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MGFQDMDYGDH KHKEWVGV GH ADHL GM^EKHYV ;7

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1> GHYLQHKYGDHKE @D\QHKE DJ LHOGHLLQGHO QLVLKQFC *GHHDZKYGDH uZDE(;%HD(1%JKEE$_GHYLQ1>>7

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MGFQDMDYGDH KHKEWVGV GH ADHL GMÊKHYV 1;

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LZKE\KYGDH KHI QLEGKAGEGYW KHKEWVGV DJ KH LELFYQGF KEYGMLYLQ-KFKVL VY\IW 16

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dj ycgv qlvlkqfc% vgohgjgfkhy ikyk-okyclqgho khi khkevgv lj-jdqyv wlql fkqqgli d|y elkigho yd k vvylmkygf lzke|kygdh djycl fdm~dhlhy |hilq fdhvgilqkygdh( Ycl k~~qdkfc yd lvyg-mkyl ycl lelfyqgf keygmlylq qlegkagegy |ygegpli d~lqkygdhkejkge|qlv ycky qljelfyli ycl kfy|ke kgqfqkjy-d~lqkygho lhzgqdh-mlhy dzlq ylh lkqv( Ghjdqmkygdh dh fdm~dhlhy jkge|qlv wkvdaykghli jqdm ycl kgqfqkjy edoaddbv( Ycl igvyqga|ygdh ycky

alvy ilvfqgali ycl jkge|ql ~qdflvvlv wkv k ywd-~kqkmlylq_lga|ee igvyqga|ygdh( Ycl mlkh ygml alywllh jkge|qlv#MYAJ' wkv fdm~|yli khi fdm~kqli kokghvy ycl f|qqlhyjelly-wgil MYAJ qkyl( Akvli dh ycl qlegkagegy khi qddy-fk|vl khkevgv% kgqeghl d~lqkydqv fkh ilzled~ ~qlzlhygzlmkghylhkhfl ~qdfli|qlv ycky wd|ei cle~ mghgmgpl ycl jkge-

|qlv dj qlwdqbli lelfyqgf keygmlylqv( Gy gv khygfg~kyli yckyycgv vy|i wd|ei ~qdzgil k mlycdidedo jdq j|y|ql qlegkagegyvy|iglv elkigho yd vvylmkygf ylvygho khi lzke|kygdh ~qdfl-i|qlv jdq jegocy-fqgygfke kzgdhgf fdm~dhlhyv(

Ghyqdi|fygdh

\vgho ycl vykygvygfke yddev jdq ~qdi|fy-egjl ikyk khkevgv%qlegkagegy lhoghllqv fkh ilylqmghl ycl ~qdakagegy khi i|qk-

agegy dj ~kqyv% fdm~dhlhyv% khi vvylmv yd ~lqjdqm yclgqql{|gqli j|hfygdhv jdq ycl ilvgqli egjl v~kh wgycd|y jkge|ql(Ycl ~qdi|fy-egjl ikyk fkh al mlkv|qli gh cd|qv% mgelv% f-felv-yd-jkge|ql% vyqlvv ffelv% dq kh dyclq mlyqgf wgyc wcgfc

ycl egjl dq ls~dv|ql dj ycl ~qdi|fy fkh al mlkv|qli( Gh ycllkqe qlegkagegy vy|iglv wgyc lelfyqdhgf fdm~dhlhyv% gy wkvjd|hi ycky lkqe jkge|qlv #dq ghjkhy mdqykegyglv' dff|qqli jql-{|lhye( Dzlq ygml% ycl ~d~|ekygdh lscgagyli k fdhvykhy jkge-|ql qkyl( Gy wkv kevd davlqzli ycky vdml ilzgflv wd|ei jg-hkee qlkfc k ycqlvcdei gh yclgq d~lqkygho egjl wclql ycl jkge-|ql qkyl wd|ei kokgh ghfqlkvl vckq~e% khi kogho dq wlkq-d|y

mlfckhgvmv wd|ei idmghkyl khi fk|vl qk~gi jkge|ql dj yclv|qzgzgho ~d~|ekygdh kv vcdwh gh Jgo|ql ;(

Jgo|ql ;( Jk|ey ghylhvgy zv( ygml R;]

Lhoghllqv gh ycl hdh-lelfyqdhgf wdqei ~gfbli |~ dh ycgvqlvlkqfc jghigho khi |vli gy kv k akvgv jdq ilzled~gho mkgh-

ylhkhfl vyqkyloglv( Qlegkagegy Lhoghllqgho R;] ~qdzgilv yclycldqlygfke khi ~qkfygfke yddev yd vy|i ycl ~qdakagegy khifk~kagegy dj fdm~dhlhyv yd ~lqjdqm yclgq ql{|gqli j|hfygdhvjdq ilvgqli ~lqgdiv dj ygml wgycd|y jkge|ql wgyc ilvgqli elzledj fdhjgilhfl(

Ycl ~|q~dvl dj ycgv qlvlkqfc gv yd ilylqmghl ycl ~lqjdqm-khfl fk~kagegy dj ycl lelfyqgf keygmlylqv ycky kql |vli gh yclAdlgho ?6? kgqfqkjy( Ycl ~qgmkq jdf|v dj ycl vy|i gv ydilylqmghl ycl qlegkagegy dj ycl keygmlylq jqdm jkge|ql ikykkhi ilylqmghl ycl mk dq fk|vl#v' dj jkge|ql( Ycl v~lfgjgfda`lfygzlv dj ycgv qlvlkqfc kql kv jdeedwv0

;( Okyclq jkge|ql ikyk jqdm kgqfqkjy edo ~kolv khi ycl

ql~kgq cgvydq ikykakvl(1( K~~e vykygvygfke yddev khi qlegkagegy mlycdidedoglvyd ycl jkge|ql ikyk(

6( Khkepl ycl qlv|eyv% ilylqmghl ycl mk`dq fk|vl#v' djjkge|ql% khi ~qligfy ycl qlegkagegy dj ycl fdm~dhlhy(

Kvv|m~ygdhv0;( Ycl ikyk okyclqli jdq ycl khkevgv kql fdqqlfy khi

kff|qkyle qljelfy ycl jkge|ql qkyl dj ycl lelfyqgf ke-ygmlylq(

1( Kee ycl lelfyqgf keygmlylq |hgyv |hilq fdhvgilqkygdhckzl ycl vkml ilvgoh(

6( Ycl kgqfqkjy jeglv kh kzlqkol dj vgs jegocy cd|qv ~lqik khi ? ikv ~lq wllb(

Ycgv wdqb wkv ~lqjdqmli jdq k edfke kgqfqkjy fkqqglq( Ycgvkgqeghl gv ycl jgjyc ekqolvy idmlvygf kgqeghl lm~edgho k~-

~qdsgmkyle 6:%>>> kzgkygdh ~qdjlvvgdhkev wdqeiwgil( Ycgvkgqeghl d~lqkylv k~~qdsgmkyle 6%> jegocyv ~lq ik khivlqzlv mdql yckh 16> edfkygdhv gh ycl \(V(% Fkhkik% L|qd~l%ycl Fkqgaalkh khi Ekygh Kmlqgfk( Gy ckv k jelly dj 693

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mkgheghl `ly kgqfqkjyv khi 6>> qlogdhke `lyv khi y|qad-~qd~kgqfqkjyv djjlqgho ;?%>>> ikge jegocyv yd 3?7 ilvyghkygdhv gh;:> fd|hyqglv wdqeiwgil( Ycl kgqfqkjy jelly fdhvgilqli jdqycgv vy|i gv ycl Adlgho ?6?-6>>$9>> wgyc :3 kgqfqkjy(

Ycl Lelfyqgf Keygmlylq

Ycl lelfyqgf keygmlylq #ycl v|a`lfy dj ycgv vy|i' gv k ~kqy djycl ghvyq|mlhy ~khle gh ycl jegocy ilfb ycky ~qdzgilv keygy|ilghjdqmkygdh( Ycqll lelfyqgf keygmlylqv fkh al jd|hi gh ycljegocy ilfb dj k A?6? #kv vcdwh gh Jgo|ql 1'( Ycl lelfyqgfkeygmlylqv kql lelfyqd-mlfckhgfke ilzgflv( Ycgv vy|i wgeejdf|v dhe dh ycl fk~ykghv khi jgqvy djjgflqv lelfyqgf keygml-ylqv( K ycgqi lelfyqgf keygmlylq% fkeeli ycl vykhia lelfyqgfkeygmlylq% gv hdy ghfe|ili gh ycl vfd~l dj ycgv vy|i( Gh yclfkvl dj kh lelfyqgf keygmlylq igvfql~khf #ghfdhvgvylhf dqzkqgkygdh'% ycl |hgy gh {|lvygdh gv qlmdzli khi ql~ekfli wgyck vlqzgfli$d~lqkygdhke |hgy( Ycl qlmdzli |hgy gv vlhy yd yclDqgoghke L{|g~mlhy Mkh|jkfy|qlq #DLM' dq k ycgqi-~kqyzlhidq jdq ylvygho khi$dq dzlqck|e khi$dq ql~ekflmlhy dj

~kqyv gj hlflvvkq( I|l yd ycl ghfqlkvl gh ycl h|malq dj |h-vfcli|eli qlmdzkev gh qlflhy lkqv% k qlegkagegy qlzglw gvalgho fdhi|fyli dh ycl Adlgho ?6? lelfyqgf keygmlylqv(

Jgo|ql 1( K zglw dj ycl ghvyq|mlhy ~khleky ycl jegocy ilfb dj k A?6?

Mlycdidedo

Jkge|ql ikyk jqdm d~lqkygdhke kgqfqkjyv ~qdzgil k oddialhfcmkqb dj f|qqlhy fdm~dhlhy qlegkagegy( Kgqeghlv mkgh-ykgh k ikykakvl ycky fdzlqv ycl cgvydq dj mkghylhkhfl ~lq-jdqmli dh lzlq kgqfqkjy( Ycgv ~qdzgilv k oddi vd|qfl djcgvydqgfke ikyk qlokqigho kgq~ekhl fdm~dhlhy jkge|qlv khiql~ekflmlhyv( Ycl jkgeli fdm~dhlhy |hilq fdhvgilqkygdh gv

ycl lelfyqgf keygmlylq(

Ycl mlycdidedo lm~edv k jk|ey-yqll khkevgv yd vy|iycl qddy fk|vl$fk|vlv dj jkge|ql( Jgqvy% ycl jkge|ql mdil ky yclkgqfqkjy elzle gv ilylqmghli( Ycl yd~ qlkvdhv jdq qlmdzke djycl lelfyqgf keygmlylq jqdm ycl kgqfqkjy khi ycl yd~ fdqqlfygzlkfygdhv ykblh jqdm ycl kgqfqkjyv ~lqv~lfygzl kql vy|igli(Kgqfqkjy edo ~kolv ilvfqgal ycl igvfql~khfglv ql~dqyli a

~gedyv wcgel ycl kgqfqkjy gv kgqadqhl( Ycl fdqqlfygzl kfygdh

qljlqv yd ycl kfygdh ykblh a ycl mkghylhkhfl fqlw yd fdqqlfyycl igvfql~khf aljdql ycl kgqfqkjyv hlsy jegocy( Yclvl ikykvlyv kql daykghli jqdm fdm~kh ikykakvlv khi yqkhv~dqyli ydkh lsfle v~qlkivclly yd qlzglw ycl yd~ igvfql~khfglv khifdqqlfygzl kfygdhv( Vlfdhi% ycl jkge|ql mdil ky ycl fdm~d-hlhy elzle gv ql{|gqli jdq ycl JYK( Ycl keygmlylq |hgyv yckyhlli ql~kgq kql |v|kee vlhy yd ycl DLM dq k ycgqi-~kqy zlh-idq( Ycl vcd~ jghighov khi ycl vcd~ fdqqlfygzl kfygdhv ykblh

a ycl zlhidq kql kzkgekael gh ycl jdqm dj ylkq-idwh ql~dqyv(Ikyk okyclqli jdq k dhl-lkq ~lqgdi gv |vli yd ~lqjdqm fdm-

~dhlhy qlzglw( Ikyk okyclqgho fdhvgvyv dj ycl ghjdqmkygdhycky khvwlqv ycl jdeedwgho {|lvygdhv(

;( _cky wkv ycl jkge|ql mdil41( _cky wkv ycl vcd~ jghigho46( _cky wkv ycl fdqqlfygzl kfygdh4

Qlv|eyv dj ycl khkevgv kql |vli yd fqlkyl ycl Jk|ey Yqll(JYK ~qdzgilv k jdqmke mlycdi dj ilylqmghgho ycl fdmaghk-ygdhv dj ~qgmkq lzlhyv ycky qlv|ey gh ycl dff|qqlhfl dj kv~lfgjgli vvylm dq fdm~dhlhy elzle lzlhy( Jk|ey yqllv kevd

~qdzgil k oqk~cgfke ql~qlvlhykygdh dj ycl fdm~dhlhy alghovy|igli% khi yclgq |vl djylh qlv|eyv gh ycl igvfdzlq dj jkge|ql

fdmaghkygdhv ycky wd|ei hdy ckzl allh dazgd|v gj dyclq jkge-|ql gilhygjgfkygdh mlycdiv wlql |vli( Jk|ey yqllv kql |vlj|ejdq adyc {|kegykygzl khi {|khygykygzl khkevgv( K {|kegykygzlk~~qdkfc gv fdhvgilqli gh ycgv vy|i(

Jk|ey-Yqll Fdhvyq|fygdh

Jk|ey yqllv kql a|gey jqdm okylv khi lzlhyv( K egvy dj jk|ey-yqll okylv khi lzlhyv |vli gh ycl vy|i gv ilvfqgali gh Jgo|ql6( Ycl Fdhigygdhke Lzlhy fkh al k Yd~ Lzlhy dq kh Ghylqml-igkyl Lzlhy( Ycl Yd~ Lzlhy gv ycl jdqlvllkael |hilvgqkaellzlhy yd wcgfc kee jk|ey-yqll edogf jedwv( Ycl GhylqmligkylLzlhy gv ycl vvylm vykyl ~qdi|fli a ycl ~qlfligho lzlhyv(

Ycl jdeedwgho fdhvyqkghyv kql fdhvgilqli jdq ycl JYK0 Dhe jkge|ql ikyk alywllh @|e 1>>? khi @|hl 1>>3

wgee al fdhvgilqli( C|mkh-ghi|fli jkge|qlv kql hdy ghfe|ili( Gj ycl |hgy ql~ekfli gv k adqqdwli ~kqy jqdm khdyclq

kgqfqkjy% gy gv hdy ghfe|ili( Dhe ycdvl |hgyv ycky ckzl ql~kgq dqilqv olhlqkyli

wgee al fdhvgilqli(

Jk|ey-Yqll Khkevgv

Ycl Jk|ey-Yqll Igkoqkmv #JYI' #9#K' yd 9#O'' kql vcdwhgh Jgo|qlv 9#k-o'( Ycl lelmlhyv gh ycl yqll kql qlki jqdm eljyyd qgocy( Gyv Yd~ Lzlhy gv Qlmdzke dj ycl Lelfyqgf Keygml-ylq( #Qljlq Jgo|ql 9#k'( JYI K'(

Lelfyqgf Keygmlylq

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LZKE\KYGDH KHI QLEGKAGEGYW KHKEWVGV DJ KH LELFYQGF KEYGMLYLQ-KFKVL VY\IW 1(?< kql ilvgqkael R3](

Cdwlzlq% zke|lv dj >(7> kql mdql ilvgqkael( K zke|l dj"; gv k ~lqjlfy jgy wgyc k ~dvgygzl ved~l wcgel -; gv k ~lqjlfyjgy wgyc k hlokygzl ved~l( _clh ycl zke|l gv fedvlq yd ;% ycl

~kgqli zke|lv #sg% g' egl dh k vyqkgocy eghl(

Ycl Jkge|ql Qkyl J|hfygdh

Ycl jkge|ql qkyl j|hfygdh% #y'% ~qdzgilv ycl qlekygdhvcg~alywllh ycl kol dj k |hgy khi ycl jkge|ql jql{|lhf% dq yclh|malq dj jkge|qlv dff|qqgho ~lq |hgy dj ygml ky kol y R9%>? yd@|hl 1>>3' gv vcdwh gh Ykael ;(

Gh dqilq yd ~qdzgil k edho-ylqm jkge|ql ~kyylqh% khi jdq

zkegikygdh ~|q~dvlv% cgvydqgfke ikyk jqdm ;73< yd 1>>3 gv kevdokyclqli jdq ycl khkevgv( Ywd v|avlyv dj ycgv cgvydqgfkevkm~el% fdm~qgvli dj k -lkq ikykvly% kql khkepli jdq ycl mlig|m- #6 lkqv' yd edho-ylqm jkge-|ql #86 lkqv' qkyl( Ycl >6 khi 1>>?( Ycl ;>-lkq ikyk vly fdhvgvyvdj jkge|qlv alywllh ;777 khi 1>>3(

Ykael ;( ; lkq ikyk #@|e 1>>? yd @|hl 1>>3'\hgyHd0

Ikyl Ql-mdzli

YVQ#JCV'

\hgyHd0

IkylQlmdzli

YVQ#JCV'

; ?$;$>? 6 ;1$?$>? :>%793(;1 ?$16$>? ;3? ?%66 ?$1? ;9%::9(9 11 ;$;1$>3 1%?:?(6

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;> 7$;9$>? 9; 17 1$;9$>3 337(? 9%:1>(9 6> 1$13$>3 6%;:3;1 ;>$? 3 :

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fdm~kqli yd ycl MYAJ fkef|ekyli |vgho VFL^YQL vdjywkqlkhi ycl qlv|eyv kql vcdwh gh Ykael 9(

Ykael 1( MYAJ fdm~|yli a VFL^YQL

Flee

Qkhol

\hgy Ls-

~lqglhfl

Fdh-jgqmlijkge-

|qlv

Qkyl~lq

flee

^qda-kage-gy~lq

flee

F|-m|ek-ygzl~qda-

kagegy> -7773

1;;399(91 ;? >(?71 >(((7;:;7773 -1777: ;>3?(7? > >(>>> >(>>> >(77:6777: -97779 6 >(>>> >(>>> >(77:9777< - > >(>>> >(>>> >(77:

>(>>> >(>>> >(77::7776 -?777; 63>(7; > >(>>> >(>>> >(77:?7771 -3777> > > >(>>> >(>>> >(77:3777; -77737 > > >(>>> >(>>> >(77:YD-YKE

197:9;(?6 1< >(;>>

Qkyl ~lq ;>>>cd|qv

MYAJ 773:

Gy fkh al fdhfe|ili ycky ycl MYAJ fdm~|yli a VFL^YQL

gv fdm~kqkael yd ycl MYAJ ~qdzgili a ycl DLM( \hjdqy|-hkyle% ycl VFL^YQL vvylm idlv hdy ~qdzgil kh ilykgelighvgocy dh y~l dj igvyqga|ygdh |vli% igvyqga|ygdh ~kqkmlylqzke|lv% khi fdhjgilhfl egmgyv( Gy gv hlgyclq jelsgael hdq fdh-zlhglhy yd |vl( Yc|v% gh dqilq yd okgh k alyylq |hilqvykhigho%wl ilfgili yd ~qdflvv /qkw/ ikyk jqdm kgqfqkjy edoaddbv khimkghylhkhfl qlfdqiv yd oly /yq|l/ MYAJ(

Vykygvygfke Khkevgv

Clql wl ~qlvlhy k qgodqd|v vykygvygfke khkevgv khi fdm~|-ykygdh dj _lga|ee igvyqga|ygdh ~kqkmlylqv( \vgho Ykael ;% yclygmlv-yd-jkge|ql ikyk% gyv qkhb khi ycl fdqqlv~dhigho mligkhqkhbv jdq ycl vkm~el dj 9> |hgyv kql fdm~|yli #;-lkq ikyk-vly% |hgyv jkgeli gh ycl ~lqgdi 1>>? yd 1>>3' khi ~qlvlhyli ghYkael >? yd 1>>3'ikyk gv ~qlvlhyli gh Jgo|ql 9: ;>637

Ykael 9( Fdm~kqgvdh dj ycl MYAJVFL^YQL DLM

MYAJ 773: ;>637

Ykael ; >(>;?61:? 9%:1>(9 1; >((>91>?71 ;(? 16 >((>7; 19 >((:;;63:

;(6 : >(;9;>37; 3%;3(:6:;63

:

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LZKE\KYGDH KHI QLEGKAGEGYW KHKEWVGV DJ KH LELFYQGF KEYGMLYLQ-KFKVL VY\IW 17

Yd ilylqmghl ycl oddihlvv-dj-jgy% ycl fdqqlekygdh fdljjgfglhy hlliv yd al ilylqmghli(

Jgo|ql 1(192 sg1

= 13?1(1?2 g1 = :7(:72 H = 9>

dq>(779: = #?'

Vghfl gv fedvl yd ;% gy fkh al fdhfe|ili ycky ycl _lga|eeigvyqga|ygdh ql~qlvlhyv ycl jkge|ql ikyk zlq wlee( V|avygy|y-gho ycl zke|lv dj = >(?> khi = 7>17 gh ycl _lga|ee qleg-

kagegy j|hfygdh ogzlh a l{|kygdh #;'% jdq y = ;>>>%# ' >(3>Q y = #3'Yclqljdql% ycl ~qdakagegy ycky ycl |hgy wgee j|hfygdh wgycd|yjkge|ql jdq ;>>> jegocy cd|qv gv >(3> khi ycl ghvykhykhld|vjkge|ql qkyl gv ogzlh a ycl Ckpkqi j|hfygdh% khi gv lvygmkyli

a;

# 'y

y

=

#7'

Jdq y = ;>>>% ycl ckpkqi qkyl gv# ' ;(9y L = #;>'

K vgmgekq khkevgv yd fdm~|yl _lga|ee ~kqkmlylqv wkv fkq-qgli d|y dh ycl 6 yd 1>>?' gv vcdwh gh jgo|ql :( Gy gvhdyli ycky ;;: lelfyqgf keygmlylqv kql fdhvgilqli jdq ycgvkhkevgv #g(l( ycl h|malq dj vkm~elv H = ;;:'(

Jgo|ql :( qdakagegy ~edy dj ycl (?1?< khi = 7:9? gh ycl_lga|ee qlegkagegy j|hfygdh%Jdq y = ;>>>% # ' >(31>>% #y' = ;(9>L->9 #;1'K vgmgekq khkevgv wkv fkqqgli d|y jdq ycl ;>-lkq ikykvly#;777 yd 1>>3' wgyc 193 keygmlylqv( Ycl ilykgev #dmgyyliclql jdq aqlzgy' dj ycgv ;>-lkq ikykvly khkevgv fkh aljd|hi gh ycl qlflhy wdqb a Vkm|le R;>]( Ycl ~qdakagegyycky ycl |hgy wgee j|hfygdh wgycd|y jkge|ql jdq ;>>> jegocycd|qv #akvli dh ;>- lkq ikykvly' gv >(3< khi ycl ghvykhyk-hld|v jkge|ql qkyl ogzlh a ycl Ckpkqi j|hfygdh #akvli dh ycl;>-lkq ikykvly'% lvygmkyli jdq y = ;>>>% gv ;(66L->9(

V|mmkq dj Qlv|eyv

Ycl Jk|ey-Yqll khkevgv qlzlkeli ycky ycl jkge|ql dj yclmdydq yd al ~qgmkq fk|vl dj ycl mdvy lelfyqgf keygmlylq jkge-|qlv( Ycl fkef|ekyli MYAJ dj 773: JCV wkv fdm~kqkael ydycl f|qqlhy jelly-wgil qkyl dj ;>637 JCV( Ycl qlegkagegyzke|lv wlql fkef|ekyli wgyc ycqll vlyv dj ikyk% g(l(% jdq ycl ;-lkq ~lqgdi #1>>? yd 1>>3'% >6 yd 1>>?' khi;>-lkq ~lqgdi #;777 yd 1>>3'( Ykael : fdm~kqlv ycl lvyg-mkyli qlegkagegy ~qdakagegy jdq ;>>> JCV(

Fdhfe|vgdh

Ycgv vy|i jdf|vli dh |ygegpgho cgvydqgfke jkge|ql ikyk ydilylqmghl ycl qlegkagegy dj ycl lelfyqgf keygmlylq |vli dh

Adlgho ?6? kgqfqkjy( Ycl jkge|ql mdil qljelfyli qlke-wdqeid~lqkygdhke fdhigygdhv ycky lkfc |hgy ls~lqglhfli gh jegocy(Kgqfqkjy edoaddbv ~qdzgili ycl kfy|ke igvfql~khfglv wcgelylkq-idwh ql~dqyv ~qdzgili ycl vcd~ jghighov khi fdqqlfygzlkfygdhv( Kh JYK wkv |vli yd ilylqmghl ycl mk`dq fk|vl djfdm~dhlhy jkge|ql( Vykygvygfke khkevgv wkv k~~egli yd ycljkge|ql ikyk yd lvygmkyl ycl jkge|ql qkyl khi ycl qlegkagegy djycl lelfyqgf keygmlylq( K qlzglw dj ycl egylqky|ql ~qdzgilighvgocy ghyd ycl |vl dj ycl _lga|ee igvyqga|ygdh kv k fdm-

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ILZLED^MLHY DJ K ^LQMLKMLYLQ YD MLKV\QL YCL CWIQK\EGF FDHI\FYGZGYW DJ FEKW 6;EGHLQV AKVLI DH YCL GHGYGKE VKY\QKYGDH DJ YCL FDM^KFYLI FEKW

ILZLED^MLHY DJ K ^LQMLKMLYLQ YD MLKV\QL YCLCWIQK\EGF FDHI\FYGZGYW DJ FEKW EGHLQV AKVLI

DH YCL GHGYGKE VKY\QKYGDH DJ YCL FDM^KFYLIFEKW

Jqkhb Ky|kclhl% Oldqogk Vd|yclqh \hgzlqvgy

Kavyqkfy

Fek eghlqv fdhvgvy dj fdm~kfyli fek khi kql |vli gh vyq|f-y|qlv v|fc kv ekhijgeev% |hilqoqd|hi vydqkol ykhbv% ikmv khielzllv( Ycl mkgh kyyqga|yl% ilvgqli gh k {|kegy fek eghlq% gvk edw ~lqmlkagegy #ciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy' dj ;>-7 m$v( Yclf|qqlhy ghvyq|mlhyv |vli yd mlkv|ql ycl ciqk|egf fdhi|fygz-gy dj fek eghlqv kql ygml-fdhv|mgho khi f|malqvdml adycgh ycl ekadqkydq khi ycl jglei% yc|v cghilqgho jkvylq khi

{|kegy fdhvyq|fygdh dj fek eghlqv( Ycgv ~k~lq wgee igvf|vvycl ilzled~mlhy dj kh ghvyq|mlhy wcgfc mlkv|qlv ycl c-iqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy dj fek eghlqv akvli dh ycl vdge ~qd~lqydj ycl fdm~kfyli fek% ycky gv% ycl ghgygke vky|qkygdh #VG'( Ycgv

~qd~lqy wkv vlelfyli ycqd|oc vykygvygfke khkevgv dj k h|m-alq dj ls~lqgmlhykee mlkv|qli ciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy khiycl ghgygke vky|qkygdh #VG'( Ycl ikyk wkv daykghli jqdm k ~|a-egvcli ~k~lq gh k qljlqlli `d|qhke R1% 6]( Ycl khkevgv ~qd-i|fli ycl mdile VG wcgfc gv kh l{|kygdh wcgfc ~qligfyv yclciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy dj ycl fek eghlq wgyc ycl mlkv|qlighgygke vky|qkygdh( Ycl ~k~lq akfbv |~ ycl l{|kygdh |vgho ls-gvygho ycldqglv dj vdge-wkylq ghylqkfygdh( Ycl ~qd~dvli gh-vyq|mlhy wgee mlkv|ql ~lqmlkagegy jkvylq yckh f|qqlhyl{|g~mlhy( Gy wgee al vmkeelq% ~dqykael #~dvvgae ~dfbly-vgpl'khi lkv yd |vl a lzlh hdh-ylfchgfke fdhvyq|fygdh ~lqvdh-hle(

Ghyqdi|fygdh

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jgeev% elzllv% ikmv% ekoddhv% qlylhygdh ~dhiv% wcgfc |vl ycleghlqv jdq yclgq je|gi-yqkhv~dqy kyylh|kygdh fk~kagegyglv( Ghljjlfy% yclvl eghlqv kql ls~lfyli yd vlqzl kv ~ekvygfv yd fdh-ykgh je|giv% lgyclq fdhykmghkyli dq hdy( Gh ycl fkvl dj fdh-ykmghkyli je|giv% ycl odke gv yd ~qlzlhy fdhykmghkygdh dj ~ql-fgd|v v|aylqqkhlkh qlvd|qflv% v|fc kv% ~dykael wkylq gh k{|g-jlqv(

Yclql kql mkh jkfydqv kjjlfygho ycl mdzlmlhy dj je|givgh vdgev% ~kqygf|ekqe fekv( Jdq ycgv qlkvdh% yclql gv hdy k ~ql-igfydq dj ciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy ky ycgv mdmlhy ycky fkh alfdhvgilqli qlegkae kff|qkyl( Vdml dj yclvl jkfydqv% yd mlh-ygdh k jlw% kql wkylq fdhylhy% iq |hgy wlgocy% iloqll djvky|qkygdh% zdgi qkygd% |hgy wlgocy dq ilhvgy% v~lfgjgf oqkz-gy% eg{|gi egmgy khi ~ekvygf egmgy R?%3%7]( _gyc qlv~lfy yd fekeghlqv% ycl mghlqkedo dj ycl y~l dj fek |vli% gv kh kiig-ygdhke jkfydq ghje|lhfgho ciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy(

Kv k qlv|ey dj ycl h|mlqd|v jkfydqv ghje|lhfgho ycl c-iqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy dj fek eghlqv% lkqe kyylm~yv yd lvykaegvcl{|kygdhv dq vlelfygho k idmghkhy jkfydq dq jkfydqv yd ~qligfyycl ciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy dj fek eghlqv ckzl allh j|ygelvghfl ycl l{|kygdhv ~qdi|fli ckzl allh fdm~els khi gh-zdezli wgyc h|mlqd|v jkfydqv( R1% 6]( Ycl vgm~el ls~ekhkygdhjdq ycgv gv ycky% ycl jkfydqv mlhygdhli kadzl kql lsyqlmleghylqil~lhilhy( Ycl ghylqil~lhilhy qlekygdhv kmdho yclvljkfydqv ckzl allh lsylhvgzle ql~dqyli gh addbv khi dyclq

~|aegfkygdhv R9% :]( Gh ycgv fkvl% |vgho vykygvygfke mlkhv egbleghlkq qloqlvvgdh dh ls~lqgmlhyke ikyk wgee qlv|ey gh fdh-jd|higho% mkbgho ycl l{|kygdhv dq lvykaegvcli mdilev |vl-

elvv( Dh ycl dyclq ckhi% gj h|mlqgfke mlycdiv kql k~~egli ydls~lqgmlhyke ikyk% ycl lqqdq ylqmv gh lkfc jkfydq wgee alfdm~d|hili yd glei kh dzlqkee akeeddhli lqqdq gh ycl lvyka-egvcli l{|kygdh( Gj vdml dj ycl jkfydqv gh ycl lvykaegvclil{|kygdhv ck~~lh yd ckzl kh dqilq dj mkohgy|il oqlkylq yckh;% yclh ycl dzlqkee lqqdq wgee al ls~dhlhygke R;](

Ycgv ~k~lq ~qlvlhyv kh l{|kygdh% akvli dh ycl iloqll djghgygke vky|qkygdh #VG' dj ycl fek eghlq% wcgfc wkv ilzled~li

a |vgho eghlkq qloqlvvgdh khkevgv dh ls~lqgmlhyke ikykjqdm k ~llq- qlzglwli ~k~lq ~|aegvcli gh ycl qljlqlli @d|q-hke dj Oldylfchgfke khi Oldlhzgqdhmlhyke Lhoghllqgho R 1%6]( Ycl ~k~lq kevd |vlv ciqk|egf khi ciqdedogf ycldqglv yd

~qdzl% mkyclmkygfkee% ycky ycl vlelfyli kyyqga|yl% gh jkfy%lmadiglv #dq gv k j|hfygdh dj' kemdvy kee dj ycl jkfydqv% lh|-mlqkyli kadzl% ycky kjjlfy ycl ciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy dj fekeghlqv #vll mkyclmkygfke ili|fygdh aledw'(

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Ycldqlygfke Akfboqd|hi

Ycl ghgygke vky|qkygdh #VG' gv ls~qlvvli mkyclmkygfkee kvR;% 1% 6% 9% : ]0

VG=w

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i

= ycl iq |hgy wlgocy dj ycl vdge

khi w

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w =_

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v= wlgocy dj vdegiv

_w

= wlgocy dj wkylq

v

= ycl |hgy wlgocy dj ycl vdge vdegiv #~kqygfelv'

v = ilhvgy dj ycl vdge vdegiv

w

= ycl ilhvgy dj wkylq

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= zde|ml dj wkylq

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= zde|ml dj vdge vdegiv(

Ycl iq |hgy wlgocy dj ycl vdge% i% gv ls~qlvvli mkycl-

mkygfkee kv R;% 1% 6% 9% :]0

i

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khi wkylq'Zk = ycl zde|ml dj kgq gh ycl vdgeZw = ycl zde|ml dj wkylq gh ycl vdgeZv = ycl zde|ml dj vdge vdegiv gh ycl vdge khio = kfflelqkygdh i|l yd oqkzgy(

Jqdm #1'%

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~dqkyl kee ycl vdge ~qd~lqyglv ycky kjjlfy ycl ciqk|egf fdhi|f-ygzgy dj fek eghlqv( Ckzgho dhl zkqgkael gh ycl l{|kygdhvdezlv ycl ~qdaelm dj k fdm~d|hili lqqdq ylqm qlv|eyghojqdm ghigzgi|ke lqqdq ylqmv gh ycl h|mlqd|v jkfydqv gj yclwlql yd al |vli ls~egfgye gh ycl l{|kygdh( Vghfl ycgv l{|k-ygdh wkv ilylqmghli% vykygvygfkee R;% 1]% wgyc k vghoel zkqg-kael% ycl ~qdaelmv dj fdhjd|higho% i|l yd ycl ghylqil~lhilhyqlekygdhv kmdho ycl h|mlqd|v jkfydqv% wlql kevd mghgmgplidq legmghkyli( Gy m|vy al hdyli ycky% ycgv l{|kygdh fkh al|vli wgyc k vgm~el fkef|ekydq wgycd|y ycl ilzled~mlhy dj yclghvyq|mlhy a jglei ~lqvdhhle( Ycgv l{|kygdh ckv allh zkeg-ikyli a |vgho ghil~lhilhy ls~lqgmlhyke ikyk( Ycl ciqk|-egf fdhi|fygzgyglv ~qdi|fli |vgho f|malqvdml ekadqkydq

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ILZLED^MLHY DJ K ^LQMLKMLYLQ YD MLKV\QL YCL CWIQK\EGF FDHI\FYGZGYW DJ FEKW 66EGHLQV AKVLI DH YCL GHGYGKE VKY\QKYGDH DJ YCL FDM^KFYLI FEKW

mlycdiv wlql zlq fedvle ~qligfyli a |vgho ycl VG l{|k-ygdh(

Vyq|fy|ql dj ycl Ghvyq|mlhy

Jgo|ql ; gv k vfclmkygf iqkwgho dj ycl ghvyq|mlhy #~lq-mlkmlylq' vcdwgho ycl 6 mkgh fdm~dhlhyv0

k' Kh ghgygke vky|qkygdh #VG' mlkv|qgho |hgya' K fdm~|ykygdh |hgy wclql ycl jdqm|ek wgee alk~~egli2 khif' Ikyk igv~ek kqlk(

Ycl ikyk yd al igv~ekli wgee al ycl ghgygke vky|qkygdh il-ylfyli khi ycl fdm~|yli ~lqmlkagegy( Ycl fdm~|yli ~lq-mlkagegy wgee yqgoolq kh lelfyqdhgf fdedq-fdili igv~ek ydghigfkyl gyv kffl~ykagegy wgyc qlv~lfy yd \V Jlilqke qlo|ek-ydq egmgy dj ;>-7 m$v( Gh Jgo|ql ;% ycl fdedq qli mlkhv yclqlkigho gv hdy kffl~ykael wcgel oqllh mlkhv dyclqwgvl(

Jgo|ql ;( Vfclmkygf Iqkwgho dj ^lqmlkmlylq

Jgo|ql 1 vcdwv ycl vyl~v ~lqjdqmli a ycl ~qd~dvli ~lq-mlkmlylq ~qdydy~l ghvyq|mlhy(

Vkm~el Ikyk Igv~ek

B = 1(;L-;; m$vRoqllh]Rqli]

VG =

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ILZLED^MLHY DJ K ^LQMLKMLYLQ YD MLKV\QL YCL CWIQK\EGF FDHI\FYGZGYW DJ FEKW 6 dq ;( Ycgv jkfy gv ~qdzlh

a ycl igjjlqlhflv alywllh ycl mlkv|qli khi ~qligfyli Bv gh

fde|mh 9 dj Ykael ;( Qdw ;; dj ycl ykael gv kh khdmkealfk|vl ycl mlkv|qli B k~~lkqv yd al kh d|yeglq gh ycl ikyk|vli( Gy wkv ydd cgoc yd alogh wgyc( Qdw ;: dj ycl ykaelogzlv k igjjlqlhfl dj plqd wcgfc ghigfkylv k ~lqjlfy ~qligf-ygdh( Gy gv kevd k ~qddj ycky mdvy dj ycl igjjlqlhflv kql% ghjkfy% fedvl yd plqd( Ycl jkfy ycky ycgv mdile mkblv fdhvgvylhy

~qligfygdhv kfqdvv kee elzlev dj fdm~kfygdh gv zlq vgohgjgfkhyalfk|vl ycgv mkblv gy ~dvvgael yd |vl gy jdq jglei fdm~kfygdhwcgfc gv fdhvgilqli yd al k mgsy|ql dj kee elzlev dj fdm~kf-ygdh% ycky gv% M^ #Mdigjgli ^qdfydq'% V^ #Vykhikqi ^qdfydq'khi Q^ #Qli|fli ^qdfydq'( Jgo|ql 6 vcdwv k ~edy dj mlkv-

|qli B zlqv|v ~qligfyli B~% jdq Mdile VG( Ycl ikyk |vli jdqzkegikygdh dj ycl mdile wkv |vli gh ycl ~edy( Gy gv davlqzliycky yclql gv k oddi fdqqlekygdh alywllh mlkv|qli B khi

~qligfyli B jdq ycl mdile alfk|vl ycl ~dghyv akhi |hgjdqme

kedho ycl 9

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6: GHYLQHKYGDHKE @D\QHKE DJ LHOGHLLQGHO QLVLKQFC *GHHDZKYGDH uZDE(;%HD(1%JKEE$_GHYLQ1>>7

Jgo|ql 6( Mdile VG qligfygdhv

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~lqmlkmlylq( Ycl l{|kygdh yd al ~qdoqkmmli ghyd ycl ~qd-ydy~l dj ycl ~lqmlkmlylq gv eh B = -;9(37 - >(;> VG dq B =l#-;9(37 >(;> VG'( B gv ycl fdljjgfglhy dj ~lqmlkagegy khi VG gvycl ghgygke vky|qkygdh dj fdm~kfyli fek( Ycgv l{|kygdh khiycl ~qd~dvli ghvyq|mlhy k~~e yd ycl ~lqmlkagegy dj wkylqgh fdm~kfyli fekv dhe( Gy mk wdqb dh k{|ld|v je|giv egbl

elkfckylv jqdm ekhijgeev a|y ycky gv ly yd al qlvlkqfcli kjylqycl ilzled~mlhy dj ycl ghvyq|mlhy( Ycl qlkvdh jdq ycl |vl djVG% ycl ghgygke vky|qkygdh% dhe kv ycl dhe zkqgkael gh ycl il-zled~mlhy dj ycl l{|kygdh gv ycky VG gv k j|hfygdh dj kee ycldyclq ghylqil~lhilhy jkfydqv ycky ghje|lhfl ycl ~lqmlkagegy#ciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy' dj fdm~kfyli fek( K ycldqlygfkekhi mkyclmkygfke ~qddj dj ycgv jkfy gv lhvcqghli gh ycl ~k~lq|hilq ycl clkigho Ycldqlygfke Akfboqd|hi( Vkm~el ql-v|eyv dj ycl ~lqjdqmkhfl dj ycl l{|kygdh yd al |vli gh yclghvyq|mlhy ckzl allh ~qdzgili gh Ykael ; khi Jgo|ql 6( Kvfclmkygf iqkwgho dj ycl ghvyq|mlhy khi kh keodqgycm jdqycl igv~ek dj ycl qlv|eyv ckv allh ~qdzgili gh Jgo|qlv ; khi1% qlv~lfygzle(

Vgpl% jkvylq mlkv|qlmlhy dj ~lqmlkagegy% lkvl dj |vl ajglei ~lqvdhhle khi% cd~lj|ee% fdvy wgee mkbl ycl VG ~lq-mlkmlylq v|~lqgdq yd lsgvygho ~lqmlkmlylqv( Ycl ilzled~-mlhy dj ycgv l{|g~mlhy wgee alhljgy dqokhgpkygdhv dq djjgflvv|fc kv ycl Il~kqymlhy dj Iljlhvl% Il~kqymlhy dj Lhlqo%Lhzgqdhmlhyke ^qdylfygdh Kolhf #L^K'% IDY% ycl KqmFdq~v dj Lhoghllqv% Li|fkygdh #ky ycl |hilqoqki|kyl khioqki|kyl elzlev' khi M|hgfg~kegyglv alfk|vl ycl kql gh-

zdezli gh ycl vy|i khi$dq ycl k~~egfkygdh dj ycl fdhfl~yv dj~lqmlkagegy #ciqk|egf fdhi|fygzgy' gh mdvy dj yclgq ~qd-`lfyv( Vdml dj yclvl ~qd`lfyv kql ekhijgeev% ikmv khi |hilq-oqd|hi vydqkol ykhbv #\VYv'( Ycl fdhvl{|lhflv dj ycl

aqlkfc dj ycl mlhygdhli vyq|fy|qlv kql ilzkvykygho gh ylqmvdj ycl edvv dj ~qd~lqy khi egzlv R;]( Yclqljdql% gj ycgvl{|g~mlhy gv ilzled~li% gy wgee ckzl k ekqol mkqbly(

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Mlkv|qli B- m$v

^qligfyli B~ - m$v

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ILZLED^MLHY DJ K ^LQMLKMLYLQ YD MLKV\QL YCL CWIQK\EGF FDHI\FYGZGYW DJ FEKW 6?EGHLQV AKVLI DH YCL GHGYGKE VKY\QKYGDH DJ YCL FDM^KFYLI FEKW

_kvyl Ylfchdedo khi Mkhkolmlhy% ^cgekile~cgk%\VK2 Mkqfc ;3 1;% 1>>?(

R6] Kybghvdh% @(C% Ycl Mlfckhgfv dj Vdgev khi Jd|hik-ygdhv% 1>>?% Ykedq * Jqkhfgv0 Edhidh% Lhoekhi(

R9] Eg|% F(% khi Lzlyy% @(A% Vdge ^qd~lqyglv0 Ylvygho%Mlkv|qlmlhy% khi Lzke|kygdh% 1>>?% ^qlhygfl Ckee0Lhoelwddi Fegjjv% H(@(

R>:% Egocyhgho Vd|qflGhf(0 EkZlqohl% Ylhhlvvll(

R:] Dvgh|ag% B(@( khi Hwkgw|% F(M(D% Ciqk|egfFdhi|fygzgy dj Fdm~kfyli Ekylqgygf Vdge( @d|qhke djOldylfchgfke khi Oldlhzgqdhmlhyke Lhoghllqgho%Zde( ;6;% Hd( 3% ~~( ;>69 ;>9;(

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ijeri vol1 n2 fall 2009

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