idt i hafta merkantilizm

7/25/2019 Idt I Hafta Merkantilizm

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KTSAD DNCELERKTSAD DNCELER

TARHTARH

Yrd. Do. Dr. Mahmut MASCAYrd. Do. Dr. Mahmut MASCA


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LK ALARDA KTSADLK ALARDA KTSADDNCELERDNCELER

l a!lar "#$r%&$ 'a()la& ara*t)rmalar+ %, E-% Do!u u'arl)lar)&da $& o d$!$r

/$r%l$& $o&om% u!ra*)&)& tar)m -$t0r"oldu!u&u1

#$&%&l% /$ 2a%rl%!%&Ta&r)&)& $m%rl$r%&$u'ma&)& /$'a u'mama&)& 0d"l"/$'a

3$#a-)-a')ld)!)&)1 2a%#l$ 0d"& /$rm$&%& m$*ru

0r"lm$d%!%&%0-t$rm$t$d%r.


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4a#) 5at)l) d"*"&"rl$r+ $-% do!u

u'arl)lar)&da -o-'al /$ $o&om%'a*am)& ra-'o&$l olma'a&+ muha2a#aarda/ra&)* %%&d$ 3$r$'a& $tt%!%&%1

d"*"&"rl$r%& /$ d$/l$t% '0&$t$&l$r%&+to(lumu& $r$-%&%ml$r%&% ar*)la'a3a$%m ara /$ $r$l$r%&% art)rmata& o+to(lumu& $r$-%&%ml$r%&% a#altma /$daraltma 'olu&da a5a har3ad)lar)&)%l$r%-"rm$t$1


4/68

do!ulular)&$&$ll%l$ do!u*ta& /$ 5$l% d$%l%m%& $t%-% alt)&da ad$r$ 5o'u& $!$&+ (a-%2

'arad)l)*taoldular)&) /$ 5u 'arad)l)*lar)&)&%t%-ad% /$ -o-'al 'a*am)& 5"t"& ala&lar)&da$&d%-%&% 0-t$rd%!%&% %dd%a $tm$t$d%rl$r.

%%, E-% Yu&a&-%t$l$r%&d$ tar)ma da'al)+ duru&+$l$&$!$ 0r$ har$$t $d%l$&+ a# o oll$t%/%-t'a()'a -ah%(5%r $o&om% /ard)r1 ar amal) t%3ar%2aal%'$tl$r%'% 0r"lm$m$t$d%r. 4u&u&la 5$ra5$r+

ra-'o&$l /$ 2$rd%'$t% d"*"&3$l$r'$r tutma'a5a*lam)*t)r.


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M%latta& 0&3$ 67 /$ 666 "&3"'"#')llardaYa)&8Do!u "l$l$r%%l$ al)* /$r%*% art)ra&

At%&a+ d$&%#3%l%!% /$ t%3ar$t% %l$ 5u '0r$d$"-t"&l" urmu*+ 5u "-t"&l"!"&" 2%%r+5%l%m /$ -a&at ala&lar)&da da 0-t$rm%*t%r.

4u tar%ht$& %t%5ar$& Yu&a& 2%lo#o2lar)&)&(ol%t%a+ 2$l-$2$ /$ to(lum ora&%#a-'o& /$'0&$t%m%ha)&da% 'a()tlar)&da 5a#)$o&om% d"*"&3$l$r$d$ '$r /$rd%l$r%0r"lm$t$d%r. 4u d"*"&3$l$r $o&om%ora&%#a-'o&+ ar+ 2a%#+ d$!$r /$ (ara%5%o&ular ha)&dad)r.


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9r&$!%&+ E2latu&:M.9. ;;=, R$(u5l%adl)

%ta5)&da %d$al 5%r d$/l$t ta-/%r $tm%*+#ama&)&)& 5%r$'-$l mutlulu!u$-a- ala&d"*"&3$l$r%&$ ar*) ahla urallar)&ada'a&a&?"l" 5%r d$/l$t@d"*"&3$-%&% -a/u&mu*1

to(ra m"l%'$t%&%& $*%t 5%%md$ da!)t)lma-)&)/$ /$ra-$t ha)&)& -)&)rla&d)r)lma-)&)%-t$m$-ur$t%'l$ oll$t%/%-t 0r"*l$r$u'u&

d"*"&3$l$r orta'a atm)*1 (ara&)& -$r/$tolmad)!)&)+ m"5ad$l$ ara3) oldu!u&ua)lam)*t)r.


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E2latu& :lato&,E2latu& :lato&, :M.9. ;;=,:M.9. ;;=,


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Ar%-to:M.9. >B;8>


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Ar%-to :M.9. >B;8>


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%%%, E-% RomaFda $o&om% o&ular"#$r%&d$% d"*"&3$l$r$-% Yu&a&

2%lo#o2lar)&)& d"*"&3$l$r%&d$& 2a#la 5%r$l%*m$ 0-t$r$m$m%*t%r. G"l" 5%r huu-%-t$m% urma') 5a*ara& Romam(aratorlu!uF&da %t%-ad% d"*"&3$l$rdaha o Roma Huuu %%&d$'$ralmatad)r.

T%3ar$t /$ r$d% %l$ u!ra*ma+ E-%

Yu&a&Fda oldu!u %5%+ ha%m -)&)2lar)& *a&/$ *$r$2%&$ u'u& 0r"lm"'or1 5u -)&)2lartar)m-al $l%rl$rl$$%&%'orlard).


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Romal) 'a#arlarda& 5a#)lar) 5"'" to(ra

m"l%'$t%&%:lat%2u&d%a,$l$*t%rm%*l$rd%r. 4u$l$*t%r%l$r%&

RomaFda 5"'" mal%a&$l$r%& o!alma-)+

)-m$& $-ar$t urumu&u& durmada&$&%*l$m$-%+

)-m$& m(aratorlu!a at)la& "l$l$rd$&

$t%rt%l$& "r"&l$r%& r$a5$t% ar*)-)&da"" to(ra -ah%5% %2t%l$r%& $#%lm$l$r%-o&u3u do!du!u %l$r% -"r"lm$t$d%r.


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RTA ADA 4AT6 TLMLAR6NDARTA ADA 4AT6 TLMLAR6NDAKTSAD DNCELERKTSAD DNCELER

rta a!da $o&om% d"*"&3$l$r$daha o d%&%d"*"&3$l$rha%m olmu*tur. l a!larda-%t$ /$d$/l$t$o&om% d"*"&3$l$r%& m$r$#%&%

olu*turur$&+ rta a!da Ta&r) "l$-%+ "mm$tt$*%l $tm$'$ 5a*lam)*t)r.

rta a!)& -o&lar)&a do!ru m"&2$r%t $o&om%o&ular "#$r%&d$ dura& 5a#) 'a()tlar 'a')&la&m)*

%-$ d$+ 5u d0&$md$ -%-t$mat% 5%r $o&om%d"*"&3$&%& /arl)!)&da& -0# $tm$m"m"&d$!%ld%r.


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Eo&om% d"*"&3$l$r$l a!lardaoldu!u %5%+ daha o 2$l-$2% /$ ahla%

d"*"&3$l$r ara-)&da '$r /$r%lm%*1 a&3a5u d"*"&3$l$rd$ 5"'" 0l"d$ d%&%%&a&lara5a!l) al)&m)*t)r.

G$r$t$&+ 5u d0&$m%& $& 5"'" 0#$ll%!%&%%&a& /$ 5%l%m%& a'r)lmam)* olma-)&da0rm$ m"m"&d"r. I$odal%t$/$ 0l$l%

urumlar) /ard)r. Tar)ma da'al)5%r$o&om% m$/3uttur.


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Sa%&t8Thoma- dFAJu%& :


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rta a!)&5a#) $o&om% o&ular"#$r%&d$ dura& ta&)&m)* 5%r d"*"&"r"Sa%&t8Thoma- dFAJu%&:


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Sa%&t8Thoma-F)& l a!lara 0r$ $t%rd%!%$& 0&$ml% '$&%l%l$rd$& 5%r% $m$!% #oru&lu

/$ %'% 0rm$-%olmu*tur. &a 0r$+ t$m5$ll% 0t"d"r1 al)*ma

h$m $o&om% 5a)mda& h$m d$ ahla%

5a)mda& #oru&ludur. 4u&u&la 5$ra5$r+Sa%&t8Thoma- $-% Yu&a& 2%lo#o2lar) %5%0l$l%!% do!al /$ 'ararl)0rm$t$d%r.


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Sa%&t8Thoma- l a!lara ha%m ola&d"*"&3$l$rd$ oldu!u %5%+ -)&)r-)# a#a&

h)r-)&a 'ol aa& t%3ar% da/ra&)*lar) do!ru 5ulma#. &a 0r$+ 5%r *$'% $r$ d$!$r%&d$& (ahal)

-atma /$'a u3u#a alma "&ah %*l$m$t%r. Ia%# alma haramd)r. ara 5%r d$!%*%m ara3)d)r1 $&d%l%!%&d$& 5%r *$'

'aratma#. 9d"& ala&)&-a!lad)!) $l%r $m$!%&%&

ar*)l)!)d)r. 9d"& /$r$&$m$ har3amad)!) %5%+%*%& r%-%&% d$ ta*)ma#. hald$ 2a%# alma $l%r%&a'&a!) (r$&-%5%&$a')r)d)r.


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'-a+ Sa%&t8Thoma- ta*)&ma# mallar)&%ra-) %%&a'&) *$%ld$ d"*"&m$m$t$d%r.

&a 0r$+ %ra'a /$r%l$& ta*)&ma# mal 5%r$# ulla&)lmala t"$t%lm$d%!%%%& %raha-)# d$!%ld%r.

4u&u&la 5$ra5$r+ Sa%&t8Thoma- *uhall$rd$ 0d"& /$r$&%& 0d"& /$rd%!%(arada& a'r) 5%r 2a#la tal$( $tm$-%&% d$

hal) 0rm$t$d%r


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%, 9d"& /$r$& /$rd%!% (ara') a'5$tm$

t$hl%$-%&$ maru# %-$+ 0d"& /$rd%!%(arada& 5a*a 5%r ta#m%&at a$-% tal$($d$5%l%r1

%%, 9d"& /$r$& 0d"& ala&a h%#m$t$tm%*t%r1 o&u 5u h%#m$t%&d$& dola')m"a2atla&d)rma $r$%r. 9d"& /$r%r$&+50'l$ 5%r m"a2atla&d)rma *art o*ula5%l%r.


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67 "&3" '"#')lda'a*am)* N%3ola-

r$-m%u-/$ $a& 4ur%da&u-(arata!*%*%&%& 'a')& oldu!u o d0&$ml$rd$rallar)& (ara o&u-u&da% "3"&"&-)&)rlar)&) ta'%& $tm$'$+ $&2la-'o&

t$hl%$l$r%&% 5$l%rtm$'$al)*m)*lard)r.


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Ar%-toF&u& (ara o&u-u&da &om%&al%-t/$d$/l$t% olma-)&a ar*)l)+ r$-m%u-/$

4ur%da&u- m$tal%-tt%r. &lara 0r$ (ara&)& )'m$t% (ara&)& madd$

d$!$r%&$da'a&matad)r. r$-m%u-Fu& >OPFado!ru 'a')&lad)!) %ta5)&)& ad) ?ara&)& m$&*$%+&%t$l%!%+ huuu /$ ta!'%r%@ d%r.

Ya#ar $&2lQ-'o&u ad%l olma'a& 5%r /$r%l$m$5%%m%&d$0rm$t$1 %2t mad$& -%-t$m%&$

tara2tar oldu!u&ua)lamatad)r. Gr$-hama&u&u&uGr$-hamda&


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ORTA ADA ARAP VE SLAMORTA ADA ARAP VE SLAMALEMNDE KTSAD DNCELERALEMNDE KTSAD DNCELER

7666 %&3% /$ 6 u&3u '"#')llarda $-% Yu&a&2%lo#o2lar)&)& 'a()tlar) Ara(a'a $/r%lm%*t%r.Iara5%/$ 5&% R"*d%5% -lQm 2%lo#o2lar) $-%

Yu&a& 2$l-$2$-% %l$ -lQm 2$l-$2$-%&% t$l%2$al)*m)*lard)r.

rta a!da H)r%-t%'a& al$m%&d$ oldu!u %5%+Ara( /$ -lQm d"&'a-)&da da d%&% %&a& /$

d"*"&3$l$r $o&om% 'a*ama &"2u# $tm%*t%r12$doal%#murumlar) /ard)r. -lQm d%&% 2a%#% m$*ru0rm$m$t$d%r.


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Iara5%Iara5% 5&8% R"*t5&8% R"*t


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4u durum -lQm "l$l$r%&d$ 5a&a3)l)!)&

$l%*m$-%&% olum-u# '0&d$ $t%l$m%*t%r. 9#$ll%l$ a(%tal%#m%& $l%*m$-%&d$& -o&ra4at) "l$l$r%&d$ -$r/$t /$ (ara t$m%&% %%&0-t$r%l$& a5a&)& -lQm "l$l$r%&d$ 'a)ama&lara adar (ara tamah)+ mal 3a&l)-)%5% -0#l$rl$ '$r%ld%!%0r"lm$t$d%r.


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I$rtl$r at%2 olmata& o+ (a-%2 5%r'arad)l)*a -ah%(t%rl$r. Alma& d"*"&"r"

Go$th$5%r arada*)&a 'a#d)!) m$tu(ta5u&u *0'l$ %#ah $tm$t$d%r ?M"-l"ma&laro3ular)&) t$r5%'$ $d$r$&+ o&lara *u

%&a&3) a*)larlar &-a&)& al&)&a 'a#)la&$l%r 40'l$3$ 2$rtl$r 5"t"& a#a /$5$lalara ar*) $&d%l$r%&% -%ortalam)* %5%

har$$t $d$rl$r.@


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>>


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5&8% Haldu&5&8% Haldu&


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5&% Haldu& $o&om% ara*t)rmalar)&da0$5$l%:&omad%#m, /$ u'arl):"r5a&%#m, o&ular) "#$r%&d$ durmu*1 5u$o&om% m$rhal$l$rd$& 5%r%&d$& d%!$r%&$$$& to(lumlar)& "lt"rl$r%&d$ 5"'"

d$!%*%l%l$r ola3a!)&) a)lam)*t)r.


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5&% Haldu& &"2u- art)*)&)&$o&om% /$-%'a-al " 5a)m)&da& $t%l$r%&$d$!%&$r$+ 5%r "l$&%& d%!$r "l$l$r$&a#ara& "-t"&l"!"&" -a!la'a& -$5$(l$rara-)&da &"2u- 2a#lal)!)&)& 0&$m%

5$l%rtm%*1 5%r d$/l$t%& "3"&"& ordu-u %l$ mal%'$-%&$

da'a&d)!)&a %*ar$t $d$r$+ -a!lam 5%r

d$/l$t mal%'$-% urulma-) %%&u'ulma-)$r$$& hu-u-lar) a)lam)*t)r.


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MERKANTLZMMERKANTLZM

7 %&3% '"#')l)& ortalar)&da& 7666 %&3%'"#')l)& 5a*lar)&aadar 4at) A/ru(a"l$l$r%&d$ u'ula&a& $o&om% -%-t$m /$

$o&om% (ol%t%alar)&)& t"m"&$m$ra&t%l%#mad) /$r%lm$t$d%r.

rtaa!)& a(a&ma-) /$ Y$&% a!)&

5a*lama-) %l$ 4at) A/ru(a "l$l$r%&d$0&$ml% '$&%l%l$r m$'da&a $lm%*t%r.


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9r&$!%&+ 3o!ra2% $*%2l$r -o&u3uulu-larara-) t%3ar$t $&%*l$m%*1

2$odal%t$ '))lara m$r$#% rall)larurulma'a 5a*lam)*1

R0&$-a&- /$ R$2orm har$$tl$r%-o&u3u ra-'o&$l d"*"&m$&%& 0&$m%artm)*t)r.

4u $l%*m$l$r M$ra&t%l%#mad) /$r%l$&$o&om% -%-t$m /$ (ol%t%a&)&do!ma-)&) ha#)rlam)*t)r. G$r$t$&+


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%, rta a!da ta*)ma aralar) %l$l

oldu!u&da&+ a&3a %($+ 5aharat+)'m$tl% mad$&l$r %5% d$!$rl%+ ha3m%/$ a!)rl)!) a# mallaru#a 50l$l$r

ara-)&da t%3ar$t$ o&u ola5%l%'ordu. 4u mallar 4at) A/ru(a'a G"&$'8Do!uA-'a "l$l$r%&d$& $l%'ordu1 5u

mallar)& t%3ar$t% %-$+ 7$&$d%/$C$&$/%#l%l$r%&$l%&d$ %d%.


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4at) "l$l$r%&d$ &"2u-u& /$ %*50l"m"&"&artma-)5a*a "l$l$r% d$ 5u t%3ar$t$ t$*/%$tt%. tal'a&larda& 5a*a ulu-larC$&$/%# /$7$&$d%l%l$r%& $ll$r%&d$ tuttu!u t%3ar$t%(a'la*ma %-t$d%l$r.

H%&d%-ta&a %d$& $& )-a 'ollar)& -ma&l)m(aratorlu!u&u& $l%&$ $m$-%+ d$&%# 'olu%l$ H%&d%-ta&a %tm$ ar#u-u&u art)rd).

u-ula&)& 5ulu&ma-) da d$&%# 'ol3ulu!u&uola'la*t)rm)*t).


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D$&%# 'olu %l$ H%&d%-ta&a %tm$ %r%*%ml$r%5a*lad)1 A2r%a&)& "&$'%&d$% m%t 4ur&u

$%l$r$+ H%&d%-ta&Faula*)ld)1Am$r%a)ta-)5ulu&du.

4u&u& -o&u3u t%3ar$t 'ollar) '0& d$!%*t%rd%1

A/ru(ada '$&% t%3ar$t m$r$#l$r%uruldu+%-$&d$r%'$+ C$&o/a+ 7$&$d% /$ Mar-%l'a%5% $-% t%3ar$t m$r$#l$r%&%& &%-5% 0&$m%a#al)r$&+ Lo&dra+ L%#5o&+ Am-t$rdam+

4ordo%5% $&tl$r 0&$ml% t%3ar$t m$r$#l$r%hal%&$ $ld%l$r.


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Y$&% 5ulu&a& "l$l$rd$&A/ru(a'a5"'" 0l"d$ alt)& %rm$'$5a*lad)1alt)& (ara $&2lQ-'o&u5a* 0-t$rd%.

I%'atlar)& '"-$lm$-% $o&om%

2aal%'$tl$r%& $l%*m$-%&$'ol at).T%3ar$t /$ (ara $o&om%-%&%&$l%*m$-% t"$t%m %%& "r$t%m 'a&)&da

(ara %%& "r$t%m%h)#la&d)rd).


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%%, 76 &3) '"#')l)& 'ar)-)&da& %t%5ar$&2$odal%t$ /$ -$r2l% d"#$&%0#"lm$'$+#$&%& /$ &"2u# -ah%5% 5%r t%3ar$t 5uru/a-)&)2) do!ma'a1 2$odal%t$ '))lara rall)lar"l$&m$'$5a*lad).

4u $l%*m$ ulu- /$ ulu-al $o&om%d"*"&3$-%&%& $l%*m$-%&$'ol at). lu-al$o&om%'% d%!$r ulu-al $o&om%l$r al$'h%&$

$l%*t%rm$ d"*"&3$-% do!du.


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9r&$!%&+ 5u d$/%rd$ 'a*am)* ola&m$ra&t%l%-tl$rd$& Mo&t3hr$t%$& ?l$(ro2%t d$ lu& $-t l$ domma$ d$lautr$@U 4%r d$/l$t%& ar) d%!$rd$/l$t%& #arar)d)rU d%'ordu.

M$ra&t%l%-tl$r 2$rd% #$&%&l% %l$ ulu-al#$&%&l%!% 5%r0r"'orlard). &lara0r$ 5%r 2$rt &$ adar alt)& /$ "m"*$

-ah%( %-$+ o adar #$&%& -a')l)'or-a+ulu- %%& d$ durum a'&) %d%.


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%%%, 4u d0&$md$ -ma&l)lar tara2)&da&'))la& 4%#a&- %m(aratorlu!uF&da& 4at)'aaa& 5%l%m /$ -a&at adamlar)&)& da $t%-%%l$ 5a*la'a& R0&$-a&- /$ R$2ormhar$$tl$r%rta a!a ha%m ola& -ola-t%

d"*"&3$ 5%%m%&%&%d$r$+ '$r%&% ra-'o&$ld"*"&3$'$5)rama-)&a 'ard)m $tt%.


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E-% Yu&a& 2%lo#o2lar)&)& d"*"&3$l$r%&%&A/ru(ada 0!r$&%lm$-% %l$ 5"'" -a&at /$

$d$5% 'a()tlar m$'da&a $lm$'$ 5a*lad). Mat5aa&)& 5ulu&ma-)+ rallar)& /$

-$&'0rl$r%& -a&at $-$rl$r%&$ ar*) %l%

du'malar) /$ o&lar) orumalar)da 5u$l%*m$'% ola'la*t)rd).


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D%&d$ $-% m%-t% at) d"*"&3$l$r'umu*ama'a 5a*lad). H)r%-t%'a& d%&% $-%5"t"&l"!"&"'%t%rd%1 Katol% K%l%-$ 'a&)&darot$-ta&/$A&l%a&%l%-$l$r% m$'da&a$ld%.

G$r$t$&+ 76 &3) '"#')la adar 5"t"&-o-'al 'a*am -)) -))'a %l%-$(r$&-%(l$r%&$ 5a!l) %d%.


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4u (r$&-%(l$r &3%l+ (a(alar)& ruha&%urullar)&)& t$2-%r /$ ararlar)+ 0r2 /$$l$&$l$rd$&olu*u'ordu.

Luth$r/$ Cal/%&tara2)&da& 5a*lat)la&d%&d$ r$2orm har$$t%%t%-ad%

d"*"&3$l$rd$ 5"'" 5%r d$!%*%l%m$'da&a $t%rd%. rta a!da $$rl% ola& ad%l 2%'at

d"*"&3$-% 0&$m%&% '%t%rm$'$1 a#a&m$*ru 0r"lm$'$1 r$d% urumlar)+ -a&a'%$l%*m$'$5a*lad).


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Cal/%&Cal/%& Luth$rLuth$r


43/68

4"t"& 5u $l%*m$l$r M$ra&t%l%#md$&%l$&$o&om% (ol%t%a-)&)& $l%*m$-%&d$ $t%l%oldu. 4u (ol%t%a&)& a&a %l$l$r%&%*0'l$-)ralama m"m"&d"r

%, D$/l$t%& "3" "l$&%& #$&%&l%!% %l$

artar1 %%, "l$&%& #$&%&l%!% -ah%( oldu!u )'m$tl%

mad$&l$rl$0l"l"r. 4%r "l$ &$ adar alt)&/$ "m"*$ -ah%( %-$+ o adar #$&%& olur1

%%%, "l$d$ alt)& /$ "m"* m%tar)&)art)rma %%&+


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a, -0m"r$l$r $ld$ $d%lm$l%+

5, t%3ar$t 5%la&o-u l$h$ $/r%l$r$+arada% 2ar) "l$'$ )'m$tl% mad$& olaraa#a&d)r)lmal)+

3, -a&a'%% $l%*t%r$r$+ d)*ar)'a -a&a'%mallar) -atara alt)& /$ "m"* a#a&mal)+

d, &"2u- art)*)&) t$*/% $tm$l%+

$, alt)& /$ "m"*"& "l$d$& d)*ar)'a)ma-) 'a-ala&mal).


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%/, Sa&a'%&%& $l%*t%r%lm$-% /$ t%3ar$t5%la&o-u&u& l$h$ $/r%lm$-% %%&+

a, -)&a% "r$t%m (r%m /$r%l$r$ t$*/% $d%lm$l%+ 5, 'a5a&3) "l$l$rd$& &%t$l%l% %*% /$ u-ta

$lm$-%&% ola'la*t)rmal)+

3, ral tara2)&da& 0r&$ %*l$tm$l$r urulmal)+ d, '$rl% mallar)& ulla&)lma-) t$*/% $d%lm$l%+

$, "3r$tl$r%& '"-$lm$-% 0&l$&m$l%+

2, d$&%# ta*)ma3)l)!)&) $l%*t%rm$ %%& t$d5%ral)&mal)......


46/68

M$ra&t%l%#m $&d% ara-)&da+

%, (ara /$ #$&%&l%!% a'&) 0r$& %lm$ra&t%l%-tl$r1

%%, olu& m$ra&t%l%-tl$r1

%%%, $l$*t%r%3% m$ra&t%l%-tl$rolma "#$r$"$ a'r)lara %&3$l$&$5%l%r.


47/68

G$r$t$&+ %l m$ra&t%l%-tl$r (ara /$ #$&%&l%!%a'&) 0rd"l$r% hald$+ -o&ralar) 5u d"*"&3$'$

ar*) 5a#) $l$*t%r%l$r%l$r% -"r"lm"*t"r. 9r&$!%&+ $a& 4od%&:>P8VO, (ara

m%tar)&da% art)*)& $&2lQ-'o&a 'ol aa3a!)&)%l$r%-"rm"*+ la-% $o&om%-tl$r%& m%tar t$or%-%&$$-a- ola&

M . I

2orm"l"&" orta'a atm)*t)r. 4urada (ara

m%tar)&)+ M (ara %l$ m"5ad$l$ $d%l$& malm%tar)&)+ I 2%'at d"#$'%&%0-t$rm$t$d%r.


48/68

$a& 4od%& :>P8VO,$a& 4od%& :>P8VO,


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766 &3% '"#')lda S%r W%ll%am $tt'

#$&%&l%!%& $m$ /$ ara#%'$ 5a!l)oldu!u&u%l$r% -"rm$ -ur$t%'l$I%#'ora-%'$1

%*50l"m"&"& 'ararlar)&)a)lama -ur$t%'l$A. Sm%th$

0&3"l"$tm%*t%r.


50/68

S%r W%ll%am $tt'S%r W%ll%am $tt'


51/68

M$ra&t%l%#m $*%tl% "l$l$rd$ 2arl) 5%%md$u'ula&m)*t)r. 9r&$!%&+

%, -(a&'aAm$r%aFda% -0m"r$l$r%&d$&$l$& alt)& /$ "m"*"& %-(a&'ada&)ma-)&) 'a-ala'a&+ alt)& /$ "m"*"

-(a&'a'a $m$'$ '0&$l%5%r (ol%t%a%#l$m%*t%r.


52/68

4ull%o&%-m:K"l$3%l%, ad) /$r%l$& 5u(ol%t%a+ -(a&'ada 2%'at d"#$'%&%&

'"-$lm$-%&$+ %hra3at)& a#alara+ %thalat)&artma-)&a -$5$( olmu*+ alt)& /$ "m"*"&-(a&'ada& ))*)&) 'a-ala'a& 0&l$ml$r$

ra!m$&+ alt)& /$ "m"*"& d)* "l$l$r$ama-) 0&l$&$m$m%*+ $l%*%l$rl$ doluola& m"dahal$ (ol%t%a-) -a&a'% /$ tar)m)&%l$rl$m$-%&%$&$ll$m%*t%r.


53/68

%%, &%lt$r$d$ t%3ar$t /$ d$&%# ta*)ma3)l)!)

$l%*t%r%l$r$ "l$'$ alt)& /$ "m"*%rm$-%&$ '0&$l% 5%r (ol%t%a %#l$&m%*t%r.

CromX$ll tara2)&da& )art)la& ?Na/%at%o&

A3t@ UD$&%# Ta*)ma3)l)!) Ka&u&uU&%l%# m$ra&t%l%#m%&%& d$&%#ta*)ma3)l)!)&a /$rd%!% 5"'" 0&$m%0-t$rm$t$d%r. D$&%# Ta*)ma3)l)!)Ka&u&u %l$


54/68

CromX$llCromX$ll


55/68

a, &%lt$r$ %l$ -0m"r$l$r% ara-)&da malta*)ma3)l)!) &%l%# $m%3%l$r%&%& t$$l%&$ /$r%lm%*1

5, &%lt$r$ %l$ d%!$r "l$l$r ara-)&da al)&)(-at)la& mallar)& 'a &%l%# $m%l$r%+ 'a da %l%l%"l$l$r%& $m%l$r% %l$ ta*)&ma-) a5ul $d%lm%*+

""&3" 5%r "l$&%&+ 0#$ll%l$ Holla&da&)&$m%l$r% %l$ ta*)&ma-) 'a-ala&m)*t)r1

3, &%l%# %thalat)lar) %%& 'a5a&3) %thalat)lar)&0d$'$3$l$r% "mr" r$-m%&%& 'ar)-)&) 0d$m$l$r%

0&0r"lm"*t"r. 4u (ol%t%a 6 u&3u '"#')lda% &%l%# d$&%#

ha%m%'$t%&% -a!lamata $t%l% olmu*tur.


56/68

%%%, Ira&-adaral H$&r% 67"& mal%'$5aa&) Sull' /$ Col5$rt-a&a'%&%&

$l%*t%r%lm$-%&$ '0&$l% t$d5%rl$r alm)*lar1%mt%'a# /$rm$+ d$/l$t $l% %l$ -a&a'%urma-ur$t%'l$ -a&a'% $l%*t%r%lm$'$

al)*)lm)*t)r.


57/68

Col5$rt Ira&-adaral H$&r%

67"& mal%'$ 5aa&)


58/68

"&" d)* t%3ar$t o&u-u ola& mallar dahao -a&a'% mallar)%d%. Sa&a'%&%&$l%*t%r%lm$-% %%& al)&a& 5a*l)3a t$d5%rl$r%

*0'l$ -)rala'a5%l%r%#


59/68

a, Hammadd$ %thal%&% t$*/% $tm$+%*l$&m%* mal %thal%&% "l$*t%rm$1

5, '%'$3$ mallar) /$ hammadd$ %hra3)&)"l$*t%rm$1

3, -a&a'% "r"&l$r%&%& %hra3)&)

ola'la*t)rma1 d, 'a5a&3) -a&atQr /$ &%t$l%l% %*%l$r%&

Ira&-a'a $lm$-%&% t$*/% $tm$1

$, m%ll% -a&a'%&%& -)rlar)&) 5a*alar)&a/$r$&l$r% 3$#ala&d)rma.


60/68

%/,Alma&'ada5u d0&$md$ 2$odald$/l$tl$rha%md%.

76 &3) '"#')lda& -o&ra 5u d$/l$tl$rd$Ira&-ada%&$ 5$$r '0&$t%m -%-t$ml$r%$l%*t%r%lm$'$ al)*)lara+ (r$&- /$ rallar)&

ha#%&$l$r%&% '0&$t$& m$mur /$da&)*ma&laral)&d).


61/68

Alma&3a ha#%&$ a&lam)&a $l$& Kamm$r%l$ %l%l$r% dola')-)'la 5u m$mur /$da&)*ma&lara hal d%l%&d$ am$ral%-td$&%'ordu.

4"'" 0l"d$ 5u m$mur /$ da&)*ma&lartara2)&da& 7687 %&3% '"#')llar ara-)&da

Alma&'ada $l%*t%r%l$& m$ra&t%l%-td"*"&3$'$ %-$+ Kam$ral%#md$&m$t$d%r.


62/68

Kam$ral%-tl$r(r$&- /$ rallara 5a!l)l)lar)dola')-)'la mutla '0&$t%m$ tara2tarolmu*lar1

m$ra&t%l%-tl$r %5%+ (r$&- /$ rallar)$&%& /$ 5a!)m-)# olmalar)&)+ a-alar)&)&)'m$tl% mad$&l$ doldurulma-)&)%-t$m%*l$rd%r.

"&" m$ra&t%l%-tl$r %5%+ o&lar da)'m$tl% mad$&l$r% #$&%&l%!%& 0l"-"olara a5ul $d%'orlard).


63/68

T%3ar$t 5%la&o-u&u& "l$ l$h%&$ 2a#lal)/$rm$-%&%1

5u&u& %%& $r$-%# %thalat)& 0&l$&m$-%&%+%hra3at)& art)r)lma-)&)1

5u 5a!lamda l"- mallar)& %thal%&%&+hammadd$ %hra3)&)& 'a-ala&ma-)&)%-t$rl$r1

Ira&-ada oldu!u %5%+ -)&a% $l%*m$'$

0&$m /$r%rl$r.


64/68

Kam$ral%-tl$r$ 0r$+ 5%r "l$&%&&"2u-u&u& olu!u o "l$&%&

-a/u&ma-)&) "l$&d%r$3$!%%5%+%&-a&lar) daha /$r%ml% al)*ma'ada#orlar.

N"2u-u art)rma %%& do!umlar /$"l$'$ 0l$r t$*/% $d%lm$l%d%r.

9#$ll%l$ "l$'$ d)* "l$l$rd$& u-ta /$-a&atQrlar)& $%lm$-%&$0&$m/$r%lm$l%d%r.


65/68

M$ra&t%l%-tl$r%& ulu-u& #$&%&l%!%&% ulu-u&-ah%( 5ulu&du!u alt)& /$ "m"* m%tar) %l$

0lm$l$r%5"'" $l$*t%r%l$r$ u!ram)*t)r. G$r$t$&+ (ara %l$ ulu-al #$&%&l% a'&)

*$' d$!%ld%r. 4u&u -(a&'ol /$ -ma&l)

0r&$l$r% a) olara orta'a o'mu*tur. oh& LaX)& d$&$'% arada& '"#')llar$t%!% hald$ a2alarda& -%l%&m$m%*t%r.oh& LaXa 0r$+ hal)& r$2ah) t%3ar$t$+

t%3ar$t %-$ (ara t$da/"l"&$ 5a!l)d)r. arat$da/"l" Q!)t (ara )art)lara art)r)la5%l%r.


66/68

Mal% -))&t) %%&d$ ola& Ira&-a oh& LaXad"*"&3$l$r%&% Ira&-ada u'ulama *a&-)

/$rm%*1 =O da 5%r $m%-'o& 5a&a-) urma-)&a

/$ 5a&a&)& alt)&a $/%rt%lm$'$& 5a&&ot

%hra3)&a %#%&/$r%lm%*t%r. 4a&ata*)&ma# mallar ar*)l) 0-t$r$r$+

5a&&ot %hra3)&a %r%*m%*/$ '$&% urula&

ortal)lar 5u 'olla 2%&a&-$ $d%lm$'$al)*)lm)*t)r.


67/68

$a& LaX$a& LaX


68/68

Iaat o$m$d$& 4a&a&)& )ard)!)5a&&otlar 0d$m$ "3"&" '%t%rm%*t%r.

"&" ta*)&ma# mallar 5a&&ot %%& l%%t5%r ar*)l)d$!%ld%r.

ara t$da/"l"&" #$&%&l%!%& -$5$5% olara0rm$ 'a&l)*t)r. ara /$ -$rma'$ a'&)*$'l$r d$!%ld%r.

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