III P A3Bl1Tl1ETO

HA ,I1;PYfl1TE CBETOBHI1 Cl1Jll1

Mcmopuu,ume ca cBukHaAU ga pa3geMim npUAe1lrno ucmo­pmima Ha nepuogu u ga UM gaBam HauMeHoBaHuH, kou­mo 2u xapakmepU3upam. Taka HanpuMep me 20Bop.Hm 3a EBpona om BpeMemo npegu Xpucma, 3a EBpona Ha aH­mwrnocmma, Ha cpegHoBekoBuemo u Ha HoBomo BpeMe. Ilo-Hamam'hk me pa3geAJim me3u qemupu 20AeMu nepuo­ga Ha MHmkecmBo nognepuogu u 20Bop.Hm 3a paHHO cpeg­HoBekoBue, pa3u,Bem Ha cpegHoBekoBuemo, k'hCHo cpegHo­BekoBue. Mcmopuu,ume Ha U3kycmBomo pa3geMim HoBo­mo BpeMe Ha 6apok, pokoko, kAacuu,U3'hM, poMaHmU3'hM, ,,BugepMa-i.iep" u m. H. Te3u kame2opuu noHJimuJI ca Hylk­HU, 3a ga M02am C'hBpeMeHHuu,ume ga pa36epam ucmo­pu.Hma. Ko2amo ce 3a20Bopu 3a <J:>peHcku uMnpecuoHU3'bM UAU 3a HeMcku ekcnpecuoHU3'hM, qoBek BegHa2a ce ceru,a 3a cmuAucmuqHume oco6eHocmu, xapakmepU3uparu,u C'bomBemHUJI nepuog.

qoBek o6aqe Molke u ga ce 3a6Aygu om nepuogU3au,uJI­ma Ha ucmopu.Hma. Ta3u nepuogU3au,uJI Molke ga Hanpa­Bu maka, qe omgeAHU C'b6umu.H, AuqHocmu UAU mexHume nocm'hnku ga HU ce cmop.Hm kamo qacm om xoga Ha eguH 3akOHOMepeH UCmopuqecku npou,ec. Ilo m03U HaquH mou HU U32Aelkga HeU36elkeH B cBoemo B'h3geucmBue.

KapA Mapkc, koumo e 6uA 61\ecm.Hru, aHaAU3amop Ha

135

aHzAuiickomo uHgycmpuaAHO o6m,ecmBo, C'bUJ,O ce e nog­

gaA Ha nogo6Ha UA103U.H, kakmo H.Hkou HezoBu aMepukaH­

cku c'hBpeMeHHuu,u, koumo zoBop.Hm 3a npegonpege.Jte1ta­

ma c'bg6a Ha AMepuka, om ko.Hmo m.H mp.H6BaAo ga qep­

nu c n'bAHU rnenu u koumo npunucBam Ha CAIU; c'hg6oB­

Hama 3agaqa ga 3aBAage.Hm u,eAU.H ceBepHoaMepukaHcku

koHmuHeHm. <l>akmuqecku MOUJ,Homo u ekcnaH3UBHo me­

pumopuaAHo pa3rnupeHue Ha CAIU; B Hukak'bB cAyqaii He

e 6UAo HeU36e:Jlrno u 3akoHoMepHo .HBAeHue. Mcmopu.Hma

ce mBopu om xopa. PerneHu.Hma ce B3uMam om xopa, qe­

cmo n'bmu om MHOZO xopa - noH.Hkoza om u,eAu zpynu, no­

H.Hkoza om omgeAHU AU\lHOcmu. B HUkak'bB CAyqaii H.HMa

cuzypHocm no B'hnpoca, gaAu 6e3 6Aecm.Hm,ama AU\lHocm

Ha n'bAkoBogeu,a AAekcaHg'bp MakegoHcku m,erne ga uMa

eAUHU3aU,U.H Ha CpegHu.H U3mok, kakmo He e cuzypHo u

moBa, qe 6e3 npe3ugeHma ToMac ,rvke<Pepc'bH m,erne ga ce

cmuzHe go ygBo.HBaHe mepumopu.Hma Ha CAIU; caMo B

paMkume Ha H.HkoAko zoguHu. Be3 XumAep H.HMarne ga

UMa HUmO <Parnucmka gukmamypa, HUmo BoiiHa, HUmo

XoAokocm.

Om ucmopuqecka 2AegHa moqka onpegeAeHu c'h6umu.H

Bepo.HmHo Mozam ga 6'bgam uHmepnpemupaHu kamo He­

U36eJlrnu. Bc.Hko Hacmo.Hm,e o6aqe e omBopeHo u 3a 6'bge­

m,emo. B'hnpeku qe perneHu.Hma Ha ynpaBA.HBam,ume AU\l­

Hocmu ce BAU.H.Hm om MHmkecmBo <Pakmopu, B kpaiiHa

cMemka cmaBa maka, qe me ce npeBp'bm,am B egHOAU\lHU

perneHU.H. Be3 noAumuqecku.H uHcmuHkm Ha ,il;'bH C.Ho

IluH u 6e3 HezoBume p'bkoBogHu kaqecmBa Kumaii H.HMa­

rne ga U3Ae3e om nepuoga Ha mB'hpgoAuHeiiHama koMJHu­

cmuqecka gukmamypa, U3BecmeH kamo ,,Epa Ha cuHume

MpaBku". Be3 perneHuemo Ha rop6aqoB ga noeMe kypc

k'bM nepecmpoiika u ZAaCHocm MOZ'bUJ,U.Hm C'bBemcku C'b-

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103 HHMarue ga ce pa3nagHe caMo 3a HJikoAko zoguHu. Hu­koii He Mmkerue ga 3Hae gaAu cUAama u BoAJima Ha aH-2Auiickama Hau,uJI UJ,Jixa ga ca gocmam'h\lHU, 3a ga 6'bge no6egeH XumAep, ako q'hpqUA He ynpaBAJIBarue no moBa BpeMe AHZAUJI u ako AMepuka nog BogaqecmBomo Ha Py3-BeAID He ce 6e npumekAa Ha noMOUJ, B ma3u BoiiHa.

M ceza, u B 6'bgew,e w,e UMa Heo6pamuMu npou,ecu, kakmo u egHoAuqHu perueHuJI. Te3u gBe Hew,a mBopRm ucmopuJima.

IIo BpeMemo Ha CmygeHama BoiiHa U32Aelkgarue, qe cBem'hm e pa3geAeH Ha mpu. Ha maka HapeqeHUJI geMo­kpamuqeH 3anag ce npomuBonocmaBJirue koMJHUcmuqe­ckuJim J13mok; u gBeme cmpaHu B mo3u koHcpAukm 6JIXa cBp'hxB'hop'blkeHu, runuoHupaxa ce u 6Jixa HacmpoeHu u3-kAlOqumeAHo Bpalkge6Ho egHa k'hM gpyza. Hapeg c mRx

C'bUJ,ecmByBarue u mpema qacm om cBema, koJimo MaAko UAU MHozo 6e HeympaAHa u uckarue ga ocmaHe makaBa. Hapuqaxa JI TpemuJI cBJim. ToBa pa3geAeHue mqe3Ha B kpaR Ha XX Bek. OnpegeAeHu g'hplkaBu u Hau,uu, koumo gomozaBa 6Jixa o6B'hp3aHu B HJikoJI om cucmeMume, u3-Bo10Baxa cBo6ogama cu caMu ga m6upam u ga B3eMam perueHuJI. B HaqaAomo Ha HoBomo cmoAemue me ca m­npaBeHu npeg B'h3MolkHocmma ga m6upam Melkgy pa3-AuqHu aAmepHamuBu. MAu caMo maka U32Aelkga? Taka UAU uHaqe 6'hgew,emo BuHaw Molke ga goHece U3HeHagu.

Kumau u ,IJ;aAe"4.HUHm u3mok

Ilpe3 Bmopama noAoBuHa Ha XX Bek poAHma Ha Kumail 6e u3gu2Hama Ha kaqecmBeHo HoBa ocHoBa u c moBa npuHu,unHo 6e npoMeHeHa. B kpa.H Ha Bmopama cBemoB­Ha BoilHa Mao l1;3e ,lfyH ycnJI ga U3Bege Kumail om 250-20-gumHUJI nepuog Ha nomucHuqecmBo u 2ocnogcmBo Ha eB­poneilu,u, aMepukaHu,u u JinoHu,u Hag cmpaHama My. B C'hw,omo BpeMe moil U30Aupa Kumail om ocmaHaAuJI cBJim. CAeg CM'hpmma Ha Mao, ,l.J;'hH CJio IluH B3e gBy­cmpaHHomo pemeHue ga pe<l>opMupa cmpaHama u egHo­BpeMeHHO c moBa ga JI HanpaBu omBopeHa k'hM ocmaHa­AUJI cBJim.

T'hil kamo 6e npakmuqeH qoBek, a He ce p'hkoBogeme om UA1030pHu ugeoA02uu, moil oc'bw,ecmBu pemeHuJima cu, u mo He no n'hmJI Ha peBoA10u,uJima, a qpe3 MHmke­cmBo MaAku cm'hnku, Bogew,u nocAegoBameAHO k'hM egHa u C'hUl,a u,eA. 0H3u, koilmo no3HaBa Kumail no BpeMemo Ha Mao, ako ce2a omHoBo nocemu IIekuH, IllaHxail UAU KaH­moH, w,e ce yguBu Ha HeBepo.HmHUJI ukoHoMuqecku u mexHoAowqeH Hanpeg'hk, nocmu211am npe3 nocAegHume gecemuAemuJI.

Ilpe3 nocAegHume 30 20guHu nocemux Kumail MH020-kpamHo u 6.Hx cBugemeA Ha nAaBHUJI ukoHoMuqecku pac­melk. Om 6AU3o gBe gecemuAemuJI e HaAuu,e p'hcm Ha BpymHuJI B'hmpemeH npogykm Ha cmpaHama om nop.H-

g'hka Ha 8% 3a 2oguHa, koemo e npeu,egeHm om cBemoBeH Maw,a6. BRx cBugemeA u Ha C'homBemHume npoMeHu B MaHmaAumema Ha kumauu,ume.

Ako npe3 1975 2. B Kumau Bee oUJ,e ce yceUJ,ame ukoHo­MU\lecku kOMnAekc 3a MaAOU,eHHOCm no omHOUleHue Ha .HnoHUR, mo ceca nocmeneHHO ce 3amB'hplkgaBa caMoyBe­peHocmma, qe caMo 3a HRkoAko gecemUAemuR cmpaHa­ma Mmke ga gocmume BpyrnHUR B'hmpemeH npogykrn Ha .HnoHUR u gopu ga 20 HagMuHe. ,[(okamo npe3 70-me cogu­HU Bceku 6e npuHygeH ga Hayqu Maoucmko-koMyttucmu­qeckama pemopuka u ga R gekAaMupa, gHec B ugeoAoGU­qecko omHomeHue C'hUJ,ecmByBa cBoeo6pa3eH BakYJM. B

egHa cmpaHa, B koRmo 02poMHU 6aHku, 20AeMU koHu,epHu u cpoHgoBu 6opcu BAuBam B ukoHoMukama kpegumu u ka­numaAu, u B egHo o6UJ,ecmBo, B koemo MHOGO MaAku u 20-AeMu npegnpueMa\lu rnAackam na3apHomo cmonaHcmBo Hanpeg, ocu2ypRBauku 6Aa2on0Ayque u Ha ce6e cu, no npe3JMnU,UR HRMa MRcmo 3a koAekmuBucmu\lHU ugeu om C'hBemcku mun.

Ako gHec B o6xBaHamume om B'h3xog npoBumJ,uu ce pe­wcmpupa 6e3npeu,egeHmHo Bucok 3a cBema gRA Ha qacm­Hume cnecmRBaHUR, moBa e nocAeguu,a om egHa AuncBa­UJ,a o6UJ,ecmBeHa cucmeMa 3a neHcUOHHO ocu2ypRBaHe, HO egHoBpeMeHHO c moBa e mpa3 Ha Heo6uqauHo Bucokomo o6UJ,ecmBeHo goBepue B no-Hamam'hmHomo pa3Bumue Ha ukoHoMukama u B cma6UAHocmma Ha nokynameAHama cnoco6Hocm Ha kumauckama BaAyma. B kpai:i6pellmume npoBuHu,uu Ha mmok u 102 MUAUOHu kumauu,u npelkuBR­Bam HeBulkgaH B cBemoBHama ucmopuR m6Auk Ha o6Ho­BAeHue.

McmopuRma Ha Kumau om6eAmBa noBeqe om 3000 20-guHu kyArnypHo pa3Bumue. ,[(Hee, kakmo 3HaeM, cmpaHa-

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ma ow,e khM kpa.H Ha eBponeiickomo cpegHoBekoBue e npeB'h3xmkgaAa EBpona B cBoume u,uBUAmau,uoHHU no­cmrnkeHU.H. TozaBa o6aqe He e UMaAO HenocpegcmBeHu B'h3MOlkHocmu 3a cpaBHeHue B'hnpeku C'hW,ecmByBaHemo Ha Il'hm.H Ha konpuHama u Mapko IloAo. B no-HoBo BpeMe Haii-Hanpeg eBponeiiu,ume, a cAeg moBa aMepukaHu,ume u .HnoHu,ume mnpeBapBam kumaiiu,ume. Ilo cUAama Ha cBo­emo mexHU\J.ecko u BoeHHO npeB'h3xogcmBo qpe3 onuYM­Hume BoiiHu u qpe3 pa32p'bW,aHemo Ha koAoHuu u koHu,e­cuu no npomelkeHue Ha kumaiickomo kpaii6pelk:ue .HnoH­u,ume nocmaB.Hm cmpaHama nog koHmpoAa cu. B kpa.H Ha ma3u epa, cAeg Bmopama cBemoBHa BoiiHa, B AMepuka, HnoHU.H u Pycu.H ce HacmaH.HBa cmpax'hm om Kumaii u om koMJHucmuqecku.H kumaiicku uMnepuaAU3'bM.

HoBomo ukoHOMU\J.ecko olk:uBAeHue, Hacm'hnUAo B Ku­maii, npegmBukBa B CAIIJ; npegu 10 20guHu onaceHu.Hma, qe ma3u g'hplkaBa e 6'bgew, cmpamezuqecku u gopu Boe­HeH npomuBHuk Ha AMepuka. 06ocHoBaHa AU e mpeB02a­ma 3a egHo 6'hgew,o BoeHHO MOZ'hw,ecmBo Ha Kumaii u 3a eBeHmyaAHa 3Aoynompe6a c .HgpeHomo op'hlk:ue, koemo npumelk:aBam kumaiiu,ume?

Melk:gyBpeMeHHO c yBepeHocm Mo2a ga omxB'hpA.H me-3U C'bMHeHu.H, 3aw,omo Haii-MaAko 3a gecemUAemu.H Ha­npeg Bcuqku kumaiicku npaBumeAcmBa w,e ca mnpaBeHu npeg 20AeMU u CAOlkHU 3agaqu u npo6AeMU, cB'hp3aHU c B'hmpeurnama noAumuka Ha ma3u 02poMHa cmpaHa, ma­ka qe me w,e ce cmpeM.Hm ga m6.H2Bam no Bc.Hkak'hB Ha­\J.UH B'h3MOlk:ttume cmpamezuqecku puckoBe. Kumaii H.HMa gpy2 pa3JMeH npuopumem ocBeH cBo.Hma B'hmpeurna no­Aumuka.

CaMo cAeg H.HkoAko 20guttu pa3Mep'hm Ha kumaiicku.H BpymeH B'hmpemeH npogykm w,e 6'bge Bmopu no 20AeMu-

Ha B cBema. :W:o ce omHac.a go 2k:u3HeHu.a cmaHgapm Ha HaceAeHuemo, Kumau oru,e g'hAGO BpeMe ru,e ocmaHe pa3-BuBaru,a ce cmpaHa. IlpaBUAHo 6erue ga ce nocmaBu Ha'la­Aomo Ha ukoHOMU'leckume peq>0pMu u cmpaHama ga ce omBopu uMeHHO omk'hM kpau6pe2k:Hume pauoHu. TaM npegnpueMa\leckume mpaguu,uu ca Bee oru,e JkuBu u npo­mmuqam om pa3Bumama H.akoza Mopcka m'hpzoBu.a. IlpucmaHuru,ama nognoMazam oc'bru,ecmB.aBaHemo Ha ukoHOMU'lecku.a o6MeH c kumauu,ume B qy2k6uHa- B XoH­koHz u TauBaH, c koumo cmapume Bp'h3ku 6uxa MOZAU ga 6'hgam B'h306Ho8eHu, u mo omHocumeAHO AeCHO.

C'b3gageHume no kpau6pe2kuemo ukoHoMu\lecku 30HU c oco6eH cmamym 6.axa moAkoBa MaAku, qe ekcnepuMeH­m'hm ce koHmpoAuparue no Bc.ako BpeMe u B cAyqau Ha zperuku Mo2kerue ga 6'bge npekpameH BegHaza. Tpagu­u,uoHHu.am meJkkouHgycmpuaAeH ceBepommok, C'hcma­BA.aBaru, no-GOA.HMa qacm om B'hmperuHocmma Ha cmpa­Hama, a C'hUJ,O u 3anag'hm Heu36e2k:Ho u3ocmaHaxa no om­HorueHue Ha moBa 6ypHo pa3Bumue. TaM, B cmapume g'hp2ka8Hu npegnpu.amu.a, koumo ca ozpoMHU, HO ukoHo­MU\lecku HepeHma6UAHU, pa6om.am Me2kgy mpucma u qe­mupucmomuH MUAUOHa gyruu. MMeHHO me3u npegnpu.a­mu.a om cou,uaAucmuqecku mun ca omwBopHu 3a Hapa­cmBaHe geAa Ha He8'b38p'bru,aeMume kpegumu, omnycka­HU om g'hp2kaBHume 6aHku, no koumo me mpygHo U3nAa­ru,am AuxBume u C'homBemHume BHocku. 3a ga w Mogep­HU3upam u npeycmpo.am B HoBu npegnpu.amu.a, AuncBa Hau-qecmo uH<l>pacmpykmypa, oco6eHo 2keAe3on'hmHu AU­Huu u ruoceuHu n'hmuru,a. Be3 me3u npegnocmaBku cUAHo ce ozpaHullaBa 8'b3M02k:Hocmma 3a C'h3gaBaHe Ha HoBu pa-6omHu Mecma.

B c'bru,omo BpeMe npe3 cAegBaru,ume zoguHu ce oqakBa

141

Haii-MaAko cmo MUAUOHa gyurn om 3eMegeAckume paiioHu u ceAama ga ce npeceMim B 2pag0Beme. 3a mRx ca Hylk­HU pa6omHu Mecma u 2pagcka uH<Ppacmpykmypa. Ce2a qJHU,UH, Haii-20AJ1Mama o6ru,uHa B Kumaii, Beqe Ha6po­RBa 30 MUAUOHa gyum, a IlekuH e c HaceAeHue okoAo 15

MUAUOHa. 2KU3HeHuJim cmaHgapm B HJikou om 20AeMume 2pag0Be e gecem n'hmu no-Bucok, omkoAkomo B ceAckume paiioHu. Huk'hge o6aqe HJIMa gocmam'h'lHO go6po o6ru,e­cmBeHo ocu2yp.HBaHe Ha B'h3pacmHume xopa u 6e3pa6om­Hume. Bc.Hka 20guHa Ha na3apa Ha mpyga U3AU3am HoBu 15 - 16 MUAUOHa MAagu xopa. BaHkoBama cucmeMa, koJI­mo 6u mp.H6BaAo ga 06e3neqaBa gaBaHemo Ha kpegumu Ha Bcuqku npegnpu.HmUJI - u cmapu, u HoBu, e o6peMeHe­Ha c 02pOMHU CYMU HeB'h3Bp'hru,aeMU kpegumu, koumo, BMecmo ga HOC.HID AuxBu, npullUHJIBam caMo 3a2y6u.

He Ha nocAegHo MJicmo ugBam cmpykmypHume npo-6AeMu. Hukoii pa3yMeH qoBek He 6u M02'hA ga oqakBa, qe 2ogumHuJim ukoHoMullecku pacmelk om 8% ru,e ce 3ana3u 3a gecemUAemuJI. MkoHOMU'lecku kpmu u makuBa, cB'hp-3aHu c eAekmpo- u BogocHa6gJIBaHemo, oqakBam u Ku­maii.

K'hM ocmpume ukoHOMU'lecku npo6AeMu ce npu6aBJI u melk'hk ugeoA02uqecku npo6AeM. MAagume xopa B 20Ae­Mume 2pag0Be, HanpuMep no geAmama Ha pekume XyaHx'h, HHg3'h u IIepAeHa peka, ca B'hogymeBeHu om 3a­nagHUJI koHcyMamopcku cmaHgapm - meAeBmuJI, M0-6UAHU meAe<l>oHu, MHmepHem um. H., kakmo u om HoBa­ma ukoHOMU'lecka cBo6oga. Cmapume koMyHucmuqecku ugeaAu o6aqe ca Hec'hBMecmuMu c nogo6eH pog MogepHu <PeHoMeHu. CAeg gecemuHa 2oguHu xopama, koumo ce2a ca Ha 25, ru,e ca mnpaBeHu npeg B'hnpoca, cnopeg kou npuHu,unu ga 6'h3numaBam geu,ama cu. MH020 Bepo.HmHo

142

e me ga ce o6'bpHam k'bM emwrnume npumi,unu Ha koH<Py­u,uaHcm8omo, koumo Mozam ga 6'bgam gon'bAHeHu k'bM C'b8peMeHHume meHgeHu,uu u HanacHamu k'bM mRx.

Ilpegu 2oguHu 8 pa3208op c )::t;'bH CRo IluH ycmaHo8ux - n0Ayttame2a, noAyttaucmuHa, - qe 8c'bUJ,Hocm Kumaii­ckama koMyHucmuqecka napmuR e egHa koH<Pyu,uaHcka napmuR. )::t;'bH ka3a caMo: ,,E, u?" B geiicm8umeAHocm koH­<l>yu,uaHckume u,eHHOcmu u2paRm MH020 Il0-201\J!Ma pOAJ! Melkgy xopama, omkoAkomo o<Puu,uaAHO ce npmHa8a. CnAomeHocmma Ha ceMeiicm8omo, pecnekm'bm k'bM no-8'b3pacmHume xopa, go6pomo o6pa3o8aHue Ha geu,ama, npUAelkHocmma u necmeAu8ocmma, gopu 3ag'bAJkeHUR­ma u om208opHocmume Ha ynpa8AR8aUJ,ume k'bM Hapoga - Bcuqko mo8a ca u,eHHocmu, npega8aHu 8 Kumaii om no­koAeHue Ha nokoAeHue npe3 8eko8eme.

)::t;Hec KoMyttucmuqeckama napmuR Ha Kumaii m'bpcu 6aAaHc Melkgy koH<Pyu,uaHcm8omo, koMyHU3Ma u kanu­maAmMa. Cnopeg HRkou uHmeAekmyaAu,u, lk:u8eeUJ,u gHec 8 Kumai:i, 3a nocmu2aHemo Ha mo3u 6aAaHc e 6UAo Hylk:Ho MH020 BpeMe. Oco6eHo OHe3u om mRx, koumo ca cAeg8aAu 8 AMepuka u E8pona, mno8Rg8am kamo c8oR ugeoA02uJ1 c8oeo6pa3Ha cMecuu,a om koH<Pyu,uaHcm8o u geMokpamuqHu u,eHHocmu. HRkou om no-cmapume gucu­geHmu o6aqe 3HaRm, qe 3a pa38umuemo e Heo6xoguMo BpeMe. T'bii kamo 8 Kumaii Huko2a He e UMaAo eguHHa pe­AU2UR, Ha MeH MU ce cmpy8a, qe UMeHHO koH<Pyu,uaH­cm8omo e oHa3u nogxogRUJ,a c8emo2AegHa cucmeMa, koR­mo 6u M02Aa ga 3an'bAHU ugeoAozuqeckuR BakYYM.

M HakpaR, Hue, e8poneiiu,ume, C'bUl,O He qepnuM caMo om M'bgpocmume Ha xpucmuRHcm8omo u Ha anocmoA Ila8eA, a u om kAacuqeckama <l>UAoco<PuR Ha 2'bpu,ume u puMARHume. KoH<Pyu,uii e Ma.Ako no-8'b3pacmeH, a He20-

143

Bu.am nocAegoBameA MeHu,uii e MaAko no-MAag om IlAa­moH u ApucmomeA UAU om cmouu,ume.

Hakou aMepukaHu,u u eBponeiicku uHmeAekmyaAu,u (a B repMaHua mi:kou 3eAeHu) ce qyBcmBam MopaAHo 3ag'hA­LkeHu ga noyqaBam kumaiiu,ume u ga UM omnpaBHm ynpeu,u no B'hnpocume Ha geMokpau,uHma u npaBama Ha qoBeka. Ha max UM AuncBa yBalkeHue k'hM ma3u qyJkga XUAHgoAemHa kyAmypa. AuncBa UM C'h3HaHue 3a moBa, qe Hag mpygHomo pa3Bumue Ha 3anagHama kyAmypa u Hag HeiiHama ucmopuH C'hUJ,O me<rne ylkacHa CHHka. 0H3U, koiirno kpumukyBa kurnaiiu,urne, n'hpBo rnpH6Ba ga cu cnoMHU 3a HeorngaBHaurnorno yttum,olkaBaHe Ha uHguaH­u,urne, 3a po6cmBorno, 3a aMepukaHckarna 2palkgaHcka BoiiHa, 3a BuemHaM u 3a BpeMemo Ha <PammMa.

Y6egeHocrnma B kame20puqHorno npeB'h3xogcmBo Ha co6crnBeHama peAu2uH, MOpaA, kyAmypa u HaquH Ha Lku­Born e BogeAo HeBegH'hlk go k'hpBaBu koH<l>Aukmu B cBe­rnoBHama ucrnopuH. BoeHHurne Ha6e3u Ha ucAHMa u Ha­cUAcmBeHama xpucrnuHHmau,uH Ha 201\.HMa qacm om cBe­ma c Meq B gHcHama u c kp'hcrn B AHBarna p'hka ca 6Ae­cmHm,u npuMepu 3a moBa. IIpog'hALkurneAHurne 6op6u Melkgy uHgycu u MlOClOAMaHu B orngeAHu qacmu Ha IOLk­Ha A3UH UAU Il'hk Melkgy mpaUArnHHU u MlOClOAMaHU ca npuMepu om Hamemo c'hBpeMue. Tepopu3M'hrn Ha UCAHM­ckurne <l>JHgaMeHmaAucmu e Haii-npecHuHm npuMep. IJoqmu BuHaw u HaBcHk'hge npu me3u koH<l>Aukmu crna­Ba B'hnpoc 3a BAacm. Mom,ma u oHoBa, koemo npurnelka­Bam gpywrne, rnpH6Ba ga mqe3Ham, co6cmBeHama BAacrn mpH6Ba ga 6'hge pa3mupeHa u ykpeneHa. Cnopeg mo3u npuHu,un ca geiicmBMu noqmu Bcuqku 201\.eMu UM­nepuu u BeAuku 3aBoeBarneAu - om AAekcaHg'hp MakegoH­cku go 11umu3 xaH, om Ilucapo go CmaAUH u XumAep. B

144

no-HoBo BpeMe Ha OCHOBama Ha mo3U npUHU,Ull 6.Jixa C'b-

3gageHU koAoHuaAHume UMnepuu Ha eBponeuckume Ha­

u,uu.

BeAukama kumaucka uMnepuH, ZOAHMama g'hplkaBa

Ha kumauckume xaHoBe, C'h3gageHa npegu noBeqe om

mpu XUAHgoAemuH, m2Ae:tkga, e mkA10qeHue. BepoHmHo

moqHo B moBa ce kpue egHa om npuquHume 3a Heo6uqau­

HO 9'hA20mo npOC'hUJ,ecmByBaHe Ha ma3U UMnepu.H. Om­

C'hCmBuemo Ha peAU2UH, koHmO ga o6eguHHBa u,eAUH Ha­

pog, UAU Hau-MaAkO Ha g'hp:tkaBHa peAU2UH, He npegU3-

BukBa (noHe Ha MeH maka MU ce cmpyBa) noHBama Ha :tke­

AaHue 3a OC'bUJ,ecmBHBaHe Ha MUCUOHepcmBo no omHOUle­

HUe Ha c'bcegHume Hapogu.

B'hB Bceku cAyqau npe3 cBoHma g'hA2a ucmopuH BeAu­

kama kumaucka uMnepuH e noka3BaAa 3HaqumeAHO no­

cAa6u ekcnaH3UBHu meHgeHu,uu, omkoAkomo Bcuqku

ocmaHaAU uMnepuu B cBemoBHama ucmopu.H. Kumau ce e

3agoBoAHBaA c'hc 3acBugemeAcmBaHe Ha pecnekm u c nAa­

w.aHemo Ha C'homBemHume gaH'hU,U om cmpaHa Ha noko­

peHume Hapogu.

EcmecmBeHo UMaAO e u Bee ow.e UMa U3kA10qeHUH, eg­

HO om m.HX HanpuMep e Tu6em. Heka cu cnoMHUM 3a nog­

kpenama Ha koMJHUcmuqeckomo ynpaBAeHue B CeBepHa

KopeH u BuemHaM om cmpaHa Ha Mao UAU 3a uH<l>UAmpa­

u,uHma Ha kOMJHU3Ma B gpyw a3uamcku cmpaHu. Mao

CMHmaA 3a B'h3MO:ikHo HanageHue Ha C'hBemckuH C'hl03

Hag Kumau u B mo3u cAyqau 3aAa2aA Ha 20AHMomo qucAe­

Ho npeB'h3xogcmBo Ha kumauu,ume. Bpe:tkHeB U3numBaA

pecnekm, gopu cmpax om me3u qoBeruku Macu. ,[I;Hec MU­

cAu om nogo6eH pog ca Beqe ucmopuH. B JfamoqHa u IO:tk­

Ha A3UH Beqe He C'hUJ,ecmByBa cmpax om kumauckume

MHOZOAlOgHu Macu. HMuu,e ca o6aqe cmpaxoBe om pa-

145

cmmu,ama ukoHoMwiecka MOW. Ha kumauu.ume u onace­HUff om mo8a, qe ru.e Hacm'bnu cmmrnau.uH Ha co6cm8e­HU.ff na3ap Ha mpyga 3a cMemka Ha mo3u 8 Kumau. Te3u cmpaxo8e ca pa36upaeMu, oru.e no8eqe qe 8 nocAegHume zoguHu U3HOC'bm Ha kumaucku npoMuUll\eHu cmoku 3a a3uamckume na3apu CUAHO HapacHa. IIo 8peMe Ha 8ceo6-ru.ama 1mlmoa3uamcka 8aAymHa kpU3a npe3 90-me zogu­HU IIekuH ycmo.H Ha meHgeHU.UHma 3a o6e3U.eH.H8aHe Ha 10aHa u 3aegHo c mo8a Ha noe8muH.H8aHemo Ha ekcnopm­Hume cmoku. B c'bru.omo 8peMe ce no8uum koAuqecm8o­mo Ha kumaucku.H 8Hoc om JinoHUH, Kope.H u cmpaHume om u.eAU.ff IOllmoa3uamcku pecmoH.

Om C'b8CeM gpyz pog ca 9'bA6okume npumecHeHU.ff, koumo uzpa.Hm 3Ha\luMa poA.ff 8 JinoHU.ff. MHozo 06pa30-8aHu .HnOHU.U U3num8am CM'bmeH, HeOC'b3Ha8aH gopu om caMume m.Hx kyAmypeH koMnAekc 3a MaAOU.eHHocm no omHomeHue Ha Kumau. Te 3Ha.Hm, qe ca noAyqUAu c8o­emo nucMo, ZOAHMa qacm om c8o.Hma kyAmypa u U3ky­cm8o, a C'bUJ.O u c8oemo koH<pyu.uaHcm8o om kumauu.ume. MHozo om Heru.ama ca npoHukHaAU 8 JinoHU.ff gupekrnHo om Kumau, a gpycm - npe3 Kope.H. 3aegHo c mo8a y HnoH­u.ume c'hru.ecm8y8a u cmaeH u nogc'b3HameAeH koMnAekc 3a 8uHa 3apagu 3a8Aag.H8aHemo Ha Kumaucka MaHgJky­pu.H, cAeg mo8a u Ha zoAeMu qacmu om Kumau u 3apagu U38'bpmeHume maM .HnoHcku 6e3\lUHcm8a. Ilpu H.Hkou HilOHU.U qy8cm8omo 3a 8uHa e c8'bp3aHo c gaAe\lHama 1895, zoguHama Ha aHekcupaHemo Ha TaU8aH.

CAeg zoA.HMomo noprukeHue 8'b8 Bmopama c8emo8Ha 8oi1Ha .HnoHu.ume ycn.H8am ga nocmuzHam 3a6eAeJkumeA­HO ukoHOMU\lecko oJku8AeHue. B pe3yAmam Ha mo8a npe3 70-me u 8 Ha\laAomo Ha 80-me zoguHu y m.Hx ce noprukga o6ocHo8aHo qy8cm8o 3a npe8'h3xogcm8o Hag ocmaHaAu-

me a3uamcku g'hplkaBu, koemo go U3BecmHa cmeneH yc­naBa ga koMneHcupa kyAmypHUff koMnAekc 3a MaAou,eH­Hocm u mo3u 3a BuHa. Ilpe3 nocAegHume gBe u noAoBuHa gecemUAemua, npe3 koumo ukoHoMu\leckomo pa3Bumue Ha HnoHU.ff 3Ha'lumeAHO ce 3a6aBu, npegcmaBama 3a .HnoHckomo npeB'h3xogcmBo Hag ocmaHaAU.ff uHgycmpua­AeH cB.Hm U3'le3Ha. B HnoHU.ff MelkgyBpeMeHHO pa36paxa, qe kumauckomo HapogHo cmonaHcmBo w,e omHeMe Ha .HnOHckama ukoHOMUka HeUHomo n'hpBocmeneHHO M.ff­cmo. OcBeH moBa B HnoHU.ff ce pa3npocmpaH.HBa u cxBa­w,aHemo, qe 3a pa3Auka om kumauckama .HnoHckama Ha­u,u.H e no-gpeBHa u eguHHa. Bcuqku me3u koMnAekcu no omHoUieHue Ha kumauckume C'hcegu w,e npog'hALkaBam ga c'bw,ecmByBam HenpoMeHeHu. HnoHckama Hau,u.H uMa MHOW MaAko npu.HmeAu no cBema. ToBa omqacmu ce g'hA­Lku Ha npog'hALkUAama cmoAemu.H caMOU30Aau,u.H Ha cmpaHama no BpeMe Ha UI02yttume Toky2aBa, HO no-cko­po npulluHama ce kopeHu B MUHaAume UMnepcku npe­meHu,uu Ha HnoHu.H, koumo nogpa3Huxa Bcuqku HeuHu c'bcegu u koumo me He Mo2am ga 3a6paB.Hm. Hau-BalkHa­ma npulluHa 3a moBa o6aqe e Hecnoco6Hocmma Ha .HnoH­u,ume ga npu3Ha.Hm u ga ce pa3ka.Hm 3a cBoume npe­cm'bnAeHu.H u Ha6e3u om MUHaAomo. Ilogo6Ho Ha gpyzu cmpaHu, B HnoHU.ff Bee ow,e LkuBe.Hm MaAU,UHa om nokoAe­HU.Hma, npelkuBeAu BouHama, B'hnpeku qe me3u xopa om­gaBHa Beqe He ca B pa3u,Bema Ha cUAume cu. Bee ow,e o6a­qe no-20A.HMama qacm om noAumuqeckama kAaca Ha HnoHu.H geMoHcmpamuBHo noquma H.Hko2aUIHume 2epou om BouHama u H.Hkou BucUiu BoeHHU, gokamo LkepmBume Ha BouHama B'ho6w,e He ce cnoMeHaBam, gopu oHe3u om Hapogume, HanagHamu om HnoHu.H. B'bnpeku qe C'hUJ,e­cmByBam u3kA10lleHu.H, HanpuMep ynpaBA.HBaAu.Hm 3a

147

kpamko MUHucm'hp-npegcegameA MypaHMa, npu noqmu Bcuqku C'bcegHu Hapogu u,apu y6e1kgeHuemo, qe HilOHU,U­me He lkeAaHm ga noMOAHm 3a mBuHeHue - 8 Haii-20AH­Ma cmeneH moBa ce omHacH 3a KopeH, HO C'hUJ,O u 3a Ku­maii. HenpueMaHemo Ha HnoHUH e 8ceo6ru,o 8 J13moqHa u I02ou3moqHa A3UH. Kumaii mpygHo Molke ga npueMe u BoeHHUH C'bl03 Melkgy HnoHUH u CAIIJ;. Ilpe3 nocAegHume gecemUAemuH kumaiickume ynpa8Huu,u gopu noAolkuxa ycUAuH 3a HOpMMU3upaHe Ha omHoUleHUHma cu c Hno­HUH, oco6eHo 8 o6Aacmma Ha ukoHoMukama, HO CM'hmHo­mo qy8cm8o, qe IIJ;amume c noMoru,ma Ha HnoHUH 3amH­iam o6p'bqa Ha BoeHHO npuc'bcmBue okoAo Kumaii, maka u He u3qe3Ha.

AMepukaHckume BoeHHU cUAu u mexHume nogkpenAe­HUH 8 HnoHUH, IOlkHa KopeH, IlakucmaH, A<P2aHucmaH, Y36ekucmaH u Kup2mcmaH, kakmo u Tpemu aMepukaH­cku BoeHHOMopcku <l>Aom 8 TuxuH okeaH nAlOC XaBaii u I'yaM C'h3ga8am y kumaiickume ynpa8AH8aru,u BneqamAe­Huemo, qe Kumaii e 062pageH om aMepukaHcku BoeHHU cUAu. ,D;oce2a, 3a go6po UAU 3a AOlllO, IlekuH peampallle Ha moBa cg'hplkaHo. KumaiickuHm go208op 3a Mup u c'b­mpygHuqecmBo om 2000 2., koiimo 6e HeMUCAUM no Bpe­Memo Ha Mao u BpelkHeB, e egHa om nocAeguu,ume Ha me3u peaku,uu. B omHoUleHuHma Melkgy Kumaii u Hno­HUH He Molke ga ce oqakBa C'hUJ,ecm8eHo 3amonAHHe.

BegH'hlk npe3 90-me 20guHu 8 pa3208op c HnoHcku no­Aumuk omHOCHO cmpamemqeckomo noAolkeHue Ha Hno­HUH U3m'hkHax, qe gon'bAHumeAHO go208opeHomo C'hC CAIIJ; BoeHHO C'hmpygHuqecmBo Melkgy g8eme g'hplkaBu e omB'hg HnoHckume uHmepecu 8 o6Aacmma Ha cu2yp­Hocmma. HnoHckuHm MU npuHmeA He ce c'b2Aacu c moBa, cnopeg He20 <Pakmuqecku cmaBaao 9YMa 3a om6paHama

Ha .HnoHUH. TowBa pea2upax c B'hnpoca: ,,A koi:i Bc'hru,­

Hocm 6u uckaA ga Bu HanagHe?" Toi:i, MaAko o6'bpkaH om

MOH, cmopUA MY ce HauBeH, B'hnpoc, omB'hpHa: ,,Kumai:i,

pa36upa ce!" TowBa MY 3agagox cAegHu.H Aeko noAeMU\IeH

B'hnpoc: ,,Koza 3a nocAegeH n'hm kumai:icku BAagemeA e

mnparu,aA cBoume Boi:iHmW ga HanagHam .HnoHu.H?"

.HnoHcku.Hm MU npu.HmeA He omB'hpHa HUUl,O, HO C'bM Ha­

Il'bAHO cu2ypeH, qe He ycn.Hx ga noce.H ceMemo Ha C'hMHe­

Huemo y He20. 0H3U pa320Bop U3HUkBa kamo CUMilffiOMa­

muqeH B Mourne cnoMeHu. Ha meopu.H e B'h3MOLk:Ho .Hno­

HUH ga ce omk'hcHe om egHocmpaHHama o6B'hp3aHocm

C'hC CAIIJ;. Ha npakmuka o6aqe mH H.HMa ma3u B'h3M01k­

Hocm, MaHmaAumem'hm Ha Hei:iHama noAumuqecka kAa­

ca H mkl\10qBa. Il'hAHomo nopalkeHue B'hB Boi:iHama cpe­

ru,y CAIIJ; nocmaBu cmpaHama u oco6eHo Hei:iHama noAu­

muqecka kAaca B CUAHa ncuxoAozuqecka 3aBucuMocm om

AMepuka. IIpog'bALk:umeAHomo Bpalkge6Ho omHorneHue

k'bM .HnoHUH om cmpaHa Ha c'hcegHume u g'hplkaBu go­

npuHaC.H 3a 3amB'hplkgaBaHemo Ha ma3u 3aBucuMocm.

Y6elkgeHuemo, qe Kumai:i ru,e ce npeB'hpHe B ukoHoMu­

qecka, a no-k'bcHo u B'hB BoeHHa cynepcUAa, npegmBukBa

H.Hkou npumecHeHUH He caMo B .HnoHUH, HO u B gpy2u

cmpaHu.

CuH2anypcku.Hm g'hplkaBHuk i\u KuaH IO ycmaHoBu

oru,e npegu gecemUAemue, qe CAIIJ; ca cBemoBHama cUAa

B M3moqHa u I020mmoqHa A3UH, qui:imo aBmopumem

Hai:i-MaAko nogAelku Ha C'hMHeHue. B Kumai:i, a u He no­

MaAko B CAIIJ; 20A.HMa poA.H u2pae oqakBaHemo 3a 6'bgeru,a

koHkypemi,u.H Melkgy me3u gBa w2aHma. ,IJ;uckycuume no

mo3u B'hnpoc B Kumai:i ce Bog.Hm mai:iHo u guckpemHo, B

AMepuka o6aqe 3a moBa ce guckymupa omkpumo. HHkou

cmpame3u B'hB BarnuH2moH He kpu.Hm cxBaru,aHu.Hma cu,

149

qe e Hyllrno HaBpeMe ga 6'bge ycmaHoBeH koHmpoA Hag u,eAUH eBpoa3uamcku koHmuHeHm. TepopucmuqHu.Hm ameHmam Ha ,,AA Kauga" u o6w,ume uHmepecu B 6op6a­ma cpew,y MelkgyttapogHUH mepopU3'hM goBegoxa go yc­nokoHBaHe Ha omHoUleHuHma Melkgy AMepuka u Kumau. B no-gaAeqHa nepcnekmuBa o6aqe He mpH6Ba ga ce u3-kAfoqBa B'h3M01k:Hocmma 3a omkpuma koHkypeHU,UH Melk­gy ymB'hpgeHama Beqe cynepcUAa CAIIJ; u 6'bgew,ama cu­Aa Kumau.

T'hli kamo kyAmypHomo pa3Bumue, HacAegcmBo u oco-6eHocmu Ha AMepuka u Kumau ca mkA10qumeAHo pa3-AuqHu, omc'hcmBam noqmu BcHkakBu 3HaHUH om cmpaHa Ha gBeme g'hplkaBu egHa 3a gpyza u 3a ucmopuHma UM. EAum'hm u noAumuqeckama kAaca Ha BcHka egHa om gBe­me Hau,uu uMam C'hBceM n'hpBo6umHu npegcmaBu 3a gpy­zama. C'bc cuzypHocm B CAIIJ; yqeHume u cneu,uaAucmu­me, koumo uMam npegcmaBa 3a C'hUJ,Hocmma Ha Kumau u HezoBomo kyAmypHo pa3Bumue, ca noBeqe, omkoAkomo B o6pamHama cumyau,uH - B Kumau. :rn;o ce omHacH go no-MAagume nokoAeHuH, gHec Kumau BepoHmHo UMa no­ZOAHMO npeuMyw,ecmBo. CpegHocmamucmuqeckuHm aMepukaHeu, u kumaeu, 3HaHm MHOZO MaAko 3a cmpaHa­ma Ha gpyzama Hau,uH, goMuHupam u MHOZO npegpa3C'b­g'hU,U. B egHa makaBa cumyau,uH eAekmpoHHume MacMe­guu AeCHO Mozam ga C'h3gagam Bpalkge6Hu HacmpoeHuH, ako B'h3HukHe noBog 3a moBa.

Melkgy gBeme cUAu Mozam ga B'h3HUkHam koHkpemHu noBogu 3a npomuBopeque om Hau-pa3AuqHo ecmecmBo. Il'hpBuHm e c6A'bC'hk'hm Ha uHmepecu c npeceqHa moqka TauBaH. B npog'hAlkeHue Ha cmoAemuH mo3u ocmpoB e 6UA qacm om Kumau. Kozamo npe31945 z., cAeg noAoBuH­BekoBHa HnoHcka okynau,uH, Kumau cu zo Bp'hru,a o6pam-

Ho, ocmpoB'hm cmaBa y6eikuw,e Ha npecAegBaHUH om Mao qaH Kali IIIu. C'hc ce6e cu mou B3eMa He caMo u,eH­Hu UMnepamopcku npoU3BegeHUH Ha U3kycmBomo, HO cu npucBoHBa u kumauckomo npaBo Ha Bemo B C'bBema 3a cu2ypHocm B OOH. CAIU nogkpenHm cpakmuqeckomo om­geAHHe Ha TauBaH om ,,poguHama" MY u B'hop'bikaBam oc­mpoBa. AMepukaHu,ume o6aqe He omcm'hnBam npeg ike­AaHuemo Ha TauBaH ga 6'hge npu3Ham He20BuHm cyBepe­Humem. Ilpe3 1971 2. BamuH2moH npueMa cpakma, qe nemgecem n'hmu no-MH0206pouHama ,,poguHa" Kumau cu Bp'hw,a npaBomo Ha Bemo. Om 2Ae9Ha moqka Ha CAIU o6aqe TauBaH e BaikHa cmpame2uqecka moqka B 30Hama Ha aMepukaHckomo noAumuqecko BAUHHue B J13mo'1Ha A3UH. Emo 3aw,o, ako e Heo6xoguMo, eguH onum 3a HacUA­cmBeHo Bp'hw,aHe Ha TauBaH nog onekama Ha Kumau w,e 6'hge ocyemeH c BoeHHU cpegcmBa. Om no3uu,uHma Ha TiekuH Bp'hUl,aHemo Ha TauBaH e ecmecmBeHo npaBo, n'hp­BocmeneHHa Hau,uoHMHa u,eA. B caMuH TauBaH MHeHUH­ma ca pa3geAeHu Ha gBe - HHkou ce cmpeMHm k'hM no­cmu2aHemo Ha He3aBucuMocm, a gpyw MUCAHm 3a Bp'h­w,aHe egBa mowBa, ko2amo B Kumau 6'bgam nocmu2Ha­mu C'bUl,Ume cBo6ogu u ikU3HeH cmaHgapm kakmo Ha oc­mpoBa. MH020 6U3HecMeHu, oqakBauku o6eguHeHue, Beqe ca uHBecmupaAu qacm om kanumaAa cu B omeqecmBomo u ne'leAHm go6pe. Ilpe3 nocAegHume gecemUAemuH mau­BaHckuHm B'hnpoc nopaikgame Henpek'hcHamu koHcppoH­mau,uu u kpU3u, npek'hcBaHu om cpa3u Ha pa3BegpHBaHe. ToBa w,e ocmaHe HenpoMeHeHo u 3a B 6'bgew,e. Hukoe ku­maucko npaBumeAcmBo HHMa aAmepHamuBa, ocBeH m'hp­neAuBo ga U3'1aka noBumaBaHemo Ha cmaHgapma Ha iku­Bom B co6cmBeHama cu cmpaHa u HapacmBaHemo Ha ku­mauckama MOW,, kamo B c'bw,omo BpeMe eHepw'lHO om-

cmoRBa co6cmBeHomo cu npaBo u om6A'hckBa Bcuqku maiiBaHcku npeme1m,uu 3a nocmuzaHe Ha cyBepeHumem. B geiicmBumeAHocm npu3HaBaHemo Ha TaiiBaH om cmpa­Ha Ha AMepuka 6u UMaAO kamacmpo<PaAHu nocAegmw 3a­pagu CUAHO pa3npocmpaHeHU.ff B Kumaii nampuomU3'hM.

Ha meopuR CAIIJ; UMam B'h3MOJ1.rnocm nocmeneHHO ga omgp'hnHam BoeHHama u ukoHOMU'leckama cu nogkpena 3a TaiiBaH. Ho caMo eguH mupoko ckpoeH noAumuk Molke ga ce pemu Ha makaBa npoM.ffHa. TR ru,e ce 6'h3npueMe ca­MO mozaBa kamo agekBamHa Ha aMepukaHckume uHme­pecu, kozamo ce cmuzHe go npuHu,unHa npoM.ffHa B omHo­meHu.ffma Melkgy AMepuka u Kumaii. B cAegBaru,ume ge­cemUAemu.ff moBa MU ce cmpyBa MaAko BepoRmHo, HO He e mkAiolleHo. MelkgyBpeMeHHO Kumaii Haii-BepoRmHo ru,e nogg'hplka go6poc'bcegcku omHomeHU.ff c IOlkHa KopeR u c g'hplkaBume om IOlkHa A3U.ff u ru,e ce ocAaH.ff Ha nogkpe­nama Ha Acou,uau,uRma Ha 10zou3mollHume a3uamcku Ha­u,uu (ASEAN). B noBeqemo cmpaHu om IOlkHa u M3mO'lHa A3U.ff (c Haii-Rpkume u3kA10lleHu.ff-M.ffHMap/BupMa u Ce­BepHa KopeR) ukoHOMU'leckume ycnexu n'hpBo Ha .Hno­HU.ff, cAeg moBa Ha IOlkHa KopeR, TaiiBaH, CuHzanyp u XoHkoHz u Haii-HakpaR 3anollHaAU.ffm npegu gBe gecemu­Aemu.ff B'h3xog Ha Kumaii nopoguxa Heo6uqauHa ukoHo­MU'lecka guHaMuka. B c'bru,omo BpeMe ce npo6ygu uHme­pec'hm k'hM uHcmumyu,uume Ha EBponeiicku.ff C'hl03 u k'hM onuma Ha eguHHU.ff MY na3ap. B'h3MOlkHo e eBponeii­cku.ffm npuMep, nogo6Ho Ha mo3u B AamuHcka AMepuka, ga goBege go C'h3gaBaHemo Ha MelkgyHapogHa 30Ha 3a cBo6ogHa m'hpzoBu.ff u B M3mO'lHa, u B IOlkHa A3U.ff. Bepo­RmHo 3a moBa ru,e ca HylkHu gecemUAemu.ff, m'hii kamo C'hru,ecmByBam 3HallumeAHu npeqku om ncuxoAozuqecko ecmecmBo, a C'hlll,O u peguu,a npumecHeHU.ff B'hB Bp'h3ka c

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pea.Au3upaHemo Ha egHo makoBa Ha\luHaHue. Ilpu Bcuqku cAyqau Kumaii u 3aHanpeg ru,e e 3auHme­

pecoBaH om 3ana3BaHemo Ha onpegeAeHu MelkgyttapogHu uHcmumyu,uu u npegu Bcuqko Ha OOH u C'hBema 3a cu-2ypHocm. B moBa omHomeHue UMa eguHogyurne c eBpo­neiickume g'hplkaBu, Pycun:, .HnoHun: u noqmu Bcuqku cmpaHu om u,eAUH cBn:m. Bcuqku me om cBon: cmpaHa UMam uHmepec om C'h3gaBaHemo Ha koHmakmu u Bp'h3ku c Kumaii. Emo 3aru,o no-pa3JMHO 6u 6UAo Ha cperu,ume Ha r7 /r8 ga 6'hge kaHeHa He caMo Pycun:, a u Kumaii, u mo kamo paBHonpaBHu cmpaHu \lAeHku. Ce2a kumaiickama ukoHoMuka Beqe e 3Ha\lumeAHO no-cUAHa om me3u Ha Ka­Haga u Bpa3UAUH; CAeg HHkoAko 209UHU mn: e Ha Il'hm ga mnpeBapu Hau,uoHa.AHume cmonaHcmBa Ha Mma.Aun:, AH2AUH u <l>paHU,UH, a CAeg gecemUAemue - u Ha repMa­HUH. T'hii kamo Kumaii e egHa om Haii-20AeMume cmpaHu BHocumeAku u U3HocumeAku B cBema, c 02Aeg Ha 02poM­Hama Hylkga Ha g'hplkaBama om BHoc Ha nempoA (Ha Bmopo Mn:cmo cAeg CAIIJ;) u 3apagu 02poMHume u Ba.Aym­HU pe3epBu (B kpan: Ha 2003 2. me B'h3AU3am Ha Hag 400

MUAuapga goAapa u c moBa go6AulkaBam pa3Mepume Ha n:noHckun: pe3epB) cBemoBHama ukoHOMuka uMa uHmepec om yqacmuemo Ha Kumaii B pa3pa6omBaHemo Ha cmpa­mernu 3a npeogoAn:BaHemo Ha kpmu u B 2Ao6a.AHUH npo­u,ec Ha ynpaBAeHue Ha kpmume. Kumaii om cBon: cmpaHa UMa Lk:uB uHmepec om moBa 2Ao6a.AHama cBemoBHa uko­HOMuka ga <Pyttku,uoHupa go6pe. Hakpan: mpn:6Ba ga ce om6eAelku, qe ru,e e om Bceo6ru, uHmepec ga ce oc'hru,e­cmBu 3a6paHa 3a no-Hamam'hUIHomo pa3npocmpaHeHue Ha amoMHO op'hlkue u Ha gpy2 mun op'blk:ue 3a MacoBo ytturu,olk:eHue. Kumaii mpn:6Ba ga e 3a2pulkeH 3a nomeH­u,ua.AHomo n:gpeHo B'hop'hlkaBaHe Ha Han'hAHO U30AupaHa-

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ma CeBepHa KopeH, HaMupaw,a ce B HenocpegcmBeHa 6AU3ocm, a C'hUl,O u npumecHeH Haii-MaAko nopagu B'h-3MOlk:Hocmma 3a u3ocmpHHe Ha kompAukma Melkgy CAlll; u CeBepHa KopeH no Ha3oBaHama npwmHa. Emo 3aw,o e B'h3MOlk:Ho kumaiicko nocpegHuqecmBo 3a 3ana3BaHe Ha cma6UAHocmma B pezuoHa. To gopu e lkeAameAHo c 02Aeg 3ana3BaHe Ha cBemoBHuH MUp.

,[t;Hec kumaii~ume ca cBugemeAu Ha qemB'hpmo noko­AeHue ynpaBAHBaw,u IlOAUmu~u om C'h3gaBaHemo Ha Ku­maiickama HapogHa peny6Auka npe3 1949 2., 6eAH3aHo om uMeHama Ha Mao I.J;3e ,[t;yH, ,[t;'hH CHO IluH, ,[l;3HH ,[l;3'h MuH u Xy JIHm Tao (2002 2.). CMHHama Ha Mao c ,[t;'hH UMame g'hA6oku nocAegu~u; ugBaHemo Ha BAacm Ha ,[l;3HH ce oc'h­w,ecmBu nAaBHo u nocmeneHHo, npexog'hm k'hM Xy u He-20BuH ynpaBAHBaw, eAum ce peaAu3upa nog20mBeHo u Ma­w,a6Ho.

B'hB Bcuqku me3u cAyqau o6w,u.Hm kpumepuii 6e 3ana3-BaHemo Ha Bogew,ama poAH Ha koMyttucmuqeckama nap­muH u HeiiHume cmpykmypu. Ta3u egHonapmuiiHa cu­cmeMa Ha ynpaBAeHue e nogo3pumeAHa u HenpuBuqHa 3a MH020 aMepukaH~u u eBponeii~u u npomuBopequ Ha no­Aumuqeckume mpagu~uu Ha 3anaga. Om onum u nopagu AuqHu y6elk:geHUH C'hUl,O 6ux ce npomuBonocmaBUA Ha eg­Ha makaBa cucmeMa Ha ynpaBAeHue B co6cmBeHama MU cmpaHa. C 02Aeg Ha no-paHHume .popMu Ha ynpaBAeHue Ha Kumaii u nopagu g'hAzama 2palkgaHcka BoiiHa, nocAeg­BaHa om qygoBuw,Hume ekcnepuMeHmu Ha Mao, B3eAu 6e36poii qoBeuiku lkepmBu, MU ce cmpyBa, qe noAumuqe­ckama cma6UAHocm, koHmo ocu2ypHBa ma3u cucmeMa, e ~eAec'bo6pa3Ha, gopu 6Aa2omBopHa 3a kumaiickuH Hapog, a C'hUl,O u 3a He20Bume c'hcegu. Bepo.HmHo aBmopumapHa­ma noAumuqecka kyamypa w,e ce npoMeHu B npo~eca Ha

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pa32p'bUJ,aHe Ha na3apHume ukoHOMU4.ecku omHmneHUH u B pe3yAIIlam Ha omBap.HHemo Ha Kumau k'hM cBema. Ow.e npu ,ll;'hH C.Ho IluH Hacm'hnuxa 20AeMu npoMeHu; gHec H.H­Ma kumaeu,, koumo ga He npu3HaBa, qe B co6cmBeHama MY cmpaHa ce2a uMa no-20A.HMa cBo6oga om ko2amo u ga 6UAo. 3a no-Hamam'hUIHomo pa3Bumue e Hy:arno BpeMe. EguH cepuo3eH noAumuqecku onum npou,ec'bm ga 6'hge yckopeH omB'hH He o6ew.aBa ycnex, a HanpomuB - Molke ga npegU3Buka 20AeMU 6egu.

Mttguiicku.Hm cy6koHmuHeHm

Ilpe3 Bmopama noAoBuHa Ha Hacmo.HUJ,U.H Bek 11Hgu.H w,e ce npeB'hpHe B g'hplkaBama c Haii-MH0206poiiHo HaceAe­Hue B cBema. MH020 npegu cpegama Ha Beka 6po.Hm Ha HaceAeHuemo Ha MHgu.H w,e HagxB'hpAu mo3u Ha Kumaii. HeomgaBHaurnume 6pymaAHU Mepku 3a HaMM.HBaHe Ha palkgaeMocmma B MHgu.H ce oka3axa 6e3pe3yAmamHu. B HaqaAomo Ha XXI Bek BpymHu.Hm B'hmpemeH npogykm Ha MHgu.H B'h3AU3a Ha okoAo 6% om BpymHu.H cBemoBeH npo­gykm. C'hw,ecmByBam cepuo3HU npo2Ho3u, cnopeg koumo B cAegBaw,ume 25 - 30 zoguHu geA'hm Ha MHgu.H Bepo.Hm­HO w,e ce ygBou. CAeg mupokoMaw,a6Hu peq>0pMu - npegu Bcuqko cAeg HaMaA.HBaHe Ha koHmpoAa om cmpaHa Ha g'hplkaBama - om 1991 2. uHguiicku.Hm BpymeH B'hmpe­meH npogykm 6eAelku 20gumeH p'hcm okoAo 5%. Cnopeg cBemoBHume cmaHgapmu moBa e MH020 Bucok pacmelk, HO e 3HaqumeAHO no-MaA'hk B cpaBHeHue c mo3u Ha Ku­maii. Bepo.HmHo u B paMkume Ha cAegBaw,ume gBe noko­AeHU.H me3u gBe g'hplkaBu w,e ocmaHam pa3BuBaw,u ce cmpaHu. ,l.J;oxogume u cmaHgapm'hm Ha lk:uBom B m.Hx ow,e 9'hA20 H.HMa ga Mo2am ga gocmu2Ham me3u Ha pa3-Bumume UHgycmpuaAHU g'hplkaBu. B C'hUJ,Omo BpeMe ca­MO noAoBuHama om lkeHume B MHgu.H Mo2am ga qemam u numam. BegHocmma u HegoxpaHBaHemo ca mupoko pa3npocmpaHeHu.

11Hgu.H e U3kycmBeHo C'h3gageHa pa3HOpogHa g'hp:tlrn­

Ba. IIo-paHo gHeurnume ru,amu Ha I1Hgu.H, u3mO'lHama u c'hcegka BaH2Aagem u 3anagHama u 2paHU'lHa g'hplkaBa

IIakucmaH ca 6UAu koAoHuu Ha BpumaHckama UMnepu.H.

Ko2amo B kpa.H Ha Bmopama cBemoBHa Boi:'ma att2Au'la­

Hume mp.H6Ba ga cAolkam kpati Ha cBoemo koAOHUaAHO

2ocnogcmBo, ce cmu2a Hati-ttanpeg go pa3u,enAeHue u C'h-

3gaBaHe Ha gBe g'hplkaBu. ,IJ;Be gecemUAemu.H no-k'hcHo ce

omu,enBa u J13mo'leH IIakucmaH u 06.HB.HBa cBo.Hma He3a­

BucuMocm nog UMemo BaH2Aagem. IIakucmaH u BaH2Aa­

gem ca MlOClOAMaHcku g'hplkaBu, HaceAettuemo UM e C'h­

cmaBeHo om MH020 emHu'lecku 2pynu, HO u B gBama cAy­

'la.H eguHHama peAU2U.H u2pae poA.Hma Ha cUAeH o6eguH.H­

Baru, <Pakmop. B I1Hgu.H 80% om egHoMUAuapgHomo Hace­

AeHue U3noB.HgBam uHgyu3Ma, HO M10c10AMaHume, koumo

ca Hag 10%, lkuBe.Hm U3 u,.HAama cmpaHa. I1Hgu.H e emHu­

qecku xemepo2eHHa, B ko.Hmo lkuBe.Hm 3aegHo MH020 nAe­

MeHa u Hapogu. Il'hcmpomama e 20A.HMa u B e3ukoBo om­

HomeHue - Hapeg c xuHgu u aH2Auticku, kamo o<Puu,uaAHu

ca npU3Hamu oru,e 17 gpyzu e3uka. BAa2ogapeHue Ha aH-

2Autickama koAOHUaAHa mpaguu,u.H, uHgutiu,ume UMam

ynpaBAeHue, npaBopa3gaBameAHa cucmeMa u geMokpa­

mu'lHO ycmpoticmBo, koumo (B cpaBHeHue c gpy2ume a3u­

amcku g'hplkaBu) <l>yHku,uoHupam 6Aecm.Hru,o kamo U,.HAO.

EAumume UMam u32pageHo C'homBemHomo Hau,uoHaAHO

caMOC'h3HaHue. Om gpyza cmpaHa, I1Hgu.H ocmaBa mpyg­

HO ynpaBA.HeMa 3apagu HepaBHoMepHomo pa3npegeAeHue

Ha 602amu u 6egHu u nopagu koH<PAukmume Melkgy UH­

gycu u MlOClOAMaHu. Om ocHoBaBaHemo Ha g'hplkaBama

go ce2a moBa e Hati-20AeMu.Hm B'hmpemHonoAumuqecku

npo6AeM. ToBa pa3geAeHue Bepo.HmHo ru,e mp.H6Ba ga Ha­

kapa Hau,u.Hma ga ce 3aMUCAU 3a nocmu2aHemo Ha B'hm-

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peurnoemHU'lecku koHceHcyc. B C'bUJ,omo BpeMe mo3u B'h­npoc onpegeAH go 20AHMa cmeneH uHguiickama B'hHUlHa noimmuka.

C'hru,ecmByBaru,u.Hm Belle noAoBuH cmoAemue ,,kalll­Mupcku koH<l>Aukm" c IIakucmaH ce npeB'hpHa B npuopu­memeH eAeMeHm om B'hHUlHama noAumuka u Ha gBeme cmpaHu. Omkakmo npe3 1949 2. 6e nocmu2Hamo npekpa­m.HBaHe Ha 02'bH.H, a npe3 1950 2. uHgueu,'hm ,IJ;lkaBaxapAaA Hepy u nakucmaHeu,'hm Aim KaaH ce yBep.HBaxa B3aUMHo, qe u gBeme cmpaHu HOC.HID om20BopHocm 3a cAyqBaru,omo ce (koemo 6e HoBocm mo2aBa), He e UMaAO cepuo3HU npe-20Bopu, Haco'leHu k'hM mpaiiHo pelllaBaHe Ha cnopa. MelkgyBpeMeHHO u gBeme cmpaHu ce cgo6uxa c HgpeHo op'hlkue. He 6u mp.H6BaAo ga ce U3kAio'lBa B'h3MOlkHocm­ma eguH geH koH<l>Aukm'hm 3a KalllMUp ga 3acmpalllu MU­pa Ha cy6koHmuHeHma, a u He caMo maM.

Kakmo noBeqemo ucA.HMcku g'hplkaBu, IIakucmaH C'bC cBoume 140 MUAUOHa lkumeAu ce ynpaBAHBa om gukma­mopu. Ilpu makoBa ynpaBAeHue BoeHHama cUAa u2pae u,eHmpaAHa poA.H. Om IIakucmaH mp'b2Haxa pa3AU'lHU ucAHMucmku ekcmpeMucmku 2pynup0Bku. C aMepukaH­cka noMOUJ, me omugoxa ga ce 6u.Hm B A<l>2aHucma», 3a ga npo20H.Hm pycHau,ume. BoiiHama Ha IIJ;amume cperu,y ,,AA Kaiiga" u maAu6aHume, a no-k'bcHo u cperu,y CagaM Xlo­

ceuH, U3npaBu l1cAaMa6ag u nakucmaHckume BoeHHU cu­Au npeg gUAeMa. Om egHa cmpaHa, 2eHepaA MYUlapa<l> He Molkellle ga U3me2Au cBo.Hma nogkpena 3a BoiiHama Ha aMepukaHu,ume c ,,AA Kaiiga", m'hii kamo mp.H6Ballle ga ocyem.HBa ucA.HMucmku mepopucmu'lHU akmoBe Ha ,,AA Kaiiga" u B co6cmBeHama cu cmpaHa, a u He Ha nocAegHo M.Hcmo, 3aru,omo CAIIJ; ca Haii-BalkHu.Hm qylkgecmpaHeH U3IDO'lHuk Ha <l>uHaHcu. Om gpy2a cmpaHa, nogo6Ho Ha

cumyau,u.Hma B gpy<mme ucA.HMcku g'hplkaBu, Hapog'hm Ha IlakucmaH u nakucmaHckume noAumuu,u 3aexa egHo-3HaqHa no3UU,U.H cpeuzy CA~.

C gUAeMa om nogo6eH pog 3aHanpeg ru,e ce c6A'hckBa Bc.Hko nakucmaHcko npaBumeAcmBo, oco6eHo ako U3paeA­cko-naAecmuHcku.Hm koH¢Aukm eckaAupa u oru,e noBeqe B cAyqaii Ha pa3pacmBaHe Ha B3aUMHama Bpalkge6Hocm Melkgy ucA.HMa u 3anaga.

MHgu.H mpygHo Molke ga noHece nogkpen.HHume om IlakucmaH ucA.HMcku mepopucmuqHu akmoBe B KauiMup u gpy<m Heil.Hu ru,amu, kakmo u omBemHU.H mepop om cmpaHa Ha uHgyucmku peAu<m03HU npuB'hplkeHuu,u. Kak­Bo ru,e ce cAyqu c goce2auiHomo BoeHHO C'hmpygHuqecmBo Melkgy MHgu.H u M3paeA, ako noAolkeHuemo B CpegHu.H m­mok ce U3ocmpu? Kak ru,e pea<mpa MHgu.H, ako ce cmu2He go 2Ao6aAeH noAumuqecku u kyAmypeH c6A'hC'hk Melkgy ucA.HMa u 3anaga?

MHgu.H 6u mp.H6BaAo ga cu gage cMemka, qe He caMo Heil.Hume 3anagHu u mmoqHu c'bcegu ca ucA.HMcku g'hp­lkaBu, Bc.Hka om koumo c HaceAeHue om 140 MUAUOHa gy­uiu, HO u qe B caMama cmpaHa lkuBe.Hm gpy2u 140 MUAuo­Ha MlOClOAMaHU.

B npegcmaBume Ha uHguiickama noAumuqecka kAaca c'hnepHuqecmBomo c Kumaii om g'hA20 BpeMe u2pae Balk­Ha poA.H. Ilpegu qemupu gecemUAemu.H ce Bogeuie kumaii­cko-uHguiicka Boil.Ha no 2paHuu,ume. Ilo moBa BpeMe ma-3U Boil.Ha gonpuHece 3a c6AulkaBaHemo Ha MHgu.H C'hC C'b­Bemcku.H C'hl03, kakmo u B'hB BoeHHama o6Aacm. Ommo­wBa gamupam u go6pume omHomeHU.H c Pycu.H.

Taka kakmo kumaiicko-pyckume omHomeHu.H ce Hop­MaAU3upaxa u MelkgyBpeMeHHO Kumaii npaBu nAaHoBe B 6'hgeru,e ga ce cHa6g.HBa c nempoA u 2a3 om Pycu.H u om

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M10c10AMaHcka IJ;eHmpairna A3UH, MHgu.H ce Hag.HBa Ha u,eHmpairnoa3uamcku.H BHoc Ha nempoA. Tp'h6onpoBogu­me HeU36ellrno o6aqe ru,e mp.H6Ba ga MUHaBam npe3 naku­cmaHcka mepumopu.H.

,ll;Hec g'hAiocpollHume nepcnekmuBu B uHguuckama B'hHUIHa noAumuka mpygHo Moiam ga 6'hgam npegBuge­HU. Ilopagu npog'bJ\lkaBaru,u.H geMoipa<Pcku 6YM u Hapa­cmBaru,omo npeHaceABaHe Ha uHguuckume ipagoBe B'hm­pemHama noAumuka ru,e ocmaHe no-ioA.HM npuopumem 3a noAumuqeckama kAaca, omkoAkomo B'hHUIHama noAu­muka. B no-gaAe\lHa nepcnekmuBa uHguuckama B'hHUIHa noAumuka ru,e e no-ckopo npegna3AuBa, c no-ioAeMu B'h3-MolkHocmu 3a omBemHa peaku,u.H, omkoAkomo uHuu,ua­muBHa. ToBa ru,e Balku c n'hAHa cUAa u 3a kamMupcku.H koH<l>Aukm. Ako B3eMeM nog BHuMaHue goceiamHume c'b-6umu.H u onum, 6u 6UAo u,Mo qygo ga ce HaMepu pa3pe­meHue Ha mo3u cnop. CAIIJ, 6uxa M02AU no-ckopo ga 6'h­gam nocpegHuu,u npu pa3pemaBattemo Ha B'hnpoca, HO, kakmo ka3ax, mp.H6Ba ga ce cAyqu qygo.

Ilo U,.HA cB.Hm g'hplkaBHuu,ume u npaBumeAcmBama, mexHume gunAoMamuqecku C'hmpygHuu,u u BoeHHU cUAu ce cmpeM.Hm ga nocmaB.Hm aku,eHm B'hpxy cBo.Hma poA.H B'hB B'hHUIHama noAumuka UAU Hau-MaAko ga C'h3gagam makoBa Bne'lamAeHue y ny6Aukama B poguHama cu. B'hH­UIHonoAumuqeckume ycnexu ce okaqecmBHBam kamo B'hmpemHonoAumuqecku, a qecmo n'hmu u cmpeMelk'hm e uMeHHO mak'hB. To3u npuHu,un e BaAugeH u 3a MHgu.H. BnpolleM no omHomeHue Ha MHgu.H He ce oqepmaBam c<Pepu, B koumo C'bUJ,ecmBeHa npoM.HHa ga o6eru,aBa ioAe­MU ycnexu B'hB B'hHUIHama noAumuka. B'hB Bceku cAyqau cmpeMelkume Ha MHgu.H ru,e ca Haco'leHu k'hM 3ana3BaHe­mo Ha koMnemeHu,uume u <l>YHku.uume Ha cmpaHama B

160

OOH u B gpycmme 20AeMU MelkgynapogHu cBemoBHu op-

2aHU3aQuu.

CBemoBHume Augepu o6aqe mpH6Ba ga npegBugHm 06-

cmoHmeAcmBomo, qe caMo cAeg HHkoAko gecemUAemuH

J1HguH UJ,e ce npeB'bpHe B HoBa cBemoBHa ukoHoMuqecka

cUAa, u mo C'bC 3HaqeHue, gMeq no-20AHMO om moBa Ha

Bpa3UAUH u Mekcuko.

l1cAHM'hm, Cpegttu.Hm U3mok u nempoA'hm

Om c8emo8Hama UCMIMcka peAU2Ufl npOU3AU3am MOUJ,HU kyAmypHu u n0Aumu11ecku me11eHun; no11mu egHa mpema om Bcu11ku g'hplkaBu B cBema no eguH UAU gpyz Ha11uH ca c8'hp3aHu c ucAHMa. B 2eo2pa<l>cko omHouieHue CpegHunm U3mok, c egHo-eguHcmBeHo u3kA1011eHue - M3paeA, e MH­cmomo, k'hgemo ca C'h6paHu MH020 ucAHMcku Hapogu u g'hplkaBu. Hnkou om mJIX: ca Bpa1kge6Ho HacmpoeHu egHu k'hM gpyzu; u goceza uMa BoiiHu u 2pa1kgaHcku pa3Mupu­u,u. Hnkou om me3u cmpaHu pa3n0Aa2am c ozpoMHU 3a­nacu om nempoA, gpyzu HHMam u kanka. IIempoAHume 3anacu Ha CpegHun U3mok ca om pemaBaw,o 3Ha11eHue 3a eHepzuiiHomo cHa6gnBaHe Ha u,eAUH cBnm. T'hii kamo mo­Ba cmamykBo w,e ce 3ana3u ow,e g'hA2U wguHu, Henpek'bc­Hamomo BHuMaHue Ha c8emo8Hume BeAuku cUAu e <l>oky­cupaHo B ma3u nocoka. He3a8ucuMo om moBa, 11e omgaB­Ha CpegHunm U3mok e apeHa Ha Bpa1kge6Hu egHa k'hM gpyza, c'hnepHu11ew,u cu peAU2U03HU ugeoAozuu, Haii-Be11e Melkgy 10geiickun M3paeA u CJHUmume apa6u, HO u Melk­gy CJHumu u muumu, moii Molke ga ce npeB'hpHe B U3xog­Ha mo11ka Ha eguH 2A06aAeH c6A'bC'hk Melkgy UCAHMCkama u 3anagHama kyAmypa. Om gecemUAemun moBa e Haii­onacHama u 2opew,a mo11ka B cBema. B C'hUJ,omo BpeMe B ocmaHaAume 11acmu Ha cBema ce 3Hae MH020 MaAko UAU no11mu HUUJ,O 3a ucAHMa u 3a CpegHuH U3mok. ToBa Balku

162

3a Kumaii u .HnoHUH HanpuMep He3a6ucuMo om mo6a, 11e

li1HgoHe3UH - Haii-20AJIMama M10c10AMaHcka g'hpLka6a c

HaceAeHue om Hag 200 MUAUOHa gyurn - e eguH om Haii-

6aLk:Hume na3apu 3a g6eme cmpaHu u ce HaMupa 6 Heno­

cpegcm6eHo C'hcegcm6o c mm:. Ow,e om Haii-gaAellHU 6pe­

MeHa HyLkgama Ha IIekuH u Tokuo om CHa6gH6aHe c

eHepZUUHU mmOllHUU,U HaAa2a ga ce nogg'hpLkam omHO­

UleHUH c MpaH, CpegHUH mmok u c MlOClOAMaHckume

g'hpLka6u 6 IJ;eHmpaAHa A3UH. B CAIIJ; u E6pona mo3u npo­

u,ec 3ano116a ow,e no-paHo. Humo myk, Humo maM 06a11e

UMa 11y6cm6umeAeH Hanpeg'hk 6 onumume ga ce pa36epe

C'bU1,HOcmma Ha UCAHMa.

IlokoAeHUH e6poneiiu,u ca ce 6'h3xuw,a6aAu Ha 6eAuko­

Aenuemo Ha ,,CB. CoqmH" 6 McmaH6yA UAU Ha muckaHama

kpacoma Ha ,,AAxaM6pa" 6 Kopgo6a; me ca 011apo6aHu om

kUAuMume Ha OpueHma u om MH0206poiiHume npom6e­

geHUH Ha apa6ckomo 3aHaHm11uiicko mkycm6o. Ho 3a no-

6e11emo e6poneiiu,u u aMepukaHu,u ucAHM'hm e 11yLk:g, He­

no3Ham u Hepa36upaeM. BuLkgaAu cMe MlOClOAMaHcku 6o-

20MOAU,U u go3eMu kAaHHU1,U ce 6Hp6aw,u, HO cy2ecmu6Ha­

ma cUAa 3a MlOClOAMaHume, npou3mu11aw,a om ma3u Ma­

co6a MOAum6a, HU e no-ckopo HenoHHmHa, a 3a KopaHa

He 3HaeM no11mu Huru,o. Om mepopucmu11Hume ygapu Ha

,,AA. Kaiiga" 6 H10 Mopk u BamuH2moH HacaM 3a Heru,a­

cmue MH020 aMepukaHu,u ca ckAoHHU ga nocma6Hm 3Hak

3a pa6eHcm6o MeLkgy UCAHMUcmkuH mepopU3'bM u UCAH­

Ma. EgHo mako6a, ocHo6a6aw,o ce Ha Hegocmam'hllHU

3HaHUH, onpocmeH11ecko pa36upaHe Ha Heru,ama MoLke ga

go6ege go HacaLkgaHe Ha mpaiiHa 6paLkge6Hocm. Om

cmpaHa Ha M10c10AMaHume 6 pe3yAmam Ha He6eLk:ecm6o

C'blli,O 11ecmo ce cmuza go Hepa36upaHe. M10c10AMaHume,

koumo Lk:u6eHm 6 6egHocm u 2'bcmo HaceAeHU 6 201\eMu-

me epagoBe, cmpagam om MacoBa 6e3pa6omu~a u ukoHo­MU'iecka 6e3mxogu~a u qecmo ce qyBcmBam YHU3eHu u 3aceeHamu, koeamo eAegam no meAeBmm1ma kagpu om 3anagHu.11 cmaHgapm Ha JkuBom. Te B'h3npueMam kamo om6A'hckBaw, pa3moqumeAHu.11 Ha'lUH Ha JkuBom B 3anag­Hume g'hpJkaBu. HepaBHonpaBHume nocAegu~u om uko­HOMU'leckama eAo6aAu3a~u.11 npegmBukBam eckaAa~u.11

Ha HegoBoAcmBo B MHoeo cmpaHu; ucAJ1Mcku.11m <PYHga­MeHmaAU3'hM omqacmu e u omBemHa peak~u.11 cpew,y eAo6aAu3a~u.11ma u MogepHu3a~u.11ma. MHoeo e AecHo ga BHymum Ha M10c10AMaHckume HapogHu Macu, qe 3ana­g'hm e BuHoBeH 3a He3acAyJkeHama Mmepu.11, B ko.11mo m'hHam. OcBeH moBa, koeamo ce npu6aBu u BoeHHomo npeB'h3xogcmBo Ha JtfapaeA u noggp'bJkkama 3a Heeo om cmpaHa Ha CAIIJ;, Ha koumo M10c10AMaHume ca cBugeme­AU, mJIXHama coAugapHocm c naAecmuH~ume AecHo MO­Jke ga npegmBuka BpaJkge6Hocm k'hM AMepuka. AMepu­kaHckomo BoeHHO npuc'bcmBue B Ilepcuucku.11 3aAuB, om J1pak go lI;eHmpaAHa A3uJI u AcpeaHucmaH, B'hB Bcuqku me3u cAyqau - Ha MlOCIOAMaHcka 3eMJI, gonpuHac.11 3a 3a­cUABaHe Ha Henpu.113'bHma k'hM CAIIJ;.

Bu 6UAo ~JIAo qygo, ako 0Mpa3ama MeJkgy ucAJIMcku­me u 3anagHume Ha~uu 6'bge npeogoAJIHa npe3 XXI Bek. B npog'bAJkeHue Ha BekoBe m.11 e nogxpaHBaHa ,,nocAegoBa­meAHo" om xpucmu.11Hckume ~'hpkBu, nanume, enuckonu­me u MUCUOHepume, pecnekmuBHo om uMaMume, MOMU­me, a.11m0Aacume, ucAJIMckume peAueuo3HU yqUAuw,a u, Hau-o6w,o ka3aHo, om ucAJIMckume yqeHu.

IIoBeqemo cBemoBHu peAueuu npemeHgupam 3a U3-kAiollumeAHocm u n'hpBocmeneHHa poA.11 cpeg ocmaHaAU­me - moBa ce omHac.11 kakmo 3a ucAJIMa, maka u 3a xpu­cmu.11HcmBomo. J1 gBeme peAueuu uMam 3a ocHoBa cBe-

w,eHu nucaHUH. T'hi:i kamo u Bu6Au.ama, u KopaH'hm ca ce HpkgaeAu om m'hAkyBaHe, gBeme cBemoBHu peAuzuu ca pa3BUAu npocmpaHHa, Makap u omqacmu npomuBopequ­Ba, meoAOZU'lHa Hayka. M B gBeme peAuzuu gyxoBHuu,ume 69.am 3a C'bxpaH.aBaHe Ha cBo.ama B.apa; u gBeme peAuzuu cu cAyJkam c oco6eHa meoAOZU'lHa pemopuka. J13kiuoqu­meAHO p.agko o6aqe ce cAyqBa H.akoi:i ga npoqeme kHuzu UAU nucaHUH, npuHagAeJkaw,u k'hM gpyeama peAuzua, ka­mo BMecmo moBa gyxoBHuu,ume u om gBeme BepoU3noBe­gaHUH gonpuHac.am 3a pa3naABaHe Ha B3aUMHama Bpa1k­ge6Hocm. Kakmo B xpucmu.aHcmBomo, maka u B UCAHMa om cmoAemu.a HacaM C'hUJ,ecmByBa cmpeMeJk 3a nocmu­zaHe Ha eguHeHue MeJkgy peAuzuo3Ha u noAumuqecka BAacm, 6UAo nog <PopMama Ha xaAu<Pamu u cyAmaHamu, pecnekmuBHo qpe3 nanckama uHcmumyu,u.a. ,D;okamo xpucmu.aHckume nanu 3azy6Bam cBoemo MOUJ,HO noAu­muqecko BAUHHUe ow,e B kpa.a Ha cpegHoBekoBuemo, B ucA.aMckama meoAozu.a Bee ow,e BAacmBa npegcmaBama 3a eguHcmBo MeJkgy Q'hpkBa u g'hpJkaBa. Ilpakmukama, pa36upa ce, noka3Ba c'bBceM pa3AU'lHU Hew,a. Iloqmu Bcuqku C'bBpeMeHHU UCA.HMCku g'bpJkaBu ca UAU MOHap­xuu, UAU npe3ugeHmcku gukmamypu, pa3Z'bpHamu B pa3-AU'lHa cmeneH. CaMo B MpaH Bucmama noAumuqecka BAacm e B p'hu,eme Ha B'hpxoBHume peAuzuo3HU aBmopu­memHu Bogaqu u uHcmumyu,uu u, pa36upa ce, e nog <Pop­Mama Ha gukmamypa.

Cnopeg H.Hkou 3anagHu npegcmaBumeAu, no-mo'lHO cnopeg HHkou aMepukaHu,u, ocHoBHama pa3Auka MeJkgy ucA.HMckama u 3anagHama u,uBUAu3au,u.a ce kpue B pa3-AU'lHume <PopMu Ha ynpaBAeHue: myk uMaMe geMokpa­u,uu, a maM - gukmamypu u aBmopumapHu cucmeMu Ha ynpaBAeHue. H.akou aMepukaHu,u cmueam u no-gaAe'l, ka-

165

mo ce caM03aA'beBam, qe 3apagu B'hmpeurno npuc'hru,ama UM MupoA106uBocm geMokpau,uume He ca B c'bcmo.irnue ga Bog.Hm BoiiHu egHa cperu,y gpyea. qpe3 makuBa UA103UU me nogxpaHBam MucuoHepckama cu npegcmaBa, qe uMeHHO me ca npU3BaHu ga geMokpamU3upam CpegHu.H U3mok.

EBaHeeAucmkume u HeokoHcepBamuBHume emu, kou­mo noHacmo.Hru,eM ynprukH.HBam WA.HMO noAumuqecko BAU.HHue B'hB BaumHemoH, ce 3a6AyLkgaBam, qe xpucmu­.HHckama B.Hpa u geMokpamuqHume npuHu,unu UMam eg­HU u C'bUl,U kopeHu, qe geMokpau,u.Hma, npaBoBama g'hp­Lk:aBa u qoBeuikume npaBa ca npogykm Ha xpucmu.HH­cmBomo. ,l..l;eMokpau,u.Hma u npaBoBama g'hpLkaBa uMam cBoume kopeHu MHoeo no-paHo om xpucmu.HHcmBomo; me gopu no Hukak'hB HaquH He ca Hac'hpqaBaHu om xpu­cmu.HHckume U,'hpkBu. 11 B xpucmu.HHcka EBpona, u B xpu­cmu.HHcka Pycu.H u i\amuHcka AMepuka npe3 BekoBeme e UMaAo aBmopumapHu ynpaBAeHU.H, a6coA10mucmku MO­Hapxuu u yLk:acHu gukmamypu.

AMepukaHcku.Hm onum 3a cma6UAU3upaHe Ha pa3Mup­Hama cumyau,u.H B CpegHu.H U3mok, no-koHkpemHo B 11pak, uMa MHoeo MaAku u3eAegu 3a ycnex. IlpegcmaBa­ma, qe B CpegHu.H U3mok caMo B paMkume Ha H.HkoAko ge­cemmemu.H MoLke ga 6'bge npokapaHa mpaguu,u.Hma Ha eBponeiickomo u ceBepHoaMepukaHckomo pa3Bumue om BpeMemo Ha IlpocBeru,eHuemo u cAeg moBa ga ce B'hBegam geMokpamuqHu <PopMu Ha ynpaBAeHue, cu ocmaBa egHa onacHa UA103U.H. Om egHa cmpaHa, enoxama Ha pa3YMa u IlpocBeru,eHuemo npu Hae e UMaAa g'hAea npegucmopu.H u caMa no ce6e cu e 6ma g'hA'be u npog'hALkumeAeH npou,ec, a om gpyea - Humo pa3geAeHuemo Ha g'hpLkaBama om lI;'hpkBama, Humo npuHu,unume Ha npaBoBama g'hpLkaBa

166

UJ,m:a ga ce HMmkam 6e3 Beaukume peBoAfOu,uu B All2AUH, CeBepHa AMepuka u <l>paHU,UH. Ilog IIpocBeUJ,eHue ce pa3-6upa He caMo mel.J.eHue B'hB qmaocoqmHma, He caMo Boa­mep, Pyco u KaHm; mo o6xBaUJ,a Bcul.J.ku ocmaHMU o6aa­cmu Ha Haykama, koumo cu nocmaBHm 3a u,ea ocBo6mk­gaBaHemo Ha l.J.oBeka om onekama Ha g'hplkaBama u l.I;'hpkBama. Emo 3aUJ,O KonepHuk u rMUAei.i. C'bUl,O ce npu­l.J.UCAHBam k'hM eBponei.i.ckomo IIpocBeUJ,eHue, kakmo u Xio20 ge rpym UAU ,ll;lkoH Aok, MoHmeckho, AecuH2, aMe­pukaHckume </Jegepa.A,HU nuc.Ma UAU ,ll;apBuH. Kamo ucmo­puqecku npou,ec, npocmupaUJ, ce npe3 BekoBeme u npelku­BHA pa3u,Bem B XoaaHguH, All2AUH, <l>paHU,UH, CeBepHa AMepuka u oml.J.acmu B IIpycuH u ABcmpuH, IIpocBeUJ,e­Huemo e qacm om cpJHgaMeHmMHume nocmulkeHUH u onum Ha 3ana9Hama u,uBUAu3aU,UH. MogepHama geMo­kpau,uH u npaBoBama g'hplkaBa B EBpona u AMepuka ca pe3yAmam om mo3u umpokoMaUJ,a6eH npou,ec. Toti HeBu­Hazu e npomul.J.M 2aagko - maka e 6UAo u B CAIIJ;, k'hge­mo po6cmBomo ce npeMaxBa c 2palkgaHcka Boi.i.Ha. OH3u, koi.i.mo ce onuma ga HMolku pe3yAmamume om mo3u npou,ec Ha M10c10AMaHckume Hapogu omB'hH, u mo om gHec 3a ympe, UJ,e mpH6Ba ga 3anAamu 3a moBa c u,eHama Ha oMpa3a u koHcpaukmu. 0H3U, koi.i.mo ucka ga geMokpa­mU3upa CpegHUH U3mok B uMemo Ha xpucmuHHckuH Bo2, npegBapumeAHO e o6pel.J.eH Ha npoBM, m'hi.i. kamo B 20-AHMomo cu MH03UHcmBo gyxoBHume Bogal.J.U Ha UCJ\HMa caegBam cBoume o6pa3oBameAHu mpaguu,uu, 3aBemume u mpaguu,uume, 3aBeUJ,aHu om MoxaMeg (Xagucu), Ha npegnucaHu.Hma Ha ucAHMckomo npaBo (Illepuam). B'hB Bceku cayqai.i. goce2a IIpocBeUJ,eHuemo He e nocHAo cBou­me CeMeHa IlOl.J.mU B HUkOH UCJ\HMCka g'hplkaBa, ocBeH MO­.Ike 6u MMko B Caygumcka Apa6uH.

167

3apagu c8oume ozpoMHU 3aAelku Ha nempoA Caygum­cka Apa6u.a 3aeMa m8'hpge 3HaqumeAHO MHcmo cpeg ocmaHaAume MlOClOAMaHcku g'hplka8u. B'h8 8'hHUIHonoAu­muqecko omHoUieHue caygumckomo kpaAcko ceMeiicm8o cna38a geiicm8auwmo MelkgyttapogHo npa8o u yqacm8a 8 OOH u gpyzu MelkgyttapogHu opzaHu3au,uu. B'h8 8'hmpeUI­HonoAumuqecku nAaH guHacmunma Cayg ynpa8AH8a a6-coA10mucmku. BAacmma u ce AezumuMupa qpe3 mpagu­u,uoHHama o68'bp3aHocm C'hC cekmama Ha yaxa6umume, qpe3 nonequmeAcm8o Hag c8emume Mecma Meka u Me­gutta, kakmo u qpe3 ugeiiHama u qmHaHco8ama nogkpena 3a UCAHMucmku akmu8ucmu U38'bH cmpaHama.

,D;ecemUAemun Hapeg ozpoMHomo nempoAHO 6ozam­cm8o ocuzypn8a Ha Caygumcka Apa6un ZOAHMa qmHaHco-8a c8o6oga; mo8a U3kJU1U MaAo6poiiHama 8'hpXJU1ka k'hM 8ogeHe Ha Aykco3eH u ck'hn lku8om, HO u no8uUiu 3Haqu­meAHO goxogume u cmaHgapma Ha lku8om Ha ocmaHaAa­ma qacm om HaceAeHuemo. Caygumcka Apa6un e 8 uko­HOMuqecku U3ZOgHama no3uu,un ga MaHunyAupa 8 Uiupok guana30H c npoU38ogcm8omo u ozpoMHUH U3HOC Ha ne­mpoA. Ta3u yttukaAHa poAH Ha 1tau-eo.A.H.Ma cmpaHa-uJHO­

cume.A,ka Ha nempo.A,, u ocuzypu 8ogeru,o MHcmo 8 OIIEK. ,D;uckpemHume omHoUieHUH Ha pa36upameAcm8o C'bC CAIIJ; ocuzypn8am noggp'hlkka Ha pelkuMa 8'h8 8'bHUIHo­noAumuqecku nAaH. Taka go kpan Ha 80-me zoguHu cmpa­Hama U3ZAelkgaUie kamo <l>akmop 3a cma6UAHocm.

B nocAegHo 8peMe cumyau,unma ce npoMeHu, u mo He 8 noA3a Ha pelkuMa, nopagu pa3AuqHu npuquHu - 6'bp3o­mo Hapacm8aHe 6pon Ha HaceAeHuemo c 6Au3o 3,5% zo­

guUIHO, Ho8ume <l>akmopu Ha c8emo8HUH na3ap Ha ne­mpoA, yqacmuemo Ha cmpaHama 8 ucAHMucmku geiiHo­cmu u pacmnru,ama 8palkge6Hocm cpew,y AMepuka 8

168

CpegHU.H U3mok. Om 80-me 2oguHu cmaHgapm'hm Ha lku­Bom Ha xopama maM, Ha6poHBaru,u 22 MUAUoHa, Belle He ce nokallBa, a HanpomuB- 6eAelku cnag, ocBeH moBa UMa Bucoka 6e3pa6omu'-'a cpeg MAagomo nokoAeHue.

Ilo BpeMe Ha n'hpBama Boil.Ha Ha CA.IQ c Mpak 3a pkac Ha yaxa6umume, Ha caygumcka 3eMH uMame noqmu no­AoBuH MUAUOH aMepukaHcku BouHu'-'u. IloHacmoHru,eM me ca egBa 50 XUAHgu. ,D;HeC omHOUleHUHma C'bC CA.IQ ca ox­AagHeAU. He caMo OcaMa 6uH AageH, Ho u MH020 gpy2u ucAHMcku mepopucmu npoU3xolkgam om Caygumcka Apa6uH. KpaAckama <PaMUAUH Cayg g'hplku Ha nypumaH­cko-yaxa6umckomo B'h3numaHue B yqUAuru,ama u yHUBep­cumemume, kakmo u ga ce npegcmaBH kamo cAegoBHu'-'a Ha yaxa6umckume nopHgku; npu npecAegBaHemo Ha me­popucmume o6aqe 6eme npuHygeHa ga mp'h2He cperu,y AMepuka, koemo He 6e moAkoBa nonyAHpHo cpeg co6-cmBeHuH u Hapog. PogcmBeHume Bp'h3ku u omHomeHUH Melkgy XUAHgume BHY'-'U u npaBHY'-'U Ha kpaA <Dai:icaA u6H Cayg, koi:imo Ha npakmuka e ocHoBameA Ha g'hplkaBama, ca ce 3ana3UAU HenpoMeHeHu u gonpuHacHm 3a Henony­AHpHocmma Ha pelkuMa, 'lUHmo B'hmpemHonoAumuqecka '-'HAocm e pa3nok'hcaHa. He e u3kA10lleHo B Caygumcka Apa6uH ga ce cmu2He u go npeBpam.

CmpaHama Bee oru,e e kpai:i'h2'hAeH kaM'hk B gocmaBku­me Ha nempoA 3a '-'eAUH cBHm. Emo 3aru,o Hukoi:i aMepu­kaHcku npe3ugeHm He ce e onumBaA galke u HaC'hH ga Ha­peqe Caygumcka Apa6uH ,,nogAa cmpaHa" UAU ,,oc Ha 3AO­mo". CA.IQ mpygHo Mo2am ga cu n03BOAHm Hapeg c uHu­'-'uupaHama om caMume mHx 3agaqa 3a cma6UAU3upaHe Ha no6egeHUH Mpak u Hapeg c 06me2Hamume omHome­HUH c MpaH ga npeB'hpHam u Caygumcka Apa6uH B cBoi:i npomuBHuk. AMepuka o6aqe e U3npaBeHa npeg B'hnpoca,

kak ga ypegu 6'hgew,ume cu omHmneHUH C'hc cmpaHama u pe1lmMa 8 He.H, oco6eHo c 02Aeg Ha He.HcHama o6cmaHo8-ka cAeg Heomga8Haurnama CM'hpm Ha nocAegHu.H om ynpa8A.H8aw,ume 6pam.H. CaMomo kpaAcko ceMeucm8o Cayg e 3alli\aUI8aHo om ucA.HMcku.H cJ>YHgaMeHmaAU3'hM u mepopu3'hM 3apagu C'hmpygHu'lecmBomo cu C'hC CAIIJ;. B c'hw,omo BpeMe mo e U3npa8eHo npeg Heo6xoguMocmma om UiupokoMaw,a6Ha MogepHU3au,u.H Ha c8o.Hma apxauq­Ha cucmeMa Ha ynpa8AeHue. E8poneuu,ume om c8o.H cmpaHa mp.H68a ga peUiam gaAu u kak w,e nognoM02Ham cUAume, 3auHmepeco8aHu om noAumuqeckama geMokpa­mU3aU,U.H Ha cmpaHama.

B CpegHu.H U3mok nomYUia8aHemo, gopu pa3peUia8a­Hemo Ha u3paeAcko-naAecmuHcku.H koHc)>Aukm e kAfoqo8 8'hnpoc. ,D;okamo CAIQ He npegnpueMam cepuo3HU, npog'hiUkumeAHU ycUAu.H c BuguM pe3yAmam 8 ma3u Ha­coka u He ce cmu2He go JMUpom8op.H8aHe Ha koHc)>Aukma, npo6AeM'hm w,e npog'hiUku ga c'hw,ecm8y8a, 3aw,omo HU­ko.H gpy2a g'hp.ika8a, Hukoe qy./kgo npa8umeAcm8o 8 6Au3-ko 6'hgew,e H.HMa ga npume.ika8a Hylkliume cpegcm8a u cUAama ga ce cnpa8u c mo8a.

Om cnopa3JMeHuemo om KeMn ,D;eu8ug npe3 1977 2. HacaM, ko2amo MO.HID npu.HmeA, eiunm.HHUH'hm AHyap Cagam, Hanpa8u nocew,eHue 8 U3paeAcku.H napAaMeHm (KHeca) npu 8pa2a om qemupu BouHu, noAumukama Ha CAIQ cnp.HMO JfapaeA u naAecmuHu,ume cmaHa Heycmou­qu8a u HenocAego8ameAHa. Qqe8ugHo e, qe npu'luHume ce kopeH.Hm 8 aMepukaHckama 8'hHU1Ha noAumuka.

Omkakmo Jilu,xak Pa6uH 6e y6um u ce cAo.iku kpau Ha npe208opHU.H MupeH npou,ec om OcAo npe3 1993 - 1995 2., HaCID'hllU Ha'laAOIDO Ha eguH CM'hpIDOHOCeH OMa2bOCaH kp'h2, 8 koumo nocAego8ameAHO ce pegy8am HacUAue u

170

M'bcm, mepop u aHmumepop. M gBaMama - u Cagam, u Pa6uH - 6.axa y6umu om ek­

cmpeMucmu om co6cmBeHume UM g'hpLkaBu. ,[(Hee Bceku­gHeBHo cMe cBugemeAu Ha k'hpBaBu caMoy6uucmBeHu ameHmamu. IlocmpoeHama om U3paeAckomo npaBumeA­cmBo cmeHa no B'hHUlHama zpaHuu,a Ha M3paeA HHMa ga cAoLku kpau Ha mepopu3Ma, 3am,omo, kakmo e npu noqmu Bcuqku okynau,uoHHU peLkuMu, u B IlaAecmuHa xopama CMB:mam, qe mepopucmuqHume akmoBe cpem,y okynamo­pa ca zepoucka nocm'hnka. T'hii kamo moBa noAoLkeHue m,e ce 3ana3u, noAumuqeckama cBo6oga 3a geucmBue Ha BcHko naAecmuHcko npaBumeAcmBo m,e e ozpaHuqeHa; Z'hBkaBocmma Ha U3paeAckama noAumuka e MMko no-zo­AHMa, HOB pe3yAmam Ha akmoBeme Ha HacUAue npe3 no­cAegHume zoguHu C'bUJ,O ce cmecHHBa.

Be3koMnpoMUCHama noAumuka Ha nocAegHume U3pa­eAcku npaBumeAcmBa ce Ham'hkBa Ha HapacmBam,a kpu­muka B EBpona. HaqeHku Ha kpumuqHo omHomeHue UMa u B CAIIJ;, u B caMUH M3paeA. Kpumukama nopaLkga om­BemHa peaku,uH. 0He3u, koumo kpumukyBam U3paeAcko­mo npaBumeAcmBo, ca o6BuHHBaHu B aHmuceMumu3'bM: ,,To3u, koumo kpumukyBa J13paeA, 3acmpamaBa ou,eAHBa­Hemo Ha eBpeume!" 3a eguH zepMaHeu, e MHOZO mpygHo ga U3g'hp1ku Ha makaBa kpumuka cAeg XoAokocma Hag MUAUOHU eBpeu. Hue, zepMaHu,ume, MoLkeM caMo ga B'h3-AazaMe HageLkgume cu Ha M3paeA, koHmo LkeAae MUpHo ypeLkgaHe Ha koH<l>Aukma, a C'bUJ,O u Ha Au6epaAHomo eB­peucko Ao6u B AMepuka u EBpona. Ilpenop'bqumeAHo e o6aqe BcHko zepMaHcko npaBumeAcmBo ga npoHBHBa cg'hpLkaHocm no me3u B'hnpocu. IlpomuBHo Ha moBa, npa­BumeAcmBama B IlapuLk, i\oHgoH u npegu Bcuqko B'hB Ba­muHzmoH uMam MHOZO no-zoAHMa cBo6oga 3a geucmBue,

171

m'hii kamo He Mozam ga 6'bgam 3acernamu om ynpeu,ume 3a npoHBa Ha aHmuceMumu3'hM.

,,Omc'hcmBuemo Ha pa36upameAcm6o Melkgy omgeAHume kyAmypHu kp'hzo6e w.e onpegeAu no-Hamam'hUlHUH xog Ha 6'bgew.emo." Taka npe3 1993 z. CaM10eA X'hHmUHZm'hH Hanuca 6 cBoemo npoqymo ece 3a HagBucHaAama onac­Hocm om c6.A/bC'bk 1ta 14u8LMuJa14uumeu noucka om 3ana­ga ga npoHBU no-g'hA6oko pa36upaHe omHOCHO peAU2U03-Hume u <l>UAoco<Pckume npuHu,unu Ha gpyzume kyAmypu. ToBa u3uck6aHe e om lkuB uHmepec 3a eBponeiiu,ume, 3a­w.omo me C'h.ikumeAcmBam 6 HenocpegcmBeHa zeozpa<l>­cka 6Au3ocm c UCAHMa. B paMkume Ha EBponeiickuH C'hl03 UCAHM'hm e Bmopomo no ZOAeMUHa u pa3npocmpaHeHue BepoU3no6egaHue, a Ha MHozo Mecma 6'b3Huk6am u npo-6AeMu Melkgy MecmHume lkumeAu u MlOClOAMaHckume UMUZpaHmu.

EBponeiiu,ume ce HylkgaHm om Mup Melkgy gBeme 20-AeMu c6emo6HU peAUZUU, xpucmUHHcmBo u UCAHM, noBe­qe om aMepukaHu,ume. ,[);a ce HagHBaMe, B'hnpeku qe e MaAko BepoHmHo, Bogew.ume eBponeiicku noAumuu,u ga ce o6eguHHm okoAo egHa o6w.a, omkpuma noAumuka Ha peAuZU03Ha m'hpnuMocm. Te o6aqe HHMa ga ycneHm ga noBAUHHm Ha AMepuka 6 gyxa Ha peAUZU03Hama moAe­paHmHocm, Humo w.e Mozam ga pa3pa6omHm C'b6Me­cmHo C'bc C.Alll; eguHHa cmpamezuH 3a CpegHUH U3mok. BepoHmHo u npe3 cAegBaw.ume gecemUAemuH mo3u pe­zuoH w.e ocmaHe U3moqHuk Ha onacHa HecuzypHocm. MMeHHO 3amo6a e HylkHo ga C'h6AIOga6aMe npuHu,unume Ha peAuZU03Ha moAepaHmHocm. Ilpu moBa 3anag'hm He mpH66a ga 3a6pa6H, qe ugeHma 3a o6w.oqo6euikume npa­Ba, a C'hlll,O u pa36umama 6 no-Ho6u BpeMeHa koHu,enu,uH

172

3a XJMaHumapHa HaMeca Bog.Hm HaqaAomo cu om ceBep­HOaMepukaHckomo u eBponeuckomo IIpocBeru,eHue. Heo6xoguMo e C'hUJ,O ga ce npaBu npeu,u3HO pa32paHuqe­Hue Melkgy UCA.HMCku <PYH9aMeHmaAU3'bM u UCA.HMcku mepopm'hM. T'hu kamo npe3 XXI Bek 3eM.Hma e no-2'bcmo HaceAeHa om kozamo u ga 6UAo, e Heo6xoguMo xopama ga npo.HBHBam peAuzuo3Ha moAepaHmHocm eguH k'bM gpy2, 3a ga LkuBe.Hm 3aegHo. B ma3u Hacoka e HyLkHo ga omnpa­BuM aneA u k'hM gyxoBHume Bogaqu Ha 8cuqku peAuzuo3-HU o6ru,Hocmu, k'hM noAumuu,ume u B'h3numameAume: ,,B'h3numaBaume B moAepaHmHocm xopama, koumo ca Bu noBepeHu. IIpomuBonocmaB.Hume ce cperu,y onpaBgaBaHe­mo Ha Bc.Hkak'hB Bug mepop u HacUAue no peAuzuo3HU npuquHu."

Pycu.a - cBemoBHa cUAa c UA103opeH xapakmep

J1 Pycu.H UMa npo6AeMu c ykpenHaAomo CaMOC'h3HaHue Ha MlOClOAMaHume. Om 145 MUAUOHa 2prukgaHU Ha g'hpJk:aBa­ma Haii-MaAko 15, a MoJk:e 6u u 20 MUAuoHa mnoB.HgBam ucA.HMa. ToBa ca Jk:umeAume Ha MH0206poii.Hume MaAku pe­ny6Auku B CeBepeH KaBka3, no nopequemo Ha peka BoA2a u B Cu6up. Cpeg mm: oco6eHo ce omkpo.HBa qeqeHU.H, m'hii ka­mo B noBeqemo qacmu om cBema Meguume ycnm::a ga C'h6y-9Hm C'hnpuqacmHocmma Ha xopama k'hM cenapamucmka­ma 6op6a Ha qeqeHckume MlOClOAMaHU u ga ce no2puJk:am ga 6'hge 3ana3eHo ocmpomo kpumu~o omHomeHue k'hM 6pymaAHume koHmpacenapamucmku BoeHHU Mepku, npeg­npuemu om MockBa.

Bcm'hnBaiiku B gA'hhocm npe3 2000 2., npegugeHm'hm IlymuH HacAegu ma3u 2prukgaHcka BoiiHa, ko.Hmo mAeeme om 1994 2. )l;ocew moii He ycn.H Humo ga JMUpomBopu, HU­mo ga cAoJk:u kpaii Ha k'hpBaBama mpa2egU.H. )l;o MOMeHma, B koiimo ,,AA Kaiiga" He HaHece cBoume mepopucmuqHu yga­pu B CAIIJ;, AMepuka CM.Hmame 2prukgaHckama Boii.Ha B qe­qeHu.H 3a MOpaAHo HenpueMAuBa. Omkakmo o6aqe B'hB Ba­UIUH2moH 6e nogema Boii.Ha cpeuzy mepopu3Ma, B ko.Hmo ynpaBA.HBaru,ume ce HyJk:gaexa om noMoru,ma Ha Pycu.H, aMepukaHckama kpumuka k'hM IlymuH omcAa6Ha 3Haqu­meAHo. B C'hru,omo BpeMe kpumukama cpeuzy BogeHama om Pycu.H meJk:koB'hop'hlkeHa 2prukgaHcka BoiiHa e onpaBgaHa,

174

gopu 110Bek ga He U3numBa HukakBu cUMnamuu khM ucAHM­

ckume cenapamucmku 6ymnoBHuu,u B qe11eHUH.

H.HMa ga e U3HeHaga, ako npe3 cAegBaw,ume 20guHu Ha

02poMHama mepumopUH Ha Pycu.H u B gpy2U o6Aacmu u3-

6yxtt.am ucA.HMcku 6ymnoBe u mepop. Ow,e om BpeMemo Ha

pyckume u,ape, a no-k'hcHo u B epama Ha C'hBemcku.H C'hl03

kompAukmume Melkgy ucA.HMckume cUAu u MockBa ca Ha

gHeBeH peg. C'hBemckomo Ha.XAyBaHe B A$2aHucmaH npe3

1979 - 1980 2. 6e UMeHHO B'hB Bp'h3ka c mo3u pog koH$Aukmu.

Ako B npou,eca Ha pa3nagaHe Ha C'hBemcku.H C'hl03 npe3 90-

me 20guHu He ce 6eme cmu2HaAO go omgeA.HHemo u o6oco-

6.HBaHemo Ha nemme u,eHmpaAHoa3uamcku peny6Auku Ka-

3axcmaH, Y36ekucmaH, Kup2u3cmaH, TypkMeHucmaH u

TagJkukucmaH, gHec Bepo.HmHo U,.HAa IJ;eHmpaAHa A3u.H w.e­

me ga ce npeB'hpHe B pe2UoH Ha ucA.HMcka nogpuBHa geu­

Hocm. ID;.HXa ga 6'hgam 3aMeceHu He caMo a<t>2aHucmaHcku,

HO u npegUMHO nakucmaHcku CUAU u nocAeguu,ume om ma-

3U HaMeca w,RXa ga o6xBaHam gopu 3anagHokumauckama

npoBuHu,u.H CUHg3.HH. ToBa 6u M02AO ga ce cAyqu u B 6'hge­

w,e. Ilo cBo.Hma Balk.Hocm ucA.HMcku.Hm npo6AeM gaAe11 u3-

npeBapBa u Haii-Ha6oAeAume B'hmpemHonoAumu11ecku u

ukoH0Mu11ecku 3aga11u, cmo.HUJ,u npeg Pycu.H.

KoMnAekcHume npo6AeMU Ha Pycu.H Mo2am ga 6'hgam

pa36paHu caMo ako ce onumaMe ga aHaAU3UpaMe ucmopu.H­

ma Ha cmpaHama npe3 nocAegHume gBe cmoAemu.H. 3a no3-

HaBa11ume Ha pyckama Aumepamypa UMeHa kamo AepMoH­

moB, IlymkuH, Typ2eHeB, ro20A, qexoB, ~ocmoeBcku u ToA­

cmoii ca 6e3cnopHu aBmopumemu; MH020 xopa Bepo.HmHo

ca 11eAU C'hUJ,O u ropku, IIIOAOXOB UAU CoAJkeHUU,UH. BeAuka­

ma pycka Aumepamypa e 11acm om eBponeiickomo kyAmyp­

HO 602amcmBo. C'hw,omo BaJku u 3a pyckama MY3uka - H.H­

Ma koHu,epmHa 3aAa B MUAaHo UAU Ilapmk, XaM6yp2 UAU

175

AoHgoH, k'hgemo ga He 3Byqam npoU3BegeHuH:ma Ha PUM­

cku-KopcakoB, qaiikoBcku, Mycopzcku, CmpaBuHcku, Ilpo­

koqmeB UAU IllocmakoBwi. B aumepamypHo u Mj'3ukaAHo

omHmneHue pycHal\ume UMam Heo\_\eHUM npuHoc 3a o6oza­

mHBalle Ha l\MOCmHama eBponei:icka kyAmypa. Om gpyza cmpalla, nocaoBuqeH e MUcuoHepckuHrn MmpyucmuqeH UM­

nyac Ha pycHa\_\ume, UMaw, cBoume kopeHu B pyckomo npa­

BocaaBue, qui:imo \_\eHm'hp om XIV Bek HacaM e MockBa u

koi:imo e 6UA ocHoBHa gBwkew,a cUAa 3a Bcuqku Beauku py­

cku Baagemeau. JilBaH I'po3HU u Ilem'bp Beauku kamo Bcuq­

ku cBou npegUiecmBeHUl\U u HacaegHUl\U ca CMHrnaAU, qe

UM e 6UAa B'h3AmkeHa MUCuH; AeHUH u CmaaUH npog'b.iuka­

Bam ma3u UMnepuaaucmuqecka mpagul\UH.

Caeg okoHqameAHama no6ega Hag HanoaeoH PycuH ce

npeBp'hw,a B Hai:i-Beaukama cUAa Ha eBponei:ickuH koHmu­

HeHm. CUMBoa Ha ma3u MOW, e auqHocmma Ha \_\apH. IJ;apU3-

M'hm e He CaMO peakl\UOHeH u kpai:iHo koHcepBamuBeH, HO

ce zpwku u 3a moBa cmpallama ga ocmaHe He3acernama om

3anagHu BauHHUH. Ilocaegul\ama om moBa mpagUl\UOHHo

HegoBepue cnpHMo 3anagHume BAUHHUH ce npeBp'bw,a B 6a­

puepa 3a npoHukBallemo Ha npocBew,eHcku ugeu B PycuH.

Enoxama Ha IlpocBew,eHuemo B gei:icmBumeAHocm noqmu

He Hacm'hnBa B PycuH. B pe3yAmam Ha moBa He Mmke ga ce

pa3Z'bpHe cBo6ogHo Humo kyAmypama, Humo n'hk ga ce MO­

gepHu3upa ukoHoMukama. B'hnpeku HHkou MaAku pe<J.>opMU

noqmu go kpaH Ha XIX Bek PycuH cu ocmaBa azpapHa cmpa­

Ha. Hapog'hm lkuBeea 6egHo, a Bcuqku 6aazUHu ce U3AuBaau

B glko6a Ha 3eMeBaageackama apucmokpal\UH. B'hnpeku mo­

Ba UMaAO HHkoAko MaHu<J.>akmypu u mekcmUAHu <J.>a6puku B

MockBa, go6uBaau ce B'hzauw,a u cmoMalla B Ykpai:iHa, a B

Ilemep6ypz u Ogeca 6UAu pa3Bumu Mopckomo geao, kopa6o­

cmpoeHemo u Mopckama B'hHUIHa m'bpzoBuH. JilcmUHcku

uHgycmpuaAeH pacmelk o6aqe nocAegBaA qak khM kpa.H Ha XIX Bek. C pa32p'hUJ,aHe Ha ycUAu.Hma 3a B'hop'hlkaBaHe npe3 Il'hpBama cBemoBHa Bofula Ha 6.HA cBHID ce no.HBUA uHgy­cmpuaAHu.Hm npoAemapuam, HO no moBa BpeMe moi:i C'hB­ceM He 6UA npegcmaBumeAHo HBAeHue 3a ukoHoMUkama Ha Pycu.H, gokamo ynpaBAeHuemo He noeA L\.eHUH npe3 1917 2.

Ilpu koMJHucmuqecku.H pelkUM Hacm'hnBa 20AHMa npo­M.HHa. Bpo.Hm Ha 3aemume B uHgycmpu.Hma xopa 6'hp3o Ha­pacmBa. Bcullko e B p'hu,eme Ha g'hplkaBama. ,Il;'hplkaBHama 610pokpamullHa MaurnHa B3eMa pemeHu.Hma 3a moBa, kakBo u koAko ga ce npoU3Be1kga u k'hge ga ce U3Hac.H, 2pu1ku ce 3a qmHattcupaHemo, pemaBa kakBu ga 6'bgam HoBume npoek­mu, gukmyBa B'h3Ha2pa1kgeHu.Hma u u,eHume. H.HMa Hylkga om 6aHku, Humo om cAolkHa gaH'bllHa cucmeMa. <l>ukcupa­Hemo Ha B'h3Ha2pa1kgeHu.Hma u 3anAamume gaBa B'h3Mo1k­Hocm 3a omHeMaHe Ha nellaA6ume u U3AumecmBama om qia6pukume u no mo3u HallUH ce qiopMupa B3eMaHu.Hma 3a ocu2yp.HBaHe Ha g'hplkaBHu.H 61091kem. Ako He ce omqumam gocmam'hllHO 20AeMU nellaA6u B uHgycmpu.Hma u 3eMege­Auemo, Ha pa3noA01keHue Ha g'hplkaBama ca u,eHmpaAHama 6aHka, ko.Hmo nycka B o6paru,eHue gon'hAHumeAHo koAulle­cmBo py6Au. HeU36e1kHa nocAeguu,a om moBa e uH<l>AaU.U.H­ma. Ko2amo k'hM kpa.H Ha 80-me 209UHU B pa320Bop c rop6a­llOB ce onumax ga Hacoqa BHUMaHuemo MY k'hM onacHocmu­me om yBeAullaBaHe koAullecmBomo Ha napullHume cpeg­cmBa B o6paru,eHue, moi:i cnokoi:iHo om20Bopu: ,,B MockBa Huko2a He ce e BogeAa cMemka 3a koAu\lecmBomo napullHU cpegcmBa." ToBa c'bc cu2ypHocm e 20AHMa 2pemka, HO B C'h­ru,omo BpeMe noka3Ba, qe gopu eguH 9'hA2020gumeH llAeH Ha II0Aum610po e H.HMaA Heo6xogUMama ukoHOMU\lecka ocBe­goMeHocm no me3u B'hnpocu.

Ko2amo 3anollHa yckopeHama, HO Hegokpai:i o6MucAeHa

177

nepecmpoi:ika, 8 PycuH HHMaUie nogzom8eHu 3a kmlkypeH­u,uHma u c8o6ogHume na3apu MeHugJk'bpu. HHMaUie npoqi­C'bl03U, koumo ga ca 3acAyJkuAu ga HOCHm mo8a UMe. HHMa­Uie HUIDO gaH'b'llla cucmeMa, Humo <t>uHaHC08u CAylk6u, HU­mo 3akoHogameAHa cuzypHocm. Omc'hcm8axa xopa, koumo pa3n0Aazam C'bc co6cm8eHocm UAU napu'lHU kanumaAu, a C'bUl,O u maku8a, koumo 6uxa MOZAU ga kynHm g'bpJka8Hume npegnpuHmUH. B ma3u cumyau,UH HeU36eJkHama nocAeguu,a 6e, qe npu8amU3au,uHma Ha u,eAu ompacAu, Ha zoAeMU koH­u,epHu u MMku <t>a6puku ce U38'bpUiu Han'bAHO xaomu'lHO.

TpH68a ga CMe HaHCHO, qe HUIDO egUH om gHeUIHume 60-zamu aku,uoHepu UAU co6cm8eHuu,u Ha zoAeMU pycku koH­u,epHu He e cne'leAUA c8oume UMomu u c'hcmoHHUe no qe­cmeH u 3akoHeH Ha'lUH. Ako om mo3u kp'hz Ha egpu co6-cm8eHuu,u Ha koHu,epHu, maka Hape'leHume oAuzapcu, HH­koti ce onuma c noMow,ma Ha c8oHma <t>uHaHco8a MOW, ga 8'b3geticm8a Ha noAumukama Ha g'hpJka8ama, koH<!>Aukmu­me c npa8umeAcm8omo cma8am HeU36eJkHu, u mo 3aw,omo om cmpaHa Ha g'hpJka8ama Bee ow,e geticm8a ozpoMHama 610pokpamu'lHa MaUiuHa. TH 6e c8ukHaAa c mo8a ga koH­mpoAupa 8ceku u ga pezyAupa 8cu'lko, a gHec c Hokmu u 3'b-6u ce e 8kon'lUAa 8 cmpeMeJka ga 3ana3u c8oume qiyHku,uu 8 o6Aacmma Ha nAaHupaHemo, pa3peUiumeAHuH peJkuM u koHmpoAa. Ilpu me3u o6cmoHmeAcm8a npou,'h<!>mH8am ko­pynu,uHma u ceH'lecmama ukoHoMuka, oco6eHo 8 cmoAuu,a­ma u 8 CaHkm I1emep6ypz. TaM OH3U, kotimo He noAyqa8a HepezAaMeHmupaHu u Heo6AoJkeHu cmpaHU'lHU goxogu 8 goAapU, HaUCmUHa e 6egeH. ITO OffiHOUleHUe Ha JkU3HeHOmO pa8Huw,e Ha Uiupokume Macu om HaceAeHuemo u 8 cpa8He­Hue C'bC 3anagHume cmaHgapmu PycuH e pa38u8aw,a ce cmpaHa. Pa36upa ce, UMa HHkoAko gecemku goAapo8u MU­AUOHepu, HO noqmu egHa qem8'bpm om Hapoga Jku8ee nog

ocpuu,uMHo ofo1BeHUH ek3ucmeHU,-MUHUMyM 3a cmpaHama, koumo e 70 goAapa Ha Meceu,. CmpagaAuRm npe3 cBoRma g'hA2020guurna ucmopuR pycku Hapog noHacR ma3u cumya­U,UR c yqygBaw,o 3a 3anagHoeBponeeu,a paBHogyume. CAeg nocmomrnume ukoHoMuqecku kpU3u npe3 90-me 20guHu, npeBpamHu 3a B'hmpeurnama noAumuka Ha PycuR, om Bcm'hnBattemo Ha IlymuH B gA'hlkHocm npe3 2000 2. ce Ha-6A10gaBam nocmoRHeH Bucok ukoHoMUqecku pacmmk, Aek cnag Ha 6e3pa6omuu,ama u pa3Mepa Ha uHcpAaU,URma, no­cmoRHeH B'hHUIHOm'hp20Bcku U3AUUI'hk - 6Aa20gapeHue npe­gu Bcuqko Ha U3Hoca Ha nempoA u 3eMeH 2a3 - u C'homBem­HO HapacmBaHe Ha pyckume cpuHaHcoBu pe3epBu. Ilpe3 no­cAegHume nem 20guHu PycuR Mmke ga e goBoAHa om p'bcma Ha Heli.Hume ukoHOMuqecku noka3ameAu.

B c'bru,omo BpeMe npegcmou ga 6'hgam npegnpuemu ow,e MH020 BalkHu pecpopMU. 3HaqumeAHa qacm om mJIX HaMe­puxa Beqe cBoRma 3akoHoBa ocHoBa, HO npUAazaHemo UM Bee ow,e ce 6aBu B npakmukama, u mo ocHoBHo nopagu mpo­MaBama g'hpikaBHa 610pokpau,UH. Kakmo u npegu, AuncBa cuzypHocm B npaBoBama cucmeMa Ha cmpaHama. 3a npu­AazaHe Ha cBoRma npozpaMa om pecpopMU B cou,uaAHama u ukoHoMUqeckama o6Aacm PycuR w,e ce Hyikgae om ow,e MH020 20gUHu. B mo3u npou,ec oqeBugHo no-nacuBHu ca cmapume nokoAeHUR. romoBHocmma u BoMma 3a npoMRHa ce oqakBam npegu Bcuqko om MAagume.

Om npuopumemHo 3HaqeHue 3a npeycmpoucmBomo Ha ukoHoMukama u o6w,ecmBomo w,e 6'hgam nocmoRHcmBomo B ycUAuRma 3a npoBeikgaHe Ha pecpopMU u npegu Bcuqko cma6UAHocmma B noAumuqeckomo ynpaBAeHue Ha cmpaHa­ma. Om 2AegHa moqka Ha ucmopuRma egHo aBmopumapHo ynpaBAeHue e Heru,o Han'hAHO ecmecmBeHo 3a PycuR. Ilap­muuHa geMokpau,uR om 3anageH mun mpygHo w,e HaMepu

179

noqBa ma.M B 6Au3ko 6'bgew,e. Emo 3aw,o no-agekBamHa MU ce cmpyBa <PopMama Ha npe3ugettmcka geMokpau,u.H c pa3-wupeHu npaBa Ha eguH cUAeH npe3ugettm. Taka cmmmMe go B'hnpoca 3a AUqttOCmHume kaqecmBa u cnoco6Hocmu Ha n'hpBu.H g'hplkaBHuk B cmpaHama. M 3a B 6'bgew,e, kakmo BnpoqeM 6eme no BpeMemo Ha koMJHucmuqeckomo ynpa­BAeHue, om pemaBaw,o 3HaqeHue w,e e nogg'hplkaHemo Ha noAumuka Ha npueMcmBeHocm, 3am0Ba ca Balk.Hu B'hnpocu­me: koii npegcmaBA.HBa kattgugama UAU kattgugamume. Kak ca u3A'bqeHu? Kou m6upa npe3ugettma?

Cmapume koMYHucmu npou2paxa 20A.HMa qacm om C'b­xpatteHomo k'hM m.HX HapogHo goBepue ow,e no BpeMemo Ha EAU,UH. B'h3MolkHo e BoeHHume ga ca ycneAu ga 3ana3.Hm B 20A.HMa cmeneH goBepuemo Ha xopama k'hM m.HX, Ho, kakmo e mBecmHo, no U,.HA cB.Hm me ca koHcepBamuBHu xopa u B Pycu.H He 6u M02Ao ga ce oqakBa om m.HX ga ce 3aeMam c yckopeHa MogepHU3aU,U.H Ha o6w,ecmBomo. MMko Bepo.Hm­HO e npe3ugeHm ga 6'bge U3J\'bqeH om MaAo6poiiHume npeg­cmaBumeAu Ha pycku.H eg'bp 6mHec. Taka <Pokyc'bm ce Ha­coqBa k'hM cpegHama kAaca, 3apalkgaw,a ce npeguMHO B MockBa u Cattkm Ilemep6yp2. Ta3u npocAoiika om o6w,e­cmBomo Bee ow,e e MH020 MMka. EguH npUMep: goce2a ca­MO 7% om pycHau,ume UMam omkpuma pa3nAaw,ameAHa cMemka. Emo 3aw,o HeomAolkHa 3agaqa Ha ce2amHu.H npe-3ugettm e ga C'h3gage npegnocmaBku 3a pa3Bumue Ha cpeg­Ha kAaca om 3aHa.Hmquu u cpegHu npegnpueMaqu, xopa C'bC cBo6ogHu npo<Pecuu, cAylkumeAu u uttmeAekmyaAu,u, koumo ga ocu2yp.Hm Ha co6cmBeHama cu g'hplkaBa cu2ypHocm u goBepue u ga 6'bgam aH2alkupaHu ga nogkpen.Hm cmpatta­ma cu. Ilopagu noHulkeHama palkgaeMocm u o<l>opM.HHemo Ha 3acmap.HBaw,o u Ha.MaA.HBaw,o no 6poii o6w,ecmBo, kakmo u nopagu c'hw,ecmByBaHemo Ha npoAyku B cucmeMama 3a

180

neHcuoHHO ocuzyp.H8aHe, Mmke ga ce kruke, qe p'hko8og­cm8omo Ha cmpattama Hukak He e 8 3a8ugHo noAmkeHue c ozAeg Ha 3agaqume, koumo mp.H68a ga 6'bgam pemeHu.

11Ma g8e c<Pepu, quumo nomeHU,UM e oco6eHo 8rukeH 3a pa38umuemo Ha Pycu.H. Il'hp8ama ce omHac.H go ZOARMama zpyna yqeHu om o6Aacmma Ha npupogHume u umkeHepHu­me Hayku, 06pa308aHu npeguMHO no c'b8emcko 8peMe u pa3-8UAu 8oeHHama om6paHumeAHa uHgycmpu.H u kocMoHa8-mukama. XapakmepHo 3a C'h8emckama cucmeMa 6eme, qe He n0380AU Ha 8oeHHOnpOMUUlAeHU.H kOMnAekc c Hezo8ume pa38umu 8ucoku meXHoAozuu ga Ha8Ae3e Humo 8 zprukgaH­ckama npoMumAeHa c<Pepa, Humo 8 o6Aacmma Ha nompe6u­meAckama uHgycmpu.H. B om6paHumeAHama uHgycmpu.H u 8 c'hn'hmcm8aru,ama R mcAego8ameAcka gefulocm 8ce oru,e ce kpue ozpoMeH Heu3qepnaH nomeHu,uM, kofuno 6u MOZ'hA ga 6'bge U3nOA38aH 8 u,u8UAHU.H cekmop. IIo 8peMemo Ha C'b-8emcku.H C'bl03 U3HOC'hm Ha op'blkue 6e 8rukeH uHcmpJMeHm 8'b8 8'bHUlHama noAumuka Ha cmpaHama, HO gHec noA3ama 3a C'h8peMeHHa Pycu.H e gocma ckpoMHa. B c'bru,omo 8peMe gHemHama Hylkga Ha g'hplka8ama om op'hlkue u 8oeHHa npogyku,u.H om 8c.Hkak'h8 8ug e gocma no-MMka om ma3u no 8peMemo Ha CmMUH, Xpymqo8 UAU BpelkHe8. Ako npa8u­meAcm8omo C'bJMee ga npeycmpou onpegeAeHu u3cAego8a­meAcku o6Aacmu u ga 8Hegpu u U3nOA38a 3a ukoHOMU'lecku noAe3HU u,eAu nomeHU,UMa Ha umkeHepume om om6paHu­meAHama npoMUUlAeHocm, ru,e yckopu 3Ha'lumeAHo npou,eca Ha MogepHu3au,u.H. Hau-Hanpeg, pa36upa ce, ru,e e HylkHo ga ce npeogoAee zoA.HMa c'bnpomu8a.

B'h8 8mopama 3Ha'lUMa c<Pepa - nempoAHama u za308a­ma npoMuUlAeHocm, He C'bru,ecm8y8am Humo ugeoAozuqe­cku, Humo MamepuaAHu npe'lku 3a no-Hamam'hUlHO pa38u­mue. 11 myk ce npa8.Hm U3CAeg8aHu.H u ce pa6omu Hag MO-

181

gepHu Memogu u c MogepHu cpegcmBa 3a ynpaBAeHue. Ilem­poA'bm u 2a3'bm c'bcmaBMBam nolllllu noAoBUHama om geAa Ha pycku.H U3HOC u npu6AU3umeAHo egHa mpema om Bcu'lku g'hplkaBHu B3eMaHu.H; meXHUJlfil gM om BpymHu.H B'hmpe­meH npogykm Ha cmpaHama ce ou,eH.HBa Ha cmoi:iHocm Hag 12%. Pycu.H mp.H6Ba ga e 3auHmepecoBaHa om no-Bucoku u,e­HU Ha cBemoBHUJI na3ap u om noBumaBaHe Ha cBoume gMo­Be B U3Hoca Ha nempoA u 3eMeH 2a3. CmpaHama pa3n0Aa2a c Molke 6u Hai:i-20AeMume 3Me1ku Ha 3eMeH 2a3 - gHec me C'bcmaBMBam Hag 30% om Bcu'lku cBemoBHu pe3epBu. Py­ckume nempoAHu 3anacu Bee ow,e nogg'hplkam paBHuw,e om okoAo 6% om Bcu'lku 3anacu Ha nempoA B cBema. liI gBeme c<l>epu Mo2am ga 6'hgam ow,e no-go6pe pa3pa6omeHu. ToBa ecmecmBeHo U3uckBa uHBecmuu,uu npegu Bcu'lko 3a cmpo­elk Ha He<l>mo- u za3onp0Bogu. ,ll;oce2a pa3pa6omku Ha 3aA­e1ku ca npaBeHu npegUMHO B 3anagHama qacm Ha 3anageH Cu6up, a U3HOC'bm e 6UA npegUMHO 3a EBpona. IlomeHU,UaA­HU na3apu Mo2am ga ce pa3kpU.Hm npegUMHO B Kumai:i u .HnoHUH, HO 3a moBa Bee ow,e AuncBam mp'b6onpoBogu. Ta­ka kakmo nempoAHu.Hm u za30BuJlfil cekmop w,e UMam 3a Pycu.H 201\JIMO cmpame2uqecko 3Ha\leHue ow,e gecemUAe­mu.H Hapeg, om npuopumemHa BalkHocm 3a B'hHUlHama no­Aumuka Ha cmpaHama w,e ca u C'homBemHume g'hplkaBHu pemeHUJI 3a n'bm.H Ha cmpo.Hw,ume ce mp'b6onpoBogu u 3a meXHume kpai:iHu mo'lku B ,ll;Me\lHUJI U3mok. 3apagu cBo.H­ma 02poMHa mepumopu.H u Bee ow,e HeHan'bAHO ekcnAoamu­paHume npupogHu 3aAe1ku, HO u nopagu 20AeMUJ1 6poi:i Ha­Mupaw,u ce B HenocpegcmBeHa 6Au3ocm C'hcegHu g'hplkaBu u He Ha nocAegHo M.Hcmo 3apagu cBo.H 201\JIM HgpeH nomeH­U,UaA Pycu.H w,e cu ocmaHe egHa om mpume cBemoBHu cUAu C'bc cmpame2U\lecko 3Ha\leHue. ToBa cmamykBo w,e ce 3ana-3U, gopu ako ow,e HHkoAko gecemUAemu.H Hapeg cmpaHama

e omcaa6etta 8'h8 8'bmpeurnonoAunrnqecko u ukottoMU\lecko OmHOUleHUe.

C'b8emckume Augepu go 80-me 20guttu, 8'bo6pa3UAU cu, qe ca npU38attu ga U3Il'hAHHm zAo6aAHa MUCUH u ga HaAmkam

I

c8emo8Ho noAumuqecko 20cnogcm80, nmkepm8axa 6Aa20c'h-cmonHuemo u 6Aa20n0Ayquemo Ha co6cm8eHUH cu Hapog 3a CMemka Ha UJ\1030pttu 8'bHlUHonoAumuqecku, cmpamezuqe­cku u 8oeHHu u,eAu. ,1.l;Hec Bee ow,e UMa g8aMa gukmamopu -8 Ce8epHa Kopen u Ky6a, koumo cu MUCMm, qe Mozam ga npullUHHm Ha Hapogume cu nogo6Hu 8pegu, kamo UM omtte­Mam 8'b3Mmlrnocmma 3a lku8om u pa38umue. 3a Pycun ma­ka8a AUHUH Ha no8egettue 8eqe e HeMUCAUMa He3a8ucUMo om mo8a, kou w,e HacAegu BAagUMUp IlymuH. ,1.l;opu ttanpomu8, 8'hmpemHonoAumuqeckama u ukoHOMU\leckama koHcoAuga­u,un Ha Pycun w,e 6'bge npuopumemtta 3agaqa 3a cmpattama u npe3 ugttume gecemUAemun.

B c'bw,omo 8peMe Pycun e U3npa8etta u npeg peguu,a 8'bH­lUHonoAumuqecku 8'hnpocu, koumo mpn68a ga peruu. Ha n'hp8o Mncmo ca 8'bnpocume 3a omHOUieHUflffia u c AMepu­ka, Kumau u E8poneuckun C'hl03, cAeg8aHu om me3u omHo­cHo 8p'h3kume u c ocmattaAume Mtto206pouHu MMku c'bceg­HU g'hp1ka8u 8 E8pona u A3uJI. Kakmo no8eqemo e8poneucku g'hp1ka8u, Pycun C'hUJ,O e 3acmparuetta om mpaHcttau,uoHa­AeH eMUzpattmcku nomok, om Maw,a6ttu enugeMUu u om MelkgyttapogeH mepopu3'bM. B o6o3pUMo 6'hgew,e cuzyp­ttocmma Ha cmpattama HJIMa ga 6'bge 3anaaruetta om gpyza g'hp1ka8a. Bceku, koumo Ha6A10ga8a u ou,eHn8a Henpegy6e­getto cumyau,unma 8 c8ema, 6u cmuzHaA go nogo6Hu 11380-gu. He Molke ga cma8a u gJMa 3a mo8a, qe PycuH 6u MOZAa ga 6'bge 3acmparuetta om HanageHue om cmpatta Ha gpyza g'hp1ka8a UAU koaAuu,un om g'hp1ka8u u 3amo8a ga e ttylktto ga ce 8'hop'h1ka8a.

B'bnpeku moBa cpeg pycHau,ume UMa u makuBa, koumo B

ZOAJIMa cmeneH gonyckam B'b3Mmlrnocmma 3a HanageHue

Hag mmrnama cmpaHa. To3u cmpax npoU3muqa om Hacage­

Hume ow,e no c'bBemcko BpeMe u no BpeMe Ha CmygeHama

Boil.Ha cmapu cmepeomunHu cxeMu Ha MUCAeHe. Ilo oHoBa

BpeMe ce npueMame, qe cBp'bXB'bop'blkaBaHemo 3ana3Ba paB­

HoBecuemo Melkgy gBeme cBemoBHu zuzaHIDcku cUAu u qe

moBa paBHoBecue e pemaBaw,ama npegnocmaBka 3a c'bxpa­

HHBaHemo Ha Mupa u cuzypHocmma B co6cmBeHama cmpa­Ha. Ta3u B o6w,u AUHUU npocma cmpamezuqecka paBHo­

CMemka 6e pa36upaeMa He caMo om zAegHa mollka Ha Py­

cuH, HO w,eme ga 6'bge u o6ekmuBHo o6ocHoBaHa, ako gBy­

cmpaHHama HagnpeBapa B'bB B'bop'blkaBaHemo c'bc CAIIJ; He

3acmpamaBame nocmoHHHO paBHoBecuemo Ha cUAume.

,ll;Hec BoeHHUHID nomeHU,UaA Ha egwtUR om zuzaHmume,

CAIIJ;, zo npeB'bpHa B zAo6aAHa cynepcUAa, a B'bop'blkaBaHe­

mo Ha gpyzuH, PycuH, HaMMH 3HaqumeAHo. T'bu kamo Beqe

He Molke ga cmaBa u gJMa 3a zAo6aAHo paBHoBecue Ha cUAu­

me, 3akAfoqeHuHma Ha HHkou pycHau,u, qe PycuH e nog 3a­

nAaxa, C'bUl,O ca Heo6ocHoBaHu.

B geucmBumeAHocm npe3 90-me zoguHu paBHoBecuemo

B'bB B'bop'blkeHume cUAu ce npoMeHu 3HallumeAHo. B'bnpeku

moBa PycUH e u w,e ocmaHe cnoco6Ha ga peazupa npu

Heo6xogUMocm c HgpeH koHIDpaygap. 3amoBa B 6'bgew,e HU­

mo CAIIJ;, Humo PycuH 6uxa MOZAU ga MUCAJim 3a BogeHe Ha

amoMHa Boil.Ha noMelkgy cu. li1 gBeme g'bplkaBu He ca cno­

co6Hu ga BogHID koHBeHu,uoHaAHa Boil.Ha egHa cpew,y gpyza,

au HATO kamo u,HAO He e B C'bCmOHHue ga npegnpueMe koH­

BeHu,uoHaAeH ygap cpew,y PycuH. 3HallUMama pa3Auka c

BpeMemo Ha CmygeHama Boil.Ha, koHIDo Mema<PopullHO 6ux­

Me MOZAU ga cu npegcmaBUM kamo gBa Bpa1kge6Ho Hacmpo­

eHu egUH k'bM gpyz ckopnuoHa, nocmaBeHu B egHa 6ymUAka,

ce c'bcmou B moBa, qe gHec MockBa HHMa lkeAaHue 3a oc'b­ru,ecmBHBfille Ha MucuoHepcka geunocm mB'hH zpaHuu,ume Ha co6cmBeHama cu g'hplkaBa. B'hnpeku qe HHkou om C'hceg­Hume Ha PycuH eBponeucku u a3uamcku cmpaHu ocmaBam nogo3pumeAHu k'hM HeH, go6poc'bcegckume omttorueHuH u C'hmpygHu'lecmBomo Melkgy eBponeuu,ume UAU kumauu,ume u pyCHau,ume ca MHOZO no-go6pu om kozamo u ga 6UAo B cpaBHeHue c U3MUHMUH, XX Bek. B C'hru,omo BpeMe mpH6Ba ga ce npoHBu pa36upaHe u k'hM pyckuH ckenmuu,m'hM. Om zAegHa mo'lka Ha PycuH He caMo EBpoc'hl03'hm, HO u CeBep­HoamAaHmu'leckuHm nakm pa3ruupuxa MHOZO BAUHHuemo cu Ha mmok; Boucku Ha HATO UMa Ha mepumopuHma Ha 6uBrua IOzocAaBuH u B A<PzaHucmaH, a B KupzmcmaH u Y3-6ekucmaH noHacmoHru,eM C'hlll,O UMa aMepukaHcku BoeHHu 6a3u. B oqume Ha Hukou pycku zeHepaAu ma3u kapmuHa He 6u MOZAa ga 6'hge u3m'hAkyBaHa kamo npuHmeAcka u go6po­HaMepeHa npezp'hgka, a u me BepoHmHo ru,e ce 3anumam kakBu Bpalk.ge6Hu HaMepeHuH Mozam ga ce kpuHm 3ag Bcuq­ko moBa.

EBponeuckume npaBumeAcmBa, nogo6Ho Ha BaruuHz­moH, ce onumBam ga myruupam moBa BneqamAeHue 3a zeo­noAumuqecko o6kp'hlkeHue Ha PycuH qpe3 Hau-pa3AU'IHU Me­ponpuHmuH - qpe3 nokaHama Ha PycuH 3a C'h3gaBaHe Ha o6ru, c'bBem c HATO, qpe3 BkJ\lOqBaHemo u B cperu,ume Ha cmpaHume om maka Hape'leHUH cBemoBeH ukoHOMU'lecku Bp'hx, nocpegcmBoM MHozo6pouHu o<Puu,uaAHu noceru,eHuH u cperu,u u gp. Ilpegu Bcu'lko eBponeuu,ume 3acBugemeAcmBa­xa cBoH ozpoMeH pecnekm k'hM pyckuH Hapog, k'hM IlymuH u ycUAuHma 3a npoBelkgaHe Ha pe<PopMU B cmpaHama. To­Ba ru,e e Heo6xogUMo u 3a B 6'hgeru,e. Kamo zepMaHeu,, koiimo e yqacmBM B'hB Bmopama cBemoBHa BouHa u ce e 6UA cpe­ru,y pycku BouHuu,u Ha pycka 3eMH, C'bM mkJ\lOqumeJ\Ho 6Aa-

20gapeH, qe gHec Beqe HJIMa u cAega om B3aUMHa OMpa3a u qe Haumme gBe npaBumeAcmBa HenokoAe6UMo U3pa3JIBam BoMma 3a omkpumo napmHbopcmBo u C'hmpygHuqecmBo noMeJk:gy CU.

Ilpe3 cAegBaUJ,ume gecemUAemuJI om pemaBaUJ,o 3Haqe­Hue UJ,e 6'bge 3acUABaHemo Ha mecHume ukoHOMU\lecku Bp'b3ku Melkgy me3u gBe g'hplkaBu. PycuJI ce Hylkgae om eB­poneucku uHBecmuu,uu, a eBponeuckume ukoHoMuku UMam Hylkga om nempoA u ia3. PagocmHo e, qe gHec repMaHUJI e Ha n'hpBo MJicmo cpeg m'hp20Bckume napmHbopu Ha PycuJI kakmo no omHomeHue Ha pyckuJI U3Hoc, maka u Ha BHoca. B'hnpeku moBa noAemo Ha ukoHOMU\lecku o6MeH Melkgy gBeme cmpaHu Bee oUJ,e e oipaHulleHo u B'h3AU3a Ha He noBe­qe om 10 MUAuapga eBpo 20gumHo u 3a gBeme g'hplkaBu. Om iAegHa mollka Ha PycuJI Haii-lkeAaHo e npuc'begUHHBaHemo u k'hM CBemoBHama m'hp20Bcka opiaHu3au,uJI - egBa no­k'hcHo Mo.Ike ga ce MUCAU 3a acou,uupaHe c EBponeuckuJI c'b-103 UAU 3a C'h3gaBaHe Ha cBo6ogHa 30Ha 3a m'hp20BuJI. C'bUJ,e­cmByBa UHmepec k'hM EBponeuckuJI C'hl03, oco6eHo cAeg pa3-mupHBaHemo MY Ha U3mok, HO om 20MMO 3HalleHue UJ,e e C'h3gaBaHemo Ha Heo6xogUMama 3akoHogameAHa u npaBHa cuiypHocm B PycuJI.

Ako cu 3agageM B'hnpoca, kou ca UAU UJ,e 6'bgam aAmep­HamuBume u B'h3Mo1kHocmume, cmoJIUJ,u npeg pyckama B'hHUlHa noAumuka, UJ,e noAyqUM HeegH03HalleH om20Bop. Om no3UU,UJima Ha PycuH Ha n'hpBo MJicmo u c Haii-20MMa Ba.lk:Hocm ca omHomeHuJima u C'bC CAID;. IloAaiam ce ycu­AUJI 3a nogg'hplkaHemo Ha napmHbopcku Bp'h3ku, HO C'bUJ,e­cmByBa u HecuiypHocm c oiAeg Ha aMepukaHckume u,eAu cnpHMO PycuJI. B cAyqaH c BoiiHama B Mpak npe3 2003 i.

MockBa ce npomuBonocmaBu Ha CAID; no C'bUJ,ume npuqu­HU, kakmo u Kumau. J1 gBeme cmpaHu 6JIXa AUllHO 3auHme-

186

peco8a.Hu ga He ce Hapyma8am Xapmama Ha OOH, cpyHkQu­ume Ha C8emo8Hama op2aHu3au,ua u oco6eHo koMnemeHu,u­ume Ha C'b8ema 3a cu2ypHocm. Ako CAlll; 3ana3u meHgeH­u,uHma ga 83eMa egHoAwrnu pemeHUH u ga 8ogu caMocmoH­meJ\Hu 8oiiHu, 8 Mock8a w.e ce 3anumam gok'bge mpH68a ga ce omuge 8 cmpeMelkume u BoAflffia 3a c'bmpygHu\lecm8o c AMepuka. B pe3yAmam Ha mo8a Molke ga ce nom'bpcu cUA­Hama nogkpena Ha E8pona, a C'bUJ,O u Ha Kumaii, HO eguH npogM1kumeAeH noAumuqecku mna2am 6u M02'bA ga 6'bge m8'bpge 6oAe3HeH.

B g8e o6Aacmu pyckume u aMepukaHckume uHmepecu C'b8nagam 6e3 8cflkak8o C'bMHeHue - 8 ccpepama Ha npekpa­mJJ:BaHe Ha no-Hamam'bUlHomo pa3npocmpaHeHue Ha amOMHOIDO Op'blkue u Ha gpyw Op'blkUfl 3a Maco8o yHUUJ,0-1keHue u 8 ccpepama Ha 6op6ama cpew.y UCMMUcmkuH me­popU3'bM. Ho caMo me3u g8e Hew.a He ocpopMHm g'bA20cpoq­Hama nepcnekmu8Ha paMka 8'b8 8'bHU1HonoAumuqeckume omHomeHuH Melkgy g8eme g'hp1ka8u. T'hii kamo 8 6Au3ko 6'b­gew.e e8poneiiu,ume HHMa ga UMam eguHHa 8'bHU1Ha noAu­muka, PycuH w.e Molke ga ce o68'hp1ke c E8pona ukoHOMU\le­cku, HO He u noAumuqecku. B pyckume omHomeHUH c Ku­maii Molke ga Hacm'hnu HanpelkeHue 3apagu 02poMHUfl Ha­muck Ha UMu2pa.Hmcku 8'bAHU, ug8aw.u om ce8epou3moqHa­ma qacm Ha Kumaii. IIo-8epoHmHo e o6aqe g8eme c8emo8-HU cUAu ga He n0380Mm mo8a ga ce cAyqu u ga 3ana3Hm ce-2amHume cu go6pu omHomeHUH. li138ecmHa cmeneH Ha C'b­mpygHuqecmBo Melkgy MockBa u IlekuH e npenop'bqumeAHa u HylkHa u nopagu cpakma, qe CAlll; ocma8am npe8'h3xo1kga­w.a c8emo8Ha cUAa, HO He Molke ga ce oqak8a pa38umue Ha mecHu u gM20cpoqHu 8p'h3ku Melkgy g8eme g'hp1ka8u. IIJ;o ce omHaCH go noAolkeHuemo 8 CpegHuH U3mok u U:eHmpM­Ha A3uH, Mock8a w.e noAolku ycUAUH ga omcmoH8a cBoume

8'hmpemHonoAumuqecku u ukoHOMU'lecku npuopumemu B me3u gBa pe2u0Ha. Pycu.H He e HacmpoeHa Bprukge6Ho. ToBa ce omHac.H kakmo 3a BoeHHume, maka u 3a ynpaBAeHckama agMuHucmpau,u.H u gunAoMamume. CmpaHama ce Hpkgae om BpeMe, 3a ga peaAmupa koAkomo ce Mmke no-ckopo ma­ka Heo6xogUMu.H npou,ec Ha pecpopMU.

Ako 8'hmpemHonoAumuqeckomo u ukoHOMU'leckomo pa3-Bumue Ha YkpauHa u BeAapyc npog'hAlkam ga mocmaBam B cpaBHeHue c moBa Ha Pycu.H, 8'h3Moho e omHoBo ga ce cmu2He go C'h3ga8aHemo Ha g'hplkaBeH C'hl03 Melkgy mpume cmpaHu, m'hii kamo me3u g'hplkaBu UMam XUA.HgoAemHa C'h8MecmHa ucmopu.H, o6w,u qepmu B kyAmypHo u e3uko8o omHomeHue u m.HcHa ukottoMu'lecka 3a8ucUMocm egHa om gpyw. Ako mo3u npou,ec ce oc'hw,ecmBu no ecmecmBeH Ha­'lUH u no MUpeH n'hm, 8MemameAcm8omo om cmpaHa Ha qpkgu g'hplkaBu 6u 6UAo 02poMHa 2pemka, 3aw,omo wp­gocmma Ha pyckU.H Hapog u He208u.Hm nampuomu3'hM ca MHOW qy8cmBumeAHu. CAeg kamo cmapume eAumu ce pa3-nagHam, nocmeneHHO w,e ce C'h3gagam HoBu. Ho m'hkMo B ma3u mpygHa cpa3a Ha npexog Ha Pycu.H ca u Hyhu pa36u­paHe u nogkpena om cmpaHa Ha HeiiHume napmHhopu.

Be3CUAHU Ha onamkarna Ha cBerna

0hw,ecm6y6am peguu,a 20AeMU cmpaHu, koumo HHMam 3Ha­\lUMO npuc'bcmBue Humo 6 cBemoBHama ukoHoMUka, Humo 6 cBemoBHama noAumuka. EgHa om mm: e li1HgoHe3uH, ko.Hmo gHec C'hC cBoume 210 MUAUOHa llmmeAu 3aeMa qem6'hpmo M.Hcmo 6 cBema no 6poii Ha HaceAeHuemo cAeg Kumaii, MH­gu.H u C~. B moBa qucAo nonagam c'hw,o BaH2Aageui (135

MUAUOHa llmmeAu) u Hu2epu.H (125 MUAUOHa). Haii-om3ag Ha onauikama Ha c6emo6Hama ukoHoMuka u noAumuka ca u gBeme AamuHoaMepukaHcku g'hplkaBu - Bpa3UAU.H (175 MU­AUOHa gyuiu) u Mekcuko (100 MUAUOHa).

TeAeBU3UOHHama aygumopu.H y3Ha6a p.Hgko 3a me3u cmpattu, npegUMHO ko2amo UMa npupogHu kamacmpoqm, noAumuqecku npeBpam UAU BoiiHa. Te npugo6u6am BalkHo 3Ha\leHue 3a 2A06MHama ukoHoMUka caMo ko2amo e HaAuu,e kpegumHa, 6aHko6a UAU BaAymHa kpU3a. MHa\le pJigko nona­gam 6'b6 BcekugHe6HUJI nomok om HoBuHapcku eMUcuu.

B mo3u CMUC'hA noqmu u,eAu.Hm koHmuHeHm A<l>puka ce HaMUpa 6 U30Aau,uJI. Bcu\lkume 53 a<l>pukaHcku g'hplkaBu ca pa36u6aw,u ce cmpaHu. 3a Bcu\lku mm: ocHoBHuJim npo6AeM e MacoBama 6egHocm. A<l>puka e eguHcmBeHUJim koHmu­HeHm, 6 koiimo npe3 nocAegHume 20guHu HapacmBa 6poJim Ha kpaiiHo 6egHume.

Haii-6egHu ca npegu Bcu\lko xopama 6 a<l>pukaHckume cmpaHu Ha 102 om Caxapa. 3a me3u g'hpllrnBu e xapakmepHo,

qe ca U3kycmBeHo C'h3gageHu. Tmrnama eMamJ,unau,ua kamo makuBa ce g'hiuku Ha cAyqaiiHocm, npegocmaBeHa UM om 6uBumme koAOHUaAHU cUAu u mmrnomo 6AazoBoAeHue. ,I.J:oce­za B pegku cAyqau ca Ha6A10gaBaHu ycneurnu onumu 3a <jJop­

.11wpane na na14Wl. Ilo-qecmo ecmecmBeHama nocAeguu,a om U3kycmBeHomo C'h3gaBaHe Ha me3u g'hplkaBu e pa3nag'hm -npUMep'hm c KoHzo/3aup e munuqeH u 3a gy3uHa gpyzu cmpaHu. Om gpyza cmpaHa, IOAP u gBeme MMku g'hplkaBu BomcyaHa u MaBpumaHua, kakmo u MMko Ha 6poii 3anag­HU acppukaHcku cmpaHu, om6eM3Bam 3HaqumeAeH tta­npeg'hk B pa3Bumuemo cu u omHocumeAHo Bucok gM Ha go­xogume Ha zAaBa om HaceAeHuemo.

Bee oUJ,e MH03UHcmBomo om acppukaHu,ume o6aqe lku­Beam B cmpaHu, HaMUpaUJ,u ce B gBeme kpaiiHocmu, Melkgy Hanpeg'hka B pa3Bumuemo u g'hplkaBHua ynag'hk. IloAumu­qeckume Augepu, koumo ynpaBMBam He Ha ocHoBama Ha BoeHHama MOUJ,, a no cUAama Ha ecmecmBeHUfl cu aBmopu­mem, Bee oUJ,e ca pagkocm B Acppuka. ToBa ce omHaca 3a no­Aumuqecku Bogaqu, quemo BAuaHue ce npocmupa omB'hg zpaHuu,ume Ha co6cmBeHama UM cmpaHa - noAumuu,u om paHza Ha Hac'hp u Cagam omnpegu HakoAko gecemUAemua, Ha HeAC'hH MaHgeAa om kpaa Ha MUHMUfl Bek. EguH mak'hB akmuBeH noAumuk Ha Hawemo c'hBpeMUe e Huzepueu,'hm 06acaHuo, koiimo o6aqe e U3kAfOqumeAHo ozpaHuqeH B geii­cmBuflffia cu om 6e3npuHu,unHo C'h3gageHume cmpykmypu B g'hplkaBama.

Ilopagu qecmu kpU3u, B'hop'hlkeHu koHcpAukmu u omc'h­cmBue Ha noAumuqecku u g'hplkaBHuqecku mpaguu,uu ca Ha­Auu,e C'bUJ,ecmBeHu Hegocmam'hU,U B g'hplkaBHomo ynpaBAe­Hue u B'hB cpyttku,uoHupaHemo Ha m-1cmumyu,uume, kakmo u kopynu,ua. Acppuka cmpaga om Auncama Ha U3zpageHa UH­cppacmpykmypa, go6pa yqUAUUJ,Ha u o6pa3oBameAHa cucme-

Ma u <l>yitlru,uoHupaUJ,o Meguu,UHcko o6cApkBaHe. B'hnpeku ll,Mama noMOUl, 3a pa3Bumue, oka3aHa Ha a<l>pukaHckume cmpaHu om pa3Bumume uHgycmpuaAHu g'hplkaBu, CBemoB­Hama 6aHka u MHoeo6poi.iHu HenpaBumeAcmBeHu op2aHU3a­u,uu, HHMa U32Aegu 3a npoMmia Ha cumyau,u.Hma.

B cpaBHeHue c nocAegHomo gecemUAemue C'hUJ,ecmByBa­UJ,ume 3gpaBHu npo6AeMU omHoBo ce yBeAuquxa gpacmuqflo. Ilpe3 2000 2. B A<l>puka LkuBeexa 36 MUAUOHa gyum, 3apa3eHu c Bupyca Ha CIII1H (HIV) - noqmu mpu qemB'hpmu om Bcuq­ku 3apa3eHu B cBema. roguurno om CIIJi1H JMUpam 3 MUAuo­Ha gyum, a Bceku geH c Bupyca ce 3apa3.HBam HoBu 16 000 qo­Beka. B A<l>puka ca HaAuu,e ycAoBu.H 3a geM02pa<l>cku cpuB. IlocAeguu,ume om Bucokama palkgaeMocm, om egHa cmpa­Ha, u HIV, om gpy2a, caMo 3a gBe gecemUAemu.H Mo2am ga goBegam go 3HaqumeAHo HaMaA.HBaHe Ha cpegHama npog'bA­LkumeAHocm Ha LkuBoma om 59 (ce2a) Ha 45 2oguHu. BoAecm­ma CIIMH e onaceH <Pakmop; caMo B paMkume Ha H.HkoAko gecemUAemu.H e B'h3Moho Bcuqku ocmaHaAU <l>akmopu, c koumo A<l>puka gonpuHac.H 3a 2Ao6aAHomo cBemoBHo pa3Bu­mue, BlwoqumeAHo nempoA u Bc.HkakBu BugoBe cypoBuHu, ga omcm'hn.Hm cBoemo M.Hcmo u 3HaqeHue npeg geucmBuemo Ha mo3u <Pakmop.

Hau-o6UJ,o Molke ga ce kalke, qe npe3 cAegBaUJ,ume gece­mUAemu.H noAumuqeckomo pa3Bumue Ha cBema He 6u M02Ao ga 6'bge 3anAameHo om 20AeMU onaCHocmu, ugBaUJ,u om A<l>­puka. B'hnpeku moBa cBem'hm Molke ga 6'bge 3acmparueH om nomeHU,UMHU onacHocmu kamo mpaHckoHmuHeHmaAeH eMU2paHmcku nomok u enugeMUu. MH020 xopa B cUAHo pa3-Bumume uHgycmpuaAHu cmpaHu ca U3M'hqBaHu om y2pme­HU.H Ha c'bBecmma 3apagu Hegocmam'hqHama noMOUl,, ko.H­mo ce oka3Ba Ha A<l>puka.

MkoHOMU'leckama cumyau,llil 8 AamuHcka AMepuka e 3Ha'lu­meAHo no-6Aa20nprn:i:mHa om ma3u 8 Aippuka, 8'hnpeku qe c'hw,ecm8y8am peguu,a peiuoHaAHU u3fu\ioqeHUJI. M myk no­go6Ho Ha noAmkeHuemo 8 A<l>puka UMa gpacmu'lHU pa3AU'lUJI B cou,uaAHomo noAmkeHue Ha xopama - Haii-MH0206poiiHa­ma 2pyna ca 6egHume, MaAko ca me3u c go6po MamepuaAHo noAmkeHue, a Haii-MaAo6poiiHu ca 602amume. lliupoko pa3-npocmpaHeHUJIID o6w, e3uk, U3no8Jig8aHemo Ha eguHHa ka­moAu'lecka peAu2uJI u ucmopuqecku o6ycAo8eHama Ae2um­UMHocm Ha AamuHoaMepukaHckume g'hp1ka8u gonpuHacJim 3a 3ana38aHemo Ha MUpa u cnokoiicmBuemo MeJkgy cmpaHu­me Ha koHmuHeHma. B HJikou om o6w,o 33-me AamuHoaMe­pukattcku g'hpJka8u o6aqe u,apu 8'hmpeurnonoAumuqecka He­cma6UAHocm. Ao8epuemo k'hM 8oeHHume maM e 3Ha'lumeA­HO no-20AJIM0, omkoAkomo mo8a 8 geMokpamu'lHume UH­cmumyu,uu u ynpa8AeHue, 3amo8a u 3aHanpeg e Han'hAHO 8'h-3Moho 3ana38aHemo Ha 8oeHHume gukmamypu kamo ipop­Ma Ha ynpa8AeHue.

Mekcuko omga8Ha e opueHmupaHo U3U,MO k'hM CAIII; 8 ukoHOMU'lecko omHotueHue. Aeiicm8aw,ama om egHo gece­mUAemue ce8epHoaMepukaHcka 30Ha 3a c8o6ogHa m'hp208uJI (NAFTA) 8eqe Jk'hHe c8oume nAogoBe. Hag 80% om Mekcu­kaHckuJI U3Hoc omu8am 3a CAIII;; k'hM mo8a Mo2am ga 6'h­gam npu6a8eHu mypu3M'hm u MU2pau,uJima. C Hapacm8aw,u meMno8e mo8a ukoHOMU'lecko o68'hp38aHe w,e go8ege u go 8'hHtuHonoAumuqecko o68'hp38aHe C'hC CAIII;. To8a 8aJku, Ma­kap u 8 3Ha'lumeAHo no-MaAka cmeneH, 3a ocmaHaAume 16 MMku u,eHmpaAHoaMepukaHcku g'hpJkaBu u 3a Kapu6ume.

Om gpy2a cmpaHa, Bpa3UAUJI (Haii-20AJIMama AamUHO­aMepukaHcka g'hpJka8a) uHuu,uupa meHgeHU,UJI 3a omga­Ae'la8aHe om CAIII; u C'h3ga8aHe Ha 10JkHoaMepukaHcka UH­me2pau,uJI u ugeHmU'lHOcm. A'hpJka8ume, o6eguHeHu u aco-

u,uuprum B maka HapelleHUH ,,Mepkocyp" ( eguHeH na3ap Ha

102a u eguHHa 6e3MUIIlHa 30Ha), UMam Hau-BucokUH cmaH­

gapm Ha pa3Bumue B ll,Ma 1\amuHcka AMepuka u Hau-Bucok

cpegeH goxog Ha zAaBa om HaceAeHuemo. B moBa omHome­

Hue oco6eHo ce omkpo.HBam Bpa3UAUH, AplkeHmuHa u qUAu.

T'bu kamo B pe3yAmam Ha cBp'bX20AeMU 610glkemHu geqmu,u­mu B 1\amuHcka AMepuka qecmo Hacm'hnBam <}>uHaHcoBu u

BaaymHu kpU3u, koumo mp.H6Ba ga 6'bgam pa3pemaBaHu om

AO.HAHU.H k'hM uHmepecume Ha CAID; CBemoBeH BaaymeH

<}>oHg, kakmo u 3apagu 20AeMU.H aHzalkUMeHm Ha AamuHo­

aMepukaHckume cmpaHu k'hM qacmHume aMepukaHcku 6aH­

ku, Bepo.HmHo 3a AMepuka H.HMa ga 6'bge oco6eHo mpygHo ga

3ana3u npuopumemHomo cu BAu.HHue B'hpxy pa3Bumuemo Ha

mo3u koHmuHeHm. BamummoH Hukoza He e 6UA oco6eHo

npemeHu,uo3eH B nog6opa Ha Heo6xogUMUme cpegcmBa 3a

moBa.

JtlMa mpu cmpaHu, koumo no c'bBceM gpyzu npul!UHU npa­

BHm u3kJ\ioqeHue. Egnama e ynpaBAHBanama om koMJHU­cmuqecku gukmamopcku pelkUM Ky6a. QqeBugHo BamuHz­

moH omgaBHa Beqe e 3az'bp6UA MUC'hAma 3a npUAazaHe Ha

cUAa; BMecmo moBa ce U3llakBa ga Hacm'bnu kpa.Hm Ha <l>u­

geA Kacmpo u ce pa3quma Ha co6cmBeHomo aMepukaHcko

BoeHHo npuc'bcmBue B I'yaHmaHaMO. He3aBucUMo om moBa He MolkeM ga 6'bgeM cuzypHu, qe B'h3Mo1kliu.Hm no-k'bcHo

npexog k'hM Au6epaAHo ynpaBAeHue B Ky6a w.e ce OC'bUJ,e­

cmBu 6e3koH<}>AukmHo u 6e3 HaMecama Ha CAID;.

KoAJM6U.H npegcmaBAHBa oco6eH cAyqau, HO no c'bBceM pa3AU\lHa npuquna. TH e zAaBHu.Hm cBemoBeH U3HocumeA Ha

kokauH - 3agoBoA.HBa mpu qemB'hpmu om m'hpceHemo u B

moBa omHomeHue Molke ga ce cpaBH.HBa c A<}>zanucmaH, kou­

mo gHec e OCHOBHU.Hm U3HOCumeA Ha MOp<}>UH u xepouH. T'bU

kamo KoAJM6U.H e 3Ae ynpaBAHBaHa c'bc cBoemo HaceAeHue

193

om Hag 40 MUAUOHa gyum u om qemupu gecemUAemu.H e pa3m'hpc8aHa om Hapko8oi1Hu Melkgy pa3AU\lHume Maqmom­cku u npecm'hnHu 6aHgu, koumo npe3 Bcu\lkume me3u 20gu­HU cmpy8am lku8oma Ha okoAo 30 XllAflgu gyum, 8 cmpaHa­ma ycn.H8a ga ce pa3Z'hpHe MOW,Ha HapkoukoHoMUka 8 ycAo-8u.Hma Ha u,ap.HU],ama aHapxu.H. B'hnpeku c8oemo 20A.HMO 80-eHHo npuc'hcm8ue goceza CAill; ca npa8UAu caMo nAaxu onu­mu 3a HaMeca, a e8poneiickume cmpaHu cmo.Hm HacmpaHa. T'hii kamo u 8 C'hcegHume Ha KoAyM6U.H Ilepy u BoAu8u.H ce npoU38elkga MH020 koka - mpume cmpaHu omzAelkgam 06-w,o okoAo 200 000 xekmapa om pacmeHuemo - om mo3u pe­zuoH ge6He onacHocm, w,o ce omHac.H go no8uma8aHe Ha ynompe6ama Ha Hapkomuu,u 8 Ce8epHa AMepuka u E8pona.

Tpemomo U3kAlo\leHue e BeHeu,yeAa. K'hM mo3u MOMeHm 8'bmpemHonoAumuqeckama cumyau,u.H 8 cmpaHama e U3-kAloqumeAHo xaomu\lHa, a a8mopumem'hm Ha g'hplka8ama omga8Ha ce HaMupa 8 ynag'hk. CmpaHama o6aqe e 3Ha\lUM U3HocumeA Ha nempoA. HeiiHume pe3ep8u om cypo8 nempoA Hag8uma8am me3u Ha Pycu.H u ca U3npe8ap8aHu caMo om pe3ep8ume Ha apa6ckume nempoAHu g'hplka8u. Cpeg c8e­mo8Hume cmpaHu - U3HocumeAku Ha nempoA, BeHeu,yeAa e Ha nemo M.Hcmo u ocu2yp.H8a noqmu egHa mecma om 8Hoca MY 3a CAill;. BeHeu,yeAckume 3aAelku Ha ma3u cypo8uHa oka38am 3Ha\lUMO 8Au.HHue 8'hpxy u,eHume Ha c8emo8Hu.H na-3ap. T'hii kamo noqmu noAo8uHama om 610glkema Ha cmpa­Hama ce Ha6a8.H nocpegcm8oM ne\laA6ume om npogalk6ama Ha nempoA, cezamHume npo6AeMU 8 go6u8aHemo MY u Hego­cmam'h\lHUme koAU\lecm8a npegU38ukaxa melkka ukoHOMU­qecka kpU3a 8 u 6e3 mo8a pa3m'hpc8aHama om 8ucoka 6e3-pa6omuu,a u uH<l_>Aau,u.H cmpaHa. B 6Au3ko 6'bgew,e H.HMa Ha­gelkga 3a nogo6p.H8aHe Ha o6'hpkaHomo 8'bmpemHonoAumu­qecko noAolkettue Ha BeHeu,yeAa. He e U3kAlo\leHo ga uMa u

194

MelkgYHapogHu nocAeguu,u om ma3u cumyau,u.H. IIpegcma8eHume myk mpu g'hplka8u ca UA10cmpau,u.H 3a

C'hcmo.HHuemo u Ha gpyzu MaAku cmpaHu om i\amuHcka AMepuka, HaMUparu,u ce 8 kpma, HO me 8 Hukak'hB CAJ"laii He ca eM6AeMamuirnu 3a koHmuHeHma kamo u,.HAo. Te noka3-8am o6aqe, qe UMa u ru,e UMa nomeHU,UMHU no8ogu 3a qylk­gecmpaHHa, npegUMHO aMepukaHcka, HaMeca. IloHacmo.H­ru,eM omHomeHu.Hma Ha AamuHoaMepukaHckume g'hplka8u c'bc CAIU; ca mB'hpge o6'bpkaHu. H.Hkou om npa8umeAcm8a­ma UM .HCHO 3a.H8uxa, qe ca npomu8 BouHama c Mpak, cpeg mm e gopu u Mekcuko; no8eqemo ce 8'b3g'hplkaxa, HO Ko­AYM6U.H ce npuc'heguHu k'hM koaAUU,U.Hma Ha nogkpen.Hru,ume BouHama. B CAJ"laume Ha cepuo3Hu kpmu 8 i\amuHcka AMe­puka ce pa3quma npeguMHO Ha aMepukaHcko nocpegHuqe­cmBo u HaMeca, a He Ha kumaucku, pycku UAu e8poneucku aH2alkUMeHmu. YlkacHama BoiiHa Melkgy All2Au.H u AplkeH­muHa 3apagu cI>oAkAeHgckume ocmpo8u npe3 1982 2. ru,e ocmaHe egHo u3ki\ioqeHue. Bc'hru,Hocm BamuH2moH cmou Ha­cmpaHa om H.HkoAko zoguHu, koemo U32Aelkga noqmu Heo6u­qauHo Ha <PoHa Ha npegumHama HaMeca Ha CAIU;, Haii-8eqe 8 IJ;eHmpaAHa AMepuka u Ha Kapu6ume. Bepo.HmHo onpege­AeHa poA.H 8 moBa noBegeHue uMa 3a2pulkeHocmma 3a ucna­Ho208op.Hlll,ume aMepukaHu,u (Hispanics), quumo npe8ec ka­mo aMepukaHcku m6upameAu HapacmBa npe3 nocAegHume zogUHU.

Om BpeMemo Ha CUMoH BoAu8ap u AAekcaHg'hp XYM6oAg HacaM 8 i\amuHcka AMepuka H.HMa Bogeru,u noAumuqecku AuqHocmu, quemo 8AU.HHUe ga ce npocmupa om8'hg Hau,uo­HMHume zpaHUU,U. qe reBapa u cI>ugeA Kacmpo 8'bogyme8.H-8axa om BpeMe Ha BpeMe no H.Hkou aMepukaHcku UAu e8po­neucku yAmpaA.H8 noAumuk, HO Ha co6cm8eHu.H koHmu­HeHm, kakmo EBuma u XyaH IIepoH, me ocmaHaxa npexog-

195

HU qm2ypu. HaAelkaw,ume B'hmpeurnonoAumuqecku, ukoHo­

MU\lecku u cou,uaAHu npo6AeMU 61>6 Bcu\lku g'hplk.aBu Ha koH­

muHeHma ca npegnocmaBka 3a He6'b3Molkliocmma ga ce no­

eMam amalk.UMeHmu omB'hg co6cmBeHume Hau,uoHaAHU

2paHuu,u. OH3u, koi:imo ucka ga pa36epe om kak'hB Maw,a6 ca

npo6AeMUine maM, e HyJlrno caMo ga cu npegcmaBu H.HkoAko

u,u<}>pu.

Bpa3UAUH u Mekcuko, koumo, 63emu 3aegHo, UMam mpu

n'hmu no-20A.HM 6poii Ha HaceAeHuemo om repMaHUH, npoU3-

Belk.gam o6w,o caMo noAoBuHama om 2epMaHcku.H BpymeH

B'hmpemeH npogykm. ToBa 03Ha\la6a cAegHomo: B me3u gBe

Haii-20AeMU AamuHoaMepukaHcku cmpaHu Ha 2AaBa om Ha­

ceAeHuemo ce C'h3gaBam 6Aa2a, koumo ca no-MaAko om egHa

mecma om me3u, koumo cpegHo ce nagam Ha eguH HeMcku

2paJkgaHUH.

He caMo Bpa3UAU.H u Mekcuko, HO u ocmaHMume 35 g'hp­

lk.aBu B AamuHcka AM:epuka ca pa3BuBaw,u ce cmpaHu. Ilpe3

XXI Bek MH020 MaAko om m.HX w,e ce pa32'hpHam nocmeneH­

HO go uHgycmpuaAHu g'hplkaBu. Ilpu moBa Beqe w,e mp.H66a

ga ce pa3quma MH020 no-MaAko Ha noMow,u 3a pa3Bumue

omB'hH u noBeqe Ha co6cmBeHama BoA.H u cUAu u npegu Bcuq­

ko Ha egHo u,eAeHaco\leHo ynpaBAeHue. Jfa2Aelkga, qe gHec

MH03UHcmBomo AamUHoaMepukaHcku g'hplkaBu He ca cno­

co6Hu Ha makuBa ycUAU.H u B mo3u CMUC'hA Hanogo6.H6am no­

Beqemo pa3BuBaw,u ce cmpaHu B A<}>puka u 20AeMU qacmu om

A3UH.

Ko2amo B kpa.H Ha Bmopama cBemoBHa BoiiHa ce C'h3ga­

Bame CBemoBHama 6aHka u ce n0Aa2axa ocHoBume Ha koH­

u,enu,u.Hma Ha noMow,ma 3a pa3Bumue, mo2aBa ow,e He MO­

lk.eme ga 6'bge npegBugeH pa3Mep'hm Ha geM02pa<}>ckus

63puB B pa3BuBaw,ume ce cmpaHu. Ako ce 6.HXa 3ana3UAU

npegBugeHume 6'b3 ocHoBa Ha pa3Bumuemo npe3 n'hpBama

noAoBuHa Ha XX Bek kBomu Ha prukgaeMocmma, noMow,ume 3a pa3BuBaw,ume ce cmpaHu BepomnHo UJ,HXa ga goBegam go 3Haqumei\Ho nogo6p.HBaHe Ha umppacmpykmypama u Jku3-HeHU.H cmaHgapm. B geiicmBumeAHocm c'hw,ecmBeH Ha­npeg'hk ce nocmmrna caMo B H.HkoAko cAyqa.H, koumo ca no­ckopo u3ki\ioqeHue - B no-20A.HMama cu qacm ycnexume 6.H­xa C'hBceM He3agoBoAumeAHu. IlpuquHume 3a mo3u npoBaA ce gMJkam He caMo Ha geM02pa<l>cku.H B3puB, 3a koiimo go­npuHecoxa HenpegJMUUlAeHo, HO pemumei\Ho B'hBegeHume nocpegcmBoM oka3aHume <PuHaHcoBu noMow,u Mepku 3a Mo­gepHu3upaHe Ha Meguu,uHckomo u xu2ueHHomo o6cAyJkBaHe. IlpuquHume 3a moBa ce kopeH.Hm u B o6cmo.HmeAcmBomo, qe OHe3U cmpaHU, C'b3gageHU 6ykBaAHo 3a egHa HOW, CAeg npo­u,eca Ha gekoAoHmau,u.H, Hau-qecmo He pa3n0Aa2am Humo C'bC CUAHU g'bpJkaBHU cmpykmypu, HUmo C'bC cnoco6HU ynpa­BAeHcku eAumu. Iloqmu Hem6eJkHo 6e, qe B MH020 om cAyqa­ume npaBumeAcmBama mp.H6Bame ga C'h3gagam Heo6xogu­Mama 6a3a qpe3 u32prukgaHe Ha co6cmBeHu BoeHHU peJkUMU. Ilo-k'hCHO o6aqe ce cAyqu maka, qe BoeHHume npeg.HBuxa cBoume npemeHu,uu. )];Hee 2ogumHume BoeHHu 610gJkemu Ha pa3BuBaw,ume ce cmpaHu ca c n'hmu noBeqe om pa3Mepa Ha omnyckaHama UM <PuHaHcoBa noMow, 3a pa3Bumue. M ow,e no-AOUlO - OCU2yp.HBaHama om H.Hkou CUAHO pa3Bumu UHgy­cmpUaAHU g'hpJkaBu <PuHaHcoBa noMOUl, B geiicmBumeAHocm omuBa 3a nokpuBaHe Ha Heo6xoguMUme pa3xogu 3a BHoc Ha op'hJkue.

B HanpegHaAume uHgycmpuaAHu g'hpJkaBu UMa HeMaAko xopa, koumo om ugeaAU3'bM u coAugapHocm ce 3acm'hnBam 3a pa3UlUp.HBaHe Ha noMow,ma 3a pa3Bumue; MH020 om m.HX B3eMam akmuBHo yqacmue B geiiHocmma Ha qacmHume He­npaBumeAcmBeHu opzaHmau,uu (NGO). Ho m'hii kamo noBe­qemo xopa omgaBam npuopumemHo 3HaqeHue Ha co6cmBe-

197

Hume cu nompe6Hocmu u npa8umeAcm8ama ce C'bo6pa3JI-8am c mo8a, 3aru,omo 6u8am U36upaHu Ha 8ceku qemupu 20-guHu, y8eAU1.J.a8aHemo Ha noMoru,ume 3a pa38u8aru,ume ce cmpaHu ru,e ce Ham'bkHe Ha 20AeMU npel.J.ku He3a8ucUMo om mo8a, koAko MaAko 6uxa nogeiicm8aAu me3u noMoru,u. T'bp­ceHemo Ha 8uHo8Huk go8elkga go noxog Ha npona2aHgama cperuy 2Ao6aAU3aU,u.Hma u m'bii kamo op2aHU3amopume Ha maku8a geMoHcmpau,uu He Mo2am ga omkpuHrn nepcoHaAeH 8uHo8Huk, 3aru,omo mak'b8 <Pakmul.J.ecku He C'bru,ecm8y8a, u3m'bk8am Hepa8HoMepHomo pa38umue. He3a8ucuMo om mo8a, 1.J.e 2A06aAU3aU,UJima Ha meXHOA02UUme, UH<l>OpMaU,UJI­ma u <PuHaHcume ru,e npomeqe 6e3 kak8umo u ga 6UAo uko­HOMUl.J.ecku nocAeguu,u 3a MH020 om pa38u8aru,ume ce cmpa­HU, ru,e npog'bAlkam onumume 3a ocyemJI8aHe Ha npou,eca UAU Haii-MaAko 3a He208omo 3a6a8J1He, om koemo Hukoii H.H­

Ma noA3a, 8kAfoqumeAHo u pa38u8aru,ume ce cmpaHu. Bu noM02HaAO npeMax8aHemo Ha 3aru,umHume Muma,

koumo uHgycmpuaAHume cmpaHu c'b3gagoxa, 3a ga npegna-3.Hm co6cm8eHume cu ukoHoMuku u 3eMegeAue. Te3u MUma npeqam Ha pa38u8aru,ume ce cmpaHu ga npoga8am c8oume cypo8uHu u ceAckocmonaHcka npogyku,u.H 8 cUAHo pa38umu­me g'bplka8u. B'bnpeku mo8a ycnex'bm ru,e e caMo qacmul.J.eH, m'bii kamo om nagaHemo Ha MUmama ru,e ce 8'b3nOA38am u gpy2u yqacmHuu,u 8 c8emo8Hama m'bp208u.H. IloMoru,ma, ko.Hmo ce u,eAu, 6u M02Aa ga U32Aelkga no cAegHUJI Hal.J.uH: cmpaHume, koumo omnyckam noMoru, 3a pa38umue, mp.H68a ga JI o68'bplkam c g8e ycAo8uJI, a UMeHHO 02paHu1.J.a8aHe Ha 8oeHHume pa3xogu om cmpaHa Ha g'bplka8ama, noAyqa8aru,a <PuHaHco8ama nogkpena, u noAa2aHe Ha ycUAuJI 3a HaMaAJI-8aHe Ha palkgaeMocmma qpe3 ceMeiiHo nAaHupaHe. BepoHrn­HO om ugeoA02u1.J.ecku u noAumuqecku C'bo6palkeHU.H 8 MH020 cmpaHu - kakmo 8 ga8aru,ume, maka u 8 noAyqa8aru,ume no-

MOUJ,U - me3u g8e ycao8uH ru,e ce Ham'hlrnam Ha 20AHMa C'h­npomu8a.

J132ae.ikga, qe npe3 caeg8aru,ume aiikoAko gecemuaemuH HHMa ga ce ga8a npumJ,UnHa u o6ru,a gon'hAHumeAHa noMoru, Ha pa38u8aru,ume ce cmpaHu. Ilo-ckopo npo6aeMUme 8'h8 8cHka omgeAHa cmpaHa ru,e mpH68a ga ce pema8am 8 gM-20cpo1.J.Ha nepcnekmu8a. Emo 3aru,o e 8'h3Mo1klio ga ce 3ana-3u u pa3AU1.J.Hama poAH Ha pa38u8aru,ume ce cmpaHu 8 c8emo-8eH Maru,a6. Kumaii, koHmo Me.ikgy gpy20mo e Haii-3Ha1.J.UMa­ma cpeg mm:, ru,e npog'ha.iku ga u2pae Bee no-20AHMa poAH, caeg8aHa om I1HguH. ,ll;okamo 20AHMa qacm om a<l>pukaHcku­me u aamuHoaMepukaHckume g'hp1ka8u ru,e npog'bA.ika8am ga 6'hgam pa3m'hpc8aHu npegu 8cu1.J.ko om 8'hmpemHonoau­muqecku npo6AeMU, m8'hpge 8epoHmHo e Bpa3UAUH ga pa3-2'bpHe 3Ha1.J.eHuemo cu 3a c8emo8Hama ukoHoMuka u noau­muka, a Mekcuko okoHl.J.ameAHo ga ce o68'hp1ke C'hC CAIIJ;. IIo-MaAko ECHO u32ae.ikga 6'bgeru,emo 3a pa38umuemo Ha MH020IDO UCAHMCku g'hp1ka8u u oco6eHO Ha me3U 8 CpegHUH U3mok.

EguHHa AUHUH Ha no8egeHue 8 c<Pepama Ha 8'bHU1Hama noaumuka Ha pa38u8aru,ume ce cmpaHu He 6u M02Aa ga ce oqak8a. Ilpe3 caeg8aru,ume gecemuaemuH no8eqemo om mm: ru,e ocmaHam Ha onamkama Ha c8ema u ru,e yqacm8am no­ckopo nacu8Ho, omkoAkomo akmu8Ho 8 npou,eca Ha 83UMaHe Ha 2ao6aAHu pemeHuH. Ecmecm8eHo u 8 6'bgeru,e om 8peMe Ha 8peMe ru,e UMa 2ao6aAHu C'hmpeceHUH, nopogeHu He Ha no­caegHo MHcmo om nepuogul.J.Hume <PuHaHco8u u 8aaymHu kpU3u 8 20AeMUme a3uamcku u aamuHoaMepukaHcku 6egHu u pa38u8aru,u ce cmpaHu.

Tpygttuam n'hm Ha EBpona k'hM ce6e cu

3a 20AHMa qacm om kumaiiu,ume UAU .anoHu,ume, 3a UH­guiiu,ume UAU upaHu,ume, 3a apa6ume UAU acppukaHu,ume U32AeJkga, qe EBpona e eguHcmBeHu.am koHmuHeHm, B'hp­xy koiimo ce e pa36UAa eguHHa u,uBUAu3au,u.a c o6m,u kope­HU u mpaguu,uu. B geiicmBumeAHocm B EBpona UMa noBe­qe om mpu gy3uHu Hau,uu u g'bpJkaBu. Iloqmu moJ\koBa ca u Hau,uoHaAHume e3uu,u, noBeqemo om koumo ca Ha 6'h3-pacm noBeqe om xUA.Hga zoguHu. C'bm,ecmByBam 6e36poii Hau,uoHaAHU ucmopuo2pacpuu u mpaguu,uu. 11 noBeqe om xUA.Hga 2oguHu Hapogume Ha EBpona ca Bo10BaAu noMeJk­gy cu. ,ll;Beme cBemoBHu BoiiHu Bog.am Ha'laAomo cu om EB­pona. Ilpe3 BekoBeme npegu moBa eBponeiickume Hau,uu ca pa32p'blll,aAU cBo.ama uMnepcka Mom, Hag u,eAU.H cB.am -n'hpBu ca 6UAu ucnaHu,ume, nopmy2aAu,ume u xoAaHgu,u­me, cAeg moBa aH2Au'laHume, cppaHu,y3ume, pycHau,ume, 6eA2uiiu,ume u Hakpa.a 2epMaHu,ume.

Ako ma3u k'hpBaBa ucmopu.a Ha eBponeiickume Hapogu 6e U36ecmHa Ha xopama B A3U.H u Acppuka, gHeurnomo o6e­guHeHue Ha gBagecem u nem om m.ax B EBponeiicku.a C'bl03 m,eme ga UM ce cmopu Bne'lamA.HBam,o. EBponeiicku.am C'b-103 HaucmuHa e u3kAioqumeAHo .aBAeHue - Haii-MaJ\ko c moBa, qe B'hB Bceku omgeAeH cAyqaii npuc'heguH.HBaHemo Ha gageHa HaU,U.H ce OCHOBaBa Ha co6cmBeHO u Hail'bAHO OC'b3Hamo pemeHue. ,D;oce2a cBemoBHama ucmopu.a He

200

IlOMHU mak'h6 go6po6oAeH omka3 Ha MHOZO HRQUU (omqa­cmu) om mmrnama cyBepeHHocm.

EcmecmBeHo eBponeuckomo o6eguHeHue H.HMame ga 6'bge 6'h3Moho, ako He C'bUJ,ecmByBame o6UJ,a kyAinypHa ocHoBa. XpucmmrncmBomo, Makap u B pa3AU\lHU pa3HO­BugHocmu, e eguHHama eBponeiicka peAuzua. J.1Ma WA.HMO o6UJ,oe6poneucko HayqHo u <PUAoco<Pcko 6ozamcm6o, 3a6e­UJ,aHo Ha pa3AU\lHU e3uu,u, HO noqmu Bcu\lku me ca c Aa­muHcko nucMo. HaBcHk'hge u,apu pa3geAeHue Ha g'hplkaBa­ma om I.J;'hpkBama, Melkgy U,'hpkoBeH u noAumuqecku aB­mopumem. Ilpe3 nocAegHume cmoAemuH noqmu HaBcHk'h­ge ce ymB'hpgu IlpocBeUJ,eHuemo. J.1 no-Hamam'hk- UMa 06-UJ,a kyAinypa Ha npaBomo, Ha ocHo6Hume qo6emku npaBa u Ha He3a6ucUMomo npaBopa3ga6aHe. C'hUJ,ecmByBa o6UJ,a noAumuqecka kyAinypa Ha koHcmumyu,uoHHama g'hplkaBa u geMokpau,u.Hma. K'hM moBa Molke ga ce npu6a6u u o6UJ,a­ma ukoHOMU\lecka kyAinypa Ha c6o6ogHume 3aHa.Hmu, Ha qacmHama co6cm6eHocm, Ha opueHmau,u.Hma k'hM na3a­pume, kakmo u cuzypHocm, zapaHmupaHa om 6AazogeH­cm6uemo Ha g'hplkaBama. Bcu\lku me3u o6UJ,u HeUJ,a ca no­cmurnamu om cmoAemu.H 6AazogapeHue Ha eBponeiickama Aumepamypa, kyAinypa, apxumekmypa u MY3uka. Ta3u pa36uma o6UJ,a kyAinypHa ocHoBa UJ,e omkpueM HaBcHk'hge - om r'bpU,U.H go <!>uHAaHgUH, om J.1cnaHU.H go IlOAUla.

B'hnpeku moBa C'hUJ,ecmByBam HHkoAko U3kAio'leHU.H. Haii-zoAJIMomo ca pycHau,ume, om koumo o6aqe CMe noAy­\lUAU HaU-3Ha\lUMUme u Bucoko u,eHeHu nocmulkeHU.H Ha eBponeuckama Aumepamypa u MY3uka. B ocmaHaAume o6Aacmu Ha eBponeuckomo pa3Bumue me UMam gocma no­ckpoMHO yqacmue. MaA'bk npuHoc UMam u ykpauHu,ume, noBeqemo Hapogu Ha BaAkaHcku.H noAyocmpoB u noqmu Bcu\lku Hau,uu, o6umaBaUJ,u ceBepHume u 10Jkliume qacmu

20!

Ha KaBka3, ga He wBopUM 3a Typu,uR. IIogqepmaBaHemo Ha me3u pa31mquJI B Hukak'bB cAyqail He 03HaqaBa ga ce ompuqa yBrukeHuemo k'hM cnoMeHamume Hapogu u mex­Hume kyAmypu, pa3BUAu ce B ucmopuqecku nAaH no pa3AU­qeH HaquH. EBponeilckume noAumuu,u, 3acm'hnHuu,u Ha eB­poneilckama uHmeepau,uR u Ha eguH <l>Yflku.uoHupaw, eBpo­neilcku C'bl03, mpR6Ba ga ca HaRCHO c me3u 3HaqUMu pa3-AuquJI, koeamo cmaBa gJMa 3a 6'bgew,o pa3umpeHue Ha EC.

Il'hpBu npokAaMupa ugeRma 3a eBponeilckama uHme­epau,uR Bukmop IOw. Ilpe3 aBeycm 1846 e. kamo npegce­gameA Ha MelkgJHapogeH koHepec B Ilapulk B egHa cBoR Be­Auka peq moil npU3oBaBa k'hM o6eguHeHue Ha g'hplk:aBume om EBpona. Toil U3xolk:ga om ugeRma 3a C'bxpaHRBaHemo Ha JHUkaAHama uHguBugyaAHocm Ha eBponeilckume Ha­u,uu. B c'bw,omo BpeMe IOw eoBopu 3a C'b3gaBaHemo Ha eguHeH eBponeilcku napAaMeHm Ha ocHoBama Ha o6w,omo U36upameAHo npaBo u gopu npokAaMupa ugeRma 3a o6w, eBponeilcku na3ap u c'bg.

MuHaBa noqmu cmoAemue, gokamo cAeg MHoeo kama­cmpo<l>aAHu BoilHu gpye BeAuk eBponeeu, He nogeMa omHo­Bo c'hw,ama ugeR. Ilpe3 1946 e. B egHa cBoR cmpameeuqe­cka peq B II;10pux YuHcm'hH q'bpqUA npokAaMUpa Heo6xogu­Mocmma om noMUpeHue Melkgy <l>paHu,y3u u eepMaHu,u u npegAaea ga ce C'b3gagam C'heguHeHume w,amu Ha EBpona (B'hnpeku qe myk yqacmuemo Ha AmAUR He ce npegBulk­ga). Heo6xoguMU ca 6UAu ow,e qemupu wguHu, 3a ga ce no­cmaBu <l>akmuqeckomo HaqaAo npe3 1950 e. c nAaHa ,,Illy­MaH" u C'bC C'b3gaBaHemo Ha C'b103a 3a B'heAuw,a u cmoMa­Ha (Po6epm llIJMaH e <l>peHcku B'bHUleH MUHUCm'bp no OHO­Ba BpeMe, a ugeilHuRm C'b3gameA Ha nAaHa ,,llIJMaH" e 2KaH MoHe).

,ll;Ba cmpameeuqecku MomuBa gaBam peUlumeAeH

202

mAac'hk Ha ma3u HellyBaHa 3a BpeMemo cu n'hpBa cm'hnka: om egHa cmpaHa, Heo6xoguMocmma om C'h3gaBaHemo Ha 6apuepa cpeuzy HapacmBaw,ama uMnepuaAucmw1ecka ek­cnaH3UH Ha C'hBemckua C'hl03 (u 3am0Ba ocmaHaAume Ha­pogu ce HpkgaeAu om HeMu,ume), a om gpy2a - nocmma­He Ha mpauHo o6eguHeHue Ha HeMckama Hau,u.H. IIo oHoBa BpeMe cmaBa gJMa caMo 3a 3anagHa repMaHu.H, Ha6po.HBa­w,a egBa 50 MUAUOHa gyum, lluumo nogeM o6alle MmkeA ga 6'hge npegBugeH. Heo6xoguMocmma om C'h3gaBaHemo Ha npellka npeg C'hBemcku.H C'hl03 omnagHa c Hacm'hnBaHemo Ha HewBu.H kpau; u B 6'hgew,e Hue He ce HpkgaeM om 6a­puepu cpeuzy Pycu.H. MomuB'hm 3a mpauHama uHme2pa­U,UE Ha gBama pa3geAeHu 2epMaHcku Hapoga o6alle ocma­Ba om c'hw,ecmBeHo 3Ha1.J.eHue u 3a u,eAU.H XXI Bek, oco6eHo cAeg o6eguHeHuemo Ha repMaHUE npe3 1990 2.

Ow,e npe3 50-me wguHu ce cmma go npo3peHuemo, lle B nepcnekmuBa caMo o6w,u.Hm na3ap 3a B'h2Auw,a u cmo­MaHa H.HMa ga e gocmam'hlleH, a HanpomuB, e Heo6xoguMo ga ce C'h3gage eguHeH o6w, na3ap 3a Bcullku cmoku u ycAy­w. Ta3u uge.H goBelkga go koH<PepeHU,UEma B MecuHa, a npe3 1958 2. u go nognucBaHemo Ha PuMckume gowBopu. To3u n'hm om pemaBaw,o 3HalleHue ca m2Aegume 3a uko­HOMUlleckama noA3a om eguH mak'hB 02poMeH o6w, na3ap. To3u MomuB e B cUAa u go gHec, HewBomo 3HalleHue w,e ce 3ana3u u 3aHanpeg. AMepukaHu,ume 20 Hapullam npeUMy­w,ecmBomo Ha Economy of the Great Scale. BnpolleM uko­HOMUllecku.Hm MomuB ce oka3a Hau-BalkeH 3a peguu,a g'hp­lkaBu, npUC'hegUHUAU ce no-k'hCHO k'hM C'hl03a, HanpUMep npe3 90-me wguHu mou cmaHa pemaBaw, 3a npuc'heguH.H­BaHemo Ha mpume HeympMHu cmpaHu <l>uHAaHgu.H, IIIBe­U,UE u ABcmpu.H. C'hw,o u pemeHuemo 3a C'h3gaBaHe Ha eguHHa BMyma npe3 1992 2. npou3mullame om ukoHoMu-

203

qecku11 uHmepec 3a U3epmkgaHemo Ha o6w, na3ap, koi:imo

om'lacmu w,eUie ga cu ocmaHe ca.Mo3a6Ayga 6e3 makaBa

eguHHa BaAyma.

Om npueMaHemo Ha nAaHa ,,llIJMaH" npe3 1950 z. go 90-me zoguHu 6po.Hm Ha cmpaHume - yqacmHu'lku B eBponei:i­

ckomo o6eguHeHue, nocmeneHHO HapacHa. OcHoBameAku

6.HX:a <l>pamJ,U.H, 3anagHa repMaHU.H, MmaAU.H u mpume

ukoHOMU'lecku B3aUMo3aBucUMu g'hplkaBu BeAzu.H, XoAaH­

gu11 u AiokceM6ypz; B Ha'laAomo Ha 70-me zoguHu ce npu­

C'hegUHuxa AHzAu.H, ,Il;aHu.H u MpAaHgu11; npe3 80-me cAeg

kpa.>I Ha gukmamopckume pelkUMU zu nocAegBaxa Mcna­

HUH, IlopmyZaAUH U r'hpU,U.H U Hai:i-Hakpa.H, npe3 1995 z.,

mpume HeympaAHu g'hplkaBu <l>uHAaHgu11, IIIBeu,u11 u AB­

cmpu.H. To3u npou,ec Ha pa3Uiup11BaHe om 6 Ha 15 cyBepeH­

Hu g'hplkaBu 6e mpygeH, 3aw,omo nocmo.HHHO 6e cn'hBaH

om npo11Ba Ha pa3AU'lHU cpopMU Ha HaU,UOHaAeH eZOU3'hM u

npegpa3C'h9'hU,U u 3aw,omo Hai:i-Hanpeg mp116BaUie ga 6'h­

gam U3ZAageHu 6e36poi:i koHcpAukmu Ha uHmepecu. B kpai:i­

Ha cMemka Bcu'lku kpU3u Molkaxa ga 6'hgam npeogoAeHu,

3aw,omo npuc'heguH11BaHemo u C'hg'hplkameAHomo u UH­

cmumyu,uoHaAHO 3ag'hA6o'laBaHe Ha o6eguHumeAHu.H npo­

u,ec nocmeneHHO ce oc'hw,ecmBuxa.

Kozamo npe3 50-me zoguHu 6.HX: 'lAeH Ha EBponei:icku11

napAa.MeHm, genymamume B Hezo Bee ow,e 6.HX:a U3npaw,a­

HU HanpaBo c peUieHue Ha C'homBemHume Hau,uoHaAHu

napAa.MeHmu. )];Hee genymamume B u,.HAa EBpona egHoBpe­

MeHHO ca U36upaHu u om zpmkgaHume, a cUAama u BAu.H­

Huemo Ha EBponei:icku.H napAaMeHm HapacHaxa 3Ha'lu­

meAHo. Kozamo npe3 1979 z. noAolkUXMe ocHoBume Ha EB­

ponei:ickama BaAymHa cucmeMa (EWS), eklomo ce npeB'hp­

Ha B o6w,a pecpepeHmHa BaAyma, HO npog'hAlkaBaUie ga ce

nAaw,a B c'homBemHama Hau,uoHaAHa BaAyma. IIo B3aUMHO

204

C'bZAacue Hau,uoHaAHume BaAymu Mmkexa ga np0Mem1m cBoH napumem cnpHMo eklomo, a <PuHaHcoBo-noimmuqe­ckama omzoBopHocm noeMaxa C'bomBemHume Hau,uoHaA­HU u,eHmpaAHu 6aHku. ,ll;Hec Beqe Bcuqku nAaUJ,aHUH ce u3-6'bpmBam B eBpo, a <PuHaHcoBo-noAumuqeckama omzoBop­Hocm ce noeMa om EBponeiickama u,eHmpaAHa 6aHka. Om EBponeiickama o6w,Hocm 3a B'hzAuw,a u cmoMaHa U3pacHa EBponeiickama ukoHOMU'Iecka o6w,Hocm, om HeH - EBpo­neiickama o6w,Hocm, u HakpaH ce cmuzHa go C'b3gaBaHemo Ha EBponeiickuH C'b103. Cmomuu,u MaAku cm'bnku u gy3uHa zoAeMu pemeHUH, npegnpuemu go 1992 z., goBegoxa go no­cmuzfillemo Ha oHa3u cmeneH Ha eBponeiicka uHmezpa­u,uH, koHmo gecem zoguHu npegu moBa Hukoii He oqakBa­me ga ce cAyqu.

Ho emo qe c'bBemckama 3anAaxa omnagHa. Ilpe3 gece­mUAemuHma CAIIJ; yAeCHHBaxa u nogkpenHXa o6eguHeHue­mo Ha EBpona. ArnAaHmuqeckuHm nakm C'bUJ,O Hac'bpqaBa­me eBponeiickama uHmezpau,uH, npuo6w,aBaiiku k'hM cBou­me 6'bHUlHonoAumu11ecku u cmpamezuqecku pemeHUH eB­poneiickume npaBumeAcmBa. ,ll;Hec o6aqe npemeHu,uume Ha AMepuka 3a xezeMOHUH ce 3acUAuxa. A1rnAuiickama u <PpeHckama C'bnpomuBa cpew,y o6eguHeHuemo Ha gBeme HeMcku g'hpLkaBu mpygHo ru,HXa ga 6'bgam npeogoAeHu, ako ow,e npe3 1990 z. He C'bUJ,ecmByBame nogkpena om cmpaHa Ha gaAHoBugHama B'hB B'bHUlHonoAumuqecko om­HomeHue agMUHucmpau,uH Ha ,ll;LkopgLk Bym-cmapmu. Ako <l>paHcoa MumepaH u Mapzapem Taq'bp ce 6HXa HaAoLku­AU, He 6eme U3kJ\ioqeH u kpaHm Ha eBponeiickuH npou,ec Ha uHmezpau,uH. Be3 Bym-cmapmu u rop6aqoB, 6e3 nouckaHa­ma om mHX npou,egypa 3a nognucBaHe Ha gozoBopa ,J];Be IlJ\lOC qemupu", npu koHmo gBeme HeMcku g'hpLkaBu Haii­Hanpeg 6HXa ocmaBeHu ga npezoBapHm caMU u egBa cAeg

205

moBa mp.H6Barne ga ce C'ho6pa3.Hm c'hc cmpaHume - no6-egumeAku om 1945 z., B EBpona w,eme ga Hacm'hnu melkka kpU3a. Ilpe3 2003 z. o6aqe, noqmu gecemUAemue u noAoBu­Ha no-k'hcHo, agMuHucmpau,u.Hma Ha ,l.Vkopglk Bym-MAag­mu ce onuma ga pa3geAu o6w,Hocmma Ha eBponeiickume g'hplkaBu u ga npomuBonocmaBu ,,HoBa" cpew,y ,,cmapa" EBpona.

B pempocnekmuBeH nAaH U3ZAelkga, qe 1992-pa e npeAo­MeH MOMeHm 3a eBponeiickomo o6eguHeHue. ToBa e zogu­Hama, B ko.Hmo ce B3e pemeHue 3a o6w,a BaAyma u 6mca no­kaHeHu 3a npuc'beguH.HBaHe peguu,u 6uBmu koM)'Hucmuqe­cku g'hplkaBu HaqeAo c IloAma, qexocAoBaku.H u YHzapu.H. B C'hUJ,omo BpeMe om mo3u MOMeHm Hamam'hk 3anoqHaxa ga ce no.HBHBam MHOZO zoAeMu nponycku. MHcmumyu,uume Ha EC, pa3npegeAeHuemo Ha koMnemeHu,uume Melkgy mmc, 3akoHogameAHume u qmHaHcoBo-noAumuqeckume npaBUAa 6mca a6coA10mHo agekBamHu 3a eguH C'hl03 om mecm g'hplkaBu. 3a C'hl03 om geBem g'hplkaBu noAolkeHue­mo B moBa omHomeHue Bee ow,e 6e HopMaAHO, HO cumya­u,u.Hma cmaHa kpumuqHa, kozamo qAeHkume B EBpoc'hl03a ce oka3axa gBaHagecem u Hakpa.H nemHagecem, Bc.Hka om koumo c npaBo Ha Bemo npu pemaBaHemo Ha Bcuqku npo-6AeMu. IlpeMuepume u MUHucmpume Ha cmpaHume qAeH­ku He Molkaxa ga Bug.Hm HaBpeMe me3u nponycku. Kozamo moBa cmaHa, ce oka3a, qe ca Hecnoco6Hu ga noMOZHam. CAeg Maacmpuxm (1992) me cBukaxa ow,e mpu npaBumeA­cmBeHu koH<l_>epeHu,uu - B AMcmepgaM, Huu,a u PuM/Bpiok­ceA. YcUAu.Hma 6mca ZOAeMU, HO pe3yAmam'hm - paBeH Ha HyAa.

B'hnpeku moBa 3a npuc'beguH.HBaHe 6mca nokaHeHu 12 HoBu g'hplkaBu IlAfOC Typu,u.H, Makap nokaHama k'hM He.fl ga 6e <l_>opMJAUpaHa ycAoBHo u He.HcHo. EguH mB'hpge yc'hpgeH

206

U3Il'hAHUmeAeH op2aH, koMucuHma B BpiokceA, npoBege npe20Bopume moAkoBa 6'bp3o, qe B HaqaAomo Ha 2004 2. <Pakmuqecku oru,e gecem HoBu g'hplkaBu 6mm npuemu m'hplkecmBeHo B EC, B'hnpeku qe uHcmumyu,uume ca Bee maka Hegocmam'hqHu 3a cezaurnume 25 ~eHku, kakmo u ko2amo 6mm 12, m. e. HanoAoBuHa no-MaAko. Ce2a U3Il'hA­HumeAHURm op2aH Ha EC ru,e ce C'hcmou om 25 gyum, B'h­npeku qe egHa koMucuR c 15-~eHeH c'bcmaB 6u 6UAa Ha­Il'hAHO gocmam'hqHa. EgHa npoMRHa Ha uHcmumyu,uume u 3ak0Hume, Makap u Ha ocHoBama Ha npoekm 3a koHcmu­myu,uR, mpa6omeH om HenpegBugeH B npuc'beguHumeAHu­me gozoBopu C'hBem u npegUMHO om HezoBuR npegcegameA LKuckap g'EcmeH, muckBa pamu<Pukm.wR om cmpaHa Ha Bcuqkume 25 ~eHku Ha EC. ,IJ;o BAu3aHemo B cUAa Ha KoH­cmumyu,uRma ru,e MUHam oru,e HRkoAko zoguHu. Melkgy­BpeMeHHO e MaAko BepoRmHo ga ce U3Ae3e om npog'hAlku­meAHUR 3acmou Ha EBpoc'hl03a, 3anoqHaA om 1992 2.

Ilpe3 2002 - 2003 2. npaBumeAcmBama B'hB BaumH2moH, AoHgoH u Magpug omHoBo ce onumaxa ga pa3geARm EC B'hB B'hHUIHonoAumuqecko omHoUieHue qpe3 cnopa 3a aMe­pukaHckomo HanageHue Hag li:Ipak. IlpaBumeAcmBama Ha gpyzu Uiecm cmpaHu ~eHku u Ha HRkoAko kaHgugam­~eHku ce npuc'heguHuxa k'hM mmc. Humo BAe'hp, Humo Ac­Hap, Humo BepAyckottu nogkpenuxa npegcegameAR Ha EB­poneuckuR c'bBem B onumume MY 3a nocmuzaHe Ha C'h2Aa­cue okoAo eguHHa no3UU,UR, HO u Illupak, u Illphogep He Ha­npaBuxa Huru,o no B'hnpoca. EgHume 3acmaHaxa 6e3ycAoB­HO 3ag CAIIJ; u mnpamuxa cBou BoeHHU koHmuH2eHmu, gpy2ume ce g'hplkaxa maka, cRkaUI ca npuB'hplkeHuu,u Ha BpeMeHHa koaAUU,UR c IIymuH cperu,y CAIIJ;, u C'h3gagoxa BneqamAeHuemo, qe ce RBRBam nonequmeAu Ha ocmaHa­Aume cmpaHu - ~eHku Ha EC. B zoguHume npegu moBa

207

06a11e Bcul.lku me g'hplkaxa ipaHgU03HU pe11u 3a Heo6xogu­Mocmma om BogeHe Ha eguHHa B'hHUIHa noAumuka u noAu­muka Ha cuiypHOCm - HeMcku.mn B'hHUleH MUHUCm'hp go­pu 1keAaeUie C'h3ga6aHemo Ha o6w,o eBponeiicko npaBu­meAcmBo - u Bcul.lku me 3aegHo U3guiHaxa ucnaHeu,a Co­AaHa 3a 6'hHUIHonoAumu11ecku ioBopumeA Ha EC. Bcul.lku me3u npokAaMau,uoHHU pequ 06a11e ce oka3axa caMo npa3-HU npuka3ku.

B Ha11aAomo Ha XXI Bek EBpoc'hl03'hm ce HaMUpa B g'hA-6oka kpU3a He caMo no omHoUieHue Ha uHcmumyu,uume cu u B'hHUIHonoAumu11eckama cu akmuBHocm, HO u no omHo­UieHue Ha cBoume ukoHoMU11ecku u cou,uaAHu cmpykmypu. B n0Be11emo om gBagecem u nemme ceiaUIHU cmpaHu 'lAeHku u,apu Heo6u11aiiHo Bucoka cmpykmypHa 6e3pa6o­muu,a, c'hw,ecmBeHa BuHa 3a ko.mno UMam g'hplkaBHomo cBp'hxpeiyAupaHe u 610pokpau,u.Hma, nonyAucmkama noAu­muka 3a mpygoBume B'h3Haipa1kgeHU.H u om11acmu kpaiiHo Au6epaAHama cou,uaAHa noAumuka; .Hpkume npUMepu B XoAaHgu.H u ,r:t;aHUH nomB'hplkgaBam moBa npaBUAo. B noq­mu Bcul.lku g'hplkaBu 'l.L\eHku ce Ha6A10ga6a npou,ec Ha 3a­cmap.H6aHe Ha o6w,ecm6omo, C'hnpoBogeH om ompuu,ame­AeH geMoipacpcku npupacm. HeiamuBHume nocAeguu,u, ko­umo C'hC cuiypHocm w,e Hacm'hn.Hm om moBa, 6aBHo go­cmuiam go o6w,ecmBeHomo C'h3HaHue. ,r:t;oceia Hukoe om npaBumeAcmBama He e noHeCAO cepuo3HU nocAeguu,u. Ilo­Be11emo ynpaBA.HBaw,u, kakmo u MHOZO om 'l.L\eHoBeme Ha koMUcu.Hma B Bp10kceA, 6'h3npueMam o6w,ume eBponeiicku npo6AeMU, cB'hp3aHu c 6e3pa6omuu,ama, cpuHaHcupaHemo Ha g'hplkaBHume gei:iHocmu u oco6eHo cou,uaAHama noAu­muka, kamo u,ukAu11eH npo6AeM, g'hAlkaw. ce Ha koH10Hk­mypama. Te ce Hag.HBam Ha no-ioA.HM ukoHoMU11ecku pa­cmelk nog cpopMama Ha koH10HkmypeH nogeM. Toii 06a11e

208

HHMa ga go6ege go npoM.HHa Ha cmpykmypume, ako 6'.bo6-UJ,e ce OC'.bUJ,ecm6u. Ilpa6umeAcm6ama u napAaMeHmume npo6mkgam 6a6Ho cmpykmypHume peq>0pMu, m'.hu kamo ca HenonyA.HpHU u Mozam ga UM cmpy6am 3azy6a Ha zAa­conoga6ameAu. KoMucu.Hma 6 Bp10kceA UMa He3HaqumeA­HO 6AU.HHue 6'.bpxy npou,ecume Ha MogepHU3aU,U.H Ha o6UJ,e­cm6eHume u ulrnHoMuqeckume cmpykmypu 6 cmpaHume qj\eHku; HeiiHume uHuu,uamu6u ca npegUMHO 6 o6Aacmma Ha gon'.bAHumeAHama pezAaMeHmau,u.H.

C npuc'.heguH.H6aHemo Ha Ho6ume gecem g'.hpJk:a6u k'.bM EC npe3 2004 z. u npegu 6cuqko Ha IloArua, YHzapu.H u qe­xu.H, HaceAeHuemo Ha EC ce y6eAuqu c 20%, a o6UJ,u.Hm BpymeH 6'.bmpemeH npogykm Ha C'.bl03a - caMo c 5%. ,IJ;e­cemme Ho6u qj\eHku npoU36eJk:gam cpegHo Ha zAa6a om HaceAeHuemo caMo noAo6uHama om mo6a, koemo npoU3-6eJk:gam nemHagecemme cmapu qj\eHku. Ecmecm6eHo npa6umeAcm6ama Ha npuc'.beguH.H6aUJ,ume ce cmpaHu ce Hag.H6am Ha no-go6pu ukoHoMUqecku 6'.b3Mohocmu qpe3 yqacmuemo Ha g'.hpJk:a6ume UM 6 eguHHU.H e6poneucku na-3ap, HO npegu 6cuqko oqak6am qmHaHco6u noMOUJ,U. Ha­geJk:gume UM UJ,e ce oc'.bUJ,ecm6.H6am 6a6Ho u nocmeneHHo, HO MHOZO MaAko om oqak6aHu.Hma UM 3a qmHaHco6a nog­kpena UJ,e ce c6'.bgHam. <l>uHaHco6a noMOUJ, 6 pa3Mepume, koumo 6.HXa ocuzypeHu Ha MpAaHgu.H npe3 1973 z., Ha r'.bp­u,u.H npe3 1981 z. u Ha McnaHU.H u IlopmyzaAu.H npe3 1986 z., <l>akmuqecku e U3kAwqeHa; mo6a UJ,e 03Haqa6a 3HaqumeA­HU <l>uHaHco6u AumeHU.H UAU no6urua6aHe Ha gaH'.bqHume cma6ku 3a cmapume cmpaHu qj\eHku, koemo e HeMUCAUMO. Emo 3aUJ,o He ca U3kAwqeHu u pa3oqapo6aHu.H. B C'.bUJ,omo 6peMe Ho6onpuc'.beguH.H6aUJ,ume ce cmpaHu UJ,e noAyqam npe3 cAeg6aUJ,ume gecemUAemu.H 3HaqumeAHa ukoHoMUqe­cka U3zoga 6cAegcm6ue Ha yqacmuemo cu 6 o6UJ,U.H e6po-

209

nei:icku na3ap u B pe3yAIIlam Ha omBopeHocmma Ha na3a­

pa Ha mpyga 3a m'bpceHe u npegAazaHe Ha pa6oma. T'bi:i

kamo no'lllu Bcu'lku me w,e cmapmupam c omHocumeAHo

HUC'bk BpymeH B'bmpeUieH npogykm u C'bC cpaBHumeAHo

HUC'bk lku3HeH cmaHgapm, BepoJimHo ukoHOMU':1.eckuJim

UM pacmelk w,e om6eAelku no-Bucoku cpegHu cmoi:iHocmu,

omkoAkomo mo3u B cmapume g'bplkaBu - ':1.AeHku Ha EC.

0H3U, koi:imo npoJMee ce2aUIHomo kpU3ucHo noAolke­

Hue Ha EC, w,e pa36epe, 'le w,e e Hylklia no-g'bA2a cpa3a,

npegu ga ce noMUCAU 3a npuc'beguHJIBaHemo Ha HoBu g'bp­

lkaBu. Hai:i-Hanpeg mpH6Ba ga ce cnpaBuM c'bc c'bw,ecmBy­

Baw,ume uHcmumyu,uoHaAHU, ukoHoMuqecku u noAumuqe­

cku gecpmwmu, 3aw,omo Beqe He e HeB'b3Molklio ga ce MU­

cAu 3a pa3nagatte Ha EC UAU 3a npeBp'bW,aHemo MY npocmo

B cBo6ogHa 30Ha 3a m'bp20BuJI. EgHo ckopoUIHO npuc'begu­

HJIBaHe Ha 6egHume 6aAkaHcku g'bplkaBu UAU Ha TypQUJI

6u 3acmpaUIUAO cpuHaHcoBume 6'b3Molkliocmu Ha EC u He-

20Bomo eguHcmBo. B cAyqaJI c TypQUJI mpH6Ba ga ce B3e­Mam npegBug He caMo Hei:iHume 3HaqumeAHu kyAIIlypHu

pa3AUl:J.UJI no OmHOUleHue Ha EBpona, HO u kyAIIlypHomo

pogcmBo Ha mypQume c MlOClOAMaHume B A3UJI u CeBepHa

Acppuka. OcBeH moBa TypQUJI w,e 6'bge eguHcmBeHama

cmpaHa ':1.AeHka c noAolkumeAeH npupacm Ha HaceAeHue­

mo. ,[l;Hec mJI Ha6poHBa noqmu 70 MUAUOHa gyUiu, a B kpaH

Ha XXI Bek ce o':lakBa ga gocmu2He 100 MUAUOHa. ToBa 6u

03Haqa6aAo caMo cAeg HJikoAko gecemUAemmr mJI ga ce

npeB'bpHe B Hai:i-20AHMama no HaceAeHue g'bplkaBa B EBpo­

C'bl03a.

Om no3UQUJima Ha AH2AUJI go6pe goUIAu B o6eguHeHa

EBpona ca kakmo TypQUJI, maka u gpy2u HoBu cmpaHu

':1.AeHku, m'bi:i kamo B i\oHgoH HJIMam Huw,o npomuB npeB­

p'bW,aHemo Ha EC B cBo6ogHa 30Ha 3a m'bp20BuJI, m'bkMo

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o6panrnomo. AHzAu.H He 6Ae3e B EBponeuckuH C'bl03 He no y6e1k:geHue, Humo om npo3opAuBocm, qe npuc'beguHHBaHe­mo e om Balk:Ho cmpamezuqecko 3HalleHue 3a He.ff, a no­ckopo c u,eA ga 3ana3u BAU.HHuemo cu Hag no-Hamam'hUlHO­mo pa3Bumue Ha EBpona. To3u MomuB 6e pewaBaw, 3a MU­HUCm'bp-npegcegameAu kamo MakMuAaH, YUAC'bH, Tall'bp, a gHec u 3a BAe'bp; Egyapg Xuum 6e mkAiolleHuemo. MHo-3UHcmBomo om amAuiickume m6upameAu zAegam C'bUJ,O moAkoBa ozpaHulleHo Ha Hew,ama, koAkomo u meXHume npeMUepu; me ca no-ckAoHHU ga nogkpen.Hm CAIIJ;, omkoA­komo ga ce omkalkam om qacm om cBoH cyBepeHumem. Tol!HO no ma3u npulluHa AHzAUH He ce npuc'heguHu k'hM eguHHama eBponeucka BaAyma. Jifao6w,o He mp.H6Ba ga ce oqakBa, qe AoHgOH w,e npegnpueMe uHuu,uamuBu 3a npeo­goAHBaHe Ha kpmama Ha 3acmou, m'hu kamo om zAegHa mollka Ha aHzAU\laHume eguH mak'hB 3acmou He e onaceH, Ho Bc.Hka kpallka Hanpeg k'hM no-zoAHMa uHmezpau,u.H e HelkeAaHa om m.HX.

Ilogo6Ha, Makap u He moAkoBa CUAHO U3pa3eHa, AUHU.H Ha noBegeHue npe3 cAegBaw,ume zoguHu Molke ga ce oqa­kBa u B IloAwa, qewkama peny6Auka u Ilpu6aAmuka. Ako B ckopo BpeMe noAckama Hau,uH e mnpaBeHa npeg U3nu­maHuemo ga m6upa Melkgy CAIIJ; u EC, HeuHomo peweHue w,e e B noA3a Ha AMepuka. KoAkomo noBeqe eguH Hapog e cmpagaA om nomucHu\lecmBomo u okynau,u.Hma Ha C'b­Bemcku.H C'bl03, a npegu moBa Ha xumAepucmka repMaHUH, moAkoBa no-HBHa e HezoBama npuB'bp3aHocm k'hM AMepu­ka.

B cAyqa.H c ucnaHckomo u umaAuaHckomo npaBumeA­cmBo nog p'bkoBogcmBomo c'bomBemHo Ha AcHap u BepAy­ckoHu, koumo B'hnpeku Heogo6peHuemo Ha Hapogume cu 3acmaHaxa Ha cmpaHama Ha AMepuka B'hB BouHama c

2II

Mpak, 011eBugHo cmaBa gyMa He moJ\koBa 3a mnumBaHu 9'hA6oku 11yBcmBa k'hM CAIII;, koJ\komo 3a AU'lHO C'h2Aama­meAcmBo. B no-g'hA20cpo11Ha nepcnekmuBa Mmke ga ce pa311uma Ha moBa, 11e - c 02Aeg Ha co6cmBeHume cmpame-2u11ecku uttmepecu - MmaAua u McnaHUH w,e npegno11e­mam EC npeg CAIII;, ako ce cmmHe go koH<pAukm B noAu­mukama Ha EC u AMepuka. ToBa Brulm u 3a BeA2UH, XoAaH­guH u i\iokceM6yp2 u e a6coAfOmHO CU2ypHO 3a <l>paHU,Ufl u repMaHUfl.

IllapA gho roA 6e mo3u, koiimo n'hpBu nocmaBu Ha11aAo­mo Ha npou,eca Ha noMupHBaHe MeLk:gy <l_>paHu,y3ume u meXHume 2epMaHcku C'hcegu. Po6epm IllyMaH u .IKaH Mo­He, BaAepu .IKuckap g'EcmeH u .IKak ,[J;eAop nponpaBuxa n'h­mH k'hM eBponeiickama UHme2pau,uH u HanpaBuxa B'h3Mo­LkeH HeiiHuH U3HeHagBaw, ycnex. MH02omo cm'hnku, Heo6xogUMu 3a moBa, 6HXa npegnpuemu no uHuu,uamuBa Ha <J>paHu,y3ume. I10Aumu11eckama kAaca B'hB <l>paHU,UH n'hpBa om n0Be11emo noAumuu,u B gpy2ume eBponeiicku cmpaHu npo3pH, 11e uHme2pau,uHma e om npuopumemHo 3Ha11eHue 3a co6cmBeHume Hau,uoHaAHU uHmepecu. Om-6paHama cpew.y koMJHucmu11eckama C'hBemcka ekcnaH-3UH U JkeAaHuemo 3a o6egUHHBaHe Ha repMaHUfl U2paexa mo11Ho moJ\koBa 20AHMa poAH kamo MomuBu, koJ\komo no­k'hcHo u ukoH0Mu11eckama noA3a om C'h3gaBaHemo Ha egu­HeH eBponeiicku na3ap. ,[J;Hec Ha npegeH nAaH u3n'hkBa gaA­HoBugHocmma Ha <l>peHckama n0Aumu11ecka kAaca, 11e c 02Aeg Ha 2Ao6aAHume 3anAaxu u 3apagu aMepukaHckama xe2eMOHUH eBponeiickume Hau,uu UMam maHc 3a caMoym­B'hpLkgaBaHe caMo ako ocmaHam eguHHU. He caMo ugea­AU3M'hm Ha Bukmop I020, a no-ckopo pau,uoHaAHomo npo-3peHue 3a uHmepecume Ha <l>paHU,UH p'hkoBogeme geii­cmBuHma Ha <l_>peHckume g'hpLkaBHu M'hLke.

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<l>paHtl,UH lkeAaeUle o6eguHeHUemo Ha repMaHUH, 3a ga Molke cAeg moBa 3ae9Ho c gpy<mme c'bcegu ga 6'hgam no­cpeUJ,Hamu onacHocmume, ugBaUJ,u omB'hH. repMaHUH B'h3-npue ma3u cmpame2u.H u JI npeB'hpHa B cBo.H Haii-Hanpeg nog p'hkoBogcmBomo Ha KoHpag AgeHayep, a cAeg moBa u nog Moe p'hkoBogcmBo u moBa Ha XeAMym KoA. Ilpu moBa 3apagu cBo.Hma ucmopu.H om n'hpBama noAoBuHa Ha XX Bek u 3apagu zeo2pacpcko cu noAolkeHue cpeg Heo6uqauHo 20A.HM 6pou HenocpegcmBeHU C'hCegu repMaHU.H UMa OUJ,e no-cUAeH cmpamezuqecku uHmepec om <l>pami,u.H ma3u UH­mezpau,u.H ga ce oc'bUJ,ecmBu. 3a qemupu gecemUAemu.H n'hpBoHaqaAHo ckenmuqHomo u no-ckopo nacuBHo omHo­meHue Ha o6UJ,ecmBeHocmma B repMaHU.H u <l>paHU,U.H npe­pacHa Haii-Hanpeg B'hB B3aUMHO npueMaHe, a no-k'hcHo u B ucmuHcku npu.HmeAcku Bp'h3ku Melkgy gBeme Hau,uu. 3a moBa gonpuHece oqeBugHomo 3a Bceku u qecmo geMOH­cmpamuBHo m.HcHo C'hmpygHuqecmBo Melkgy cppeHckume npe3ugeHmu .JKuckap g'EcmeH u MumepaH u 2epMaHcku­me 6yttgeckaHu,Aepu. 1fakAfoqeHue npaB.Hm oHe3u gBaHage­cem Meceu,a npe3 1989 - 1990 2., npe3 koumo o6eguHeHue­mo Ha repMaHu.H, u32AelkgaUJ,o Haii-Hanpeg caMo kamo B'h-3Molkliocm, ce npeB'hpHa B geiicmBumeAHocm u npe3 kou­mo noAumuu,ume Ha gpyzume eBponeiicku g'hplkaBu, kak­mo u om20BopHume Auu,a B'hB BamuH2moH u MockBa pa3-6paxa, qe onumume Ilapulk u BoH ga 6'hgam HacmpoeHu eguH cpeuzy gpy2 m'hpn.Hm Heycnexu; ma3u cnoMeHama cpa3a 6e npeogoA.HHa mB'hpge 6'hp3o.

B geiicmBumeAHocm go 1992 2. ynpaBA.HBaUJ,ume B Ila­pulk u BoH (no-k'hcHo B BepAUH) 3ae9Ho gonpuHecoxa Haii­MH020 3a nocmu2aHe Ha eBponeiickama uHmezpau,u.H. B mo3u npou,ec npuHu,unHo BogeUJ,a cpu2ypa 6e cppeHcku.Hm npe3ugeHm. EcmecmBeHo npe3 me3u qemupu gecemUAe-

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mua mpH6Bmue ga 6'bgam npeogo.lVIBaHu u o6pamu u He­

npek'bcHamo ga ce BHuMaBa 3a moBa, qe npaBumeAcmBa­

ma Ha ocmaHaAume g'hplk:aBu \lAeHku eAegaxa MaAko no­

go3pumeAHo Ha maHgeMa Ilapulk: - BoH.

B pempocnekmuBeH nAaH om Hali-eoAHMO 3Ha\leHue 6e

gBycmpaHHomo pemeHue Ha HATO, koemo no oHoBa Bpe­

Me 6e MHoeo ocnopBaHo om o6w,ecmBeHomo MHeHue B

repMaHUH. Ilpe3 1979 e. npeMuepume Ha <l>paHU,UH, AH­

eAUH U repMaHUH yen.mm C 06UJ,U JCUAUH ga CMOHHm Ha

moBa pemeHue aMepukaHckuH npe3ugeHm Kapm'bp. OceM

eoguHu no-k'bcHo moBa goBege go C'b3gaBaHe Ha ,IJ;oeoBopa

3a npeMaxBaHe Ha amoMHomo op'blk:ue C'bC cpegeH o6cee

Ha geucmBue (INF) - pe3yAmam, koumo oqakBaxMe om

caMomo Ha\laAO. Taka 3ano\lHa kpaHm Ha CmygeHama

BouHa. Ilpe3 2002 - 2003 e. npemeHu,uume Ha npe3ugeHma

Byru-MAagruu 3a xeeeMOHUH u HanageHuemo Hag Ji:Ipak

omHoBo c'hlkuBuxa mecHume Bp'h3ku Ha c'bmpygHu\le­

cmBo Melkgy Ilapulk: u BepAUH.

Melk:gyBpeMeHHO 10puguqecku oc'bw,ecmBeHomo npe3

2004 e. pa3ruUpHBaHe Ha EC c gecem HoBu g'hplkaBu, Ha6-

poHBaw,u o6w,o okoAO 75 MUAUOHa gyruu, npoMeHU kopeHHO

cumyau,uHma B EBpona. Ceea B'hB <PuHaHcoBo-noAumuqe­

cko omHomeHue HoBume 'lAeHku ca 3Ha'lumeAHo oepaHu\le­

HU B geucmBuHma cu, a k'hM moBa Molke ga ce npu6aBu u

<Pakm'bm, qe ukoHOMU\leckuHm pacmelk: Ha EC e MHoeo no­

MaA'bk om mo3u Ha Kumau, Ji:IHguH UAU CAIIJ;. OcBeH moBa

HeMckama ukoHOMuka e B ynag'hk, cAeg o6eguHeHuemo mH

e c egHa mpema no-eoAHMa om ukoHoMukume Ha <l>paH­

u,uH, AHeAUH UAU Ji:ImaAuH. TH e B kpma, 3aw,omo eogumHo

mpa3xogBa okoAo mpu npou,eHma om cBoH BpymeH B'hm­

pemeH npogykm 3a nogo6pHBaHe Ha goxogume (neHcuu u 06e3w,emeHUH 3a 6e3pa6omHu) Ha epalk:gaHume om 6uB-

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mama r,n;P, koemo caMo no ce6e cu nogg'hplka o6w,o npo­MUUIAeHo m'hpCeHe, HO He Bogu go geiicmBumeAeH ukOHO­MUllecku pacmelk B ma3u qacm Ha cmpaHama. 3a6aBeHo­mo BcAegcmBue Ha me3u npou,ecu pa3Bumue Ha HeMckama ukoHoMuka nomucka pa3Bumuemo Ha ocmaHaAume eBpo­neiicku ukoHoMuku, o6B'hp3aHu B eguHHUH eBponeiicku na-3ap u o6w,ama BaAyma.

,ll;'hA6okomo pa3MUHaBaHe B MHeHUHma no omHomeHue Ha BoiiHama B J1pak u omHOCHO npeogOAHBaHe Ha U3ki\io­qumeAHO HeHcHume nocAeguu,u om HeH, kakmo u ow,e He­pemeHuHm B'hnpoc 3a KoHcmumyu,uH Ha EC ca Heru,ama, koumo npaBHm 6'hgew,emo Ha EC ga U32Aelkga ow,e no-He­HCHO, omkoAkomo npe3 U3MUHaAume gecemUAemuH.

C'hru,ecmByBam MHoio 5'h3Molkliu cu,eHapuu 3a 6'hgew,o­mo pa3Bumue Ha EBpoc'b103a:

1. Haii-He6AaionpuHmHuHm cAyqaii 6u 6UA, ako ceiam­Homo c'hcmoHHue Ha kpma ce 3ana3u u B pe3yAmam Ha moBa ce cmuiHe go pa3nag Ha EC u npeBp'hUJ,aHe­mo My B cBo6ogHa 30Ha 3a m'hpioBuH c ow,e HHkoAko gon'hAHumeAHu UHcmumyu,uu. Ho gopu u caMo npu moBa noAolkeHue 06ru,uHm na3ap u eguHHama BaAyma w,e npog'hAlkam ga ipyttku,uoHupam, 3aru,omo HukoH om cmpaHume 'lAeHku He 6u noeAa Ha nAeru,ume cu oipoMHume geipuu,umu, koumo w,e B'h3HukHam kamo nocAeguu,a om egHo omgp'hnBaHe om eBponeiickume cmpykmypu. ,ll;opu AH2AuH, koHmo He ce e npuc'hegu­HUAa k'hM eguHHama BaAyma, 6u MOZAa ga ce omk'hcHe om o6ru,uH na3ap eguHcmBeHo u caMo npu u3kA10qu­meAHU o6cmoHmeAcmBa. Ilpu Bcuqku cAyqau eBpomo w,e ocmaHe Bmopama no cUAa u 3Ha'leHue BaAyma B cBema. ToBa w,e goBege go C'h3gaBaHemo Ha o6w, eBpo-

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neiicku kanuma.AoB na3ap Ha cmpaHume yqacmHu'lku u go ow,e no-cUAfla B3aUMHa uHmeipau,u.H Ha cmpaHu­me, npuc'beguHUAu ce k'hM eBpomo. Bepo.HmHo uMeHHO nopagu ma3u npu'luHa u gpyiu g'hp1kaBu - 'lAeHku Ha EC, w,e uckam ga B'hBegam eBpomo kamo cBo.H Hau,uo­HaAHa Ba.Ayma. B'hnpeku Bcuqko moBa H.HMa ga e B'h-3Mmlrno u32pa1kgaHemo Ha eguHHa B'hHurna noAumuka u noAumuka Ha cuiypHocm Ha EBpoc'hl03a. Ilo-Bepo­.HmHo e CAill; ga npog'hA1kam ga gukmyBam B'hHurna­ma noAumuka u noAumukama Ha om6paHa Ha eBpo­neiickume g'hp1kaBu.

2. EBponeiickomo pa3Bumue 6u MOZAO ga npomeqe B no-6Aaionpu.HmHa Hacoka, ako ce HaMepu Hau-Ma.Ako eguHHO pemeHue Ha Haii-HeomAohume npo6AeMu go­pu B cAyqaii, qe He BAe3e B cUAa EBponeiickama koH­cmumyu,u.H UAU ocHoBeH goioBop. HanpuMep B 6'hgew,e pemeHu.Hma no onpegeAeHu B'hnpocu B C'bBema Ha EB­pona 6uxa MOZAU ga ce B3eMam c kBa.Au<Puu.upaHo MH0-3UHcmBo, a He c n'hAHO eguHogymue, kakmo e ceia. Ilo­Hamam'hk 6u 6UAo npenop'b'lumeAHo ga ce C'hZAacyBa pa3npegeAeHuemo Ha npaBomo Ha 2Aac Me1kgy cmpa­Hume 'lAeHku, ga ce oipaHu'lam 3agaqume u koMne­meHu,uume Ha EBponeiickama koMucu.H u ga ce no­cmume eguHogymue B EBponeiicku.H napAaMeHm npu npueMaHemo Ha Bcu'lku 6'hgew,u 3akoHu (u nogo6Ha ypeg6a) Ha EC. MB mo3u cAyqaii He mp.H6Ba ga oqakBa­Me, qe w,e UMa eguHHa eBponeiicka B'hHUlHa noAumuka u noAumuka Ha cuiypHocm, Bepo.HmHo gopu o6w,a no-3UU,U.H no omHomeHue Ha npo6AeMume c eMu2pau,u.H­ma, eHepiuiiHama noAumuka, BAomaBaHemo Ha kAuMa­ma u m. H. Ilpu mo3u cu,eHapuii Bee ow,e e B'h3Moho

216

pa32p'hW,aHe Ha eguHHUR na3ap u Ha npaBUAa 3a pe2y­AupaHe Ha qmHaHcoBume na3apu, 6aHkume u qmHaHco­Bume Y'lPelkgeHUR.

3. IlpueMaHemo Ha o6w,a KoHcmumyu,uR Ha EC UAU Ha oc­HoBeH go20Bop 6uxa 6UAu 3a npegnoqumaHe npeg onu­caHume no-wpe aAmepHamuBu. Ako egHa UAU noBeqe g'hplkaBu omka1kam ga pammpm.~upam KoHcmumyu,uR­ma (HanpuMep B pe3yAmam Ha HapogeH pe<l>epeHgYM), mB'hpge BepoRmHo e ga Hacm'hnu cumyau,uR, koRmo w,e e nogo6Ha Ha cewmHUR 3acmoii Ha omHomeHuRma B EBpoc'hl03a. ToBa 6u M02AO ga goBege go HanyckaHe om cmpaHa Ha HRkou ~eHku Ha C'hl03a, gopu go pa3naga­He Ha EC. B CAY'!aii o6aqe, qe KoHcmumyu,uRma ycnee, <PyHku,uoHupaHemo Ha EC w,e 6'bge ykpeneHo 3a HRkoA­ko gecemUAemuR Hanpeg. B'hnpeku moBa geiiHocmma Ha EBpoc'b103a caMo B mkAioqumeAHu CAY'!au w,e ce pa3-npocmupa B'hpxy pemaBaHemo Ha 6'hHUlHO- u cBemoB­Ho-noAumuqecku npo6AeMu. ,ll;o C'h3gaBaHemo Ha o6w,a u eguHHa B'hHUlHa noAumuka u noAumuka Ha cu2yp­Hocm w,e MUHam ow,e gecemUAemuR, 3aw,omo mB'hpge MaAko BepoRmHo e <l>paHU,UR u AH2AUR ga ce omka1kam om Hau,uoHaAHomo cu npaBo Hag co6cmBeHume cu Rg­

peHu op'hlkUR UAU om npaBomo cu Ha Bemo B C'bBema 3a cu2ypHocm Ha OOH (u Hau,uoHaAHO npecmulkHomo uc­kaHe Ha repMaHUR 3a nocmORHHO MRCmO B C'hBema 3a cu2ypHocm geiicmBa B nogo6Ha Hacoka). C'hw,o moAko­Ba MaAko BepoRmHo e Bcuqku cmpaHu ~eHku ga ce om­ka1kam om cBoume 6'hHUlHU MUHucmepcmBa u om gu­nAOMamuqeckume cu npegcmaBumeAcmBa no cBema. B c'bw,omo BpeMe egHa pamu<Puu,upaHa om Bcuqku g'hp-1kaBu ~eHku koHcmumyu,uR 6u 6UAa ugeaAHama npeg-

217

nocmaBka Hai:i-MMko 3a moBa B'hB Bcu'lku ukoHOMU'le­cku o6Aacmu EBponei:ickuam C'bl03 ga Mmke akmuBHo ga npecAegBa eBponei:ickume uHmepecu u nocmeneHHO ga ce ymB'hplkgaBa u B gpy2u o6Aacmu.

He3aBucUMo om moBa, ko.a om cnoMeHamume B'h3Moho­cmu U\e cmaHe peaAHocm, B'hB BcekugHeBHama npakmuka Hau-Bepo.amHo U\e ce o6pa3yBa B'hmpeurno .agpo Ha EC; mo C'bC CU2ypHocm U\e o6xBaU\a <l>paHU,U.H u repMaHU.H, a Bepo­.amHO u gpy2ume ocHoBameAu Ha C'bl03a - MmaAu.a, XoAaH­gu.a, BeA2u.a u .L\iokceM6yp2. B'h3Moho e n'hpBoHa'laAHO moBa ga cmaHe c'hBceM HecpopMRAHO, HO B C'bomBemcmBue c gei:icmBaU\ume go20Bopu (UAu KoHcmumyu,u.ama). ,r:t;oce-2a geucmBaU\ume go20Bopu npegBu.Lkgam B'h3Mohocmma 3a no-m.acHo c'bmpygHu'lecmBo Melkgy omgeAHume cmpa­HU 'lAeHku. Ta3u B'h3Mohocm 6eme npUAolkeHa HanpUMep B U3kAlO'lumeAHo BahuJI CAY'lai:i Ha B'hBelkgaHe Ha eguH­Hama BRAyma, ko.amo noHacmo.HU\eM He e npuema om mpu om cmapume u gecemme HoBu g'hplkaBu - 'lAeHku Ha EC, kakmo u npu IlieH2eHckomo cnopa3JMeHue, koemo 3a­me2Ha 2paHU'lHU.a koHmpoA 3a n'hmyBaU\ume Auu,a. M mec­Hume AU'lHU koHmakmu Melkgy cppeHcku.a npe3ugeHm u HeMcku.a 6JHgeckaHu,Aep pa6om.am B noA3a Ha EBpoc'hl03a. Bepo.amHO e B'h3MOho repMaHU.H u <l>paHU,U.H, a 3all\O He u gpy2u cmpaHu om EBpoc'b103a cpakmu'lecku ga o6eguH.am npaBomo cu Ha 2Aac B MelkgJHapogHu.a BRAymeH cpoHg, B CBemoBHama 6aHka u gopu B 0611\omo c'b6paHue Ha OOH, 3a ga Mo2am ga 3aU\umaBam 0611\U mpa6omeHu no3uu,uu u ga 2AacyBam eguHHO.

Om 0611\ Hau,uoHaAeH uHmepec kakmo 3a <l>paHu,u.a, ma­ka U 3a repMaHU.H e m.HCHOmO C'bmpygHU'lecmBo MeJkgy gBeme Hau,uu ga npog'balku u 3a B 6'hgell\e. Humo egHa om

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gBeme g'hpLkaBu He 6u MOZAa ga HaMepu gpyz moAk.oBa 3HaquM napmHhop B EBpona, c kozomo ga uMa nogo6Ho g'hA6oko c'bBnageHue Ha Hau,uoHaAHume uHmepecu u 06-UJ,Hocm Ha noAumuqeckume kyAmypu. Pa36upa ce, om pe­maBaru,o 3HaqeHue e ga MoLke ga ce pa3quma Ha BOA.Hrna, npaBUAHUR moH u npuc'hcmBuemo Ha C'homBemHume ynpaBARBaru,u Augepu, a C'hlll,O u Ha mmrnama cnoco6Hocm ga y6eLkgaBam u ga omcmoRBam no3uu,uume cu no omHo­meHue Ha o6ru,ecmBeHomo MHeHue B co6cmBeHume cu g'hp­LkaBu u Ha co6cmBeHume cu 610pokpau,uu.

B10pokpau,uume HacmouquBo ce 6op.Hm 3a 3ana3BaHe Ha cBoume no3uu,uu u npepozamuBu. ,[J;Hec om gokYMeHmu npe3 70-me zoguHu cmaBa RCHO kak gunAoMamu u cAyLku­meAu B IlapuLk u BoH ynopumo ca geiicmBaAu 3a nocmuza­Hemo Ha MamepuaAHu, AuqHu u Hau,uoHaAHO npecmulk.Hu o6Aazu, gokamo npe3ugeHm'hm u 6yttgeckaHu,Aep'bm ca 6u­AU y6egeHu, qe MeLkgy mm: omgaBHa e U3pa6omeHo npuH­u,unHo C'bZAacue. B enoxama Ha MOUl,HO npuc'hcmBue Ha LkagHu 3a ceH3au,uu Meguu u Ha cAoBooxomAuBocmma Ha HeguckpemHU qAeHoBe Ha pa3AUqHu CAyLk6u u Ha IlOAUIDU­qeckama kAaca ru,eme ga e MaAk.o qygo, ako gunAoMamume 6m:a ycneAu c npoekma 3a EBponeiicka koHcmumyu,u.H. CmaHa maka, qe moBa ce U3B'hpmu om eguH C'hBem om no­Aumuu,u, u mo B omkpumu ge6amu; cAeg moBa nocAegBaxa npemeHu,uume Ha gunAoMamu u 610pokpamu 3a MH020-6poiiHu MaAk.u npoMeHu - u Bcuqko moBa, pa36upa ce, B UMemo Ha Hau,uoHaAHUR uHmepec.

Cnoco6Hocmma Ha EBpona 3a caMoymB'hpLkgaBaHe B kpaiiHa CMemka ce pemaBa He moAk.oBa om 6opuqkaHu.Hma MeLkgy eBponeiickume npaBumeAcmBa, koAk.omo om cme­neHma Ha mmrnama 3aBucuMocm om aMepukaHcku BAu.H­HUR. J1 cAeg gecemUAemu.H EBponeiicku.Hm C'hl03 H.HMa ga

219

ce npeB'bpHe B paBHocmoeH npomuBHuk Ha aMepukaHcka­ma cynepcUAa. B'hnpeku moBa AMepuka m,e noAmku ycu­AUH ga He no380Au Ha EC ga ykpenu Mom,ma cu. 3a u,eAma BamuH2moH m,e pa3\mma Ha HATO u c He20Ba noMom, m,e ce onuma ga nonpellu Ha eBponeuckume g'hplkaBu ga pa3-2'bpHam aBmoHOMHU cUAu 3a om6paHa. Ilpu moBa Bepo.am­HO om,e g'hA20 CA.Ill; m,e Mo2am ga pa3\lumam Ha m.acHo c'b­mpygHu\lecmBo c AH2Au.a; 3a AMepuka m,e 6'bge ygo6Ho u C'hmpygHullecmBomo u c IloAma u c HoBume cmpaHu -llAeHku Ha HATO om M3mO\lHa EBpona. Ha uMnepuaAu­cmullecku HacmpoeHume cUAu B'hB BamuH2moH ce npegAa-2a 6Aa2onpu.amHa 8'b3MolkHocm 3a BogeHe Ha noAumuka om muna ,,paJgB.Mlii u fMageii ': B moBa omHomeHue onpe­geAeHa poA.H m,e u3u2pa.am u <}>uHaHcoBume noMom,u 3a omgeAHu cmpaHu.

KoAkomo no-MaAko BamuH2moH noka3Ba Ha2Aacume cu 3a npeB'b3xogcmBo, koumo npe3 nocAegHume 20guHu (2002

- 2003) xapakmepmupaxa aMepukaHckomo noBegeHue cnp.aMo EBpona, u koAkomo no-MaAko ce geMoHcmpupa olleBugHama gHec MUAumapmau,u.a Ha aMepukaHckama cBemoBHa noAumuka, moAkoBa no-20AeMu m,e ca 8'b3Molk­Hocmume Ha AMepuka 3a BAU.HHUe B EBpona. M o6pamHo, npu egHo geMoHcmpamuBHo Hacmo.aBaHe om cmpaHa Ha BamuH2moH 3a omxB'hpA.HHe Ha IlpomokoAa om Kuomo, c omka3 om go20BopeHama 3a6paHa Ha Ha3eMHume MUHU, HenpueMaHemo Ha MelkgJHapogHu.a Haka3ameAeH c'bg, HO npegu Bcullko c npemeHu,uume 3a BogeHe Ha npeBaHmuBHu BouHu npu egHoBpeMeHHO He3allumaHe Ha MelkgJHapogHu­me o6B'hp3aHocmu Ha <}>oHa Ha noAolkeHuemo B Mpak u CpegHu.H mmok, om20BopHocm 3a koemo Hocu ca.Mama AMepuka, BAU.HHuemo Ha CA.Ill; B'hpxy o6m,ecmBeHomo MHe­Hue B EBpona 3HallumeAHo m,e HaMaAee. IloHacmo.am,eM

220

U3XOffbm ocmaBa Hecu2ypeH. C no-20A.HMa cu2ypHocm Mmke ga ce mB'hpgu, 'le 3apa­

gu eguHHUR cu na3ap u eBpomo EBponeuckuRm C'hl03 w,e ce npeB'bpHe B ukoHOMU'lecka cBemoBHa cuAa, gopu u B cJ.1..y­'lau, 'le AH2J.1..uR ce omme2J.1..u. CAeg okoAo mpuucemuHa 20-guHu w,e ce o<PopMu cBemoBeH ukoHOMU'lecku mpu'b2'bf.l..­Huk, c'bcmaBeH om EC, CAI.ll; u Kumau, a c'bw,o u om mRX­Hama BMyma, 6e3 CAI.ll; ga Mo2am ga HanpaBRm HUUJ,O cpew,y moBa. B noAumu'leckama u BoeHHama o6Aacm o6a­'le EBpoc'bl03'bm HRMa ga ce npeB'bpHe B cBemoBHa cuAa. He e Hplrno AMepuka ga npe'lu Ha BoeHHama MOUJ, Ha EC, m'bu kamo nopagu <Pakma, 'le EC HRMa C'hUJ,ecmBeH npo-6J.1..eM c'bc caMoom6paHama, B no'lmu Bcu'lku eBponeucku cmpaHu C'bUJ,ecmByBa cAa6 cmpeMelk k'hM B'hop'hlkaBaHe. Ow,e MH020 gecemUJ.1..emuR EBpona w,e ocmaHe B cRHkama Ha BoeHHomo npeB'h3xogcmBo Ha CAI.ll;. 3apagu 6'bp3omo 3acmapRBaHe Ha eBponeuckume Hau,uu o6a'le He Molke ga ce o'lakBa meHgeHU,UR 3a 06HoBJ.1..eHue, peu,unpO'lHa u 3a gBama koHmuHeHma. Hakpamko, npegcmaBama 3a C'b:Lku­BRBaHe Ha koHkypeHmHume omHomeHUR 3a cBemoBHo 20c­nogcmBo Melkgy AMepuka u EBpona e UJ.l..l030pHa.

B'h3Molklio e, Makap 'le B Hukak'hB Cf.l..J'laU He e cu2ypHo, npe3 n'hpBama noJ.1..oBuHa Ha XXI Bek 20J.1..J1Ma 'lacm om eB­poneuckume Hau,uu ga ycneRm ga C'h3gagam eguHeH u B'hB B'hHUIHonoAumu'lecko omHomeHue EBpoc'bl03. EguH mak'hB cu,eHapuu u32J.1..elkgarue no-BepoRmeH npe3 1992 2., omkoA­komo ce2a, HO Bee ow,e 3MazaM Ha 50% BepoRmHocm. Ka­mo J'leHuk Ha LKaH MoHe 3HaM, 'le npou,ec'hm Ha eBponeu­cka uHme2pau,uR Molke ga ycnee caMo ako ce B'hpBu cm'bn­ka no cm'bnka. KpU3ume u o6pamume ca Hew,o Han'hf.l..HO HOpMaf.l..HO.

T'bu kamo eBponeuckume cmpaHu ce 'lUCJ.1..Rm k'hM MM-

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kume u cpegHume g'hplkaBu B cBema u m'hli kamo Humo ca cBemoBHu cUAu, Humo BeAuku g'hplkaBu, me )'MeHm ga cna3Bam MelkgyH.apogHomo npaBo u ga ce npug'hplkam k'hM cBemoBHume MelkgyH.apogHu cno20g6u u npegu Bcuq­ko me3u Ha OOH u HeliHama xapma. IIo mo3u HallUH me Mozam ga oka3Bam BAUHHue B'hpxy cBoume napmHhopu, a B Hau-Heo6xogUMuH cAyqau u Ha CAIIJ;. CynepcUAama CAIIJ; ce Hpkgae om kpumuka, HO B C'hUJ,omo BpeMe u om pa36u­paHe om cmpaHa Ha eBponeiil\ume. Ako goceza U32Aelkga­me, qe aMepukaHckama noAumuqecka kAaca u npaBumeA­cmBomo He 6HXa oco6eHo ckAoHHU ga cAymam u ga om20-BapHm, mo om20BopHocmma 3a moBa caMo HanoAoBuHa e Ha aMepukaHl\ume; B ocmaHaAama cu noAoBuHa BuHa 3a moBa HOCHm eBponeul\ume, 3aw,omo He ycnHBam ga 20Bo­pHm, U3pa3HBaUku egUHHU u o6w,u Il03Ul\UU.

Pa36upameAcmBomo Melkgy cmapume Hal\UU B EBpona u MAagama Hal\UH Ha C'heguHeHume w,amu e Balk.Ho, HO mo He e Hau-Balk.Hama 3agaqa 3a eBponelil\ume. Om pemaBa­w,o 3HalleHue 3a 6'hgew,emo Ha koHmuHeHma w,e 6'hge no­ckopo B'hnpoc'hm, gaAu EBpona w,e ycnee ga npeogoAee 20-AeMUme cu npo6AeMu u mpygHocmu, m'hu kamo, ocmaBau­ku pa3eguHeHu u <}>okycupaHu B'hpxy co6cmBeHume cu ezoucmullHU Hal\UOHaAHU uHmepecu, eBponeuckume Hapo­gu HHMa ga UMam gocmam'hllHO cUAu ga nocpew,Ham onac­Hocmume, 3anAamBaw,u EBpona npe3 XXI Bek.

3AKJII01lEHHE

Om no3uu,uama Ha eguH 2epMaHcku eBponeeu,

B Ha'laAomo Ha ma3u kHu2a npegcma8ux egHa Mpa'lHa npo2Ho3a. Kak u32Aelkga cumyal,\U.Hma 8 kpa.H Ha kHuza­ma? ,[I;aAu 8cuqku me3u npo2Ho3u npegpuqam <Pakmuqe­cku egHo Hecu2ypHo 6'hgew,e, UAU npu l,\eAU.H onpa8gaH ckenmUl\U3'hM uMa u ocHo8aHU.H 3a 8.Hpa? Onumax ce ga U3.HCH.H H.Hkou om 8'h3MO.ik.Hume meHgeHl\UU 3a 2A06aAHO pa38umue Ha c8ema npe3 cAeg8aw,ume gecemUAemu.H u ga nom'hpc.H om208op Ha 8'h3HukHaAume 8 pe3yAmam Ha mo-8a 8'bnpocu. M 8 kpa.H Ha kHu2ama no8e'lemo om mm: ocma8am omkpumu, caMo MaAko om Hew,ama Mo2am ga 6'hgam nom8'hpgeHu C'hC cu2ypHocm, a uMeHHO, qe CAIIJ; w,e npog'hAlkam ga nogg'hplkam c8o.Hma kA10qo8a no3Ul\U.H u qe 3Ha'leHuemo Ha Kumaiickama HapogHa peny6Auka w,e Hapacm8a nocmo.HHHO 8 cAeg8aw,ume 20guHu. Ilpo­mu8Ho Ha mo8a, 6'hgew,emo Ha E8poneiicku.H C'hl03 ocma-8a Hecu2ypHo. Hecu2ypHu ocma8am u 6'hgew,emo Ha a<P­pukaHcku.H koHmuHeHm, 6'hgew,ume omHoUieHu.H Melkgy 3anaga u ucA.HMa kamo c8emo8Ha peAu2u.H, 6'hgew,emo Ha CpegHu.H U3mok. Omkpumu ocma8am u 8'hnpocume 3a no­Hamam'hUIHomo pa38umue Ha MelkgyHapogHU.H npa8eH peg u Haii-8e'le 3a 6'hgew,emo Ha 06eguHeHume Hal\UU.

Tp.H68a Au l\.HAama ma3u Hecu2ypHocm ga nopa.ikga ne­CUMU3'hM y Hae? He 8.Hp8aM. T'hii kamo xopama Hukow He Mowm ga npeg8u.ikgam xoga Ha ucmopu.Hma, 6'hgew,emo

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BuHa<m e 6UAo HeJicHo. IlpopoqecmBama Ha ,ll;eA<PuiickuJI opakyAa ca 6UAu gBycMUCAeHu u ca ce HylkgaeAu om m'hA­kyBaHuJI, HO 3apagu moBa Z'hpu,ume He ca ce npeB'hpHaAU B necuMucmu, moqHo o6pamHomo - B U3kycm8omo u <Pu­Aoco<PUJ:i:ma me ca C'hmBopUAu HecpaBHUMU nocmulkeHUJI. KapmuHume Ha AnokaAuncuca u Ha CmpalUHUH C'hg, kou­mo MoaH onucBa B cBoume ,,OrnkpoBeHuJI", B Hukak'h8 cAy­qau He ca 6UAu noBog 3a necuMU3'hM B koHmekcma Ha xpu­cmUJrnckama peAUZUJI. IlecUMU3M'hm, MeAaHXOAUJima u cmpax'hm ca qacm om cmpeMelka, Hau-qecmo me ce nopa­lkgam om 1k:u3HeHuJI onum Ha omgeAHama AuqHocm. Ako o6aqe kumauu,u, pycHau,u, zepMaHu,u UAu JinoHu,u - Bcuq­ku me npem'hpneAu ylkacHu pa3pymeHUJI B kpaJI Ha Bmo­pama cBemoBHa BouHa - ce 6JIXa noggaAu Ha necuMU3Ma UAU cmpaxa, HHMame ga ycneJim noBmopHo ga U3gurnam cmpaHume cu om neneArna. C'hUJ,O u ocBo6o1kgeHuemo Ha noAJiu,ume u yHZapu,ume, nocmu2Hamo om caMume mJIX, u 6yHm'hm Ha xopama B 6u8mama r,n;P He ca geAo Ha ne­cuMucmume, koumo ca npuc'hUJ,U Ha BcJiko BpeMe u BcJika HaU,UJI.

3a noAumuqecku omzoBopHUJI u caMOOC'h3Ham zpalkga­HUH Ha egHa geMokpamuqHa g'hplk:aBa necuMU3M'hm e BpegHa AUHUJI Ha noBegeHue; moue HeHylkeH u B koHmek­cma Ha c'hBpeMeHHomo noAolkeHue B cBema. A onmuMu3-M'hm npenop'hqumeAeH kpumepuu AU e 3a OH3U, koumo mpJI68a ga 6'bge omzoBopeH 3a nocm'hnkume cu u 3a no­cAeguu,ume om cBoemo noBegeHue? M no mo3u 8'hnpoc C'hM ckenmuqHo HacmpoeH, m'hii kamo onmuMU3M'hm Mo.Ike ga goBege go nozpemHu npeu,eHku, npu6'hp3aHocm u gopu go AekoMucAue. Be3noq8eHuJim onmuMU3'hM Ha aMepukaH­ckomo npaBumeAcmBo B HaqaAomo Ha 2003 2., qe qpe3 Bou­Ha cpew,y Mpak CpegHuJim U3mok Mo.Ike ga 6'bge geMokpa-

226

mU3upaH, u npoBaA'hm Ha ma3u onepau,u.H ca npuMepu,

koumo W\lOcmpupam moBa. C'bcmo.HHuemo Ha omHouie­

HU.Hma B cBema B Ha'laAomo Ha XXI Bek u306ru,o He e no­

Bog 3a Bceo6ru, onmuMU3'hM.

Humo onmuMU3M'hm, Humo necuMU3M'hm ca Heo6xo­

guMume omnpaBHu mo'lku 3a OH3U, koiimo Hocu om20Bop­

Hocm 3a gpyzu xopa. EgHa ynpaBA.HBaru,a AU'lHOcm ce Hylk­

gae MHOGO noBeqe om peaAU3'hM, pa3YM u cnoco6Hocm 3a

npeu,eHka. C'hru,o u om npo3opAuBocm, JMepeHocm u 3a-

9'hA6o'leHocm, om moAepaHmHocm u 2omoBHocm 3a no­

cmu2aHe Ha koMnpoMucu. 3a ga 6'bge cBo6ogHa, ynpaBA.H­

Baru,ama AU'lHocm ce Hylkgae om kypalk u BoA.H - BoA.H 3a

cnpaBegAuBocm u BoA.H 3a Mup. Bc.Hka MUHyma ynpaBA.H­

Baru,u.Hm mp.H6Ba ga OC'b3HaBa cBo.Hma om20BopHocm -

cnp.HMO co6cmBettama Hau,u.H u g'hplkaBa, kakmo u cnoge­

A.HHama om20BopHocm 3a 6AaGOc'bcmo.HHuemo Ha gpyzu­

me Hau,uu u Ha cBema. EgHo npaBumeAcmBo, koemo e AU­

meHo om XJMaHHa 2omoBHocm 3a oka3BaHe Ha nogkpena,

AeCHO Mo.Ike ga ce okalke B kanaHa Ha Hau,uoHaAHU.H ezo­

U3'bM. CoAugapHocmma u XJMaHHocmma mp.H6Ba ga ca

u,eHHocmu, npuc'hUJ,U Ha Bceku ynpaBA.HBaru,. 3aegHo c me-

3U go6pogemeAu moii HenpeMeHHO mp.H6Ba ga npumelka­

Ba pemumeAHocm u eHepzu.H, HO pemumeAHocmma u

eHep2u'lHocmma He mp.H6Ba ga uMam npuopumemHo 3Ha­

'lettue npeg u,eHHocmume u go6pogemeAume.

Ilocmu2aHemo Ha AU'lHa BAacm u npecmulk, kakmo Ha

Hau,uoHaAHa BAacm u Hau,uoHaAeH npecmulk e GOA.HMO U3-

kymeHue 3a ynpaBA.HBaru,ume. Ilpe3 nocAegHume gBe cmo­

Aemu.H MH020 pemumeAHu g'hp.ikaBHu M'b.ike u npaBumeA­

cmBa, gopu u,eAu Hau,uu ce noggagoxa Ha moBa U3kyme­

Hue. B Ha'laAomo Ha XXI Bek egHa HoBa cBemoBHa BoiiHa

U32Aelkga a6coA10mHO HeB'h3M01kHa, HO MHOGOmo AOkaAHU

227

u pezuoHMHU kompAukmu w,e npepacmBam B pa3Mupuu,u u zpcukgaHcku BoiiHu. EguHcmBeHama cynepcUAa B cBema w,e Mmke ga ocyemu caMo MMka qacm om me3u pa3MUpu­u,u u zpcukgaHcku BoiiHu.

CAIIJ; ow,e g'hAZO HHMa ga ca ycneurnu zapaHmu 3a cma6UAHocmma B cBema, ako npog'hiukaBam ga 3aqumam caMo cBew,eHume cu Hau,uoHaAHU eeoucmUl.{flU unmepecu.

B o603pUMO 6'hgew,e om oco6eHo ZOA.HMa BcukHocm w,e 6'b­ge He B'hnpoc'hm 3a moBa, gaAu aMepukaHckama xezeMo­HU.H w,e ce 3ana3u, a kak m.H w,e 6'hge U3IlOA3BaHa. M3MU­Haxa qemupu gecemUAemu.H, omkakmo gMHoBugHu.Hm aMepukaHcku ceHamop YUA.HM <DyA6paiim B egHa U3lwo­qumeAHO 3ag'hA6o'leHa kHuza omnpaBu npegynpeLkgeHue k'hM cBoume C'hHapogHuu,u 3a ,,apozaHmHocmma Ha BAacmma". TozaBa AMepuka 6e egHa om gBeme cynepcu­AU. ,l.J;Hec zAo6aAHomo npeB'h3xogcmBo U3k:yurnBa AMepuka k'hM npo.HBama Ha UMnepuaAucmuqecku cmpeMeLku. EgHo Bp'hUJ,aHe k'hM u3oaau,uoHU3'hM e no-ckopo MaAko Bepo.Hm­HO. T'hii kamo o6aqe AMepuka B Hukak'hB cAyqaii He e He­YH3BuMa, B uHmepec Ha HeiiHama cuzypHocm e ga pa3'1U­ma Ha c'hmpygHU'lecmBomo c gpyzume g'hpLkaBu. T'hii ka­mo u AMepuka He e 6e3zperuHa, u m.H w,e npeLkuBee Heyc­nexu. CAeg moBa cmpaHama, Makap u c MHozo 6oAka, w,e nonpaBu cBoume zperuku. AMepukaHcku.Hm Hapog e MHO­zo no-MaAko ugeoAozuqecku opueHmupaH, omkoAkomo no­Beqemo eBponeiicku Hau,uu, u e MHOZO no-npazMamu'leH, omkoAkomo CMe HanpuMep Hue, zepMaHu,ume. 3a ga no­npaBu AMepuka zperukume cu, koemo ce oqakBa om He.H, e HyLk:Ho BpeMe; Bepo.HmHo mo w,e e MHozo no-MaAko om BpeMemo, om koemo Hue, eBponeiiu,ume, ce HyLkgaeM, 3a ga ce npeB'hpHeM B geiicmBaw, C'hl03, ako B'ho6w,e ycneeM.

3a u,eAu.H cB.Hm om peruaBaw,o 3Ha'leHue w,e e B'h-

228

npoc'hm, gaAu CAllJ; w,e ce nogqumi:m Ha HOpMume Ha Melkgy1mpogHomo npaBo - Bepo.HmHo npoMeHeHu u no­go6peHu - UAU w,e ce qyBcmBam Heo6B'hp3aHu c mm: u w,e geiicmBam no cBoe ycMompeHue.

,IJ;opu Hulm.JI gpyza g'hplkaBa ga He Molke ga nonpequ Ha CAllJ; ga npeHe6pezBam geiicmBaw,ume gozoBopu u cnopa-3JMeHUJI u Xapmama Ha 06eguHeHume Hau,uu, B uHmepec Ha gpyzume cBemoBHu cUAu u Ha Bcuqku g'hplkaBu om A3u.H u EBpona e ga ce npug'hplkam k'hM HeozpaHuqeHomo geiicmBue Ha MelkgyttapogHomo npaBo. Be3cnopHo moBa ce omHacJI u 3a Kumaii. 3aHanpeg, npe3 u,eAUJI XXI Bek, ma3u HapogHa peny6Auka w,e go6uBa 3HaqeHue, C'hU3Me­puMo c moBa Ha CAm;. m;e 6'bge HegaAHoBugHo B npeg­cmo.Hw,ume 3a Hae gecemUAemuJI ga nogu,eHJIBaMe Ha6u­paw,ama ckopocm cBemoBHa noAumuqecka u ukoHoMuqe­cka cUAa Ha ma3u ozpoMHa pa3BuBaw,a ce cmpaHa. Emo 3aw,o no omHomeHue Ha Kumaii ca Hyhu npo.HBa Ha yBa­lkeHue, C'hmpygHuqecmBo u o6MeH. IIoBeqemo eBponeiicku g'hplkaBu pa36paxa moBa no-paHo u no-go6pe, omkoAkomo .HnoHuJI u CAm;; gopu B cAyqaii Ha cnopoBe u koH¢Aukmu Melkgy kumaiiu,u u aMepukaHu,u eBponeiiu,ume He mp.H6Ba ga npoMeHJim cBoemo no3umuBHo omHomeHue k'hM Ku­maii.

3a6Ayga e ga ce CM.Hrna, qe B omHomeHu.Hma noMelkgy cu kumaiiu,ume ca caMo B3eMaw,ama cmpaHa, a Hanpeg­HaAume uHgycmpuaAHU g'hplkaBu - gaBaw,ama. T'hii kamo uHmeAuzeHmHocmma, cnoco6Hocmume 3a yqeHe u u3cAe­goBameAckama gap6a Ha kumaiiu,ume ca C'hU3MepuMu c me3u Ha eBponeiiu,ume, HO no omHomeHue Ha mpygoBuJI MopaA kumaiiu,ume 6eAelkam npeB'h3xogcmBo, u Hue, eB­poneiiu,ume, kakmo ckopo w,e ycmaHoBuM, uMaMe kakBo ga yquM om Kumaii. B U3BecmeH CMUC'hA c'bw,omo 6u MO-

229

2ao ga BaJlm u no omHomeHue Ha gpy2u Hau,uu B M3mO'lHa A3UH u Ha MHgu.H. MelkgyttapogHomo C'hmpygHu'lecmBo B o6aacmma Ha guMoMau,u.Hma, ukoHoMukama u Haykama He e w,egpa ycayza UAU 6aa20BoaeHue om cmpaHa Ha eBpo­neiiu,ume k'hM me3u Hau,uu, a e no-ckopo B Ham go6pe OC'h3Ham uHmepec. C'hw,omo ce omHac.H u 3a C'hmpygHU'le­cmBomo c Pycu.H.

Ow,e npe3 MUHMU.H Bek 6'bp3o yBeau'laBaw,u.Hm ce 6poii Ha HaceaeHuemo B A3U.H u A<l>puka gonpuHece 3a m6yxBa­Hemo Ha peguu,a emHU'lecku, peauzuo3HU u pacucmku koH<l>aukmu. CBemoBHu.Hm geM02pa<l>cku B3puB w,e npog'hAlku u npe3 XXI Bek, 3am0Ba cUAHo Bau.HHUe B'hpxy xoga Ha ucmopu.Hma w,e oka3Bam Haii-Beqe peauzuo3Ho MomuBupaHu koH<l>aukmu u 2palkgaHcku BoiiHu. McA.HM­cku.Hm mepopu3'hM, koiimo ce2a C'h3gaBa Haii-20aeMu npo-6aeMu u npumecHeHu.H, e cMec om koH<l>Aukm Ha AU'lHU uHmepecu u 2palkgaHcka BoiiHa. Molke ga ce oqakBa, qe 6op6ama cpew,y He20 eguHcmBeHo c noauu,eiicku u BoeHHU cpegcmBa w,e UMa ycnex caMo B 02paHu'leHu cayqau u om­geAHu pe2UOHU.

C'hUl,O moAkoBa Heo6xoguMo e npuHu,unHomo u geii­cmBumeAHo npu3HaBaHe Ha ucA.HMa kamo paBHa Ha xpu­cmu.HHcmBomo u ocmaHaaume BepomnoBegaHu.H cBemoB­Ha peau2u.H. Ako Hue, eBponeiiu,ume - HeMu,u, <l>paHu,y3u, ucnaHu,u u xoaaHgu,u - He ycneeM ga HanpaBuM ma3u kpaqka, u y Hae Molke ga ce cmu2He go onacHu koH<l>auk­mu, m'hii kamo MelkgyBpeMeHHO B Hamume 2pag0Be (B 2e­ma u 2'hcmoHaceaeHu kBapmaau) lkuBe.Hm MU.i\UOHU BRp­Baw,u M10c10AMaHu. Ilopagu mo3u <l>akm mp.H6Ba ga noaa-2aMe 2oaeMu ycUAu.H ga He gonyckaMe m6Auu,u Ha Bpalk­ge6Hocm Melkgy uca.HMckume qylkgeHu,u u MecmHume 2palkgaHu. OcBeH moBa B HenocpegcmBeHa 6Amocm go

EBpona - B BAu3kUJI u CpegHuJI U3mok u B IOJlrna A<l>puka - JlrnBeJim cmomuu,u MUAUOHU M10c10AMaHu, cpeg koumo ucAJIMckuJim <l>JHgaMeHmaAU3'hM ce onumBa ga cneqeAu npuB'hpJlrnHuu,u. Emo 3aru,o e Hplrno noAumuqeckume, gy­xoBHume u uHmeAekmyaAHume eAumu B EBpona ga noAo­lkam C'h3HameAHu ycUAUJI ga y6eg.Hm cBoume Hau,uu B Heo6xoguMocmma om peAU2U03Ha u kyAmypHa moAe­paHmHocm.

B C'hlll,Omo BpeMe Ha EBpona ce npenop'hqBa ga npak­mukyBa eguHHa noAumuka no B'hnpocume Ha eMu2pau,uJI­ma u npeceAHuqecmBomo. <I>akm'hm, qe Bpalkge6Hocmma u oMpa3ama ce pa3naABam mB'hpge AeCHO cpeg peAU2U03-HO xemepo2eHHO, cMeceHo HaceAeHue, e om n'hpBocmeneH­HO 3HaqeHue npu peuiaBaHe Ha 6'hgeru,uJI B'hnpoc 3a npue­MaHe Ha M10c10AMaHcku g'hplkaBu B EBpoc'b103a. OH3u, kotimo CM.Hrna, qe ompuu,ameAHuJim npupacm Ha eBpo­netiu,ume u melkkume nocAeguu,u om He20 - B nepcnekmu­Ba Hati-Beqe 3a 6'hgeru,emo Ha cou,uaAHama g'hplkaBa u HetiHomo <PuHaHcupaHe - Mo2am ga 6'hgam koMneHcupa­HU u npeogoAeHu qpe3 npueMaHe Ha eMu2paHmu om qylk­gu kyAmypu, Molke ga npuquHu Ha EBpona oru,e no-20AeMu 6egu.

Om egHa cmpaHa, e HyJlrno c'hcmaB'hm Ha EBponeti­ckuJI C'hl03 ga 6'bge 02paHuqeH B'hpxy Hapogu, ugBaru,u om eguH u C'hlll, kyAmypeH kp'h2, om gpy2a, e Heo6xoguMa geti­cmBumeAHa moAepaHmHocm cnp.HMO qylkgume peAu2uu u kyAmypu. CAegBaHemo Ha me3u gBa npuHu,una He e Hepe­UlUMa 3agaqa, HO e Bucuie MOpaAHo 3ag'hAlkeHue, koemo cmou npeg Hae npe3 cAegBaru,ume gecemUAemuJI. 3a noBe­qemo eBponeticku Hapogu egHa makaBa 3agaqa goce2a He cmoeuie Ha gHeBeH peg, a u HU AuncBa c'homBemHuJim onum. Cew noBeqe om Bc.Hko2a om eBponetickume eAumu

231

ce U3uckBa ga 6'bgam 3a npUMep B moBa omHomeHue. Haiwume Ha EBponeiickuJI c'b103 B Hukak'hB cAyq.au He

mpJI6Ba ga CMJimam, qe 2p03JIU1,UJim HU c6A'hC'hk c UCAJIMa e HeU36elkeH. 3amoBa e Hylklio me ga ce na3.Hm om Bc.H­kak'hB Bug HacUAcmBeHo BMemameAcmBo B IDAeeUJ,ume 6Au3koU3moqHu koHcpAukmu, ocBeH ako me caMume He 6'b­gam HanagHamu. T'hii kamo e noqmu HeB'h3MolkHo ga ce nocmu2He mpaeH Mup B pe2u0Ha 6e3 pa3pemaBaHemo Ha U3paeAcko-naAecmuHcku.H koHcpAukm, 3a Hae, 2epMamw­me, cnopeg MeH e Haii-go6pe ga cmouM HacmpaHa nopagu cpakma, qe u B eguHuJI, u B gpy2u.H cAyqaii UJ,e 6'hgeM o6Bu­HeHu UAU B aHmuceMumU3'hM, UAU B U3kynyBaHemo Ha uc­mopuqecka BuHa no omHomeHue Ha eBpeiicku.H Hapog u maka Bc.Hkak'hB noAolkumeAeH pe3yAmam om 3a2pulke­Hocmma Ha repMaHU.H UJ,e 6'bge o6peqeH Ha Heycnex. rep­MaHU.H mp.H6Ba ga yqacmBa B geiiHocmume, u,eAJIUJ,U npe­MaxBaHe Ha HanpelkeHuemo u ycmaHoB.HBaHe Ha MUp B CpegHuJI U3mok, caMo B C'hmpygHuqecmBo c gpy2u g'hplka­Bu u npeguMHO c'bc CAII1;, kamo B Hukak'hB cAyqaii He no­eMa BogeUJ,a poA.H.

Bcuqku cmpaHu uMam cUAeH uHmepec om 3ana3BaHe­mo Ha geiicmBaUJ,ume MelkgyttapogHu npaBHu HOpMu u oco6eHo Ha xapmama u uHcmumyu,uume Ha 06eguHeHu­me Hau,uu. MelkgyttapogHomo npaBo B Hukak'hB cAyqaii He e nepcpekmHo, ugeaAHU He Mo2am ga ce Hapekam u IIpa-8UAHuk'hm Ha OOH u HeiiHu.Hm C'b8em 3a cu2ypHocm. ,Il;'hplkaBume 8uHa2u ca npecm'hn8aAu geiicmBaUJ,omo MelkgyttapogHo npaBo, a B nocAegHume gBe gecemUAemu.H moBa ce e cAyq8aAo MH02okpamHo nocpegcmBoM maka HapeqeHume xyMaHumapHu uHmepBeHu,uu B cyBepeHHU g'hplkaBu - 6UAo 3apagu 2eHou,ug UAU 3anAaxa om mak'hB, 6UAo 3a ga ce npegomBpam.Hm nocAeguu,ume om nogo6eH

232

koH<)>Aukm. ,IJ;o 90-me zoguHu ugei:iHama Mema<)>opa 3a xy­

MaHumapHama HaMeca He uzpaerne 3HaquMa poAH B npak­

mukama Ha pa3i\UqHume g'bpJkaBu. Om mozaBa B MH020-

6poi1Hume cAyqau, uHmwupaHu om AMepuka, ce 3anoqHa

Hai:i-Hanpeg c HacUAcmBeHa HaMeca u B kpai:iHa cMemka

ce cmuzHa go 10puguqeckomo u <)>akmuqeckomo C'b3gaBa­

He Ha npomekmopamu - Bcuqko moBa C'bnpoBogeHo om

U3uckBaHemo Ha CAIIJ, k'bM eBponei:ickume u gpyzu Hau,uu

ga yqacmBam B omzoBopHocmume no ynpaBAeHuemo Ha

me3u npomekmopamu.

B'b3Moho e B 6'bgeru,e MeJkgyttapogttomo npaBo ga 6'b­

ge gon'bAHeHo c'bc cAyqaume, kozamo ce HaAaza HacUA­

cmBeHa HaMeca c XYMaHumapHa u,eA, HanpuMep nocpeg­cmBoM perneHue Ha OOH UAU qpe3 gon'bAHeHue Ha Hei:iHa­

ma xapma. ,IJ;okamo moBa He ce cAyqu, kakmo Xapmama

Ha OOH, maka u zepMaHckama KoHcmumyu,u.H u 3akoH'bm

k'bM gozoBopa ,,,IJ;Be IlAlOC qemupu" 3a6paH.HBam HeMcko

yqacmue B XYMaHumapHu uHmepBettu,uu. ,IJ;opu B omgeAHU

cAyqau ga UMa perneHue Ha C'hBema 3a cuzypHocm 3a ma­

kaBa UHmepBeHU,U.H, moi:i He MOJke ga 3ag'bAJkU repMaHU.H

ga B3eMe yqacmue (oru,e no-MaAko HATO).

Ha BaAkaHume 3aegHo c gpyzu g'bpJkaBu Hue Hapyrnux­

Me u mpume 3a6paHu. T'bi:i kamo gHec npeguMHO 3apagu

aMepukaHckume npemeHu,uu 3a Bogette Ha npeBaHmuBHu

Boi:iHu u npomuBopeqaru,omo Ha MeJkgyttapogHume npaB­

HU HopMu HanageHue Hag Mpak c'bru,ecmByBa 3anAaxa 3a

pa3kAaru,aHe Ha npaBHume ocHoBu Ha cBemoBHama noAu­

muka, npaBumeAcmBama Ha g'bpJkaBume om EBponei:i­

cku.H C'bl03 mp.H6Ba ga 3Ha.Hm, qe yqacmuemo B aku,uu, ko­

umo npegcmaBA.HBam HapyrneHU.H Ha Xapmama Ha 06e­

guHeHume Hau,uu, gonpuHac.H 3a zpy6omo onpa3BaHe om

C'bg'bpJkaHUe Ha MeJkgyHapogHomo npaBo. repMaHU.H

233

mpR6Ba ga BHuMaBa oco6eHo MHOW He caMo nopagu Melk­

gYHapogHonpaBHu u koHcmumYQUOHHU OCHOBaHU.ff, HO u

no B'hHUIHonoAumm1ecku u ncuxoAozmiecku npmmHu.

repMaHU.ff mpR6Ba ga yqacmBa B no-Hamam'hmHomo

U3Zpa1kgaHe u c'hxpaHRBaHe Ha MelkgYHapogHomo npaBo,

C'hUJ,omo Balku u no omHomeHue Ha uHcmumy-Quume Ha

OOH u me3u Ha C'bBema 3a cuzypHocm. Om,e npegu gBe

cmoAemu.ff, B kpaR Ha cBo.ff lkuBom, EMaHyeA KaHm HU 3a­

Bem,a gMza ga pa3BuBaMe nocmeneHHO MelkgYHapogHU.ff npaBoB peg. 3a moBa o6aqe He e HylkHo HenpeMeHHO zep­

MaHcko nocmo.ffHHO npuc'hcmBue B C'hBema 3a cuzypHocm.

)];Be HeMcku npaBumeAcmBa nocAegoBameAHo npecAegBaxa

u,eAma repMaHU.ff ga noAyqu makoBa M.ffCmo, HO ma3U u,eA

He 6e nocAeguu,a om meXHU.ff aneA ga ce cAegBa eguHHa

B'hHUIHa noAumuka om cmpaHa Ha EC, a no-ckopo nopagu

Heo6xoguMocmma om npu3HaBaHe u ymB'hplkgaBaHe Ha

repMaHU.ff. He e om UHmepec 3a repMaHU.ff ga B3eMa yqa­

cmue B kakBumo u ga 6UAo cBemoBHu pemeHU.ff 3a BogeHe

Ha Bofmu UAU HaAaZaHe Ha MUp u ga e Heo6xogUMO CAeg

moBa ga Hocu omwBopHocmma 3a nocAeguu,ume. Bulkga­

Hemo Ha H.ffkou HeMcku noAumuu,u, gunAoMamu u cAylku­

meAu, qe repMaHU.ff Ha Bc.ffka u,eHa mpR6Ba ga uzpae Balk­

Ha poA.ff B cBemoBHama noAumuka, e WA.ffMa 3a6Ayga.

Haii-BalkHu.ffm B'hHUlHOnOAUmuqecku UHmepec Ha rep­

MaHU.ff ce U3pa3RBa B npeogoMBaHe Ha cezamHama kpU3a

Ha pa3mupeHU.ff go 25 g'hplkaBu 'lAeHku EBponeiicku C'hl03

u cAeg moBa B HezoBomo Henpek'hcHamo pa3Bumue. KoAko­

mo no-cUAHu u mecHu ca Bp'h3kume Melkgy eBponeiickume

Hmwu, moAkoBa no-cuzypHa u cBo6ogHa m,e ce qyBcmBa

repMaHU.ff. B koAkomo no-<mMMa cmeneH eBponeiickume

Hau,uu ca koHu,eHmpupaHu B'hpxy npecAegBaHemo Ha cBou­

me Hau,uoHaAHU ewucmu\lHU uHmepecu, moAkoBa no-

234

mpygHa ru,e cmaBa BcekugHeBHama npakmuka Ha nogg'hp­Jk:aHe Ha go6poc'bcegcku omHoUieHUH om cmpaHa Ha rep­MaHuH, ko.amo e zeo2pa<l>cku u,eHm'hp Ha EC, c ocmaHaAU­me eBponeiicku Hapogu. H.aMa gpy2a no-MaAka UAU no-20-A.HMa cmpaHa - l!AeHka Ha EC, ko.amo ga e no-cUAHo 3auH­mepecoBaHa om UHme2pau,u.ama B C'bl03a om repMaHU.H.

B cAyqaii qe zpelllkume Ha noAumuqeckume Augepu B EBpona goBegam go nocmeneHeH pa3nag Ha EC u B kpaii­Ha CMemka go npeBp'hru,aHemo MY eguHcmBeHo B 30Ha 3a cBo6ogHa m'hp20Bu.a, no-Hecu2ypHu om ce2a ru,e ce noqyB­cmBam u q,paHu,y3ume, a C'hUl,O u noA.au,ume, xoAaHgu,ume, qexume u H.akou gpyw Hau,uu. IIoAumuqeckama o6B'hp3a­Hocm C repMaHU.H e u3kJ\ioqumeAHO HyJk:Ha Ha me3U Hapo­gu - He caMo c 02Aeg Ha mpaGU'l.Hama ucmopu.a, ko.amo me UMam no omHOUleHue Ha repMaHU.H u ko.amo Bepo.am­HO He ca 3a6paBUAu C'hBceM, HO u npegu Bcuqko 3apagu Ha­ceAeHuemo Ha repMaHU.H U HeUHama ukOHOMU'l.ecka CUAa, koumo npeB'h3xoJk:gam me3u Ha ocmaHaAume cmpaHu -ll.AeHku Ha EBpoc'hl03a. KoAkomo no-MAagu ca noAumuu,u­me, koumo B 6'bgeru,e ru,e ynpaBA.HBam repMaHU.H, u koAko­mo no-MaA'hk e mexHu.am co6cmBeH ucmopuqecku onum, moAkoBa no-BaJk:Ho ru,e e 3a m.ax ga ca gaAHoBugHu no om­HOUieHue Ha uHmepecume Ha HeMckume c'bcegu.

IIo ucmopuqecku u zeo2pa<Pcku npull.UHU HeMu,ume uMam mkJ\ioqumeAHo MHOGO c'bcegu. 3a Hae <DpaHu,u.a ru,e ocmaHe Haii-BaJk:Hu.am om m.ax, cAeg moBa IIoAUia u Ha­kpa.a ocmaHaAume. C'bxpaH.aBaHemo Ha go6poc'bcegckume Bp'h3ku c Bcuqku C'hcegHu cmpaHu e om ek3ucmeHU,UaAHO 3Hall.eHUe 3a repMaHU.H.

Oru,e npegu npe3ugeHmckomo ynpaBAeHue Ha IllapA gho roA nopagu cBou co6cmBeHu Hau,uoHaAHu uHmepecu q,paHu,y3ume ce c6AuJk:uxa c Hae, HeMu,ume. ,Il;Hec, noAoBuH

235

cmoAemue no-k'hcHo, EBponeuckuam C'h103 U32Aelkga ka­mo eguH om Hau-y1rnkaAHume u (c'hBceM HeoqakBaHo) eguH om Hau-20AeMume ycnexu B eBponeuckama ucmo­pu.H. Ow,e MH020 gecemUAemua o6aqe geAJim EBpoc'b103a om nocmuwHe Ha eguHcmBo u B o6Aacmma Ha 8'hHU1Hama noAumuka. ,II;okamo moBa e maka, B paMkume Ha C'h103a Bepo.HmHo w,e ce o<t>opMu 8'hmpeUIHO .Hgpo - .Hgpo, koemo He MOlke 6e3 <DpaHU,UJI u repMaHUJI. Yc'h8'hpUleHcm8aHe­mo Ha EBponeuckuJI C'h103 6e3 <DpaHU,UJI u repMaHuJI e He­MUCAUMo. Be3 EBponeuckuJI C'h103 o6aqe eBponeuckume g'hplk:aBu He Mo2am ga pa3qumam caMu ga ce npegna3Jim om onacHocmume, koumo w,e me2Ham Hag koHmuHeHma npe3 XXI Bek. Ako eBponeiilwme geucmBam Bceku caM 3a ce6e cu, nog kpUAomo Ha aMepukaHckuJI UMnepuaAU3'hM me Mo2am ga c'hxpaHJim B ttau-go6pu.H cAyqau cBoJima cu-2ypHocm, HO He u cBoemo caMoonpegeAeHue.

Ce2a me3u BulkgaHUJI He ca nonyAJipHu cpeg noAumu­u,ume Ha EBpona. IloAummwme ce m6upam om 2palkga­Hume, a 3a ga 6'hgam m6paHu, me ce Ha2alkgam k'hM Ha­cmpoeHuJima Ha o6w,ecm8eHomo MHeHue B cBoJima cmpa­Ha. ,II;opu me3u HacmpoeHuJI ga ce MeHJim, B repMaHuJI u 8'h8 <Dpam~uJI noAolkumeAHume Ha2Aacu k'hM eBponeucka­ma uHme2pau,uJI ocmaBam cma6UAHu B mBecmHa cme­neH. Ilo-ckopo c'hw,ecmByBa eguHHO c'b2Aacue no ocHoBHu npuHu,unu, HO caMo B omgeAHu cAyqau o6w,ecmBeHocmma y3Ha8a 3a pa3AU\lHU B'hnpocu, koumo npuMepHo Mo2am ga HaMep.Hm cBoJI om20Bop B egHa eBponeucka koHcmumy­U,UJI UAU ocHoBeH eBponeucku go20Bop. T'hii kamo nopagu ma3u npuquHa MH03UHcmBomo m6upameAu Mo2am ga cu u32pagJim JicHa no3UU,UJI caMo no omgeAHU 8'hnpocu, no­Aumuqeckume Augepu Bc'hw,Hocm ca cBo6ogHu B geucm­BuJima cu. Ilo8eqe om egHo gecemUAemue o6aqe me He ye-

nmrn ga U3BAekam noA3a om ma3u cBo6oga 3a nocmmmHe­mo Ha C'bUJ,ecmBeH eBponeiicku Hanpeg'hk.

IIpulluHama 3a mo3u nponyck Ha ynpaBM1BaUJ,ume om 1992 2. HacaM ce kpue B cmpaxa om peaku,uume Ha o6UJ,e­cmBeHomo MHeHue B co6cmBeHume UM cmpaHu. MomuBu­me 3a me3u peaku,uu qecmo ca e20ucmu'IHU u opueHmupa­HU k'hM cne'leABaHe Ha HaU,UOHaAeH npecmruk, HO u CaMU­me ynpaBAHBaUJ,u He ca ce ocBo6ogUAu c'bBceM om nogo6-HU Ha2Aacu. ToBa ce omHacJI 3a peguu,a npeMuep-MUHU­cmpu, BMugHo e u 3a npe3ugeHma Illupak u He20Bume qe­cmo CMeHJIUJ,U ce MUHUCm'bp-npegcegameAU u B He IlO-MaA­ka cmeneH 3a wpMaHckume kaHll,Aepu KoA u Illpbogep. ,ll;o 1989 2. u B IIapruk, u B BoH opueHmau,u.Hma k'hM nocmuw­He Ha eBponeiicka uHme2pau,uJI 6e MH020 no-cUAHo U3pa3e­Ha, omkoAkomo B gecemUAemuemo cAeg 1992 2. EgBa npe3 2002 2. Heogo6peHuemo k'hM nog2omBJIHUJI aMepukaHcku ygap cpeUJ,y Mpak c6Aruku IIapruk u BepAUH omHoBo.

Bceku Hanpeg'hk B eBponeiickama uHme2pau,uJI ce Hpk­gae om m.HcHo u ocHoBaHo Ha goBepue B3aUMHO C'hmpyg­HU\lecmBo MeJk:gy <l>paHU,UJI U repMaHUJI. Be3 no-Ha­mam'hUlHU ycnexu gocew nocmu2Hamomo UJ,e 6'bge 3a­cmpaUieHo, B mo3U cAyqaii 3anAaxume 3a repMaHUJI ca no-201\.eMU, omkoAkomo 3a <l>paHU,UJI u gpyw cmpaHu. M B 6'h­geUJ,e uHme2pau,u.Hma UJ,e ce Hylkgae om H.Hkou melkku koMnpoMucu. IIoAumukama e ,,U3kycmBo Ha B'h3MOLkHo­mo", emo 3aUJ,o npe3 cAegBaUJ,ume gecemUAemuJI B moBa U3kycmBo B OUJ,e no-20AJIMa cmeneH UJ,e e Hpk:Ho nocmu2a­Hemo Ha c'homBemHume koMnpoMucu B gyxa Ha eBponeu­ckama coAugapHocm, 6e3 me, pa36upa ce, ga Hak'hpH.HBam co6cmBeHama Hau,uoHaAHa ugeHmU'lHOcm.

KoAkomo u ycnexu ga 6eAeLkam eBponeuu,ume B mo3u npou,ec, EBponeucku.Hm C'hl03 He UJ,e Molke ga ce koHkypu-

237

pa c MOW.Homo cBemoBHo noAumuqecko noAmkeHue Ha

C'heguHeHume aMepukaHcku w,amu, 3am0Ba eBponeucku­

me noAumuu,u He e HpkHo ga npaB.Hm onumu B ma3u Ha­

coka. B c'bw,omo BpeMe 3a B 6'bgew,e w,e npogM1kam ga C'b­

w,ecmByBam mpaHcamAaHmuqecku c6A'hC'bU,U Ha uHmepe­

cu u Hanpe.tkeHu.H. Ilpe3 nocAegHume gBaHagecem 20guHu,

oco6eHo no BpeMe Ha npe3ugeHmckume MaHgamu Ha Bym­

MAagum, HanpelkeHu.Hma HapacHaxa B egHa Heo6uqauHo

Bucoka om nokoAeHUH HacaM cmeneH. Be3 C'bMHeHue npu­

quHume u om20BopHocmma ca Ha AMepuka, HO u EBpona

gonpuHece 3a moBa omqylkgaBaHe. Ako ma3u meHgeHU,UH

ce 3ana3U UAU ce cmu2He go U30cmp.HHe Ha aHma20HU3Ma,

moBa H.HMa ga e B uHmepec Ha eBponeuckume Hau,uu, a B

no-g'bA20cpoqHa nepcnekmuBa H.HMa ga e om uHmepec u

3a AMepuka. CAIIJ; mpH6Ba ga 3Ha.Hm cAegHomo: B o603pu­

MO 6'hgew,e 3a MH03UHcmBomo eBponeucku Hau,uu Ha koH­

muHeHma H.HMa ga c'bw,ecmByBam Beqe Humo cmpame2u­

qecku, HUmo MOpaAHU OCHoBaHU.H ga npekAaH.Hm 2AaBa

npeg geucmBaw,u.H aMepukaHcku UMnepuaAU3'bM. EgHo­

BpeMeHHO c moBa eBponeuu,ume ce Hylkga.Hm om go6pu

omHomeHUH u c'hmpygHuqecmBo c AMepuka, a moBa 3a

aMepukaHu,ume Bepo.HmHo Molke ga 6'hge caMo noAe3HO u

Heo6xoguMo.

Ilogg'hplkaHemo Ha me3U omHOllleHU.H U3UckBa ycUAU.H.

EBpona u AMepukaHcku.Hm CeBep npumelkaBam o6w,a oc­

HoBa, C'b2pageHa B enoxama Ha IlpocBew,eHuemo, u pa3no­

Aa2am c HeU3qepnaeM U3Bop Ha o6w,u kyAmypHu u u,uBu­

AU3au,uoHHU oco6eHocmu. Ako gonycHeM moBa caMOC'b3-

HaHue 3a o6w,Hocm ga U3qe3He u o6w,ume kopeHu ga u3-

C'bXHam, ecmecmBeHo C'b3gageHomo Hgpo Ha kyAmypHo

eguHcmBo om gBeme cmpaHu Ha ArnAaHmuka C'hlll,O w,e

6'bge yttuw,olkeHo.

Om mo3u <Pakm He cAegBa, 11e eBponeuu,ume mp.H6Ba ga npueMam UAU gopu ga cAegBam Bc.Hkak'hB pog aMepukaH­cku 3a6Aygu. Hue He mpR6Ba ga ce npeBp'hUJ,aMe B 6e3Bo­AeBu koH<l>opMucmu. ,IJ;opu ako B cAegBaru,ume gecemUAe­mu.H CAill; ca no-MOZ'hlll,U om EBponeuckuR C'hl03, gopu ako u B no-gaAe11Ho 6'hgeru,e AMepuka 3ana3u cBoemo cmamy­kBo Ha xezeMOHUR, eBponeuckume Hau,uu mpR6Ba ga C'h­xpaH.Hm cBoemo gocmoiiHcmBo. A CMUC'hA'hm Ha gocmouH­cmBomo e ga Mo:tkem ga noeMem omzoBopHocm npeg co6-cmBeHama cu c'hBecm.

T'hu kamo npe3 XXI Bek cBem'hm ru,e 6'hge no-z'hcmo Ha­ceAeH om kozamo u ga 6UAo, B3aUMHama 3aBucuMocm ru,e npogMJk:aBa ga pacme. ToBa 03Ha11aBa u yBeAu11aBaHe Ha koH<l>Aukmume, a me om cBoR cmpaHa ru,e Mozam ga 6'b­gam pa3pemeHu eguHcmBeHo Ha ocHoBama Ha koMnpoMu­cu. ToAepaHmHocmma u zomoBHocmma 3a koMnpoMucu 3aHanpeg ru,e 6'bgam MHozo no-BaJk:Hu, omkoAkomo ca 6u­AU B MUHaAomo. Hukou, HukoR AU11Hocm, Huko.H Hau,u.H HR­

Ma npaBo ga HaAaza npuopumemHo cBoume uHmepecu u npemeHu,uu, 3aru,omo kakmo Bceku 110Bek, maka u Bc.Hka Hau,uR uMa 3ag'hAlkeHu.H u omzoBopHocmu k'hM gpyzume.