[email protected] · 2004. 7. 7. · the standard model a. pich - sant feliu 2004 antonio pich...
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The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
Antonio Pich
IFIC, CSIC – Univ. Valencia
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
§§ Fermion MassesFermion Masses
§§ Fermion GenerationsFermion Generations
§§ Quark MixingQuark Mixing
§§ Lepton MixingLepton Mixing
§§ Standard Model ParametersStandard Model Parameters
§§ CPCP ViolationViolation
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
Quarks Leptons Bosons
photon
gluon
Higgs
up down electron neutrino e
charm strange muon neutrino µ
top beauty tau neutrino τ
e
µ
τ
ZZ00 WW ±±
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
Fermion Fermion Masses Masses areare
NewNew Free Free ParametersParameters
Couplings Couplings FixedFixed::f
H f f
mg
v=
fmv
f
f
H
{ }1v udY q q u ud d lm qH
q m q q m l l + = − + +
L
SSBSSB
( ) ( ) ( ) v, , , ,
2ud
d u lq q lm m m c c c = −
FERMION MASSESSFERMION MASSESSScalarScalar Fermion Couplings allowed Fermion Couplings allowed by by Gauge Gauge SymmetrySymmetry
0
0 0
( ) ( )† ( )
( ) ( )†( ) ( )
()
)(( , ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) h.c.u L R u R L Rd d
u ll
dY c c cq q q q v l l
φ φ φφ φ φ
+ +
+
−
= + + +
L
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
FERMION GENERATIONSFERMION GENERATIONS
( ) ( )( ) (0)† ( )
(0) ( )† (0)( ) ( ) ( ), , h.c.Y j j j jk R k R k RL L
j k
d u ljk jk j ku d d u v l lc c c
φ φ φφ φ φ
+ +
+
′ ′ ′ ′
− ′ ′ ′= + + +
∑Ll
{ }1v
h.c.Y L R L R L Rud ld d u u l lH ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′= − ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅+ ⋅ +
M M MlL
SSBSSB
Arbitrary Arbitrary NonNon--Diagonal Diagonal Complex Complex Mass Mass MatricesMatrices( ) ( ) ( ) v, ,
2, ,d u l
ud l jk jk jkjkc c c ′ ′ ′ = − M M M
Masses Masses are are the only differencethe only differenceGN 3= Identical Identical CopiesCopies
WHY ?WHY ?0
1
Q
Q
=
= −
2 3
1 3
Q
Q
= +
= −j j
j j
v ul d
′ ′ ′ ′
( )G1,...,Nj =
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
DIAGONALIZATION OF MASS MATRICESDIAGONALIZATION OF MASS MATRICES†
d
†u
†
Sd d d d d d
u u u u u u
l l l l l l l
′ = ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
′ = ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
′ = ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
M H U S S U
M H U S U
M H U S S U
dMMM
†f f
† †f f f f
† †f f f f
1
1
=
⋅ = ⋅ =
⋅ = ⋅ =
H H
U U U U
S S S S
( ) { }d d + u1 u +vY d u llH l= − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅lL M M M
diag ( , , ) ; diag ( , , ) dia , ,; g ( )d lu c t s ed bu m m m m m m m m mµ τ= = =M M M
L
R
d d ; u u ;
d d ; u u ;d L L u L L l L
d d R R u u R R l l R
l l
l l
′ ′ ′≡ ⋅ ≡ ⋅ ≡ ⋅
′ ′ ′≡ ⋅ ⋅ ≡ ⋅ ⋅ ≡ ⋅ ⋅
S S S
S U S U S U
Mass EigenstatesMass Eigenstates
Weak EigenstatesWeak Eigenstates≠
N C N C′ =L Lf f f f ; f f f fL L L L R R R R′ ′ ′ ′= =
QUARK MIXINGQUARK MIXING
†u d u d ; u dL L L L⋅′ ′ = ⋅ ≡ ⋅S SV V CC CC′ ≠L L
µ
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
[ ]f f 5Nf
C f f2 sin cos
v aW W
Z Ze
µµγ
θ θγ−= ∑L
Flavour Conserving Flavour Conserving Neutral Neutral CurrentsCurrents
u c t
d s b
Flavour Flavour Changing Charged Changing Charged CurrentsCurrents
( ) ( )i5 5C C†
iji j
j1 1 h.c.
2 2 ll
gu d vW lµ
µ µγ γ γ γ
= − + − + ∑ ∑VL
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
( )i 5 j
i
( )CC
jij
† (1 ) h.c.2 2
ll Wg
lL µµ ν γ γ= − +∑ Vl
Separate Separate Lepton Lepton Number Number ConservationConservationR( )νMinimal SM without
i( )
ijj
llν ν≡ V
( ) †5CC (1 ) h.c.
2 2l
ll
lg
L W µµ ν γ γ− += ∑ll IFIF i
m 0ν =
( Co, n, served )eeL L L LL L µµ ττ + +
ll IFIFi
iR exist and m 0νν ≠
BUTBUT 11 7Br ( ) 1.2 10 Br ( ) 3.1 10eµ γ τ µ γ− −→ < × → < ×;(90 % CL)
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
W
jdiu
e−
eν
ijV
Measurements of VMeasurements of Vijij
j i
2
ij( )ed u e ν−Γ → ∝ V
We measure decays of hadrons (no free quarks)
Important QCD Uncertainties
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
*
0.9739 0.0005
0.2196 0.0026
0.224 0.016
0.9740 0.0005
0.9731 0.0015
1.04 0.16
0.97 0.11
0.0
0.0421 0.0022
0.0414 0.0009
0.0
Nuclear
415 0.00
dec
1
ay
0
ud
u
l
l
s
cd
cs
cb
ub
e
e
e
n p e v
K e v
v d c X
D K e v
W c
V
V
V
V
V
V
s
B D l v
b c l v
β
π
−
−
+
+
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
0.160.12
033 0.0005
0.0041 0
0.
.0
0036 0.0005
006
0 7 /.9
l
l
B l v
b u l v
t bW qW
ρ
+−
→
±
→
±
± →
2 22 0.9967 0.0021usud ubV V V+ + = ± ( )2 2(LEP)2.027 0.025u j c j
jV V+ = ±∑
CKM entry Value Sourcei jV
2
q t qtb VV ∑
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
QUARK MIXING MATRIXQUARK MIXING MATRIX
ll Unitary MatrixUnitary Matrix:: parametersparametersG GN N× 2GN
ll arbitrary phasesarbitrary phases::G2 1N −
jii i j j;e eiiu u d dθφ→ → j i )
ij j(
iei θ φ−→V V
ijV
( )G G1
12
N N −
Physical ParametersPhysical Parameters::
Moduli Moduli ;; phasesphasesG G1 ( 1) ( 2)2
N N− −
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
UnitarityUnitarity:: † †⋅ = ⋅ =V V V V 1
fN = 2 : 1 angle, 0 phasesll
C C
C C
cos sinsin cos
θ θθ θ
= −
V No CP
( )13
13 13
13 13
2 312 13 12 13 13
2 2 412 23 12 23 13 12 23 12 23 13 23 13
3 212 23 12 23 13 12 23 12 23 13 23 13
1 /2 ( )1 /2
(1 ) 1
i
i i
i i
c c s c s As c c s s c c s s s s c A
s s c c s c s s c s c c A A
e ie ee e i
δ
δ δ
δ δ
λ λ λ η
η
ρλ λ λ λ
λ ρ λ
− − − − − − ≈ − − + − − − − − −
O
i j ij ij ij (i,j 1, 2, 3)cos ; sinc sθ θ =≡ ≡ 2 2Csin 0.223 ; 0.82 ; 0.41Aλ θ ρ η≈ ≈ ≈ + ≈
(CKM)3fN = : 3 angles, 1 phasell
13 0)0 (ηδ ≠≠ CP
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
Standard Standard Model Model ParametersParameters
QCD:QCD:
EW EW Gauge Gauge / / Scalar Scalar Sector:Sector:
( )S ZMα 11
442 , , ,, , , , , , F ZW H HWg g h M M MM Gµ α αθ⇔ ⇔′
1313Yukawa Yukawa Sector:Sector:
1 2 3
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
e
sd b
u c t
m m m
m m m
m m m
µ τ
θ θ θ δ
18 Free 18 Free ParametersParameters (+ Neutrino (+ Neutrino Masses Masses / / Mixings Mixings ?)?)
TOO MANY !TOO MANY !
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
l C , P : Violated maximally in weak interactions
l CP : Symmetry of nearly all observed phenomena
l Slight (~ 0.2 %) CP in decays (1964)
l Sizeable CP in decays (2001)
l Huge Matter Antimatter Asymmetryin our Universe Baryogenesis
§ Complex Phases
§ Interferences
Thus, CP requires:
CPT Theorem: TCP
0K0B
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
Meson – Antimeson Mixing
0B 0B
0B
0B
f2 Interfering Amplitudes
0 0
0 0
( / ) ( / )0
( / ) ( / )S S
S S
B J K B J KB J K B J K
ψ ψψ ψ
Γ → − Γ →≠
Γ → + Γ →
SignalCP
BABAR
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
* * * 0ud ub cd cb td tbV V V V V V+ + =
* *ud ub cd cbV V V V * *
td tb cd cbV V V V
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
Complex Complex phases phases in in Yukawa Yukawa couplings couplings onlyonly::
The The CKM CKM matrix matrix VVij ij is the only is the only source of source of CPCP
( ) ( )jk j
( ) (0)†
j j L k R kR(0) ( )†j k
k( , ) h.c.Yd uL d d uc cu
φ φφ φ
+
+
′ ′ ′ ′= + + −
∑
(0) v / 2φ = SSBSSB
{ }( ) (jL k R jj jkL kR
)k
v1 h.cv
.2
uY
dcd d uL H uc ′ ′ ′ ′= − + + +
( )jkqc diagonalization
{ }jjjL jR jL jR
†CC i 5 j
i jij
1 h.c.
(1 ) h.c.2 2
vY udL d d u u
gL W u
m mH
dµµ γ γ
= − + + +
= − +∑ V
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
e µν ν↔
Neutrino Neutrino OscillationsOscillations
µ τν ν↔
CPRν ?,
NEW PHYSICSNEW PHYSICS
Lepton Mixing
M.C. González-García , C. Peña-Garay
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
THE STANDARD THEORY OF THE STANDARD THEORY OF FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONSFUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
( ) ( ) ( )C L YSU 3 SU 2 U 1⊗ ⊗
Electroweak Electroweak + + Strong Strong ForcesForces
l Gauge Symmetry Dynamics
l 3 Gauge Parameters:
l All Known Experimental Facts Explained
l Problem with Mass Scales / Mixings:
( )2 , ,Z Ws Mα α θ
- 15 Additional Parameters
- Why 3 Families ?
- Why Left ≠ Right ?
- Why ?
- Does the Higgs Exist ?
- Flavour Mixing- CP Violation
- Neutrino Masses / Oscillations
Ztm M>
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
WANTEDWANTED
HiggsHiggsGREAT REWARDGREAT REWARD
STOCKHOLM
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004
WANTEDWANTED
HiggsHiggsGREAT REWARDGREAT REWARD
STOCKHOLM
e
µ
τ
The Standard Model A. Pich - Sant Feliu 2004