6

Unit 2I. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.There is a six-month time limit on residence at the hostel.You cannot ______2.Immediately he returned from his run, he had to reorganize the morning schedule.No sooner ______3.He seemed to be very wealthy.He gave ______4.He found the pressures of the job intolerable.He could ______5.I had better prepare for tomorrows training session now.Its time ______6.The workers did not arrive home until midnight.It was ______

Key:1.You cannot stay more than six months at the hotel.2.No sooner had he returned form his run than he had to reorganize the morning schedule.3.he gave the impression of being very wealthy.4.He could not stand up with the pressures of the job.5.Its time I prepared for tomorrows training session.6.Its was not until midnight that the workers arrived home.

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1.The ships in the harbor took the full force of the storm.brunt2.Most of the orders will have been processed by Friday.bulk3.They renovated and redecorated the old house.did4.Not much heat came from the radiatorsbarely5.In this job you have to work long hours.involves6.He was give permission to apply for a special training course.application

Key:1.The ships in the harbor bore the brunt of the storm.2.The bulk of the orders will have been processed by Friday.3.They did up the old house.4.Barely any heat came from the old radiators.5.This job involves working long hours.6.He was given permission to put in an application for a special training course.

III. Vocabulary1.The words fought and fort are ______.A homophones B homographs C synonyms D variants2.All applicants for this job must have a university ______.A certificate B course C career D degree3.Their standard of living is barely above ______ level.A subsistence B poverty C assistance D welfare4.Because she has two children Mrs Jones received $20 a week in the form of child ______.A dole B payment C entitlement D benefit5.The Electricity Board has ______ off the supply to that house.A broken B cut C stopped D shut6.During the building ______ of the eighties, many new houses were built in Docklands.A rise B surge C boom D bonanza7.They had been living beyond their ______ for several years.A means B money C resources D status8.Before he started bodybuilding, Charles was a ______ 40 kg weakling.A small B slight C slim D puny9.Because of his work for handicapped people, Michael received a(n)_____ from the Queen.A award B prize C order D reward10.Motorway generally have three or four ______.A channels B tracks C routes D lanes11.Most of the people on the early morning rains are ______.A passengers B travelers C commuters D staff12.The rocket ______ up into the air at tremendous speed.A leapt B rushed C pushed D zoomed13.Lady Margaret suggested putting on a concert and giving the ______ to charity.A proceeds B takings C tickets D surplus14.Every Friday, Andrew signs ______ for unemployment benefit.A on B in C up D below

Key:1A 2D 3A 4D 5B 6C 7A 8D 9A 10D 11C 12B 13A 14A

Unit 3

I. ClozeWhen the Chips are Down, GambleThe British love to gamble, but they are not very good ______(1) it. When things go wrong the ______(2) is to blame someone else and squeal for help.Gambling is a deeply-rooted human instinct, ______(3) powerful as hunger, thirst or sex. The skill in gambling ______(4) in trying to get chances in your favor. The ______(5) of probability ensure that ______(6) then things can ______(7) out badly.The most ______(8) form of gambling is life insurance, when people are ______(9) on their lives. But the life assurance ______(10) are not, strictly speaking, gambling at all. They have records of hundreds of thousands of ______(11) from which they can ______(12) precisely the life ______(13) of any particular group and set the ______(14) accordingly.The same ______(15) for casinos. An individual may get lucky, ______(16) a hot streak and walk out with half a million. But the casino will certainly take its ______(17) around 20% of the total money bet says with the house.Casinos offer the most intense form of gambling but all sports have an ______(18) of chance in them, which, operating ______(19) fixed rules, gives the activities ______(20) thrill, uncertainty and challenge.

Key:1 at 2 tendency 3 as 4 lies/is 5 laws 6 even 7 turn 8 common 9 betting/gambling 10 companies 11 lives/cases/instances/people 12 calculate/determine 13 expectancy 14 premium(s) 15 goes 16 have/hit 17 cut/share 18 element 19 with/within 20 their

II. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1. Although he fond the car difficult to steer, Andrew was able to negotiate the long course.Notwithstanding ______2. The authorities failed to accept responsibility for the accident, and thats difficult for the drivers to come to terms with.What the drivers ______3. The number of victims killed in motorcycle accidents during races this year is now twenty-four.Already this year ______4. Repeated attempts to revive the injured driver were made, but he did not recover consciousness.In spite ______5. My job allows us to live where we want to and to pay the mortgage.Along with ______6. All members of the caring professions know that they will have demands mad on them.Everyone ______

Key:1.Notwithstanding the difficulty he had in steering the car, Andrew was able to negotiate the long course.2.What the drivers find difficult to come to terms with is the authorities failure to accept responsibility for the accident.3.Already this year twenty24 people have been killed in motorcycle accidents during races.4.In spite of repeated attempts to revive him, the injured driver did not regain consciousness.5.Along with paying the mortgage, may job allows us to live where we want.6.Everyone in the caring professions knows that they will have demands made on them.

III. Vocabulary1. Because of the dangers associated with this particular piece of machinery, the management decided to ______ a circular warning employees to be vigilant.A give B issue C post D publicize2. The gambler is aware of a(n) ______ of adrenalin A acme B zenith C summit D peak3. Fatal accidents are part and ______ of a speed sport.A packet B packaging C parcel D package4. The views of the organizers and the competitors ______ to such an extent that reconciliation seemed impossible.A split B separated C diversified D polarized5. The survivors of the accident , a coin to determine who should go and look for help.A tossed B threw C aimed D hurled6. My ______ thought on being injured was for the safety of my family.A dominant B foremost C pressing D significant7. the desire to gamble in the hope of winning a lot of money without working for it is a common human ______.A character B trait C need D want8. Before selecting anyone for the mountaineering team consider carefully his or her past ______ on mountains.A qualifications B training C record D career9. Being involved in an accident is just one of the mishaps that can ______ an individual.A happen B befall C hurt D upset10. When aeroplanes crash no compensation can be paid until the investigators have ______ blame.A determined B decided C allocated D apportioned11. Lawyers acting for relatives of the crash victims tried their best to ______ compensations as quickly as possible.A effect B affect C claim D sue12. The racehorse owner was ______ when his horse came in first.A gleeful B jubilant C stunning D boasting13. Actuaries draw up their statistics on the basis of thousands of different ______.A data B information C moments D instances14. Incompetence was claimed on the of the stewards monitoring the competition.A side B behalf C part D half

Key:1B 2D 3C 4C 5D 6A 7B 8C 9B 10D 11A 12B 13D 14C

Unit 4I. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.Mrs Brown is not involved in the management of this company.Mrs Brown has nothing ______2.Although he liked strawberries very much, John couldnt face eating any more that day.Much ______3.The court made him repay the debt week by week.He was ______4.If she had known the problems money would bring, she would have turned down the prize.Had ______5.Although some of his shares had gone down in price, he had made an overall profit.In spite ______6.She was interested in nothing except making money.Making money ______

Key:1.Mrs Brown has nothing to do with the management of this company.2.Much as/though he liked strawberries, John couldnt face eating any more that day.3.He was made to repay the debt week by week.4.Had she known the problems money would bring, she would have turned down the prize.5.In spite of the fact that some of his shares had gone down in price, he made an overall profit.6.Making money was all/the only thing she was interested in.

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1.Peters workload is more than he can handle.cope2.If you dont pay by the end of the month, interest is charged.incur3.The company does not intend to replace this model.plans4.There is not much difference between these two vehicles.choose5.Margaret is entitled to receive a share of the profits.right6.It gave him great pleasure to contemplate the misfortune that had befallen his rival.gloated

Key:1.Peter has more work than he can cope with.2.If you dont pay by the end of the month, you will incur interest charges.3.The company has no plans to replace this model.4.There is little to choose between the two vehicles.5.Margaret has a/the right to receive a share of the profits.6.He gloated over the misfortune that had befallen his rival.

III. Vocabulary1.The driver knew his lorry was going to crash and ______ himself for the impact.A held B supported C braced D tensed2.The explorers realized they had reached the ______ of no return.A point B place C edge D beginning3.After his marriage broke ______ John lived alone.A up B away C apart D off4.Sandra took out a $5,000 ______ to buy a new car.A debt B loan C borrowing D credit5.Martin was ______ from the house because he hadnt paid the rent for six months.A evicted B forced C ejected D thrown6.All applicants will be thoroughly ______ for security risks.A examined B vetted C tested D searched7.The amount you can borrow is ______ on your salary.A based B according C determined D depending8.As a special ______, Tracey was taken to the zoo on her birthday.A prize B reward C treat D gift9.After her massive pools win, Mrs Jones went on a spending ______.A spree B bout C splash D session10.Peter and his brother dont have much ______ common.A by B on C together D in11.You must be there at 6 a.m. on the ______.A time B dot C hour D point12.You need a(n) ______ five years experience before you even think of applying to be manager.A good B excellent C solid D first-rate13.Eventually, the debts were so bad that the company went ______.A bust B crash C liquid D down14.Unfortunately this model ______ to be most unpopular the company had ever produced.A developed B proved C turned D marketed

Key: 1C 2A 3A 4B 5A 6B 7A 8C 9A 10D 11B 12A 13A 14B

Unit 5I. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.Children often overreact when they learn that animals are killed to provide meat.On ______2.It is probable that there will be strong resistance to the ban on shooting.There is ______3.Some people respond to the issue of battery farming by avoiding it.One response ______4.The panther took the girl thinking she was a dog.The panther mistook ______5.A child may react initially in variety of way but will usually come round to accepting the parents point of view.Whatever ______6.The tiger was stalking the hunter, who was quite unaware of it.The hunter didnt realize he ______

Key:1.On learning that animals are killed to provide meat children often overreact.2.There is likely to be strong opposition to the ban on shooting.3.One response to the issue of battery farming is to avoid.4.The panther mistook the girl for a dog.5.Whatever a childs initial reaction, he/she/they will usually come round to accepting the parents point of view.6.The hunter didnt realize he was being stalked by the tiger.

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1.The young girl died when she was attached by the panther.lost2.The elephant and its trainer seem to spend all their time together.inseparable3.Te authorities estimate that there are only six tigers now left in the nature reserve.put4.Dont tell anyone about our planes.breathe5.Any goods in excess of what is necessary can be returned to the manufacturers.requirements6.I know those nursery rhymes because I was taught them as a child.brought

Key:1.The young girl lost her life when she was attached by a panther.2.The elephant and its trainer are inseparable.3.The authorities put the number of tigers in the reserve at six.4.Dont breathe a word about our plans.5.Any goods surplus to requirements can be returned to the manufacturers.6.I was bought up on those nursery rhymes.

III. Vocabulary1.My fear of dogs ______ from being bitten by a neighbors Alsatian when I was a child.A bases B roots C stems D begins2.A problem has ______ about the best way to treat the virus found in seals.A roused B risen C arisen D aroused3.Robert has always been very ______ towards his pets.A fond B sentimental C sympathetic D affectionate4.The public feels it has been ______ by government statements on the presence of the salmonella virus in chickens.A misled B mistreated C mishandled D misconceived5.Parents often want to ______ their children from the reality of how animals are raised for the table.A ward B hide C conceal D screen6.A large number of environmental protection groups have drawn attention to the threats to the ecosystems they see ______ ahead.A looking B pending C leering D looming7. ______ efforts are being made to save the animals belonging to the bankrupt zoo from being put down.A stringent B strict C strong D strenuous8.It would be satisfying to believe that the government report on the state of the beef industry were free from political ______.A slant B bias C prejudice D influence9.Children are often given ______ boy animals as playthings.A pet B cherished C familiar D cuddly10.It is only natural to expect that members of parliament representing farmers and those representing consumers will have ______ attitudes about the appropriate level of subsidies.A antagonistic B conflicting C rival D clashing11.When a fire brake out at the stables, all the fire engines in the ______ were called in to help.A whereabouts B locale C environs D vicinity12.The antivivisectionists broke into the laboratory and ______ made their way to where the animals were kept.A secretively B stealthily C slyly D surreptitiously13.A number of mink escaped from a farm in Norfolk where they had been bred for their fur and have now ______ in the wild.A propagated B produced C proliferated D multiplied14.There was a slight ______ during the journey when on of the horses broke loose in its box and injured its neck.A misfortune B mishap C misadventure D mischance

Key:1C 2C 3D 4A 5D 6D 7A 8B 9D 10B 11D 12B 13C 14B

Unit 6I. ClozeThe Steadily Shrinking Boundaries of Press FreedomAmong the conditions which a free and effective Press requires are an absence of prior restraint and the ability to protect the anonymity of certain informants. The first of ______(1) is summed ______(2) in the Duke of Wellingtons phrase: publish and be damned. It ______(3) that while editors may publish whatever they ______(4) , unfettered by prohibitions of ______(5) kind, they must afterwards justify themselves in the courts ______(6) it is alleged that they have ______(7) the law by, say, libeling someone, or by compromising state security, or by breaching copyright or by prejudicing ______(8) fair trial.It is not a license ______(9) irresponsibility; errant editors ______(10) their publications can be harshly punished. In the United Sates, publish and be damned is the almost invariable rule, and ______(11) works. By contrast, gagging injunctions of the kind which the Government ______(12) recently had imposed on many newspapers and broadcasting organizations, ______(13) an exercise in prior restraint. In effect, a wide exclusion zone for journalists writing about MI5 and MI6 is ______(14) established.At the ______(15) time the Government is seeking to limit the extent to ______(16) reporters may protect their sources. Following yesterdays decision to dismiss his appeal, the Business Correspondent of The Independent, Jeremy Warner, ______(17) now return to the High Court, to be punished, ______(18) by a fine or prison sentence, for his refusal to say ______(19) had supplied him ______(20) accurate information about the progress of a takeover bid.

Key:1 these 2 up 3 means 4 like/choose/want 5 any 6 if 7broken 8 a 9 for 10 know/realize/understand/find 11 it 12 has 13 are 14 being 15 present/same 16 which 17 must 18 either 19 who 20 with

II. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.Very few people are willing to do this job.Hardly ______2.Im sorry I was angry with you yesterday, Kate, said Paul.Paul apologized ______3.She likes presenting seminars on self-promotion more than anything else.What ______4.Sally was never at a loss for words.At no time ______5.He did not hesitate to write a letter of complaint.He had ______6.Unless we use a special crane we cannot move these containers.Only by ______

Key:1.Hardly anyone/anybody is willing to do this job.2.Paul apologized to Kate for being angry with her yesterday.3.What she likes more than anything else is presenting seminars on self-promotion.4.At no time was Sally at a loss for words.5.He had no hesitation in writing a letter of complaint.6.Only by using a special crane will we be able to move these containers.

III. Vocabulary1. He made money not as a(n) ______ in itself but in order to carry out his philanthropic schemes.A aim B end C result D ambition2. ______ to becoming Professor of Law at Oxford he spent five years at Harvard.A Prior B Before C Previously D Preceding3. The bomb disposal team ______ the bomb with only seconds to spare.A defused B pacified C rendered D dismantled4. Patricia bought some ______ magazines to read on the train.A flashy B glossy C bright D sparkling5. To attend the seminar you must pay a ______ of $120.A price B cost C charge D fee6. His colleagues got very annoyed with his frequent ______ of temper.A outbreaks B losses C outbursts D extremes7. Sally put into practice some of the techniques ______ in the seminar.A supported B expressed C performed D advocated8. Despite all indications ______ the contrary, the island was in fact inhabited.A to B on C or D by9. Ins his fiftieth year he was ______ down by mysterious illness.A hit B struck C knocked D done10. The performance of Beethovens fifth symphony was ______ by a weak violin section.A marred B harmed C reduced D lessened11. The bank will lend you money according to your ______.A status B role C position D presentation12. His appearance gave no ______ as to his social class.A characteristics B clues C suggestions D signs13. He is now ______ to having to live in exile.A submitted B accepted C reconciled D agreed14. He was ______ by the prospect of facing such a large audience.A unafraid B unconcerned C undaunted D unguidedKey:1B 2A 3A 4B 5D 6C 7D 8A 9B 10A 11A 12B 13C 14C

Unit 7I. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.He would do anything to get revenge.Theres ______2.John said that he disapproved of capital punishment.John expressed ______3.Its more of an art than a science.Its not ______4.The crime rate has risen sharply in the last ten years.There has ______5.Whatever your personal opinions, you must carry out your duty.No matter ______6.The police officers never mistreated the prisoner.At no time ______

Key:1. Theres nothing he wouldnt do to get revenge.2. John expressed his disapproval of capital punishment.3. Its not so much an art as a science.4. There has been a sharp rise in crime in the last ten years.5. No matter what your personal opinions are, you must carry out your duty.6. At no time did the police officers mistreat the prisoner.

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1. A high standard of customer service is the reason for the companys success.founded2. He decided to make Edinburgh his permanent home.settle3. She felt unable to accept the courts decision.reconcile4. He became an extremely popular singer.achieved5. There is no evidence at all to connect my client with this crime.lack6. Christopher was determined to get revenge.back

Key:1. The companys success is founded on high standard of customer service.2. He decided to settle in Edinburgh.3. She felt unable to reconcile herself to the courts decision.4. He achieved great success as a popular singer.5. There is a lack of evidence to connect my client with this crime.6. Christopher was determined to get his own back

III. Vocabulary1. Wed better eat the bread now. It will be ______ by tomorrow.A stale B old C inedible D bad2. This cream will have a(n) ______ effect on sun burnt skin.A soothing B calming C antiseptic D healthy3. Several ______ came forward to give details of the crime to the police.A observers B onlookers C passersby D sickness4. He ______ guilty to the crime.A admitted B pleaded C said D confessed5. In the ______ of an average day he attends four meetings.A course B length C hours D work6. A serious______of foot and mouth disease caused hundreds of cattle to be destroyed.A outbreak B attack C incident D sickness7. The police officers, though armed, tried to avoid a(n) ______ with the gunman.A meeting B confrontation C encounter D attack8. The government introduced some unpopular ______ to control inflation.A moves B plans C actions D measures9. He had a(n) ______ for singing popular songs.A talent B skill C knack D ability10. Everyone was surprised ______ how quickly he became successful.A to B at C with D on11. His main claim to ______ is his bestselling first novel.A reputation B fame C name D success12. Mrs. Jones ______ four foster children as well as six of her own.A educated B raised C bore D brought13. He will be ______ from prison in six months time.A sent out B let go C released D discharged14. His ______ for murder lasted nine days.A trial B proceedings C process D condemnation

Key:1A 2A 3D 4B 5A 6A 7B 8D 9A 10B 11B 12B 13C 14A

Unit 8I. ClozeKidnappedPeenlope Tremayne, an English woman in her sixties, ______(1) kidnapped in 1986 and spent five weeks ______(2) a hostage in the jungle.She has now written a book, Nor Iron Bars a Cage, abut her ______(3) . The uncertainty was the hardest to ______(4) . she says. I was much more ready to be shot than to be kept for an ______(5) number of months or years.She ______(6) the individuals who guarded her with distant sympathy but makes it ______(7) that they were ignorant and brutal. She was questioned for grueling hours, ______(8) her kidnappers were not well-schooled in the ______(9) of interrogation and their incompetence added touches of farce to the ordeal. They went ______(10) her address book insisting that respectable private citizens were spies, ______(11) she did the only document that ______(12) have incriminated her inside her blouse.After her first grilling, she was moved to a ______(13) of unsanitary hovels and simply had to wait for her ______(14) to be decided. They kept on saying I was going to die, she ______(15) , matter-of-factly. To keep herself ______(16) , she recited poetry. She also wrote, digging back into her past. Her religious belief was the ______(17) help of all.Has her experience changed her? I came out ten years older. But Im perfectly happy to say that ______(18) from what I was ______(19) my family through, its something I wouldnt have missed for ______(20) .

Key:1 was 2 as 3 experience(s)/ordeal 4 bear 5indefinit 6 regards/describes/views 7 clear 8 but 9 art 10 through 11 while 12 could/might 13 series 14 fate 15 said/stated 16 occupied/sane 17 best/greatest 18 apart 19 putting 20 anything

II. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.The raft seems to be in good condition despite a leak in the observation port.Although ______2.I was soon lost, as I couldnt see anything from the vehicle in which I was being transported.Being ______3.If took more care, the razor would last longer.The more ______4.There was hardly ever enough work to keep me occupied for the whole morning.Rarely ______5.I am certain Stephen would leave some kind of sign before going away.Surely Stephen wouldnt ______6.I think someone is following me, said Ted.Ted suspected he ______

Key:1.Although there is a leak in the observation port, the raft seems to be in good condition.2.Being unable to see anything from the vehicle in which I was transported, I was soon lost.3.The more care I took, the longer the razor would last.4.Rarely was there enough work to keep me occupied from the whole morning.5.Surely Stephen wouldnt go away without leaving some kind of sign.6.Ted suspected he was being followed.

III. Vocabulary1.Conditions in the makeshift shelter were very ______.A crammed B limiting C cramped D confined2.The hunters arrow hit the buffalo and blood ______ from the wound.A spurted B dropped C dripped D hurled3.The captain ordered his men to take.A target B direction C aim D position4.The prisoner managed to beat the warders at their own ______.A match B game C trade D profession5.You can tell from that mans ______ that he has an injured heel.A step B pace C gait D stride6.The ambushers victim walked ______ into the trap.A blindly B shortsightedly C ignorantly D unconsciously 7.If youre sailing a yacht you must be careful to avoid established shipping.A alleys B paths C channels D lanes8.It had been a long journey, and the last ______ made all the soldiers feel weary.A stretch B section C trek D lap9.The fugitives ______ refuge in a hut on the mountainside.A pursued B looked for C sought D seized10.The fisherman grabbed at the fish but it ______ out of his gasp.A heaved B slithered C pushed D jerked11.The attack came suddenly and the settlers were only able to ______ it off by using all their resources.A keep B push C turn D fend12.A brick thrown by demonstrator hit the policeman and ______ him.A stunned B jabbed C struck D amazed13.The game warden ______ his knife into the animals belly and it fell down dead.A hoist B nudged C plunged D twisted 14.Theres no way the leader will change his mind. The decision is ______.A fixed B irrevocable C resolute D tenacious

Key:1C 2A 3C 4B 5C 6A 7D 8A 9C 10B 11D 12A 13C 14BUnit 9I. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.The inspector explained the situation briefly.The inspector gave ______2.He contributed generously to charity.He made ______3.It is impossible to say what problems might arise in the future.Future problems cannot ______4.Among the sales staff, there was widespread opposition to the new proposals.Most ______5.Although John can understand these calculations, he is not a mathematician.John may ______6.Even the best samples you have shown us do not meet our standardsNone ______

Key:1.The inspector gave a brief outline of the situation.2.He made generous contributions to charity.3.Future problems cannot be predicted.4.Most of the sales staff were opposed to the new proposals.5.John may understand these calculations although he is not a mathematician.6.None of the samples you have shown us meets our standards, not even the best.

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1.I think everyone got a lot out of the training course.worthwhile2.With this machine you can do all the calculations that you need.enable3.This company stands a very good chance of winning an Export Award.highly4.When the police arrived, he didnt even try to hide himself.effort5.The speaker was soon surrounded by a large crowd.gathered6.Martin suddenly started to sing.burst

Key:1.I think everyone found the training course worthwhile.2.This machine will enable you to do all the calculations (that) you need.3.It is highly likely this company will win an Export Award.4.When the police arrived, he made no effort to hide himself.5.A large crowd soon gathered around the speaker.6.Martin suddenly burst into song.

III. Vocabulary1.By the time he got to page 26 of the handbook, Martin was completely ______ by the complex instructions.A lost B alarmed C baffled D shaken2.This software can be ______ to suit the needs of each customer.A tailored B manipulated C directed D cut3.The new chairman was quite ______ by the difficulty of the task ahead of him.A unafraid B undaunted C unheeded D unaware4.The offer Brian had received seemed too good to be true and he wondered if there was a ______.A catch B weakness C trick D lack5.Do feel ______ to write or telephone if you have any further questions.A willing B ready C happy D free6.This particular product is ______ at the teenage market.A directed B aimed C launched D pushed7.The design of our new offices is ______ of Gaudis buildings in Barcelona.A thinking B remembering C reminiscent D memorable8.By the end of this course, you will have ______ all the techniques of selling to people, said the training manager.A mastered B overcome C conquered D handled9.Before his act, the magician ______ an assistant in the audience.A used B concealed C planted D located10.This handheld computer can perform tasks ______ from translation to complex.A spreading B ranging C going D searching11.The market is dominated by two large corporations but there are some small but very aggressive companies ______ at the edges.A biting B snapping C nibbling D scratching12.The lack of proper documentation ______ doubts in Tims mind about the legality of the deal.A raised B brought C made D produced13.The chairman tried to ______ criticism by freely admitting that the company had not performed well in recent years.A anticipate B forestall C forewarn D dodge14.This is on of our most ______ contracts, said the sales manager.A lucrative B moneymaking C profiteering D rewarding

Key:1C 2A 3B 4A 5D 6B 7C 8A 9C 10B 11C 12A 13B 14A

Unit 10I. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.These happenings may be bizarre, but the fact that they are well documented means they should be investigated.However ______2.I may forget about the meeting, so remind me about it.Remind me about the meeting ______3.Many people were conned into giving donations and very few realized even later that they had been duped.Many people were conned into giving donations, very few ______4.According to The Centre for Cosmic Consciousness, aliens from outer space are now visiting the Earth.The Earth ______5.It was possible to hear rapping noises.Rapping noises ______6.The conjurer obtained alarming effects and many of them frightened the younger members of his audience.The conjurer obtained alarming effects, ______

Key:1.however bizarre these happenings may be, the fact that they are well-documented means they should be investigated.2.Remind me about the meeting in case I forget.3.Many people were conned into giving donations, very few realizing even later that they had been duped.4.The Earth is now being visited by aliens from outer space, according to The Centre for Cosmic Consciousness.5.Rapping noises could be heard.6.The conjurer obtained alarming effects, many or which frightened the younger members of his audience.

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1. The evidence on this point is not totally convincing.falls2. Lets not waste any time but get down to the business in hand.ado3. People are now claiming that Jones is the murderer.alleged4. Tom arrived at 11:30 p.m. when the party was really and truly under way.swing5. Francis discovered the evidence to prove his theory quite by chance.stumbled6. The work he had done is not up to the standard that we expect.falls

Key:1. The evidence on this point falls short of being totally convincing.2. Without more ado, lets get down to the business in hand.3. Jones is alleged to be the murderer.4. Tom arrived at 11:30 p.m. when the party was in full swing.5. Francis stumbled on the evidence to prove his new theory.6. The work you have done falls below the standard we expect.

III. Vocabulary1.Within weeks of the first sighting of a UFO, the new religion was up and ______.A running B racing C hurtling D hurrying2.A(n) telescope was the reason for the sighting of a strange configuration of stars.A panning B eccentric C unbalanced D malfunctioning3.Some prospectors were prepared to risk their lives in their ______ for gold.A research B quest C investigation D pursuit4.We couldnt record the programme about extrasensory perception because the video was on the ______.A mend B fault C blink D repairers5.Peter claimed that he had been visited by aliens but he couldnt provide a ______ of evidence.A piece B scrap C trace D token6.To ______ such claims, considerable evidence would be required to convince the layman.A ratify B substantiate C verify D consolidate7.A considerable ______ of folklore had built up regarding the magical properties of sites such as Stonehenge and Glastonbury Tor.A body B pile C culture D doctrine8.The scientists claim to have visited other planets was greeted with ______.A ridiculous B derisive C amusing D ludicrous9.Although many believed the faith healer to be a fraud he was never actually ______.A caught out B taken in C found out D gone into10.All the members of the Cabinet were in favor of swift and decisive action ______ the Foreign Secretary, who emphasized the need for caution.A excluding B apart C bar D outside11.In order not to upset members, the society instigated a ______ to hide the fact that funds had disappeared.A pay-off B lie-in C cover-up D lay-off12.All the evidence ______ to the detectives involvement in the crime.A shows B refers c attributes D points13.At regular intervals, a craze such as roller-skating or skateboarding will ______ across the nation.A speed B spurt C spring D sweep14.Patricia ______ opposition from her parents when she said she wanted to leave home to travel around the country in a caravan.A encountered B attained C reached D recounted

Key:1A 2D 3B 4C 5B 6B 7A 8B 9A 10C 11C 12D 13D 14A

Unit 11I. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1. If you want to become proficient at any skill, youll have to put in hours of practice.Becoming proficient in any skill involves ______2.As public speaker, John is not good at all.What John is bad ______3.Its possible that a rigid grammatical structure would have led to a different development of the language.A rigid grammatical structure ______4.Its a pity the author has not considered all the relevant facts.I wish ______5.Its easy for computers to ensure that expressions are consistently translated throughout a long text.Computers have no difficulty ______6.There is no tougher problem in computer translation than how to handle context.How to handle context ______

Key:1.Becoming proficient at any skill involves putting in hours of practice.2.What John is bad at is public speaking.3.A rigid grammatical structure might have led to different development of the language.4.I wish the author had considered all the relevant facts.5.Computers have no difficulty in ensuring that expressions are consistently translated throughout a long text.6.How to handle context is the toughest problem in computer translation.

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1.I dont think that Mary is able to accept criticism.lacks2.Work done before 9 a.m. isnt overtime.count3.He was forced to accept a transfer to another office.choice4.We can be confident that Rita will perform well in the games.rely5.His conviction for theft was not known to us.aware6.Are we likely to get this contract?chances

Key:1.Mary lacks the ability to accept criticism.2.Work done before 9 a.m. doesnt count as overtime.3.He had no choice but to accept a transfer.4.We can rely on Rita to perform well in the games.5.We were not aware of his conviction for theft.6.What are our chances of getting this contract?

III. Vocabulary1.The clumsy boy tripped and sent the whole pile of metal plates ______ the ground.A clattering B tinkling C thudding D pattering2.The Headmaster of the local comprehensive school is due to meet his ______ in the nearby public school tomorrow.A correspondent B double C counterpart D clone3.Todays activists are ______ to pursue one cause to the exclusion of all others.A apt B susceptible C used D intent4.Please find enclosed our ______ scale for life insurance premiums.A slipping B sliding C gauging D raising5.Your reluctance to join us so soon after your tragic bereavements is entirely ______.A comprehensive B permissible C comprehensible D understandable6.The depleted column was barely able to ______ the enemy attacks.A withstand B expel C withhold D smash7.According to a hospital spokesman, hopes were ______ last night that the unnamed victim would ever regain consciousness.A growing B decreasing C increasing D fading8.In some countries, confrontation between police and strikers on ______ has become a feature of life in the eighties.A dole queues B picket lines C back benches D assembly lines9.They were ______ tempted to relieve the shopkeeper of his three juiciest-looking apples.A badly B sorely C powerfully D utterly10.The renovation work will ______ closing the local library for six months.A entail B result C ensure D accomplish11.His appearance at the reception with the late Mayors widow caused something of a ______.A confusion B rumor C wonder D stir12.Believe it or not, he has even ______ to swindling his own friends.A reduced B declined C sunk D connived13.Cars parked here after 11 p.m. will be ______ by the police.A detained B held C possessed D impounded

Key:1A 2C 3A 4B 5D 6A 7D 8B 9B 10A 11D 12C 13D

Unit 12I. Transformation work: finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence above it1.The gangsters threatened Pete with violence.The gangsters made ______2.Mark does not intend to pay back the money he has borrowed.Mark has ______3.The driver behaved in such a way as to place the passengers in danger.The passengers ______4.Sheila has every chance of getting the job.It is ______5.Its wasnt Jills fault that we got lost.Jill wasnt ______6.The full story of the disaster was not told until 1990.Not until ______

Key:1.The gangsters made threats of violence against Peter.2.Mark has no intention of paying back the money he has borrowed.3.The passengers were placed in danger by the drivers behavior.4.It is very likely that Sheila will get the job.5.Jill wasnt to blame for our getting lost.6.Not until 1990 was the full story of the disaster told.

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1.One is very much inclined to dismiss the whole thing as a joke.tempting2.After a short prison sentence, he decided to go straight.spell3.The right attitude to the job is as important as the right qualifications.less4.He paid no regard to his won comfort.indifferent5.Compared to what we had had to put up with before, the meals we are getting now are delicious.comparison6.We have long since ceased to keep information in printed form.ages

Key:1.It is tempting to dismiss the whole thing as a joke.2.After a spell in prison, he decided to go straight.3.The right attitude to the job is no less important than the right qualifications.4.He was indifferent to his own comfort.5.In comparison with what we had to put up with before, the meals we are getting now are delicious.6.It is ages since we kept information in printed form.

III. Vocabulary1.References to the scandal frequently ______ in private diaries of that period.A crop up B come out C look up D make to2.The newspaper claimed that its story was a ______ no other newspaper had it.A first B record C win D scoop3.The special alarm system ______ the robbers attempts to get into the banks bullion vaults.A thwarted B prevented C avoided D sabotaged4.In my childhood, my family led a(n) ______ existence and before the age of ten I had lived in five different countries.A itinerant B wandering C nomadic D traveling5.Thomas began to cut down on his consumption of animal fats for the ______ of his health.A good B sake C benefit D future6.When I stepped inside his flat, which was actually in quite a nice area, I was disgusted by the ______ condition in which he lived.A slum B squalid C shabby D decrepit7.I am afraid that Mr Leech has no part to ______ in the reorganized company.A play B act C perform D take8.If you complete a course of three injections, you will be completely ______ to infection.A resistant B proof C immune D free9.In the early evening the narrow streets were ______ with people.A crammed B full C flowing D thronged10.You will be ______ from this tax if you are in full-time education.A excepted B exempt C free D relieved11.It is vital that there is sufficient money available for the childs ______.A upkeep B maintenance C support D conditioning12.Shortly after his arrest, he was ______ to stand trial in his own country.A ordered B exported C extradited D dismissed13.In this particular case, the freedom to report these events is ______ by considerations of state security.A outbalanced B outstripped C outcast D outweighed

Key:1A 2D 3A 4C 5B 6B 7A 8C 9D 10B 11A 12C 13D

Unit 13I. ClozeI. Mink FarmingA member of the weasel family, the mink was first introduced to Britain in the 1920s. There are now some fifty-nine farms ______(1) the animals in Britain. The Dalchonzie farm is one of the largest and ______(2) modern. Set in a secluded valley at the foot of the Scottish highlands, the five acres of low, corrugated-iron-roofed sheds, in ______(3) the mink are housed, ______(4) encircled by high wire fences, posted with signs that the premises are under electronic ______(5) . The idea of the call of the wild giving ______(6) to a highly efficient almost industrialized business, and one acutely mindful of ______(7) hostility from the world outside its gates, ______(8) find no more eloquent symbol than Dalchonzie.The farm, ______(9) up in 1954 with ninety mated female mink, now has 5500 breeding females ______(10) up to 30,000 mink a year. At Dalchonzie, the rhythm of nature is systematized, computerized and subject ______(11) rigorous controls. The mating season begins in March, with the bulk of the young ______(12) born in the last week of April and the first week of May. Only ______(13) breeder is ______(14) for every four females.______(15) twenty-one days, the young mink are weighed to ______(16) which are the best milking mothers. Good milking females are more ______(17) to produce young who will, in turn, make productive mothers. By the middle of November, the animals are ______(18) to be graded for pelting. Computerized records determine ______(19) animals will definitely be pelted, though a large number are examined by hand ______(20) quality, color and density of fur.

Key:1 breeding 2 most 3 which 4 are 5 surveillance 6 way 7 strong/the 8 could/can 9 set 10 producing 11 to 12 being/mink 13 male 14 needed/required/necessary 15 After 16 discover/determine 17 likely 18 ready 19 which 20 for

II. Transformation work: rewrite each of the following sentences by using the underlined word(s), the word(s) should not be changed in any form1.The organizers action almost amounted to negligence. short2.A number of accident occurred, when the week for practice arrived.come3.The driver had been traveling at over 180 m.p.h.excess4.Up to half a million people may have perished in the earthquake.claimed5.The team is unlikely to reach the summit.odds6.The boxer agree to take part in the match only on the conditions he himself laid down.terms

Key:1.The organizers action was little short of negligence.2.Come practice week, a number of accidents occurred.3.The driver had been traveling in excess of 180 m.p.h.4.The earthquake may have claimed up to half a million lives.5.The odds are against the team reaching the summit.6.The boxer agreed to take part in the match only on his own term.

III. Vocabulary1. It is a sign of the times when a pop record can ______ more money for charity than thousands of street and door-to-door collection.A fetch B raise C bring up D subscribe2. Rumors would suggest that the Board has one more ace up its ______.A mind B trouser-leg C planning D sleeve3. The caddy trudged on round the ______, the bad of clubs over his shoulder feeling heavier at every hole.A court B track C rink D course4. In fact the criminal was ______ from the country before extradition proceedings could be started.A interned B exported C deported D barred5. It tends to ______ whenever I take my foot off the clutch, whether Im in gear or not.A stumble B pause C stall D crawl6. Unless there is a ______ in the next twenty-four hours, most of the weekend football matches are likely to be cancelled.A thaw B freeze-up C melt D frost7. Making mistakes is all ______ of growing up.A chalk and cheese B top and bottom C part and parcel D odds and ends8. Despite scares to the contrary, we found that the elderly widow was ______ all right.A perfectly B anything but C entirely D far from9. The agreed to call off the strike on ______ that all those who had been dismissed were reinstated.A terms B demand C request D condition10.I wonder whether the lecturer will be up to the ______ questions such an audience is capable of.A piercing B examining C searching D cutting11.It took us only a few hours to ______ the paper off all four walls.A paste B stroke C scrape D chip12.There is ______ to be a fortune on the seabed nearby.A rumored B whispered C told D written13.The possibility of our suffering a major defeat cannot be ______ out.A rubbed B erased C taken D ruled

Key:1B 2D 3D 4C 5C 6A 7C 8A 9D 10C 11C 12A 13D