IGA News No 78 1

wwwgeothermal-energyorg October - December 2009

Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association

Quarterly No 78

IGA ACTIVITIES

Message from the PresidentLadsi Rybach

Dear IGA memberThis is the eighth message from your current PresidentA new institution the Center of Excellence for

Geothermal Energy Larderello (CEGL) has recently beenformed As its Scientific Advisory Board member I wasinvited to give the opening Keynote presentationldquoGeothermal energy within the renewables ndash Status andprospectsrdquo at the CEGL International Workshop onGeothermal Energy Development ndash Opportunities andChallenges PomeranceItaly 3 ndash 4 September 2009

The presentations of the IEA GIA ndash IGA WorkshopldquoGeothermal Energy - Its Global Development Potentialamp Contribution to Mitigation of Climate ChangerdquoMadridSpain 5-6 May 2009 are now assembled on theIEA GIA Website wwwiea-giaorg under ldquoAchievementsrdquoThe findings are currently being incorporated into the newChapter 4 ldquoGeothermal Energyrdquo of the IPCC SpecialReport ldquoRenewable Energy Sourcesrdquo (SRREN) IGAOfficers Ruggero Bertani and Arni Ragnarsson are LeadAuthors I am currently serving as Contributing Authorand am foreseen as Reviewing Editor of Chapter 4

The deliverables of the World Bank ndash IGA contracthave all been completed and submitted Unfortunately theWB does not intend to continue the cooperation withinthe GeoFund program however negotiations areunderway for a new contract wi th in the ARGeoframework

At the occasion of the GRC General Assembly 2009 inReno NevadaUSA I had a discussion with GRC BoardMember Marcelo Lippmann GRC CommunicationsDirector John Galbraith and Joseph Moore chair ofGRCrsquos Education Committee A closer GRC ndash IGAcooperation is envisaged especially joint actions likespecial Workshops more links between the IGA and GRCwebsites cross-referencing publications in the GRCBulletin and in IGA News A special Task Force of theIGA BoD is now designing the next steps

The 48th BoD meeting took place in Antigua CuscatlanEl Salvador on 29 October excellently and generouslyorganized by BoD member Francisco Montalvo (LaGeoPresident of the El Salvador Geothermal Association)The meeting was preceded on 28 October by Committeemeetings and the 2009 IGA Annual General Meeting andwas followed by the Central American Geothermal

IGA NEWS

ContentsIGA ACTIVITIESMessage from the President 1Snapshots of the WGC 2010 Technical Program 2Call for nominations by petition for the

2010-2013 IGA Board of Directors 3

EUROPEGermany Deep Geothermal Projects and Micro-

Seismicity 2Switzerland Basel EGS Project cleared of ldquodeliberate

damagerdquo 3

Norway Geothermal Energy and Mitigation ofClimate Change 4

Spain Spainacutes ldquoGreen Shootsrdquo ndash Joining theGeoPowGen Club 5

AMERICASEl Salvador Geothermal Short Course in

El Salvador and the Central AmericanGeothermal Workshop 8

Mexico Geothermal Energy in MexicoBackground and Present Status 9

OCEANIANew Zealand Book Review 13

ASIAPACIFIC RIMChina IGA WPRB - GCES Joint 2009 Annual

Activities Held in Chengdu China 14

UPCOMING EVENTSGeothermal meetings 2

Workshop on 30 October At the Workshop besidesvarious presentations by IGA Board members keygeothermal representatives of Costa Rica DominicaGuatemala Honduras El Salvador St Kitts and Nevisand Nicaragua reported on latest developments TheWorkshop was followed by a highly informative trip to theBerlin geothermal field

The 48th BoD meeting finalized the selection processto determine the host of WGC2015 it will be Australiaand New Zealand more precisely the Austra l ianGeother mal Energ y Assoc ia t ion the Austra l ianGeothermal Energy Group and the New ZealandGeothermal Association The Congress venue will beMelbourne with field trips in Australia and New Zealand

IGA News No 782

October - December 2009 wwwgeothermal-energyorg

The BoD had already decided that the 49th BoDmeeting will be held in BaliIndonesia in conjunction withWGC2010 The Board meeting will be on 1 May 2010The 50th BoD meeting will take place in conjunction withGRC 2010 on 29 October 2010

The cooperation between IGA and our partnerorganizations within the REN Alliance (the InternationalRenewable Energy Alliance) develops well with increasingac t iv i t y T he new powerfu l ins t i tu t ion IRENA(International Renewable Energy Agency established inAbu Dhabi) invited IGA to participate in a meeting on REpotential database in Paris on 5 November 2009 ExecutiveDirector Arni Ragnarsson represented IGA

The submission deadline for papers to WGC2010 hasnow been passed (over 1000 have been received)Hopefully most IGA members have taken advantage ofthe benefits of early registration (before 30 November)

The real good news at the end the new IGA website(wwwgeothermal-energyorg) is now up and runningMany thanks are due to all organizers and designers firstand foremost to Eduardo Iglesias Zbigniew MalolepsyArni Ragnarsson and Benedikt Steingriacutemsson

I look forward to continuing to working with all of youin our joint effort to promote geothermal and thank youfor your support

Ladsi Rybach

Snapshots of the WGC 2010Technical Program

Roland Horne and Nenny Saptadji WGC2010 Technical Program Co-ChairsThere are 1040 received papers there will be 650 oralpresentations in 130 sessions running 10 in parallel and390 posters The Technical Program will be formulatedand made available to the authors (and public) on1 February 2010

Assembling a 1000-paper program is a big task The1040 papers are from about 80 different countries Thepapers have been reviewed by an international panel of142 experts The revised papers have been edited forEnglish by a team of 8 people at Stanford University andreformatted by a team of 20 at Institut Teknologi BandungBandung Indonesia

UPCOMING EVENTS35th Stanford Workshop on Geothermal ReservoirEngineering 1-3 February 2010 Stanford CaliforniaUSA Website httppangeastanfordeduEREresearchgeothconferenceworkshophtmlGeoPower Americas 15-17 February 2010 San FranciscoCalifornia USA Website wwwgeopowerseriescomRenewable Energy World Noth America Conferenceand Exposition 23-25 February 2010 Austin TexasUSA Website wwwrenewableenergyworld-eventscomGeoTHERM ndash expo amp Congress 25-26 February 2010Offenburg Ger many Contac t Sandra Ki rche rkirchermesseoffenburgdeWorld Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali Indonesia 25-29April 2010 Website wwwwgc2010orgInternational Geothermal Conference 2010 19-20 May2010 Freibug Germany E-mail agenturenerchangedeRenewable Energy World Europe 2010 8-10 June 2010Amsterdam The Netherlands Website wwwrenewableenergyworld-europecomRenewable Energ y 2010 27 June-2 Ju ly 2010 Yiokohama Japan Website wwwre2010org2010 IAHR International Groundwater Symposium ndashSession on Mass Transfer in Geothermal Systems 22-2 4 S e p t e mbe r 2 0 1 0 Va l e n c i a S p a i n We b s i t e httpiahr2010-gwcom11 th World Renewable Energ y Congress andExhibition 25-30 September 2010 Abu-Dhabi Websitewwwwrenukcouk34th GRC Annual Meeting 24-27 October 2010Sacramento California USA Websitewwwgeothermalorg

GEOTHERMICSInternational Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications

Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal AssociationContent of the latest issues httpwwwelseviercomlocategeothermics

EUROPE

Germany

Deep geothermal projects andmicro-seismicityThe following is based on a press release put out by theGerman Geothermal Association (GtV- BundesverbandGeothermie eV) on 21 September 2009 following some

IGA News No 78 3

wwwgeothermal-energyorg October - December 2009

lsquofeltrsquo micro-earthquakes in the region of Landau duringAugust and September These had provoked some publicdiscussion and were thought to be associated with theoperation of the local geothermal power plant

Stressing that the German Geothermal AssociationGtV-BV does not want to prejudge the results of specificinvestigations the President Hartmut Gassner said ldquoWewelcome the establishment of an expert group by theRhineland-Palatinate Ministry of Environment and offerour full supportrdquo

GtV-BV points out that irrespective of the particulardetails of this case it is a fact that the construction and theoperation of geothermal power plants may trigger micro-seismicity The same phenomena occur frequently with gasand oil production and in tunneling and are related to theparticular geological structures in the respective regions

Landau is at the edge of the Upper Rhine Graben ageologically rather active region In the Upper RhineGraben many earthquakes occur naturally since June 2000there have been 57 events comparable in strength to therecent one in Landau Under such tectonic conditionshuman interventions can lead to micro-seismicityGenerally such events will cause little or no damage In thecase that they are related to a geothermal project theoperatorrsquos insurance will cover damages

There is a need for more public information andgreater public participation such as regional civic forums

during construction and operation This is an importantissue for GtV-BV and its Deep Geothermal section isabout to establish a working group on ldquodeep geothermalenergy and seismic activityrdquo

In Germany there are currently over 150 mininglicences for exploration and exploitation of deepgeothermal energy Many projects are under developmentin the Upper Rhine Graben in the Bavarian Molasse basinand increasingly in the remaining areas of Germany Theopportunity to produce base-load renewable and CO2-freeelectricity heat and cold from domestic sources needs localsupport Many citizens have recognized this opportunityand support the projects of their towns and villagesUnterhaching Neuried Pullach Erding and Aschheim aregood examples

More information on wwwgeothermiede

Contact

Dr Horst Kreuter Vice-President Section DeepGeothermal Projects and Nicola Moczek Director GtV-Bundesverband Geothermie eV Stralauer Platz 34 10243Berlin phone 0049 (0)30726102841 wwwgeothermiedenicolamoczekgeothermiede

Switzerland

Basel EGS Project cleared ofldquodeliberate damagerdquo

Robert HopkirkThe Basel EGS project was suspended in December 2006following a magnitude 34 seismic event almost certainlytriggered by hydraulic stimulation in the first 5km deepborehole Many cases of minor damage were reported andcompensation of nearly USD 9 million was paid eventhough most of the claims were neither investigated norverified The project leader Dr Markus Haumlring wasprosecuted by the city authorities for deliberately causingdamage to property but in the week prior to Christmas2009 he was completely cleared by the courtThe project has confirmed a number of issues for EGSthat not all sites are suitable for EGS systems that extratime and effort will be necessary in the detailed siteevaluation and that communication with the localpopulation is particularly important The Basel EGSproject will not continue but has been given permission tocomplete the measurements and tests necessary to furtherimprove the state of knowledge of the si te Forgeothermal energy and for EGS it must be regarded as arather positive instructive and informative experience Ithas confirmed the need for a widespread active campaignto learn better how to predict on one hand the expectedmagnitude and intensity of seismic events induced at agiven site and on the other hand to assess the risks ofdamage to property people and infrastructure in theneighbourhood

Call for nominations bypetition for the 2010-2013

IGA Board of Directors

The election for the 2010ndash2013 term of the IGA Boardof Directors must be held before the end of July 2010The permanent Nominating Committee of the IGA iscurrently compiling a list of candidates for the electionMost of these candidates will be nominated from the 29affiliated member organizations of the IGA Howeverthrough Article 13c of the IGA Bylaws a candidate mayalso be nominated for the Board of Directors through apetition signed by at least 30 current members of theIGA The Nominating Committee hereby notifiesmembers that any such petit ion must reach theExecutive Director of the IGA before Friday 12 March2010 This deadline is final and petitions reaching theIGA after that date will not be accepted

Each nomination should be accompanied by alsquoCandidate Statementrsquo This should be of no more than150 words describing what the candidate proposes to doif elected to the BoD indicating on which IGAcommittee they would be wil l ing to ser ve andsuggesting what they feel should be the main activitiesof IGA in the near and long-term future Nomineesmust be able and willing to attend at least one BoDmeeting every year at their own expense

IGA News No 784

October - December 2009 wwwgeothermal-energyorg

Norway

Geothermal energy andmitigation of climate change

Luis CA Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten

T he Work i ng Gro up I I I (WG II I ) o f theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) isdevoted to identifying methods that can contribute tomitigation of climate change WG III has been preparing anew report on the probable impact that the expected useof new energy sources could have on climate change inthe coming years This is called the IPCC Special Reporton Renewable Energy Sources and Climate ChangeMitigation (SRREN)

The decision on the main structure of the SRREN wastaken by the IPCC plenary meeting in Budapest Hungaryin April 2008 Currently it comprises the followingchapters 1 Introduction 2 Bioenergy 3 Direct solarenergy 4 Geothermal energy 5 Hydropower 6 Oceanenergy 7 Wind energy 8 Integration of renewable energyinto present and future energy systems 9 Renewableenergy in the context of sustainable development 10Mitigation potential and costs 11 Policy financing andimplementation Therefore there are six lsquotechnicalrsquochapters and five lsquonon-technicalrsquo In November 2008 theIPCC Bureau of the WG III nominated the coordinatinglead-authors (CLA) and lead-authors (LA) for each chapterwho then met in the First Lead Author Meeting in Brazilon January 2009 where the internal structure for eachchapter was decided Since then CLAs and LAs have

invited a number of contributing authors (CA) to writereview andor comment on their respective chaptersBetween February and July 2009 the invited authorsprepared a preliminary version of the report called theZero Order Draft (ZOD) which was internally reviewedduring August The SRREN is scheduled to be finished byDecember 2010 and published by early 2011 with a totallength of around 400 pages

The Second Lead Author Meeting was held in OsloNorway through 1-4 September 2009 hosted by theNorwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) Objectivesof this meeting were among others to discuss how theinternal comments on the ZOD version would be taken byeach chapter and how each chapter would deal with cross-cutting issues as well as to assure the transfer ofinfor mat ion from the techn ica l chapte rs to thesummarizing chapters Over 110 participants from 50countries of the five continents were welcomed in theplenary session of this meeting and heard speeches fromSigne Namdal Director of Industry and Climate of theSFT Ottmar Edenhofer Co-chair of the IPPC WG IIIand Helene Pelosse Interim General Director of thenewly established International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA) the new energy agency of the United Nationsthat was officially launched in January 2009 includes 75countries so far and will be based in Abu Dhabi After theplenary session authors of each chapter gathered indifferent rooms of the SFT Conference Center to reviewand update their respective ZOD versions Meetings todiscuss different cross-cutting themes (metrics andconce p t s ba r r i e r s and poten t i a l s e t c ) w i th arepresentative for each technology chapter were alsoconducted

Geothermal team participants in the Second Lead Authors Meeting in Oslo Left to rightHirofumi Muraoka Chris Bromley Arni Ragnarsson Luis Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten ErnstHuenges Barry Goldstein Gerardo Hiriart Vladimir Zui Jeff Tester and John Lund

IGA News No 78 5

wwwgeothermal-energyorg October - December 2009

The CLAs of the SRREN chapter 4 (Geothermalenergy) are Barry A Goldstein (PIRSA Australia) andGerardo Hiriart (UNAM Mexico) Besides them theSecond Lead Author Meeting in Oslo was attended by thefollowing lead and contributing authors Christopher JBromley (New Zealand) Luis CA Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten(Mexico) Ernst Huenges (Germany) John W Lund (USA)Hirofumi Muraoka (Japan) Arni Ragnarsson (Iceland)Jefferson W Tester (USA) and Vladimir I Zui (Belarus)(see photo) They spent three very productive daysreviewing the last ZOD version of chapter 4 which hadbeen assembled with inputs from them and other authors(like Ruggero Bertani Trevor Demayo Stephanie FrickArthur Lee David Newell and Ken Williamson amongothers) Over these three days the geothermal teamproduced the first FOD version of the chapter 4 whichnow is being updated complemented and reviewed inorder to produce the final FOD version by December2009 Then as scheduled the complete FOD version ofthe SRREN will be submitted to external scrutiny duringFebruary 2010 prior to the Third Lead Author Meeting tobe held in March 2010

It is expected that the important role that geothermalenergy can play in mitigating climate change by replacingfossil fuels in the production of electric energy and heating(and cooling with geothermal heat pumps) can beappropriately highlighted in the final version of the IPCCSRREN and then governments and policymakers canadopt the proper decisions Geothermics is not only amature industry with more than a century of experienceworldwide and major players in the energy market but alsohas the potential to become an important contributor tomitigation of climate change in the coming decades

SPAIN

SPAINrsquoS ldquoGREEN SHOOTSrdquo -Joining the GeoPowGen ClubIntildeaki Etxebarria Lekanda UGARRIZASL General Manager Bizkaia (BasqueCountry)

INTRODUCTIONAs stated in our last country report written by JoseSanchez Guzman (TRT) and Celestino Garcia de laNoceda Marquez (IGME) g eother mal resourceexploration assessment and evaluation started throughoutSpain in the 1970s with a general geological andgeochemical survey of known thermal springs and otherareas showing signs of thermal activity

Afte r dec id ing on the most promis ing areasinvestigations were made over the following decades usingvarious techniques including deep drilling thus enablingevaluation of the geothermal potential in the mostimportant areas

In recent years several public and private institutionshave thrown their weight behind the establishment of areal market Among these are the Industry Ministry (withits Minister Mr Sebastian) IGME (Geological and MiningInstitute) APPA (Renewables Private Producers Assoc)IDAE (Institute for Energy Saving and Diversification)and its leaders Enrique Jimenez Enrique Gavilanes andRenewables Director Jaume Margarit the Spanish Centrefor Industrial Technology Development (CDTI) and manymore

IGA News No 786

October - December 2009 wwwgeothermal-energyorg

While some areas of the country are fixated on theshort-term potential of low enthalpy exploitation thereare some decentralized regions like Catalunya where theirinstitutions are laying the ground work for the future ofhigh enthalpy by taking some solid steps to deploy marketinitiatives that could help geothermal electricity become areality

THE SPANISH ELECTRICITY MARKETEven though affected by the ongoing deep and

general ized global crisis the Spanish geothermalstakeholders are showing high levels of resilience (thepositive ability of a system to adapt itself to a newscenario after drastic changes) to overcome this toughperiod and jump start a new market of high potential

It should be borne in mind that Spainrsquos 40+ millionpopulation with its ever-growing electricity market (withsteady annual average increase of 5) and together withits governmentrsquos Renewable Energy (RE) support schememake the country one of the most interesting spots forgeothermal investment and will soon make Spain one ofthe leading actors of the EU geothermal theatre

Spain has become a benchmark with regard to thedevelopment of some renewables With solar and windenergy markets already solidly established (the Aeolic Gridjust this past Nov 8th provided the country with 50 ofits demand) the geothermal market will also awake itrsquosjust a matter of time

Despite this even greater changes will be required toachieve the new and ambitious targets established by theEU for all member states with the requirement that a total20 of EU electricity consumption must come fromrenewable sources by 2020 For that each State mustelaborate an Action Plan (PAN) which must be submitted

to the European Commission before June 30th next yearAlthough the current Spanish Plan for Renewable

Energy (PER) 2005-2010 already sets targets for thedifferent areas with the global objective of covering atleast 12 of total primary energy demand from REsources by 2010 nowadays a new PER 2011-2020 is beingprepared by the Government at the same time as a newLaw on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

The new PER 2011-2020 will go into consolidatedareas in depth and it will incorporate other new ones suchas geothermal energy and its concrete objectives (thermaland electric objectives) by 2020

SPANISH GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALEven though very important steps have been taken the

progress of geothermal energy in Spain will require furtherexploration dri l l ing and the development of newinvestigation and exploration techniques to discover thegeothermal potential in areas with very low amount ofinformation This will involve a combined effort of bothnational and regional governments together with privateinitiatives

Today more than 50 geothermal exploration andinvestigation licences have already been taken out byprivate initiatives covering an area of approximately 7500kmsup2 Mill ions of euros are to be spent by privateinstitutions and the leading private companies over thenext three years mostly on early exploration programs

As far as the different possibilities are concerned Spainhas areas for conventional (volcanic) geothermal systemsas in the Canary Islands hydrothermal sedimentarysystems as in the Madrid Duero Guadalquivir CatalunyaBetic and Pyrenees (internal) basins and extended areasfor EGS

International graduate programme in

sustainable energy ndash Iceland

Next application deadline is February 1st 2010

wwwreystis

IGA News No 78 7

wwwgeothermal-energyorg October - December 2009

PRIVATE MOVESPrivate businesses are also deeply involved Among all

the actions being undertaken by the leading stakeholdersACCIONA EYRA IBERDROLA RENOVABLESMOLINOS DEL EBRO NORVENTO TRT andUGARRIZA the Spanish branch of PETRATHERM isdefinitely leading the way They have many GeothermalExploration Licences (GELs) like those held on Tenerifethe largest of the seven islands in a Spanish archipelagolocated off the west coast of North Africa The CanaryIslands known for their volcanism are considered anexcellent site for exploiting conventional geothermaltechnology

On Tenerife Petratherm Espantildea in preparation for thefeasibility study for a hydrothermal project is currentlyinvolved in an extensive magneto-telluric (MT) surveyacross the volcanic island to decide on the best locationsfor a deep test well Many estimate that if successful thiscompany could start power generation in this area as soonas 2013

Early results obtained in the area showed evidence fora potential conductive zone which may represent a clayalteration cap above a hydrothermal reservoir The datasuggest that a 200ordmC reservoir occurs at about 2000 mdepth The historical well Tenerife-1 was spudded inAugust 1992 and was drilled to a total depth of 1060 mThe well showed positive signs ending in 60 m ofextensively clay altered rock which coincided with anincrease in logged temperatures The intersection of thisaltered zone correlates with the expected top of theinterpreted hydrothermal clay cap modelled in the MT dataThe bottom 160 m well section records a temperaturegradient of 94 ordmCkm

Petratherm is also well advanced on a large-scale8 MWth deep geothermal district heating project for thenorthern Madrid area and is already surveying the marketfor final consumers with an estimated 2011 delivery datePetrathermrsquos Madrid project has been highlighted as oneof six RE projects of interest to the Madrid RegionalGovernmentrsquos RE Cluster project that is seeking toadvance REs in the Region

Finally Petratherm is also the holder of additionalgeothermal investigation permits covering areas within theValles and Ebro Basins in Canoves Montbui and Vic areasThe permit areas are located about 30 km N-NE ofBarcelona (Catalunya) and in close proximity to majorelectricity transmission systems with a capacity in excess of2 GW According to their companyrsquos spokesman thepermits cover locations of known high heat flow withlocal hot aquifers evidencing temperatures of between115ordmC to 130ordmC at depths of 15 to 20 km A 1 km deepgeothermal well (Samalus 6) on the northern edge of theValles basin has a measured temperature of 90 ordmC Theheat source arises from high heat production granites thatunderpin the Valles Basin and outcrop in the adjacentranges The basin thickness is estimated at around 3 km

For some of these projects Petratherm has a greatlyexperienced collaborating agent Jose Sanchez Guzmanand his TRT company

COLLABORATIVE APPROACHOne of the most successful initiatives has been the

putting together of a High Enthalpy Geothermal Groupinside APPA which pursues a GeoMarket from acollaborative point of view All agents already involved orwith profound interests in GeoPowGen are workingtogether meeting with government officials sharinginformation and leading initiatives that will ultimatelygenerate a demonstration geothermal power plant with aturnkey estimate of maybe as soon as 2015

The strategic objectives of the group are to studySpanish geothermal resources define basic explorationlines to improve the resource define specific investigationlines and financing mechanisms study the legal frameworkapplicable to the geothermal development define theappropriate financing mechanisms and feed-in tariffs tomake geothermal business attractive and contribute to theSpanish Geothermal Renewables National Plan objectivesIt is already deeply involved in an independent in-depthstudy to evaluate the potential for geothermal electricitygeneration and its possible impact on the 2010-2020 REPAN

The group members are also collaborating with theInternational Energy Agency (IEA) through its energeticGeothermal Implementing Agreement (GIA) and workingtogether with the European Geothermal Energy Council(EGEC) for the putting together of the Research Agendafor Geothermal Energy 2008-2030 and a GeothermalRegulation Framework sharing legal guidelines andfinancial incentives to set the rules for a Europeangeothermal sector

From one of the ldquoenginesrdquo of this group (Margarita deGregorio APPA) came also the idea for the establishmentof an all-new Spanish Geothermal Technology Platform(wwwgeoplatorg) with the main aim of identifying anddeveloping sustainable strategies for the promotion andmarketing of geothermal energy in Spain The groupworks together in a coordinated way to ensure thecommercial settlement of this RE and its continuousgrowth in a competitive and sustainable manner

It is also an important priority for APPArsquos HighEnthalpy Section to influence the Spanish Government toinclude geothermal objectives in the next national PER2011-2020 and PAN both leading the way and learningfrom elsewhere trying to build on the best from otheralready-successful national plans like Germanyrsquos

The key for the grouprsquos success is collaboration Ratherthan competing the members are working together

More informationIntildeaki ETXEBARRIA LEKANDA (UGARRIZA)etxebarriaugarrizacom

IGA News No 788

October - December 2009 wwwgeothermal-energyorg

AMERICASEL SALVADOR

Geothermal Short Course inEl Salvador and the CentralAmerican GeothermalWorkshop in October 2009Benedikt Steingriacutemsson Chairman IGAInformation CommitteeT he ldquoShor t Course on Surface Exp lora t ion forGeothermal Resourcesrdquo for young professionals in CentralAmerica and the Caribbean was held during October 17th

to 30th 2009 in El Salvador The course was organized byUNU-GTP and LaGeo as a two week course and focusedon geophysics and geochemistry This is the thirdworkshopshort course that UNU-GTP and LaGeo haveorganized in El Salvador The first week consisted offieldwork at the Ahuachapan geothermal field where thepar tic ipants were trained to conduct geophysicalprospecting using resistivity methods (Schlumberger TEMand MT) and gravity magnetic and soil temperaturemeasurements as well as sampling of geothermal fluidsfrom geothermal manifestations in the area and CO2 soilflux measurements The data gathered were evaluated anddiscussed at the end of the week The second week of thecourse was held at LaGeorsquos headquarters in Santa Teclaand was dedicated to lectures and exercises and application

At the Workshop

Participants in the Short Course

IGA News No 78 9

wwwgeothermal-energyorg October - December 2009

of relevant computer software The papers and thepresentation at the short course will soon be available onthe UNU-GTP website httpwwwunugtpisMore than fifty geothermal professionals participated inthe course The students came from Costa Rica ElSalvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Dominica andSt Kitts amp Nevis Session instructors were professionalsfrom LaGeo of El Salvador ICE of Costa Rica Ormat ofNicaragua and UNU-GTP and ISOR of Iceland

During the last day of the course the participantsattended the Central American Geothermal Workshopwhich was organized by El Salvador GeothermalAssociation (ESGA) LaGeo UNU-GTP and IGA atLaGeorsquos headquarters and held in conjunction with theIGA Annual General Meeting and the 48th BoD meetingin El Salvador on October 28th and 29th At the workshopLadsi Rybach gave a presentation on GeothermalSustainability and John Lund on Direct Use Projects Thenseveral IGA board members and participants in the shortcourse gave presentations on the geothermal situation intheir home countries The presentations for the Workshopwill be available on the LaGeoacutes ftp server

Finally LaGeo organized a one day excursion to theBerlin Field on October 31st The participants wereimpressed by LaGeorsquos operations both the geothermaloperation and the social responsibility LaGeo is acceptingand operating in co-operation with the surroundingcommunities

MEXICO

Geothermal energy in MexicoBackground and present status

Rosa Mariacutea Barragaacuten Reyes1 ViacutectorManuel Arellano Goacutemez1 Luis C AGutieacuterrez-Negriacuten2

1Instituto de Investigaciones Eleacutectricas Gerencia de Geotermia Reforma113 Col Palmira 62490 Cuernavaca Mor Meacutexico

2Geocoacutensul Morelia Mich Meacutexico

IntroductionDue to its location in the ldquoRing of Firerdquo Mexico has vastgeothermal resources The inventory of resources withgeothermal springs at temperatures higher than 28degCcontains 2332 sites distributed in 27 of the 32 states ofthe Republic (Arellano et al 2008) (Figure 1) It has beendocumented that in Pre-Colombian times Mexicorsquoslowmoderate temperature geothermal resources wereused extensively (Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten 2009) Nowadayshowever the main use of geothermal energy is inelectricity generation Present geothermal electricinstalled capacity in the country is 958 MW distributed infour high-temperature geothermal fields Cerro Prieto

Figure 1 Location of main geothermal fields zones and sites in Mexico

IGA News No 7810

October - December 2009 wwwgeothermal-energyorg

Baja California (720 MW) Los Azufres Michoacaacuten(188 MW) Los Humeros Puebla (40 MW) and Las TresViacutergenes Baja California Sur (10 MW) Based on itsinstalled generation capacity Mexico is ranked fourth inthe wor ld a f te r USA (2957 9 MW) Ph i l ipp ines( 1 9 6 7 7 MW ) a nd Indone s i a ( 9 9 2 MW ) ( h t t p w w w e a r t h p o l i c y o r g U p d a t e s 2 0 0 8 Update74_datahtmtable1) Electricity generation fromgeothermal resources in Mexico in 2008 amounted to

Figure 2 Trend of installed electricity generation capacity in Mexico

Figure 3 2008 electricity generation installed capacity in Mexico

7047 GWh equivalent to crude oil savings (resources thatwould have been required to generate the same amount ofelectricity) of 135 mboe (Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten 2009) For thesame reason electricity generation from geothermalresources in 2008 avoided CO2 emissions of 565 milliontons by comparison with oil-fuelled production Thiswork presents a brief background of geothermaldevelopment in the country and an update regardingelectricity generation based on geothermal energy togetherwith plans to increase capacity in the near term

Background and present geothermalelectricity status

A brief review of the development of geothermalenergy for electricity generation in Mexico since the 40s to1973 is given in Table 1 The first generation plant inMexico a 35 MW power unit installed in Patheacute Hidalgostarted generation in November 1959 (Arellano et al 2008) This plant produced only 600 kW and was operating until1973 At that time the Cerro Prieto geothermal fieldstarted generation (2 units of 375 MW each) and sincethen the installed power capacity of the country hasincreased steadily (Figure 2)

The Cerro Prieto geothermal field is located 30 kmsouth of Mexicali city near the USA border (Figure 1)Exploration activities at Cerro Prieto began in the 1950sCurrently four sectors have been developed with a totalinstalled capacity of 720 MW CP I sector consists of 5power units 2 x 375 MW that started generation in 19732 x 375 MW units that started operation in 1979 and one30 MW unit that has been operating since 1981 CP II andCP III consist of 2 x 110 MW plants in each sector andstarted generation between 1985 and 1987 CP IV sectorhas 4 x 25 MW units that started generation in 2000(Arellano et al 2008)

The Los Azufres geothermal field is located in thenorthern part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt about 200 kmwest of Mexico city (Figure 1) Exploration activitiesbegan during the 1950s and the first production wells weredrilled in 1977 Electricity generation started in 1982 withthe operation of 4 x 5 MW units and the capacity wasincreased subsequently in 1986 a 5 MW plant was addedin 1988 a 50 MW unit started production and then twomore 5 MW units started generation in 1990 and 1992Two 15 MW binary cycle units were then added and in2003 a further 4 x 25 MW units bringing the present

1940s

19501955

19561958

1959

1959-19601963

1967-196819691973

- CFE started interest on geothermal resources togenerate electricity

- Studies for geothermal exploitation started- The ldquoComisioacuten de Energiacutea Geoteacutermicardquo was established- Patheacute (Hidalgo) geothermal zone (~300 km north

of Meacutexico city) started development- One well drilled at Patheacute steam production-First (steam) well drilled at Ixtlan de los Hervores

(Michoacan)-Exploration studies for the Cerro Prieto geothermal

field began-An agreement between Larderello and CFE was

held with the purchase of one 35 MW unit to beinstalled at Patheacute

-Patheacute started electricity generation (first in America)17 wells were drilled The plant was in operationuntil 1973 (Arellano et al 2008)

-People gained experienceThree exploration wells were drilled at Cerro PrietoFirst deep well drilled at Cerro Prieto (M-3)14 wells drilled at Cerro Prieto (CP-I)Starting construction of two 375 MW unitsBoth 375 MW units started power generation at CP-I

Table 1 Review of chronological development of geothermal energyin Mexico (1940s-1973) for electricity generation

IGA News No 78 11

wwwgeothermal-energyorg October - December 2009

capacity to 188 MW (Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten et al 2010)The Los Humeros geothermal field is located at the

eastern part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt about 200 kmfrom Mexico city (Figure 1) Exploration studies at LosHumeros began in 1968 and the first deep well was drilledin 1982 Commercial exploitation started in 1990 with thegeneration of 5 MW At present there are 8 x 5 MWgeneration units with a current capacity of 40 MW(Arellano et al 2008)

The Las Tres Viacutergenes geothermal field is located inthe northern part of Baja California Sur in the BajaCalifornia Peninsula (Figure 1) Exploration studies beganin 1982 and the first well was drilled in 1986 Exploitationof this resource started in 2002 with the installation of 2 x5 MW units providing the present capacity of 10 MW(Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten et al 2010)

According to Comisioacuten Federal de Electricidad (CFE)data the 2008 installed geothermal power capacity was958 MW which represented 2 of total installed capacityin Mexico (Figure 3) and ~307 of the total electricityproduced (Figure 4) As seen in both figures a large partof electricity generation in Mexico is still dependent onfossil fuels

However although at a country level the percentage ofgeothermal electricity seems to be very low it canrepresent up to 80 of the Baja Cal ifornia stateproduction (Figure 5) As both the Baja California and theBaja California Sur states are isolated from the National Tamp D grid geothermal energy has made an importantcontribution at a more local level (Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten 2009) Besides this and due to the location of the Cerro Prietofield close to the USA border part of the electricitygenerated is being exported to USA which representsbenefits to Mexicorsquos economy (Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten 2009httpwwwpublicradioorgcolumnskpcckpccnewsinbrief200902la-dwp-buys-geothermal-energyhtml)

Near-future electricity projectsNew developments in the country that will increase theinstalled geothermal generation capacity are planned tostart operating as early as 2011 and include the followingprojects (Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten et al 2010)

(a) Cerro Prieto V (CP-V sector 100 MW) Constructionand commissioning of two 50 MW condensing units atCerro Prieto geothermal field This project will alsoremove two 375 MW units from CP I sector so thenet capacity increase for this field will be 25 MWCurrently this project is under bidding process but isplanned to be completed in 2011

(b) Los Humeros II Construction and commissioning ofone 25 MW condensing unit to be in operation in 2011At present this project is underway A further capacityincrease of 25 MW using binary cycle plants is plannedto take place in this field in 2013

(c) Los Azufres III This project involves the replacementof 7 x 5 MW backpressure units by 2 condensing units(50 and 25 MW) to increase the capacity from 188 to225 MW (Torres et al 2008) This project is planned tobe accomplished in 2015

(d) Cerritos Colorados 75 MW is planned to be installed atCerritos Colorados Jalisco geothermal field 25 MWcapacity is scheduled for installation in 2013 while theremaining 50 MW will be installed in 2014

Exploitation feasibility studies are being developed by CFEfor the following geothermal zones Tulecheck (BajaCalifornia) Piedras de Lumbre (Chihuahua) El Ceboruco(Nayarit) Acoculco (Puebla) Tacanaacute and Chichonal(Chiapas) The Acoculco project results after drillingprovided very high temperatures but no fluids hence aHDR system might be considered (Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten2009) Furthermore detailed exploration activities arebeing planned to estimate potential capacities of thefollowing zones La Soledad Los Borbollones and LosHervores de la Vega (Jalisco) El Domo San Pedro and SanDiego el Naranjo (Nayarit) Maguarichic (Chihuahua)Ixtlaacuten de los Hervores Los Negritos and Puruacuteandiro(Michoacaacuten) Comajilla and San Bartolomeacute de los Bantildeos

Figure 4 2008 electricity generation in Mexico

Figure 5 Percentage of geothermal electricity generation in the BajaCalifornia state

IGA News No 7812

October - December 2009 wwwgeothermal-energyorg

increases in potential comprise both the installation ofnew power units and also the replacement of old plants bymore efficient ones Depending on the capacity estimationresults to be obtained from a number of geothermal zoneswhich are currently under prospection the installedelectric capacity of the country could be increased in themedium term This is highly desirable to help mitigategreenhouse effects through reduction in fossil fuel usagealong with CO2 emissions savings Important increases ingeothermal electric capacity in Mexico are expected in thefuture as the technicaleconomic feasibility of advancedtechnologies becomes available To accomplish thisresearch programs should be supported that are focusedamong other issues on the efficient extractionconversionof geothermal heat minimization of environmentalimpacts and cascade uses of geothermal resourcesSuitable training programs and related university careers toprepare specialized human resources should also beoutlined

ReferencesArellano V M Iglesias E R Garciacutea A (2008) La energiacutea

geoteacutermica Una opcioacuten tecnoloacutegica y econoacutemicamentemadura Boletiacuten IIE Vol 32 Nuacutem 3 pp 102-114 (InSpanish)

Comis ioacuten Federa l de Elec t r i c idad CFE (2008) httpwwwcfegobmxesLaEmpresageneracionelectricidad

Garciacutea A Barragaacuten R M Arellano V (2007) Researchon heat pumps in Mexico operating on geothermal andwaste energy as heat source Geothermal ResourcesCouncil Transactions Vol 31 pp 471-476

Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten LCA and JL Quijano-Leoacuten 2005Update of geothermics in Mexico Proceedings of theWorld Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya Turkey 24-29 April 2005

Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten L C A (2009) Aportacioacuten de lageotermia al desarrollo del paiacutes In (Arellano V Meditor) Prospectiva tecnoloacutegica de la geotermia enMeacutexico y el mundo Instituto de InvestigacionesEleacutectricas Chapter 1 13 p (In Spanish)

Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten L C A Maya R Quijano J L (2010)Current status of geothermics in Mexico WorldGeothermal Congress 2010 Bali Indonesia 11 p (Tobe presented)

httpwwwearthpolicyorgUpdates2008Update74_datahtmtable1

httpwwwpublicradioorgcolumnskpcckpccnewsinbrief200902la-dwp-buys-geothermal-energyhtml

Iglesias E R Torres R J (2009) Primera estimacioacuten de lasreservas geoteacutermicas de temperatura intermedia a bajaen veinte estados de Mexico Geotermia RevistaMexicana de Geoenergiacutea Vol 22 Num 2 pp 54-65(In Spanish)

(Guanajuato) Patheacute (Hidalgo) Las Derrumbadas (Puebla) Laguna Salada (Baja California) Riiacuteto (Sonora) SantispacAgua Caliente Los Volcanes de Saquisismunde and BahiacuteaConcepcioacuten (Baja California Sur) Possible capacities of allthese resources have been estimated to be about 1000 MW

Direct uses of geothermal energy inMexicoAt present direct uses of geothermal energy in Mexico arelimited to balneology (Spas) and therapeutic usageInstalled capacity for these facilities located at around 160geothermal sites in 19 country states is 1647 MWt(19318 TJyear) produced by ~12500 th hot water at anaverage temperature of 50degC (Gutieacuterrez-Negriacuten andQuijano-Leoacuten 2005) Some pilot projects have beendeveloped by CFE at the geothermal fields to illustrate thedirect uses of hot fluids These include salts recovery atCerro Prieto residential heating greenhouses fruit andvegetable drying timber drying etc At the same timeresearch has been deve loped at the Inst i tuto deInvestigaciones Eleacutectricas (IIE) on heat pumps operatedby geothermal and waste heat (Garciacutea et al 2007) Anotherapplication to be exploited in the country is the installationand use of geothermal heat pumps for space heating andcooling This technology although commercially availablenowadays has not been used in Mexico due to the mildtemperatures occurring throughout the year

A first assessment of medium-low temperature(lt200degC) geothermal resources was developed at theInstituto de Investigaciones Eleacutectricas (IIE) (Iglesias ampTorres 2009) A first assessment of medium-lowtemperature (lt200degC) geother mal resources wasdeveloped at the Instituto de Investigaciones Eleacutectricas(IIE) (Iglesias amp Torres 2009) Considering data for 20states the total energy was estimated between 308 and345 x 1017 kJ (856 - 958 x 1010 MWt) According to thetemperature distribution (60degC - 180degC) the recoverableenergy was estimated between 77 x 1016 and 86 x 1016 kJSuch vast available energy should be used by developingdirect use projects that can solve basic requirements (forexample refrigeration to preserve foods) which couldbenefit local economies For this it is necessary to identifyopportunities for the optimal use of resources call for theinterest of government and investors and inform peopleabout the advantages in the use of geothermal energy

ConclusionsCurrently the main use of geothermal energy in Mexico iselectricity generation through the successful exploitationof four high-temperature resources Direct uses ofgeothermal heat were important in the past but at thepresent time are limited to therapeutic uses and Spas Vastamounts of medium and low-temperature heat areavailable for electricity generation through binary cycleplants or for direct applications depending on thetemperatures of the sources Near-future plans for

IGA News No 78 13

wwwgeothermal-energyorg October - December 2009

Torres-Rodriacuteguez M A Flores-Armenta M MendozaCovarrubias A (2008) The Los Azufres III (75 MW)expansion project in the Los Azufres geothermal fieldMexico Geothermal Resources Council TransactionsVol 32 pp 483-486

OCEANIA

New Zealand

Book Review by Dr Ron KeamDep a r t m ent o f Phys i c s University of AucklandldquoCharacteristic Periodic Variations of Surface GeothermalFeaturesrdquo Author Jonathan Leaver Publisher VDMVerlag Dr Muller Aktiengesellschaft amp Co KG (24 April2009) Language English ISBN-10 3639148665 ISBN-13 978-3639148664 Paperback 292 pagesJonathan Leaverrsquos PhD thesis has been reformatted andpublished by the Mauritius-based VDM Publishing HouseLtd as one of its Scientific Monographs This is a goodexample of a praiseworthy initiative that is resulting in themuch wider distribution of research material thatotherwise could well languish un-noticed on the shelves ofthe host University

As is well-summarized in the bookrsquos opening chapterLeaverrsquos research used three New Zealand case studieswhere characteristic short period (less than 25 hours)variations in several fluid parameters were measured andanalysed to find what significant information theycontained The underlying motivation was to see if suchan approach would enable time-efficient and resource-efficient monitoring strategies to be developed wherebyinterested parties ndash environmental developmentalscientific ndash could obtain information of interest andimportance for their respective purposes The threesystems studied were quite different comprising one lowtemperature unexploited field (Te Aroha) one hightemperature unexploited field (Orakeikorako) and onehigh temperature exploited field (Rotorua) Naturalvariations with obvious external causes such as earth tidesrainfall and barometric pressure changes could beidentified and removed and the residual changes attributedto system specific thermodynamic and fluid-dynamiccauses For unexploited fields one would seek naturalexplanations for the periodicities and for exploited fieldsone would expect to find anthropogenic influencesaffecting any periodicities and thereby offering aquantitative assessment of the perturbations being caused

This book is well structured and contains usefulcontextual information particularly in its early chaptersChapter 2 is a concise coverage of geothermal systems ingeneral and New Zealand systems in particular andmention is made of several historical conflicts which arose

from competing interests for the uses of systemsChapter 3 considers natural influences on geothermalsystems Chapter 4 considers data analysis and modellingmethods in detail and explains the investigative uses ofsuch data processing as cross-correlation and auto-correlation It also presents methods of Fourier analysisand the more recently developed Wavelet analysis andprovides a comparison of the two approaches

The main part of the book comprises chapters 5 ndash 7where in turn the practical and analytical work done ineach of the three carefully studied New Zealand systemsis presented Chapter 7 (on Orakeikorako) is divided intotwo parts in the second of which a system dynamicsmodel of a hot spring is formulated to assess thefundamental heat and mass transfer occurring in thatsurface feature and in the substrate whence it is suppliedThis is a particularly illustrative case study

In all the thesis provides an understanding of thevalue of studying the effects of periodic forcing functions Success in such an endeavour relies on high accuracymeasurements being taken at sufficiently high samplingrates

More than 150 maps diagrams illustrations graphsflow charts etc are distributed throughout the main textof 242 pages These are supplemented by eight pages ofreferences and nine brief appendices There is no indexbut the table of contents and list of figures are sufficientlycomprehensive to ensure that navigation to a specifictopic is conveniently facilitated

In a very few places abbreviations are not explainedand a reminder is due to both author and publisher thatsuch minor editing as is required to make the materialmore readily accessible to the larger readership of a bookas compared with just a thesis should not be overlooked

A perhaps surprising omission is any reference to theNew Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 85 ldquoGeology andHot Springs of Orakeikorakordquo by EF Lloyd published in1972 In this pioneering work Lloyd mapped andnumbered all the surface features he could find and accessat Orakeikorako so Leaverrsquos spring 1 and spring 2 couldhave been correlated with Lloydrsquos identifications In thesame publication Lloyd presented comparisons of PalettePool water level and atmospheric pressure records duringthe thirteen month period from January 1962 to January1963 not long after the lake had been impounded behindOhakuri dam Palette Pool lies within a few tens ofmetres of the springs Leaver monitored

These are minor blemishes and cannot detract fromthe value and usefulness of this publication This is a well-written comprehensive and engaging work The thesisand corresponding book are a significant addition toresources for studying near-surface aspects of geothermalsystems The author is to be congratulated on the qualityof his work and on his opening up and demonstrating thevalue and importance of the methods he has used both inthe field and in his mathematical analysis I recommend

IGA News No 7814

October - December 2009 wwwgeothermal-energyorg

the bookrsquos acquisition by any library with a geothermalsection and to the attention of researchers involved indetailed studies of shallow structures andor thebehaviour of surface features in geothermal systemsReviewerrsquos Profile

Dr Ron Keam is an Associate Professor of physics atthe University of Auckland New Zealand He hasmaintained a constant stream of publications and bookson geothermal systems since 1955 In 2002 he was arecipient of the New Zealand Science amp Technology silvermedal for his contributions to geothermal knowledge andconservation of geothermal featuresAuthorrsquos Profile

Dr Jonathan Leaver is an Associate Professor at UnitecNew Zealand Dr Leaver served as Chief Petroleum andGeothermal Inspector for the Ministry of Commercefrom 1991-1998 and worked in the Geother malMeasurement and Reservoir Evaluation Section ofMinistry of Works at Wairakei from 1981-1988 becomingthe head in 1987 He holds a BE(Hons) (C iv i l ) PGDipEnergyTech(Geoth) and a PhD (Mech) from theUniversity of Auckland and an MS(Petroleum) fromStanford University

ASIAPACIFIC RIM

CHINA

IGA WPRBGCES joint 2009A nnua l A c t i v i t i es he ld inChengdu China

Keyan Zheng GCES ChinaThe joint 2009 Annual Activities of the Western PacificRegional Branch (WPRB) of International GeothermalAssociation (IGA) and of the China Geothermal EnergySociety (CGES) were held successful ly on 16-22September 2009 in Chengdu China The series ofactivities consisted of three parts technical seminarannual general meeting and geothermal workshop

In order to promote geothermal developmentespecially in power generation and enhanced geothermalsystems in China IGA sent three experienced experts tosupport the Technical Seminar entitled ldquoGeothermalpower generationrdquo The training was carried out for threedays on 16-18 September Dr Graeme Beardsmore(Australia) lectured on ldquoExploration for non-conventionalgeothermal in Australiardquo and explained how to findgeothermal resources Dr Ernst Huenges (Germany)lectured on ldquoDevelopment of non-conventionalgeothermal reservoirs in Germanyrdquo and explained how to

IGA News No 78 15

wwwgeothermal-energyorg October - December 2009

exploit the resources from geothermal fields PaulQuinlivan (New Zealand) lectured on ldquoGeothermal powerplant designrdquo and explained how to use geothermal fluidsto generate electricity 27 trainees from different regionsof the country including Tibet attended the seminarThey felt that the training was very satisfactory and thatthey had gained valuable knowledge of geothermal powergeneration In particular the EGS study will be very usefulfor the future of our geothermal energy

The WPRB Annual General Meeting was held alsoduring the activities Attendees discussed and concludedWPRBrsquos old and new business for the past year

The WPRBGCES joint geothermal workshopattracted 87 participants including foreigners fromIndonesia Kenya and Germany The keynote speech givenby Surya Darma Secretary General of WGC2010 andPresident of the Indonesia Geothermal Associationintroduced geothermal resources and development inIndonesia and extended a welcome to attendees of theWGC2010 The Kenyan expert introduced their newgeothermal development plan and the German expertintroduced advanced drilling equipment These foreignpresentat ions opened new windows for Chinesegeothermal workers A total of 20 papers were presentedon 19-20 September All presentations addressed thetheme of workshop - ldquoBring Superiority of GeothermalResources into Full Play on the Strategy of EnergyDevelopmentrdquo - to bring out aspects of developmentstrategy resources exploration energy utilization and newtechnology etc The Australia and New Zealand paper ldquoAcode for geothermal resources and reserves reportingrdquowas also introduced Various questions after eachpresentation reflected the earnest participation and greatinterest of the participants The proceedings bringingtogether 32 papers from Western Pacific authors had beenpublished prior to the workshop Chinese and foreigngeothermal colleagues spent a very pleasant week duringthe best season of September in beautiful Chengdu

IGA NewsIGA News is published quarterly by the InternationalGeothermal Association The function of IGA Newsis to disseminate timely information about geothermalactivities throughout the world To this end a group ofcorrespondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue The core of this group consists of the IGAInformation CommitteeBenedict Steingriacutemsson Iceland (Chairman)Graeme Beardsmore AustraliaWerner Bussmann GermanyPhilippe Dumas FranceJohn Garnish United KingdomAlimin Ginting IndonesiaGestur Giacuteslason IcelandLuis Gutierrez-Negrin MexicoRoland Horne USAPaul Hirtz USAEduardo Iglesias MexicoBeata Kepinska PolandJim Lawless New ZealandPeter Ledingham UKZbigniew Malolepszy PolandFrancisco E Montalvo Lopez El SalvadorMartin N Mwangi KenyaMahmut Parlaktuna TurkeySylvia Ramos PhilippinesColin Randall AustraliaYoonho Song South KoreaJoaquin Torres-Rodriguez MexicoToshihiro Uchida JapanFranccedilois-David Vuataz SwitzerlandKasumi Yasukawa JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal newsfrom their parts of the world or relevant to their areasof specialization If you have some news a report oran article for IGA News you can send it to any of theabove individuals or directly to the IGA Secretariatwhatever is most convenient Please help us to becomeessential reading for anyone seeking the latestinformation on geothermal worldwideWhile the editorial team make every effort to ensureaccuracy the opinions expressed in contributed articlesremain those of the authors and are not necessarilythose of the IGASend IGA News contributions toIGA Secretariat co SamorkaSudurlandsbraut 48 108 Reykjaviacutek Icelandfax +354-588-4431e-mail igasamorkaisThis issue of IGA News was edited by EduardoIglesias John Garnish proofread the articles Producedby Gestur Giacuteslason for the IGA Secretariat Designlayout by Franccedilois Vuataz

IGA News No 7816

October - December 2009 wwwgeothermal-energyorg

Application for membershipPlease complete the following form and return it with paymenttoInternational Geothermal Association Secretariatco SamorkaSudurlandsbraut 48 108 Reykjavik Icelandtel +354-588-4437 fax +354-588-4431e-mail igasamorkaisIGA Home Page wwwgeothermal-energyorgMembership

Enrol me as a new member of IGARenew my membership to IGA

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Geothermics is published four times a year with a normal2010 subscription rate of USD 1514

Individual Student member USD 94 (85 savings)

Corporate Institutional member USD 215 (85savings)rdquo

For more information on Geothermics and otherpublications by Elsevier please check our Internet pageldquoElsevier Science Complete Catalogue of Journals andBooksrdquo (more than 12000 at httpwwwelseviernl)

Please make your check payable to ldquoElsevier Sciencerdquo andsend it with your name and address toElsevier Ltd The Boulevard Langford Lane KidlingtonOxford OX5 1GB UK