if clause ช.8
TRANSCRIPT
If-clause
If Clause หรอื Condition Clause หมายถึงประโยคท่ีแสดงหรอืกำาหนดเง่ือนไข ขึ้นในเวลาที่ต่างๆ กัน แต่เวลาที่พูดนัน้เกิดขึ้นใน
ขณะปัจจุบนัรูปกรยิาที่ต่างกันใน If-clause เป็นเพยีงตัวบง่ใหท้ราบวา่เป็น เง่ือนไขแบบใดเท่านัน้
ประโยค If-clause (ประโยคเง่ือนไข) จะประกอบด้วย
1. สว่นที่เป็นเง่ือนไข (If Clause)
2. สว่นที่เป็นขอ้ความหลัก (Main Clause)
ชนิดของประโยคเง่ือนไข แบง่ออกเป็น 3 ชนิดคือ
Type I : Future Possible Condition
Type II : Unreal Present or Future Condition
Type III: Unreal Past Condition
Type I : Future Possible Condition
1. ใชส้มมุติในสิง่ที่เป็นไปได้และเป็นจรงิ
If + Present Simple, +Subject +will+V1
- If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will have a picnic.- I will be able to do this exercise if I try.
2. สามารถใชก้รยิาตัวอ่ืนๆเชน่ can, may แทน will ใน main Clause ได้
- If we have enough time, we can visit Robert.
- If your documents are in order, you may leave for USA at once.
3. ถ้าเป็นความจรงิเสมอ main-clause ใหใ้ช ้present simple- If the ice falls into the water, it floats.
4. กรยิาใน main-clause เป็นคำาสัง่ หรอื ขอรอ้ง ใหใ้ช ้present simple
- If the teacher asks you, tell him the truth. (คำาสัง่)
- If you leave, please turn out the light. (ขอรอ้ง)
5. If-clause แบบที่1 น้ี สามารถใช ้should แทน if ได้
- Should he refuse to leave, telephone Mr. John. = If he refuses to leave, telephone Mr. John.
6. Unless = if not; ประโยคหลัง unless จะเป็นประโยคบอกเล่า ไมอ่ยา่งนัน้จะเป็นปฏิเสธซอ้นปฏิเสธ
- Malee will not come unless she has time.- Malee will not come if she has no time.
Type II : Unreal Present or Future Condition
1. ใชส้มมุติในสิง่ที่ไมน่่าจะเป็นไปได้หรอืไมเ่ป็นจรงิในปัจจุบนัและอนาคต
If + Past Simple, Subject + Would + V1
- If I had more time, I would read more books. [ขณะปัจจุบนัน้ีไมม่เีวลามากพอ]
- If I were you, I would not let him say such things. [ใช ้were กับทกุบุรุษ ไมใ่ช ้was]
2. ใชก้รยิาชว่ย might, could แทน would ในสว่นของ main clause ได้ เชน่
- If I won a lot of money, I might stop working.
- I could repair the car if I had the right tools.
3. เราสามารถละ if โดยเอากรยิาชว่ย were ในประโยค if-clause มาไวห้น้าประโยคแทน
- If he were to leave (If he left) )today, he would be there by Friday.= Were he to leave today, he would be there by Friday.
Type III: Unreal Past Condition
If + Past Perfect, +Subject + would have + V3
1. ใชส้มมตในสิง่ที่เป็นไปไมไ่ด้เลย หรอืตรงกันขา้มกับความจรงิในอดีต
If I had had her e-mail address, I would have written to her.
If I had studied hard, I would passed the exam.
2. สามารถใช ้might, could แทน would ใน main clause ได้
If you had taken the exam, you might have passed it.
I could have repaired the car if I’d had the right tools.
3. เราสามารถละ if โดยเอากรยิาชว่ย had ในประโยค if-clause มาไวห้น้าประโยคแทน
- If I had known that, I would have lent you mine.= Had I known that, I would have lent you mine.
*หมายเหต:ุ นอกจากคำาวา่ if แล้ว ยงัมคีำาอ่ืนๆที่ใชใ้นประโยคเง่ือนไข ได้แก่
a) suppose หรอื supposing = สมมุติวา่
b) on condition that หรอื on the condition that = โดยมเีง่ือนไขวา่
c) so long as หรอื as long as = ถ้า, ตราบใดที่
d) what if = สมมุติวา่
แบบฝึกหดั
Exercise 1 : Put the verbs in these sentences onto the Conditional Type 1
1. I’m sure you..................(enjoy) the film if you ............(see) it.
2. If we ………..(leave) now, we…………………………….(not be) late.
3. If we ………………….(miss) the bus, we……………….(take) a taxi.
4. What ………………..(she/do) if she …………………(fail) the exam?
5. If you ……………(need) any help,……………..(you/tell) me?
6. If Simon ………………..(not apologize) to me, I…………..(not speak) to him any more.
7. If I ……………….(have) time, I ……….(go) shopping this afternoon.
8. I …………….(be) very angry if John ……………(make) any more mistakes.
9. If you …….. (not go) away, I …………..(send) for the police.
10. If she ……(need) a radio, she……………(borrow) mine.
Exercise 2: Put the verbs in these sentences into the Conditional Type II.
1. If I had a typewriter, I………………..(type) it myself.
2. If I ……………..(know) her address, I’d give it to you.
3. He…………….(look) a lot better if he…………….(shave) more often.
4. If she ………….(work) more slowly, she ………………(not make) so many mistakes.
5. I…………(not drink) that wine if I ……………….(be) you.
6. More Tourist …………….(come) to this country if it………..(have) a better climate.
7. If I were sent to prison,………………..(you visit) me?
8. If someone ………………..(give) you a helicopter what ……….(you/do) with it?
9. If I ………..(win) a big prize in a lottery, I………..(give) up my job.
10. If you…………(drive) your car into the river,…………..(you be) able to get out?
Exercise 3: Put the verbs in these sentences into the Conditional Type III.
1. If I had known that you were in hospital, I…………….(visit) you.
2. If you………..(arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
3. You……….(see) my garden at its best, if you………..(be) here last week.
4. If he ………(ask) you, ……………..(you accept) his proposal?
5. If we ……….(have) a map, we …………(be) all right.
6. If she ………..(know) that you were coming, she ………….(bake) a cake.
7. I……….(offer) to help her if I …………(realize) that she was ill.
8. If you…………(leave) that wasp alone, it ……………(not sting) you.
9. If you …………(tell) me that she never paid her debts, I ………..(not lend) her the money.
10. If you ………………(not sneeze), he………………(not know) that we were there.
Exercise 4: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. (Mixed types)
1. If you ……….(find) a skeleton in the cellar, don’t mention it to anyone.
2. If you pass your examination, we …………..(have) a celebration.
3. What ………………(happen) if we press this button?
4. I should have voted for him if I ……………(have) a vote then.
5. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which ones……………(you choose)?
6. The flight may be cancelled if the fog………….(get) thick.
7. If the milkman ………………(come), tell him to leave three pints.
8. I could repair the roof myself if I ……………….(have) a long ladder.
9. We’ll have a long way to walk if we ……………(run) out of petrol here.
10.You……….(not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly.
Sentence Completion (If-clause)
Direction: Decide which of the choices a, b, c, or d best completes the sentences.
1. .............I known you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. a. Should b. If c. Had d. Were
2. If you............me, I might have forgotten. a. hadn't reminded b. would remind
c. should d. were to
3. If you.............him, what will you do? a. had seen b. saw
c. were to see d. see
4. ............I written her a letter, she would have known about it. a. Should b. Had
c. If d. Were to
5. I'll spoil my dinner, ............I have cake for afternoon tea. a. had b. should
c. were d. will have
6. ................it rain, I won't go. a. Would b. Should
c. Had d. If
7. I will need to buy some gas if the tank.............empty. a. would have been b. was
c. were d. is
8. I...............do it if I were you. a. am to b. will
c. wouldn't d. had
9. .............it rained yesterday, they wouldn't have gone. a. Had b. Would
c. If d. Were
10. If I had won the lottery, I................rich. a. am b. were
c. will be d. would have been
Quantifiers (คำาบอกปรมิาณ)
Some และ any แปลวา่ บาง“ , บา้ง”
Some จะใชน้ำาหน้าคำานามท่ีนับได้รูปพหพูจน์และนามนับไมไ่ด้ ในประโยคบอกเล่าเป็นสว่นใหญ่ (แต่สามารถใชใ้นประโยค
คำาถามได้เชน่เดียวกัน)
I will buy some rulers. I have some books.I want some water.She brought some butter.
Any สว่นมากเรามกัจะใช ้ในประโยคปฏิเสธและคำานาม any ใชน้ำาหน้าที่นับได้รูปพหพูจน์และคำานามซึ่งนับไมไ่ด้
ใชก้ับนามที่นับได้รูปพหพูจน์
ประโยคปฏิเสธ
I don’t have any pens. She doesn’t want any bananas.He won’t give me ประโยคคำาถาม
Do you have any pencils?Will you buy any oranges?Don’t you want any shoes?ใชก้ับนามที่นับไมไ่ด้
ประโยคปฏิเสธ
I don’t want any honey.He did not buy any bread.She hasn’t got any cheese.ประโยคคำาถาม
Do you want any honey?Did you buy any sugar?Exercise 1: Fill out some and any in these sentences below.1. Have you got…………….matches?2. They want ………………cigarettes.3. Does she have…………….money?4. He bought………………stamps.5. She will buy …………….new clothes.
6. We drink …………………..beer.7. I don’t have ……………….homework today.8. Do you have …………………sisters?9. He needs …………………petrol.10. Wimon has got …………………….good friends.
Much และ Many แปลวา่ มาก “ ”
Much 1.ใชก้ับคำานามที่นับไมไ่ด้ เชน่ sugar, time, help
2. สว่นใหญ่ใชใ้นประโยคปฏิเสธและคำาถาม (สามารถใชใ้นประโยคบอกเล่าได้เชน่กัน)
I don’t have much milk.He did not eat much bread.Have you got much time?
Many 1.ใชก้ับนามที่นับได้ซึ่งมรีูปพหพูจน์ เชน่ Hats, people, books
2. สว่นใหญ่ใชใ้นประโยคปฏิเสธและคำาถาม (แต่สามารถใชใ้นประโยคบอกเล่าได้เชน่กัน)
He did not make many mistakes.We don’t have many books.Do you have many cars?Did she take many pictures?
Exercise 2: Fill out much and many in these sentences below.1. We did not make …………….sandwiches.2. Did you buy …………………..meat?3. I don’t drink ……………………..milk.4. I didn’t invite……………………quests.5. Does your English teacher give you ………………….homework?6. Did she buy…………………food?7. Are there …………….glasses on the table?8. There were not ………………….people at the party last night.9. Do you learn ……………….new English words in class every day?10. Did you have ……………….trouble with the homework yesterday?Exercise : Fill out Too much and Too many in these sentences below.1. There are……………….pictures on the wall.2. The radio is very loud. It is making ……………noise.3. You put…………………….water in the bottle.4. This house has …………………..rooms.5. You drink ……………………….coffee.6. Did he eat …………………..bread yesterday?7. I didn’t give her…………………money.8. Don’t buy …………………………..oranges.9. Does he smoke …………………………..cigarettes?10. Did the teacher write ……………..difficult words on the blackboard?A lot of / lots of แปลวา่ มาก“ ”
1. ใชไ้ด้กับคำานามที่นับไมไ่ด้และคำานามที่นับได้รูปพหพูจน์
2. สว่นใหญ่ใชใ้นประโยคบอกเล่า (แต่สามารถใชใ้นประโยคคำาถามได้เชน่กัน)
Somchai has a lot of friends.Winai has a lot of problems.We have a lot of beer.They have lots of cheese.She bought a lot of dresses yesterday.
A few และ A little แปลวา่ เล็กน้อย“ ,สองสาม,น้อย”
A few 1. ใชก้ับคำานามที่นับได้รูปพหพูจน์ เชน่ pens, friends, eggs.
2. ใชใ้นประโยคบอกเล่าและคำาถาม
Peter wrote a few letters.Do you have a few pens?I made a few mistakes.A little 1. ใชก้ับคำานามที่นับไมไ่ด้ เชน่ water, salt, money
2. ใชใ้นประโยคบอกเล่า
There is a little water in the jug.I speak a little English.Bancha has got a little money.นอกจากนี้เมื่อต้องการเน้นวา่สิง่ขอนัน้ๆ มเีล็กน้อยจรงิๆ เราอาจใช ้only นำาหน้า a few และ a little ได้เชน่
Only a few people came yesterday.I have only a few shirts.He drank only a little beer.นอกจากนี้สามารถใชค้ำาวา่ quite นำาหน้า a few ได้ quite a few จะมคีวามหมายวา่ มากที่เดียว“ ”
I have a few friends.I have quite a few friends.Exercise : Fill out a few และ a little in these sentences below.
1. He has …………..plans.2. She has got ……………….milk.3. He drank ………………….whisky.4. Ann has ……………….friends.5. We saw ………………people at the restaurant.6. I bought ………………newspaper.7. There is …………………….petrol in this car.8. There are ……………….bottles on the table.9. There are ……………….hotels in this town.10. I want to eat ……………….bread.11. Have you got ………………..magazines at home?12. Put ……………….cooking oil in the pan.13. Srisuda has only ……………..flowers.14. There are quite ……………cows in the field.15. There is only …………….food in the refrigerator.
Few และ Little แปลวา่ น้อยมากหรอืแทบจะไมม่เีลย“
ใชก้ับคำานามนับได้ซึ่งมรีูปพหพูจน์
Few people know him.The teacher was disappointed because few students passed the test.Little ใชก้ับคำานามที่นับไมไ่ด้
There is little water in the wall.She is thin because she eats little food.
Exercise 5: Fill out Few and Little in these sentences below.1. Paul cannot help us because he has very…………..time.2. I am going to buy some more milk because there is very ……………milk in the refrigerator.3. This place is very quite because there are very……………….houses.4. John was very disappointed because very……………..guests came to his party last night.5. Natha cannot go to the United States because she knows very…………..English.6. I have to go to a petrol station because my car has very ……………….petrol.7. Nitaya is selfish so she has got………………..friends.8. If Chintana drinks a lot of coffee she won’t be able to sleep, so she drinks very…………coffee.9. He doesn’t have much money so he can buy………………shifts.10. …………..students came to school yesterday because the streets were flooded.Plenty of แปลวา่ มากมาย ใชก้ับคำานามที่นับไมไ่ด้และนับได้รูปพหพูจน์ (plenty of มคีวามหมายเหมอืน a lot of)
There is plenty of water in the canal.We have plenty of rain this morning.He has plenty of work today.There are plenty of eggs in the house.They have plenty of horses.A great deal of แปลวา่ มากมาย มกัใชกัับคำานามที่นับไมไ่ด้ “ ” (มคีวามหมายเหมอืน a lot of)
I have done a great deal of work today.He needs a great deal of money.This job will give me a great deal of trouble.He has a great deal of time.Several แปลวา่ หลายคน“ ,หลายอัน,หลายสิง่ ใชก้ับนามที่นับได้รูปพหพูจน์”
He has several cars.There are several men in the room.She bought several things.A number of/ A large number of แปลวา่ จำานวนมาก ใชก้ับคำานามที่นับได้รูปพหพูจน์เสมอ “ ”
A number of my friends are coming to visit me this weekend.There are a large number of problems.A large amount of แปลวา่ มากมาย ใชก้ับคำานามที่นับไมไ่ด้“ ”
You should throw out a large amount of clothing.They made a large amount of money.Most /Most of มคีวามหมายวา่ สว่นมาก most of มกัจะตามด้วย “the” หรอื คำาประเภท Possessive adjective (my,
your, our, their, his, her, its) หรอื these, those
Most meat is expensiveMost people are friendly.Most of the students are girls.Most of the water is dirty.
Exercise 6: Underlined the correct quantifier for each blank.1. (Most, Most of) the students are very smart.2. (Most, Most of) people are friendly.3. I’ve made (several, a large amount of) friends lately.4. (A number of, a large amount of) books are on reserve in the library.5. (several, A great deal of) information is needed.6. (A large amount of, Plenty of) apples are delicious.7. (A great deal of, A number of) work has to be done.8. He has got (plenty of, a number of) money.9. (Several, Most) pop music drives me crazy.10. (Most ,Most of ) his questions are about grammar.
Test 1. “Have you any relatives in English?”
1. Yes, I have not many. 2. Yes, I have some.3. Yes, I have very few. 4. No, I have a few.
2. Although the boat rocked, there was ………..danger.1. few 2. a few3. little 4. a little
3. John never goes out with us because he has …………………money.1. very few 2. a few3. a little 4. very little
4. I can’t come to see you because I haven’t got ………………….time.1. some 2. a 3. many 4. much
5. I saw …………….flowers in the garden.1. much 2. any2. a lot of 4. a little
6. Linda hasn’t got …………….money and she’s crying.1. some 2. any3. no 4. a
7. “Have you ever seen an elephant?” “Yes, …………………times”.
1. many 2. much3. any 4. a little
8. Some people take ……………..sugar with coffee.1. many 2. a lot of3. a 4. a few
9. I’ve got some oranges here, but not……………….1. a lot of 2. much3. a little 4. many
10. You’ve got a lot of pens. Please give me …………………..of them.1. some 2. any3. an 4. a little
11. “Is there any water in that bottle?” “Not……………………………”.
1. much 2. many3. some 4. none
12. Don’t hurry because there’s ………………time.1. plenty of 2. a few3. many 4. no
13. My doctor says that I do ……………….work, and I must have a rest.1. any 2. too much3. too much 4. no
14. What……………….money you’ve got!1. plenty 2. much3. a few 4. a lot of
15. Please give me………….more of that chocolate cake.1. several 2. a little3. many 4. little
16. I am very disappointed in you. You have done …………to help you.1. very little 2. a little3. a few 4. much
17. Please give me…………water. I’m thirsty.1. little 2. some2. a few 3. no
18. There were so……………people in the room that I could not move.1. much 2. a lot of3. many 4. lots of
19. I bought tow kilos of oranges and gave some to my sister and………..to my brother.1. a little 2. few3. so few 4. so many
20. It’s sad that …………..people give some money to help the poor.1. so little 2. so much3. so few 4. so many
21. “How long did the meeting go on yesterday?”
“It went on for ……………hours”.1. much 2. several3. a little 4. a few of
22. “I’d like to buy an English newspapers”. “I’m sorry. We don’t have ………………….English papers”.
1. plenty of 2. lots of3. some more 4. any more
23. “Would you like some tea?” “Yes, please, but just…………..”.
1. few 2. a few3. little 3. a little
24. How …………..students came yesterday?1. much 2. many3. a lot 4. a few
25. Danai is very rich. He has ……………money.1. plenty of 2. lots3. many 4. a little
26. I have to return ………………..books to the library. Can you help me carry them?1. very few 2. few3. several 4. a little
27. Cheingmai is very popular ……………….tourist go there all year long.1. Few 2. Some3. Not many 4. A lot of
28. There aren’t …………….days to wait until the new year.1. many more 2. no more3. some more 4. much more
29. We have done…………………exercise.1. much 2. lots of3. plenty 4. a little
30. I haven’t many friends, but I have……………………1. any 2. a little3. few 4. sme