[kwf? EdkifiHa&;udk rvSnfhpm;ESifh jynfoludkrvSnfhpm;ESifh ordkif;tdrfomusif;xJ epfrGef;oGm;&ayvdrfhrnf? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;r&SdbJ wdk;wufaomwdkif;jynfwck rwnfaqmufEdkif? xdk@a=umifhapwemrSefv#if jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk tjrefazmfaqmifjyzdk@ vdkonf?



aomif;xdkuf. yx0DEdkifiHa&;pmtkyftay:pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;


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aomif;xdkuf. yx0DEdkifiHa&;pmtkyftay:pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;

q&maomif;xdkuf. yx0DEdkifiHa&;pmtkyfonf emrnfausmf pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfonf? ‚if;pmtkyfukd tcsKdŒaom EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;[email protected][mAsL[mpmwrf;ozG,f rSwf,lae=ua=umif; =um;od&onf?xdk@a=umifh usaemf&SmazGavhvm=unfhrdygonf? aocsmpGm zwf±_+yD;aemufpma&;q&m. OD;wnfcsufudk usaemf&Smonf? ‚if;.wifjycsufrsm;udkusaemfpDppfonf? xdktcg usaemfvufcHEdkifaom tydkif;ESifh vufrcHEdkifaomtydkif;rsm;udk awG@&onf? xdk@a=umihf Taqmif;yg;udka&;&ef qENjzpfay:vmaponf?

q&maomif;xdkufonf touft&G,ftm;jzifh‚if;/ pmayavhvma&;om;r_ESifh vl@b0tawG@t}uHKtm;jzifh‚if; usaemfhxufrsm;pGm }uD;ygonf? xdkodk@tzufzufrS}uD;jrifhol. ±_jrifoHk;oyfa&;om;csufrsm;tay:usaemfhtaejzifh bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_t&=unfhv#ifaxmufjya0zefr_ rjyKvdkyg? odk@aomf EdkifiHa&;tjrifESifh =unfhrnfqdkygu axmufjya0zefp&m &Sdaeygv#uf a&iHkE_wfydwfaevdkufygu wdkif;jynftwGuf wm0efausrnfr[kwfyg?,ckuJhodk@aom oabmw&m;vrf;!$efpmtkyfrsKd;onf yuwdtajctaeESifhtH0if*Gifus udkufnDaeygu }uD;pGmaomtusKd;udk jzpfay:apEdkif+yD; wdrf;apmif;v$Jacsmfaeygu tusKd;rJh,Hkru }uD;pGmaomtEœ&m,fudkyifjzpfay:apEdkifonf? xdk@a=umifh rdrd.tjrifudk ±dk;om;yGifhvif;pGm wifjyvdkufygonf? trSm;trSefudk pm±_olrsm;pOf;pm;oHk;oyf qHk;jzwf&rnfyif?

q&maomif;xdkuf. yx0DEdkifiHa&;pmtkyfwGif tcsufwdkif; tcef;wdkif;udk vufrcHEdkifjcif;r[kwf/ usaemfESifh tjrifrwlaomtydkif;rsm; tcsufrsm;udkom aumufE_wf+yD; oHk;oyfoGm;ygrnf? useftydkif;rsm;onf vufcHEdkifjcif;ESifh txl;rajymvdkjcif;[k ,lqEdkifygonf? aemufwpfckwifjyvkdonfrSmq&maomif;xdkufESifh usaemfrwlnDaomb0/ rwlnDaomumvwGif&Sifoef&yfwnfae=uaoma=umifh tjrifcsif;uGJJjym;&onfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?


80

Edkif[Hom

rnfodk@qdkap wdkif;jynfwjynfwGif vlrsKd;/ bmom/ vlwef;pm; uGJjym;r_rsm; &Sdonf? rwlnDaomb0rS rwlnDaomtjrifrsm;udkyg pkpnf;avhvm+yD;rSoabmw&m;wckudk qGJ,lcsrSwfcJhv#if ydkIjynfhpHkrSefuef+yD; wdkif;jynfudkydkItusdK; jzpfapEdkifay vdrfhrnf? xdkodk@aom apwemjzifh rdrd.oabmxm;tjrifudk wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf?

q&maomif;xdkufonf “jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; (45) oef;twGufa&yufr0ifaom pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk a&SŒ&_I TpmtkyfudkjyKpk&jcif;jzpfonf” [kpma&;ol. trSmpmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk OD;wnfjcif;onf tvGefaumif;ygonf? a&yufr0ifaom pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;um; qdkzG,f&mr&Sd+yD? odk@aomf pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk rnfodk@wnfaqmuf&rnfqdkonfudk ay:vGifatmiftus,fw0ifh azmfjyrxm;yg? pmtkyf.emrnf “yx0DEdkifiHa&;” ESifh rtyfpyfIavm rqdkEdkifyg? xdkodk@ay:vGifatmifazmfjyrxm;aomfvnf; yg&Sdor#pmom;tay: axmuf±_=unfhaomf txdkuftav#muf jrifawG@&onf?

tydkif; (1) vlOD;a&jy\em pmrsufESm (9-10-11) wdk@wGifTodk@azmfjyxm;.? “usaemfwkd@jrefrmEdkifiH vlOD;a&tajctaeESifh yx0DEdkifiHa&;udk avhvmv#if tvGef&ifav;zG,ftcsufudk awG@&rnf”? jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufbufY vlOD;a&oef;aygif; (1000) ausmf&Sdonfh w±kwfEdkifiH&Sd+yD;taemufbufY vlOD;a&oef;aygif; (800) ausmf&Sdonfh tdENd,EdkifiH &Sdayonf? taemufajrmufrS b*Fvm;a'h&Sfonfvnf; vlODa&oef; (100) ausmfae+yD;/ ,if;vlOD;a& xlxyfvSonfh EdkifiH}uD;oHk;EdkifiH=um;wGif vlOD;a&oef;aygif; (40) ausmfr#om&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeonf rnfr#&ifav;zG,faumif;ygoenf;”?

“TuJhodk@ vlOD;a&tajctaewGif jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@. p±dkufvuQ%mudkxnfhwGufvdkufygu tajctaerSm tvGefqdk;&Gm;vSonfudk awG@&rnf?jrefrmvlrsKd;onf wOD;csif; tvGefvGwfvGwfvyfvyfaevdkI rdrdoabmt&om aeoGm;vdk.? xdk@a=umifh cdkifrmpGrf;yum;&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;r&Sdonfhtcg jrefrmwdk@onf pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_r&SdbJ 0g;tpnf;ajyovdkolwvligwrif;om aexdkifcJh=uonfudk awG@&ygonf”?


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“yk*HacwfrS ,cktxd wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;nD!GwfonfhumvrSm tvGefenf;I 0g;tpnf;ajyovdk jzpfcJhonfursm;avonf? taemf&xm/bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wdk@uJhodk@ pGrf;yum;&Sd+yD;cdkifrmonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;vufxufwGifom jrefrmwdk@a&yufr0if atmifpnf;vHk;cJh=uavonf”?

“jrefrmwdk@pnf;vHk;+yDqdkv#if ta&S@awmiftm&S zdef@zdef@wkefcJh&onfcsnf;jzpf.? taemf&xmvufxuf (1044) rSpI a&wGufaomf (1947)ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;onftxd ESpfaygif; (903) ESpfwGif (74)ESpfom jrefrmwdk@ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; &SdcJh=uavonf”?

“tpOftvmt& jrefrmwdk@ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;&SdcJh=uonfrSmvnf;cdkifrmpGrf;yum;&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrsm; vufxufwGifomjzpf&um;u|Ekfyfwdk@ tvdktyfqHk;tcsufrSm cdkifrmpGrf;yum;&Sdonfh vuf±Hk;&nf/ ESvHk;&nfESifh jynfhpHkonfh acgif;aqmifr_vufatmufrS wrsKd;om;vHk;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_[k aumufcsufcsEdkifrnf jzpfavonf”?

txufygpmom;rsm;tay: tajccH+yD; &nf&G,f&if;udk csKyfvdkufaomfywf0ef;usif&Sd vlOD;a&tvGefuGmjcm;aom EdkifiHrsm;udk vufn‡d;xdk;+yD;ta=umif;jy +cdrf;ajcmufonf? taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m;wdk@. ppftiftm;jzifh e,fcsJŒwdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf atmifjrifcJhonfrsm;udkcdkifrmaom pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;[k qdkxm;cJhonf? ArmvlrsKd;wpfOD;taeESifhxdkodk@±_jrifEdkifaomfvnf; xD;eef;/ e,fajr/ vGwfvyfa&; qHk;±H_;cJh&aom rGef/&cdkif/ &Srf; wdk@twGuf rnfodk@cHpm;&rnfudk udk,fcsif;pm=unfhapcsifygonf?xdkpOftcgu urBmhukvor*~vdk tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; ray:aygufao;I ppftiftm;omolu tEdkif,lvlpGrf;aumif;jzpfcJhonf? ,ckvdkacwfrsKd;wGifq'rf[lpdef ul0dwfudk odrf;ydkufaomtcg rnfodk@jzpfoGm;oenf;? vlpGrf;aumif;rjzpf±Hkru urBmhppfw&m;cH}uD;jzpf&onfudk owdjyKoifhayonf?,ckacwfonf oufOD;qHydkifbk&if{u&mZfacwf r[kwfawmh+yD?

TacwfTtcgrsKd;wGif pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk rnfodk@wnfaqmufoifhygoenf;? ppfa&;jzifhwdkufcdkuf acgif;raxmifEdkifatmif zdxm;I ac:&ifbk&m;xl;&aom vufatmufcHu|efjyKjcif;rsKd;jzifh pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkifawmhyg? tu,fI zdxm;Ekdif&ifvnf; a&&Snfrcdkif+rJEdkifyg?


82

Edkif[Hom

,ckacwftcgonf wef;wltusKd;wlr_tay:wGif yl;aygif;=ujcif; jzpfonf?EdkifiHwckwnf;twGif;rSmqdkygu ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpk (zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepf) jzifh yl;aygif;=ujcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHtrsm;qdkv#ifvnf; xdkrljzifhOa&myor*~ (tD;,l) ta&SŒawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H) wdk@udkpkpnf;xm;=uonf? rlrSefv#if taumiftxnfazmf&ef rcufyg[k usaemfajymvdkygonf?

,ckacwfwGif ywf0ef;usif&Sd vlOD;a&tvGefrsm;aom EdkifiHrsm;udk=unfh+yD;a=umufpdwf/ pdk;&drfpdwf rvGefoifhyg? urBmhEdkifiHrsm;udk xdef;uGyfbdk@urBmhukvor*~tzGJ@}uD; &Sdaeonf? tjcm;aomtiftm;csdefcGifv#mxdef;ay;Edkifonfh a'oqdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? ,ckacwfonf ppftiftm;jzifh e,fcsJŒwdkufcdkuf tjrwfxkwfaom acwfr[kwf/ pD;yGm;a&;t&tjrwfxkwfaomacwfjzpfonf? t&if;tESD;pdkuf+yD; tjrwf,lrnf? ukef=urf;,l ukefacsma&mif;rnf? ynmonfvkyftm;cudk aps;}uD;jzifha&mif;+yD;tvkyf=urf;orm; vkyftm;udk aps;ESdrf0,f,lrnf? &if;ESD;atmifaygif;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;jzpfxGef;atmif vkyfrnf? (Oyrm — vrf;azmuf/ oabFmqdyfurf;aqmuf) TvdkacwfrsKd;wGif w±kwfuppfa&;jzifh usL;ausmf wdkufckdufvmrnfudk a=umufae&efrvdk/ tu,fI w&kwfuppfa&;jzifh wdkufcdkufvmygurdrdwdk@ppftiftm;jzihf rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# ckcHEdkifaom tajctaer&Sdyg?r[mrdwfukvor*~tzGJ@wdk@udktm;udk;&rnfom? tdENd,onfvnf; ppfa&;t& +cdrf;ajcmufr_r&Sd/ tdENd,jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk awmfvSefaeaomtrsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;ESifhom e,fcsif;qufpyfaeonf? b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHonf pD;yGm;a&;t& c|wf+cHKusaeaom EdkifiHjzpfonf? ol@ jynfwGif;a&;ESifhol±_wfaxG;aeonf? &efrlvmrnfhvuQ%m vHk;0r&Sd? xdk@ a=umifh u|Ekfyfwdk@u‚if;wdk@tay: tb,fa=umifh pdk;&drfpdwfylae&ygoenf;?

q&maomif;xkdufu jrefrmwdk@. p±dkufvuQ%mudk xnfhwGufvdkufygutajctaerSm tvGefqkd;&Gm;vSonfudk awG@&rnf? jrefrmvlrsKd;onfwOD;csif; tvGefvGwfvGwfvyfvyfaevdkI rdrdoabmt&om aevdk.? xdk@a=umifh cdkifrmpGrf;yum;&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;r&Sdonfhtcg jrefrmwdk@onfpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_r&SdbJ 0g;tpnf;ajyovdk olwvligwrif; aexdkifcJh=uonfudk awG@&onfqdkaom pmydk'fonf ,ae@jynfolwdk@ vdkvm;awmifhwaeaom 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;wdk@twGuf


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v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tqdk;bufu&_jrif+yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfjzifh csKyfudkifxm;&efvdktyfonfudk qdkvdkonfht"dyg,foufa&mufonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk,cktcg urBmESifht0Srf; qef@usifae=uonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@jynfolrsm;uvnf;ESpfaygif; (30) ausmf cg;oD;pGmcHcJh&I &GHŒrkef;ae=u+yD; Armvlxkyifv#ifvufrcHEdkifawmh+yD? quf+yD;usifhoHk;aev#if wdkif;jynfysufzdk@om&Sdrnf? jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;.qENudk vdkufavsmjznfhqnf;rnfavm/ trsKd;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;trnfcH+yD; jynfoludkcsKyfcs,fESdyfuGyfI vdk&mudk qufvkyfrnfavm/vkyfv#ifaum atmifjrifEdkifrnfvm;/ zdeyfESifhoifhawmf&ef zaemifhudkjzwfrnfht}uHESifh zaemifhESifhnD&ef zdeyfudkjyifrnfht}uH pm±_olrsm;trSefudka&G;,lqHk;jzwf=uzdk@vdkygonf?

“jrefrmwdk@pnf;vHk;rd+yDqdkv#if ta&S@awmiftm&S zdef@zdef@wkefcJh&onfcsnf;jzpf.” [laompum;pkonf pnf;vHk;r_udk tm;ay;vdkaom qENyg&SdouJhodk@ &efvdkjcif;/ usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufvdkjcif;/ e,fcsJŒvdkjcif;pdwf"mwfudkazmfjyvdkufovdkvnf; t"dyg,fxGufaeygonf? aemuf+yD; pmrsufESm (12)wGif “EdkifiHav;rsm;twGuf olrsm;tapmfum;rcH&ap&ef r&SdrjzpfvdktyfcsufrSm pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh ppfa&;jyifqif+yD;r_wdk@jzpfygonf” [kyg&Sdjyefygonf?

Tae&mwGif rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtajctaeESihfudkufnDaom oifhawmfvdktyfonfh ppfa&;jyifqifr_ &Sd&rnfudk usaemfvufcHygonf? odk@aomf vdktyfaomppf tiftm;rSm oHk;odef;vm;/ ig;odef;vm;/ xdkr#vdktyfygrnfvm;/ ppfwyfrsm;rsm;pkzGJ@xm;v#if p&dwf}uD;av;rnf? vkyftm;qHk;±_H;rnf? T av;vHaom0efxkyf}uD;udk =um=umxrf;&v#if olrsm;EdkifiHudk vdkufrSDEdkifygrnfavm? ,ckacwfwGif jynfolrsm; rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fa&;pepfudkazmfjy+yD; ppfwyfudkav#mhaeonf? ukefxkwfvkyfr_udk OD;pm;ay;onf? Tenf;vrf;udk r&Sm}uHoifhaybl;vm;/ wdk;wufvdkv#if Tenf;vrf;udk rvGJraoG vkdufemusifhoHk;&ayrnf?

pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaeonfum;rSef.? odk@aomfrnfodk@aompnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk vdktyfoenf;? tm%m&SifwOD;[email protected] acgif;iHk@cH+yD; jyefrajyma=u;udk nD!Gwfa&;[kqdkrnfavm? xdkenf;jzifh vkyfcJhI ,cktcsdeftcg u|Efkyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ tb,fr#&&Sdygoenf;? tus,frajymvdkyg? tm;vHk;odygonf? nD!Gwfr_&atmif


84

Edkif[Hom

rnfodk@wnfaqmufrnfenf;? {u&mZfatmufu rSefyghbk&m;vm;/ tm%m&Sifatmufu acgif;iHkE_wfydwfa&;vm;/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& trsm;jynfolqENudk vufcHrnfvm;/ acwftcgudk =unfhzdk@vdkonf? enf;emudkodzdk@vdkonf?awG@qHkaqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;r_rjyKbJ ighpum;EGm;&/ igvkyfovdk cH,l=u/ vkyfaev#ifrnfodk@pnf;vHk;nD!GwfEdkifygrnfenf;?

q&maomif;xdkufu rsufarSmufacwf yx0DEdkifiHa&; tcef;pmrsufESm(157) tv,favmufwGif “&efoludk v#Kd@0Sufowfjzwf okwfoiftqdyfau|;owf/ vlowform;iSm;owf tm;vHk;w&m;onf”[ka&;cJholyg? oltqdkjyKcJhonfhenf;rsm;rSm “tusifhpm&dwWoduQmESihf udk,fusifhw&m;udkt"duxm;olrsm;twGufawmh tvGefrw&m;onfh oduQmr&Sdonfhenf;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomf tppftrSefEdkifiHa&; (Real Politic) e,fy,fwGif oDvapmifhxdef;ol/ tusifhpm&dwWcdkifrmol b,fESpfOD;&Sdoenf;? tppftrSefEdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif ajAmifzGifh[0efcHjcif; r&Sdapumrl rufcD,mA,fvD enf;rsm;rSmtvGefacwfpm;aeonfrSm trSefjzpf.” [k a&;om;xm;jyefonfudk=unfhygu Tvkyf[efrsKd;udk vufcHtm;ay;aeonfh oabmrsKd;jzpfonf?

q&maomif;xdkufonf jrefrmhwyfrawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhzl;onf[k azmfjyxm;jyefonfhtwGuf q&maomif;xkduf. oabmxm;t,ltqrsm;onf b0ESihf,SOfaom cH,lcsufoabmxm;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf? Todk@aom oabmxm;onf [pfwvmuJhodk@aom r[mtrsKd;jrwf0g'D/ ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. oabmw&m;rsm;omjzpfonf[k usaemf±dk;om;pGmjrifrdygonf? Tt,ltqjzifh wdkif;jynfudkpkpnf;rnf/ wdk;wufaprnf[kqdkygu tESpf (30) ausmf tawG@t}uHKt& pmzwfolrsm; vufcHEdkif=uygrnfavm?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpfqef@usifa&; jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (zqyv) wyfaygif;pk}uD;wGif vlrsKd;pkjynfolrsm;udk pkpnf;OD;aqmifcJhonf? vlrsKd;pHkpkpnf;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf ordkif;0ifyifvHknDvmcHESifh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk uruxjyK azmfaqmifcJholjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;udkvGwfvyfa&;/ wef;wla&;/ w&m;r#wa&;tay: tajccH+yD; tusdK;wlyl;aygif;vmatmif }udK;yrf;cJholjzpf.? ol.rludk aemufvlawGuzsufcJhI wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; wkdufcdkufcJh&onf? wzef EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk ppfa&;jzifh 0ifrpGuf


85


csifI ppfwyfuxGuf+yD; EdkifiHa&;udk qufvkyfvdkoljzpfonf? olom taorapmcJhygu usaemfwdk@EdkifiH Todk@jzpfzG,fr&Sd[k qdkcsifonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vkyfenf;vkyf[efudk ppftm%m&Sifvkyf[efESifh ra&mpGuf apcsifyg?

xdk@a=umifh ,cktcsdef ,ckacwf jynfoltrsm;pk.qEN urBmhEdkifiHa&;a&pD;a=umif;ESihfvnf; rqef@usif&ef rnfodk@aom oabmw&m; vrf;!$efr_rsKd;jzifh wdkif;jynfudk tusKd;jyKapEdkifrnfudk pm±_olrsm; udk,fydkiftjrifjzifhqHk;jzwf=uygav? Taqmif;yg;jzihf wdkif;jynfudk tEœ&m,fr&Sd/ tusKd;jyKEdkifygap? q&maomif;xdkufa& ²²²/ vGefwm&Sd&if 0ENmrdyg cifAsm;?



vlrsKd;[email protected]


89


vlrsKd;[email protected]

touf[lonfum; &Sifoef&yfwnfjcif;jzpfonf? vlwpfa,muf&Sifoef&yfwnfEdkif&ef xrif; (odk@r[kwf) tpm;tpm/ a& ESifh avwdk@udk vdktyfayonf?xdkenf;wlpGm vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; &Sifoef&yfwnfEdkif&efrSm trsKd;om;vGwfvyfcGifhodk@r[kwf trsKd;om;qdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJr_ tcGifhtm%m/ pmay,Ofaus;r_ESifhbmompum;vGwfvyfcGifhwdk@onf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf? vlom;wpfOD;tzdk@xrif;touf ckESpf&uf/ a&touf wpfreuf/ avtoufwpfrdepf[ka,bk,s cef@rSef;xm;=uonf? vlom;wdkif;cHpm;od&SdvG,faomudpPjzpfItjiif;yGm;olr&Sd=u? xdkenf;wl vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;twGuf vGyfvyfcGifhtouf tESpfwpfaxmif/ pmay ,Ofaus;r_touf tESpfwpf&m/ bmompum;touftESpfwpfq,f [kajymygu vlrsKd;a&;tod&Sdolwdkif; vufcH=uayrnf?odk@aomfvlwdkif; tvG,fwulodEdkifaom udpPr[kwfI wpfcsKd@uysuf&,fjyKEdkifonf? jiif;y,fr_ vnf;jyKEdkifonf? }uHKbl;rSodaom udpPjzpfI ysuf&,fr_jyKvdkolrsm;twGuf ajymtm;&Sdaumif;&SdEdkifonf? odk@aomf todOm%f&Sdolwdkif; ajymol. twGif;oabmudk &Sif;vif;pGm od=urnfyif?

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90

Edkif[Hom

pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_onf Tae&mwGif t"duusonf? pmayr&Sdubmompum;,dk,Gif;ysufjym; vmrnf? bmompum;,dk,Gif;&mrS aysmufqHk;oGm;ygu vlrsKd;[lonf &SdEdkifygOD;rnfavm? xdk@twl oD;jcm;,Ofaus;r_r&Sdygu vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;. oauFwonf tb,fodk@&SdEdkifrnfenf;? vlwpfOD;tzdk@ bmompum;wpfckudk vHk;0ajymqdkjcif;r&Sdygu ESpftcsKdŒtwGif; ‚if;bmompum;udk arhaysmufoGm;vdrfhrnf? oD;jcm;pmay,Ofaus;r_bmompum;r&Sdaom vlwpfpkudk vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;[k ac:qdkEdkifrnfavm? vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;onf ajrrsKdIraysmufEdkif/ rnfolawGu rnfodk@rsKdoGm;oenf;? tajzay;p&mvdktyfrnf rxif? ArmvlrsKd;wdk@onf vGefcJhaomtESpf (50) ausmfuu|efb0a&mufcJh bl;onf? u|efb0wGif aecJhbl;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;pGmwdk@onf,ae@ EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif OD;aqmifae=uonf? ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif “u|efb0udkrarh=ueJ@” [k wzGzGajymqdkae=uao;onf? ,cktcg 'kwd,+rdKŒawmfrEœav;wGif w±kwfvlrsKd;rsm;tvHk;t&if;jzifh 0ifa&mufaexdkif=uonfudk&ifwxdwfxdwf jzpfae=uonf? Todk@aomtcgrsKd;wGif vlrsKd;wrsKd; qufvuf&yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf bmawGvdktyfonfqdkonfudk av;av;eufeufrodjrifbJ &SdEdkifrnfrxifyg?

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91


rGefvlrsKd;tzdk@ OD;atmifaZ,s [Hom0wDrGefjynfudk odrf;,l+yD;aemufrGefvlrsdK;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfarmif;xkwfypfonf? rGefusrf;*efpmay&SmazGI&or#udk Armbmomjyef,l+yD; rGefusrf;*efpmayrsm;tm; rD;±_d@azsmufzsufcJhonf? xdk@aemuf rGefpmayoif=um;cGifhudk ydwfyifcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh wcsdefuykodrf/ [Hom0wD/ rkwWr rGefwdk@aexdkif&m a'o}uD; (3) ckwGif ykodrfrSm rGefvlrsKd;rsm; aysmufuG,fcJh&+yD? t*Fvdyfvufxuf ,dk;',m; (xdkif;) rS rGefrsm;jyefvm=uojzifh rkwWrwcGifwGif qufvufwdk;yGm;&SifoefcJh&onf? rGefvlrsKd;rsm;wdk@onf wdkawmif;aomumvtwGif; tjcm;aomvlrsKd;rsm;xuf E_dif;,SOfr_t& xl;uJvsifjrefpGm tb,fa=umifh uG,faysmufcJh&onfudk rGefvlrsKd;rsm;od=uonf? odaomrGefrsm; &ifemcJh &onf?

,dk;',m;wGif vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpftcsKd@u “&Srf;” odk@r[kwf “qD,rf”(Siam) [laom a0g[m&udkazsmufI vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyK&efqdk+yD;“xdkif;” [kac:aponf? vlrsKd;pkrsm;. pmayrsm; w&m;0ifoifcGifh r&Sdawmh?xdktcg befaumufywf0ef;usif jynfe,ftrsm;tjym;&Sd rGefvlrsKd; rsm;onft&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmESifh “xdkif;” jzpfoGm;=u&onf? xdkif;&Sd ,ae@rGefvli,ftrsm;pkonf rGefpum;ukdyif rajymqdkwwf awmh? xdkif;wGifaemiftESpf (100) udk ar#mf=unfhvdkufv#if rGefvlrsKd;rsm;onf xdkif;jywdkufxJwGif udef;0yfae&rnfh tvm;tvm&Sdonf?

vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;rS aygufzGm;vmaom vlom;rsm;tzdk@ rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;aysmufqHk;roGm;apa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;&rnfrSm b0ay;wm0efjzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@onf wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;/ vlrsKd;pHkcspf=unfa&;udk aºuG;a=umfaecsdefwGif rdrdtrsKd;om;azsmufzsufcH&jcif;udk vufcH=urnfr[kwfay?u|Ekfyfonf rsKd;cspfyk*~dKvfwpfOD;jzpfonf[k rdrdukd,fudk rdrdowfrSwfonf? xdk@a=umifh rdrdtouf&Sifxif&Sm;&Sdaeygv#uf u|Ekfyf.vlrsKd;tm; jywdkufoGif;onfhvkyfief;pOfudk rnfodk@ &yf=unfhEdkifygrnfenf;? xdk@twl rGefvlrsKd;tm;vHk;wdk@onfvnf; u|Ekfyfenf;wl cH,l=urnfyif? odk@ygI vlrsKd;tm;vHk; &Sifoef&yfwnf+yD; twlaexdkifEdkifa&;udk }udK;yrf;=uygpdk@?

[wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;a&;&m*sme,f - 1998]


rsufarSmufumvurmh+idrf;csrf;a&;tvm;tvmb


95


rsufarSmufumvurmh+idrf;csrf;a&;tvm;tvm

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urBmwGif vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr# &duQmESifhe,fajr&,lydkifqdkifvdkjcif;tvdk@iSm ppfyGJrsm; pwifjzpfay:vmonf? at'D (16) (17)&mpktxd "g;/ vSH/ av;/ jr‡m;wdk@udkom oHk;pGJcJh&mrS (18) &mpk a&mufvmaomtcg aoewf/ tajrmufrsm;udk oHk;pGJvm=uonf? xdktcg vufeufaumif;rsm; xkwfvkyfydkifqdkifxm;Edkifolrsm;onf ppfa&;wGiftompD;&vm=uonf? 'kwd,urBmppfwGif tar&duef.tEkjrLAHk;u ppfudktqHk;tjzwfay;vdkuf&mrS aemufydkif;wGif tEkjrLAHk; vufeufrsm;udk t+ydKiftqdkifxkwfvkyfvm=uonf? ,cktcgEdkifiHrsm;pGmwGif tEkjrLAHk;/ [dkuf'±dk*sifAHk;/nLx&GefAHk;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifvm=uonf? ‚if;wkd@udk wma0;ypfvufeufrsm;wGifwyfqif=u+yD; ae&mtESH@wGif jzef@usufxm;=uonf? ,ckacwfwGif xkwfvkyfydkifqdkifxm;aom AHk;rsm;/ 'Hk;usnfrsm;onf 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;utar&duefwdk@toHk;jyKcJhaom tEkjrLAHk;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm vludktpk

b


96

Edkif[Hom

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tm%m& EdkifiH}uD;ig;ckrS tjrifrwlnD=uygu wckckudkqHk;jzwfI r&Edkifovdk/vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; tjrifuGJjym;aeyguvnf; qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ef rvG,fay? aemuftcuftcJwpfckrSm ukvor*~wGif vHkavmuf


97


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98

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100

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[vGwfvyfaomrGefowif;pm - pufwifbmv 2005]

"Guiding Star"

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120

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,cktcg xdkif;EkdifiHwGif awmifydkif;a'oykefuefr_tay: tajccH+yD; ‚if;[email protected]&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;tay: xm;&Sdaom oabmxm;udkjyefvnfoHk;oyfjyifqifaea=umif; od&onf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;a'owGif oufqdkif&m vlrsdK;rsm;.pmayudk tpdk;&pmoifausmif;rsm;wGifoif=um;ay;Edkif&ef tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJaea=umif; =um;od&onf? ,cktcgtqdkygpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif aom=umae@wdkif; wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk 0wfpHkrsm;jzifh ausmif;wufaponf? xdkif;EdkifiHwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkaygif; (70)cef@&Sdonf[k od&onf?

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(wdk;wufaomrGefvli,frsm;*sme,f)

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Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:13 PM133

Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:13 PM134

135


1972 ck (wnv) wyfaygif;pkumv(0J,mrS) AdkvfcsKyfwmrvmabm/ pma&;ol/ OD;&Jausmfol/ q&ma&mbwf

1983 ck (r'w) wyfaygif;pkwGif wm0ef,laepOf r'w&Hk;a&S@vlrsdK;pHk&Hk;tzJG@0ifrsm;ESifhtwl

Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:13 PM135

136

Edkif[Hom

1986 ck (r'w) &Hk;wGif tzJG@0iftvHi,frsm;ESifhtwl

Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:13 PM136

137


1989 ck (r'rc) ac: (DAB) XmecsKyf&Hk;a&S@wGif0J,mrS pma&;ol/ a'gufwmwl;*sm/ udkrdk;oD;ZGef/ udkatmifxl;/ OD;bvd_if

1989 ck 'DZifbmv/ rme,fyavmpcef; (DAB) A[dkaumfrwDESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;wGif pma&;olpmwrf;zwf=um;pOf

Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:13 PM137

138

Edkif[Hom

1990 ck rGef-crmrsdK;EG,fpk0ifrsm; twlwuG(0J,mrS) rdkifyef;pdef (yavmif)/ pma&;ol (rGef)/ cGefpdkif;aygif; (0)

1997 ck rGeftrsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@csKyf (MUL) wGifOuUXtjzpfwm0ef,lcJhpOf

Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:14 PM138

139


2005 ck rGeftrsdK;om;a&;&mESifh rGefjynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qJG&muGefz&ifhwGif tcef;tem;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhpOf

2005 ck (58) }udrfajrmuf rGefawmfvSefa&;ae@tcef;tem;wufa&mufpOf

Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:14 PM139

140

Edkif[Hom

2005 ck (58) }udrfajrmuf rGefawmfvSefa&;tcef;tem;wGifpum;ajymaepOf

2005 ck atmufwdkbmv xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfbk&m;oHk;qlodk@ a&mufcJhpOf

Nai Han Tha.pmd 4/7/2006, 5:14 PM140

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