impacts of climate change on nutrition security in developing countries
DESCRIPTION
Hunger and malnutrition are already burdens for children and women in most of developing countries. Climate change will likely increase these issues because it is affecting all the dimensions of nutrition security. It can lead to crisis, conflicts and destabilize our countries.TRANSCRIPT
1
How does Climate Change affect Nutrition Security? Case of Africa
Climate Change and Nutrition security
Mahouli Elvire GOUBALAN
3
Introduction
4
Conclusion
ReferencesPART2: The Climate
Change effects on
Nutrition security in
Africa
PART1: Background
on Malnutrition and
Nutrition Security
Introduction
6
Strong evidence of the changes of the Earth’s
climate:
• Increasing of average global air and ocean
temperatures,
• rising average global sea levels
Climate change = Major threat for the coming decades
particularly in Africa (weak adaptive capacity due to
endemic poverty, lack of infrastructure and technology and
complex disasters and conflicts (Boko et al., 2007))
• Many researchers effects of this phenomenon on natural
disasters, ecosystems, coastal communities, etc.
• Food and nutrition climate
Importance to investigate the link between nutrition
security and climate change
7
To understand the concepts related to
nutrition security and climate change
To identify effects of climate change
on nutrition security and solutions to
mitigate these effects
Objectives
8
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 1
PART1:Background
Definition of key terms
Hunger and undernutrition in Africa
Part 1: Background
9
Definition of key
terms
Climate change
Nutrition
Malnutrition
Food security Nutrition
security
10
Terms Definition Source Illustration
Climate change
Any change in climate over time due to natural processes or as a result of human activity
IPCC &UNFCCC definitions
Nutrition
The sum total of the processes involved in the taking in and the utilization of food substances by which growth, repair and maintenance of the body are accomplished
http://heathguidance.org
Malnutrition
Poor nutrition due to an insufficient balanced diet, faulty digestion or poor utilization of foods. It can occur when an individual is getting excessive nutrients as well.
http://pt.slideshare.net
Food security
A household is food secure if it can reliably gain access to food in sufficient quantity and quality for all household members to enjoy a healthy and active life
ACF, 2004
Nutrition security
Nutrition security exists when food security is coupled with a sanitary environment, adequate health services, and proper care and feeding practices to ensure a healthy life for all household members
ACF, 2004
11
The girls above are the same
age
Stunting: Shortness-for-age; an indicator of growth retardation
Child who has lost substantial
weight
Wasting: thin for height
Underweight: underweight for
age
Combination of wasting and
stunting
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
12
Statistics about Hunger and undernutrition in Africa
13
Between 1990 and 2007:
an increase of 22 % of
food insecure people in
Africa (IFPRI, 2010)
1 out of 4 africans is undernourished
Africa region with the
most severe problems of
hunger and undernutrition
14
According to UNICEF (2009), Africa has
• 50% of global burden of wasting
• 21 % of the global burden of underweight
• 40 % of the global burden of stunting
In Africa,
• 40% of children are vitamin A deficient
• 68% suffer from anemia
Undernutrition = major risk factor of 28% of
children mortality (some 2.9 million deaths annually)
Equivalence of ten busses of
children crashing every
day
15
Three levelsThree important
factors:• Food:
Availability, access, utilization
• Health: disease, environment, health facilities
• Care and feeding practices: non respect of good practices of feeding
What causes malnutrition?
Conceptual framework of causes of malnutrition (UNICEF, 1991; Black et al.
2008)
Effects on food and agriculture
Effects on undernutrition
Effects on child care and feeding practices
Effects on health
PART 2: EFFECTs of climate
change (Predicated Effects)
17
Climate Change disasters in AfricaClimate change is contributing to more extreme weather events as:• Droughts• Flooding• Storms
These climate events Food productionFeeding practicesDisease patterns..............
18
Analytical framework of effects of climate change on nutrition (Tirado et al.,2011)
19
Effects of climate change on food and agriculture
Crop failure, loss of livestock and reduced
availability of fisheries and forest
products
Reduction of employment and
income, diminution of poor people‘s
purchasing power
Abandon of some foods and change of people’s preferences
Difficulty to maintain food supply and to
access constantly to food
Increase of food prices and
decrease of food accessibility
Decrease of food
stability
Decrease of agricultural production
Climate change (changes in
temperature, rainfall, etc.)
Agriculture
50% of reduction in crop yield by
2020 (IPCC, 2007)
(NOAA, 2011; Boko et al., 2007)
20
• Augmentation of number of undernourished children (IFPRI, 2010)
• In Kenya and Ethiopia:
Children aged five or less
born during a drought are
respectively 36 and 50 %
more likely to be
malnourished that children
not born during a drought
(Watkins K., 2007)
• In Niger: Children aged two
or less born in a drought
year were 72 % more likely
to be stunted (Watkins K.,
2007)
Effects of climate change on undernutrition
21
Effects of climate change on child care and feeding practices
Climate change (drought,
desertification)
Strain on the workload of women (Increasing of
the domestic care responsibilities)
Lack of time for necessary caring
practices
Augmentation of the risk of the malnutrition
Reduction abilities to engage in
income-generating activities
During periods of
drought, men leave the
women alone to look after
their children, work in the fields, tend
the herds and manage the
home (Crahay et al, 2010)
22
Effects of climate change on health
Climate change
Increasing of the frequency of floods
and storms
Increasing of the number of people
suffering from death, injury, diseases
Alteration of the ecology of some
diseases : malaria, cholera, etc.
Increasing of the frequency of
droughtMicronutrient
deficiencies and undernutrition
Diminishing dietary diversity
According to the Lancet, climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century (Costello et al, 2009)
23
Approaches to improve nutrition security in the context of climate change• A twin-track approach to address the impacts of
climate change on food and nutrition security
(Tirado et al.,2011)Direct and immediate nutrition
interventions, food assistance
Broader and longer-term
approach that acts to counter the drivers of undernutrition
24
Key Gaps •Little research on real impacts of climate change on nutrition•International literature-extrapolated data•As critical research gaps (Tirado et al.,2011) :
• Comprehensive, multi-sectoral analyses of the impacts of climate change on nutrition and nutrition security
• highlighting the existing coping mechanisms and the adaptation options
• Identifying and mapping geographical zones particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change on nutrition
• Identifying, validating and budgeting the set of interventions required to protect nutrition from climate-related risks.
25
Hunger and malnutrition are widespread in Africa
Climate change and its effects exacerbate hunger and
undernutrition and
undermine current efforts to address food and nutrition
insecurity
To reduce these effects, there is not yet specific strategies but
it is suggested to enhance the short term and long term
interventions
Conclusion
26
• Boko, M., I. Niang, A. Nyong, C. Vogel, A. Githeko, M. Medany, B. Osman-Elasha, R. Tabo
and P.Yanda, 2007: Africa. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J.
van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 433-
467.
• Crahay P., Mitchell A., Gomez A, Israël A-D, Salpeteur C., Mattinen H., Deret H., Lapegue
J., Grosjean L., Ait Aissa M., Brown R., Hauenstein Swan S., Pietzsch S. and Dufour C.,
2010. The Threats of Climate Change on Undernutrition — A Neglected Issue That
Requires Further Analysis And Urgent Actions, in: UNSCN, 2010. SCN News 38 – Climate
Change: Food and Nutrition Security Implications. Lavenham Press, United Kingdom.
• Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, et al. (2009) Managing the health effects of climate
change. Lancet 373: 1693-733.
• http://pt.slideshare.net/Indian-CAG/mindshapers-25954836#btnNext (09/11/2013)
• http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/9975/1/What-Is-the-Definition-of-Nutrition.html
(09/11/2013)
• IFPRI (2010). Food security, farming and climate change to 2050. Scenarios, results,
policy options. Available at
www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/climatemonograph_advance.pdf
References
27
• IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Glossary of Terms: http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Print_Annexes.pdf.
• IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007 Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC. Cambridge. UK. Cambridge University Press.
• NOAA, 2007: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States Department of Commerce. Report on Climate Change. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Climatechange.pdf
• Tirado, M.C., Crahay, P., Hunnes, D., Cohen, M., Denton, F. , Lartey, A. F 2011.
Climate change and nutrition in Africa With a focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. 24p
• Watkins K. Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting climate change:
Human solidarity in a divided world. Human Development. 2007. • UNFCCC Article 1, Definitions:
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1349.php. • UNICEF (2009). Tracking progress on child and maternal nutrition. A survival and
development priority. Available at http://www.unicef.pt/docs/Progress_on_Child_and_Maternal_Nutrition_EN_110309.pdf
References
28
THANK YOU