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ACCA 先修 English for Accounting

财会英语

ACCA Lecturer: Helen Zhang

Copyright © ACCAspace.com ACCAspace 中国ACCA特许公认会计师教育平台 2

Accounting-Financial Accounting

Accounting: an information system

Data（数据）: Data is the raw material for data processing.

Date relate to facts, events and transactions and so forth.

Information（信息）: Information is data that has been

processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who

receives it. Information is anything that is communicated.



Accounting:

Financial accounting 财务会计

Management accounting 管理会计



Financial accounting

Accounting period/ period of account 会计期间

The main elements of financial reports

资产=负债+所有者权益

资产：assets

负债：liabilities

所有者权益：capital or equity

收入: revenue

费用: expenses (广义的)

利润: profits



Financial accounting-information system-recording

Recording sequence记录顺序:

Source documents 原始凭证

Day book 日记账

ledger accounts (nominal/ general ledger) 账户（总账，分类账）

Trial balance 试算平衡表

Financial statements 财务报表



Source documents: 原始凭证

Quotation 报价单

Purchase order/ sales order 购货单/销售订单

Goods received note/Goods despatched note 收货票据/货物

发出票据

Invoice 发票

Day book：日记账

The sales day book 销售日记账

The purchase day book 采购日记账

Cash book 现金日记账

The Journal 日记账（不记在day book 里面的）



Ledger accounts 账户记录包括general ledger 总账

Double entry bookkeeping复式记账法

Trial balance 试算平衡表

Financial statements 财务报表

The consolidated statement of financial position/balance

sheet/the statement of financial position 资产负债表

The consolidated statement of comprehensive income/the

income statement 利润表

Statements of cash flows 现金流量表



The consolidated statement of financial position

Assets:

non-current assets/current assets 固定资产/流动资产

non-current assets: tangible non-current assets; intangible non-

current assets. 有形资产/无形资产

流动资产包括：

Inventory 存货

Cash 现金

The receivables 应收账款

Liabilities:

Non-current/current liabilities 非流动/流动负债

Current liabilities 流动负债

The payables 应付账款

Equity:

Share capital 股本

Share premium 股本溢价



The consolidated statement of comprehensive income

Revenue 收入

-Cost of sales 主营业务成本

=Total profits 毛利润

-Expenses 费用（administration expenses 管理费用；finance

expense 财务费用；selling expenses 销售费用

=Profit before taxation 税前利润

-Income taxes 所得税

=Net profits 净利润



Statements of cash flows 现金流量表

Cash 现金

Cash equivalents 现金等价物: short-term, highly liquid

investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of

cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in

value.

Operating activities 经营活动

Investing activities 投资活动

Financing activities 融资活动


Accounting-Management Accounting

Management accounting

From the perspective of management responsibilities

1.Planning 计划

2.Organization 组织

3.Control 控制： Performance management 业绩管理(e.g.

cost control: standard costing /variance analysis）

4.Motivation & leadership 激励

5.Decision-making 决策

Short-term decision-making: CVP 本量利分析

Long-term decision-making: capital decisions (Financial

management) 资本性决策



Management accounting systems provide information

specifically for the use of managers within an organization.

It assists management responsibilities in three ways:

1.Recording (cost accounting methods and system成本会计

方法)

2.Planning (Budgeting预算)

3.Control (Standard costing & Performance management标

准成本法)



1.Recording (Cost accounting methods and system)

Cost classification: 成本分类The total cost of making a

product or providing a service consists of the following:

1）Cost of materials 材料成本

2）Cost of wages and salaries (labor costs) 人工成本

3）Cost of other expenses(Rent and rates; depreciation) 其

他费用



Direct costs and indirect costs

A direct cost （直接成本）is a cost that can be traced in full

to the product, service or department that is being costed.

An indirect cost（间接成本） (or overhead) is a cost that is

incurred in the course of making a product, providing a

service or running a department, but which cannot be traced

directly and in full to the product, service or department.



成本的归集

Step 1:Direct material/Direct labor/Direct expenses

Indirect material /Indirect labor/Indirect expenses

Step 2:

Production overhead:制造费用 incurred in the factory from

receipt of the order until its completion

Administration overhead:管理费用 incurred in the direction,

control and administration of an undertaking

Selling overhead: 销售费用incurred in promoting sales and

retaining customers

Distribution overhead: 分销费用incurred in making the

packed product ready for dispatch and delivering it to the

customer.



Cost behavior patterns

Fixed costs:固定成本 A fixed cost is a cost which tends to

be unaffected by increases or decreases in the volume of

output.

Variable costs: 变动成本A variable cost is a cost which

tends to vary directly with the volume of output.



Costing methods 成本会计方法

1.Absorption accounting 吸收成本法

2.Marginal accounting 变动成本法

3.ABC method 作业成本法



Absorption costing吸收成本法 is most often used for routine

profit reporting and must be used for financial accounting

purposes.

Marginal cost 变动成本is the variable cost of one unit of

product or service.

In marginal costing,变动成本法 fixed production costs are

treated as period costs and are written off as they are incurred.

In absorption costing, fixed production costs are absorbed into

the cost of units and are carried forward in inventory to be

charged against sales for the next period.



ABC (activity based costing) 作业成本法involves the

identification of the factors(cost drivers) which cause the

costs of an organization‘s major activities. Support

overheads are charged to products on the basis of their

usage of an activity（作业）.

A cost driver（成本动因） is the factor which causes the

costs of an activity.

Activity（作业） cost driver（成本动因）

Ordering （订购） number of orders（订单数量）



成本管理方法

1. Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理

2. Life cycle costing 成长周期成本法

3. Target costing 目标成本法



1.Total quality management (TQM) （全面质量控制）is the process

of applying a zero defect philosophy （零瑕疵）to the management

of all resources and relationship within an organization as a means

of developing and sustaining a culture of continuous improvement

which focuses on meeting customer expectation.（达到顾客预期）

2. Life cycle costing （成长周期成本法）tracks and accumulates

costs and revenues attributable to each product over the entire

product life cycle.

A product life cycle can be divided into 4 phases.

Introduction； growth； maturity ；decline

3.Target costing （目标成本法）involves setting a target cost by

subtracting a desired profit margin from a competitive market price.



2.Planning (Budgeting & Forecasting)

A Forecasting:

1）Analyzing the data：regression analysis（回归分析）(costs)

(Explore the relationship between variables)

Correlation（相关性）： two variables are said to be correlated if

a change in the value of one variable is accompanied by a change

in the value of another variable.

Degrees of correlation（相关程度）: perfect correlation/partial

correlation/No correlation/positive and negative correlation

（完全相关/部分相关/不相关/正负相关）

The correlation coefficient（相关系数）： The degree of linear

correlation（线性相关） between two variables is measured by

the Pearsonian correlation coefficient.



Linear regression analysis（线性回归分析）: (the least

squares method)最小平方法 is one technique for estimating

a line of best fit.

The high-low method 高低点法



2）Analyzing the data-time series analysis时间序列法

(revenue)

A time series is a series of figures or values recorded over

time.

There are four components of a time series: trend（趋势）,

seasonal variation（季节变动）, cyclical variation（周期性

变动） and random variation（随机变动）.

index（指数）: weighting（加权）

RPI: the retail prices index （零售物价指数）

CPI: consumer prices index (居民消费价格指数)



B Budgeting: (planning and control)

The planning and control cycle 计划和控制流程

1.Identify objectives （确定目标）

2.Identify alternative courses of action (strategies) which might

contribute towards achieving the objectives.

3.Evaluate each strategy（战略）

4.Choose alternative courses of action.

5.Implement the long-term plan in the form of the annual budget（年

预算）

6.Measure actual results and compare with the plan.

7.Respond to divergences（偏离） from plan.



Budget(预算）: A budget is a qualified plan of action for a

forthcoming accounting period（会计期间）. A budget is a

plan of what the organization is aiming to achieve and what is

has set as a target whereas a forecast is an estimate of what is

likely to occur in the future.

Fixed budgets（固定预算） remain unchanged regardless of

the level of activity.

Flexible budgets（弹性预算） are designed to flex with the

level of activity.

Responsibility centers（责任中心） can be divided into three

types: cost centers, profit centers and investment centers.



3.Control process:

Performance management 业绩管理

Standard costing(标准成本法）: a standard cost is a

predetermined estimated unit cost, used for inventory valuation

（存货估价） and control.

Variance analysis（差异性分析）: A variance is the difference

between a planned, budgeted, or standard cost and the actual

cost incurred. The same comparisons may be made for

revenues. The process by which the total difference between

standard and actual results is analysed is known as variance

analysis.

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