Infectious diseases of Infectious diseases of horsehorse

Druhově specifické zvláštnostiDruhově specifické zvláštnosti při používání antibiotik:při používání antibiotik:

PenicilinyPeniciliny podané per os mohou narušit bakteriální podané per os mohou narušit bakteriální fermentaci v caeku a kolonu u dospělých zvířat fermentaci v caeku a kolonu u dospělých zvířat vedoucí k vážným poruchám trávení. vedoucí k vážným poruchám trávení.

Tetracykliny Tetracykliny mohou vyvolat těžké enterokolitidy u mohou vyvolat těžké enterokolitidy u koní vystavených stresu. koní vystavených stresu.

S výjimkou perorálního podáníS výjimkou perorálního podání erythromyciniumestolatu spolu s rifampicinem erythromyciniumestolatu spolu s rifampicinem hříbatům při rhodokokové pneumonii (hříbatům při rhodokokové pneumonii (Rhodococcus Rhodococcus equiequi) je třeba se vyvarovat ) je třeba se vyvarovat použití makrolidů a použití makrolidů a linkosamidůlinkosamidů. .

Také je třeba se vyvarovat podávání Také je třeba se vyvarovat podávání fluorochinolonů fluorochinolonů - obecně u rychle rostoucích - obecně u rychle rostoucích zvířat - zejména hříbatům. zvířat - zejména hříbatům.

Bacterial infection in respiratory Bacterial infection in respiratory systemsystem

The upper RSThe upper RS airsaculitis, acute airsaculitis, acute

sinusitissinusitis– Streptococcus equiStreptococcus equi– subsp.zooepidemicus subsp.zooepidemicus

stranglesstrangles– Streptococcus equi subsp.equi Streptococcus equi subsp.equi

(vaccine)(vaccine)

The lower RSThe lower RS bronchopneumonia - bronchopneumonia -

acuteacute– SS..equi subsp.zooepidemicus equi subsp.zooepidemicus

bronchopneumonia - bronchopneumonia - chronicchronic

SS..equi subsp.zooepidemicus equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus intermediusStaphylococcus intermedius E.coli, E.coli, Klebsiella sppKlebsiella spp.. Enterobacter spp. Enterobacter spp. Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp.

Rhodococcus equi Rhodococcus equi Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli

Pasteurella spp. Pasteurella spp. Fusobacterium necroforum Fusobacterium necroforum

Bacteroides spp.Bacteroides spp.

Respiratory system - VirusesRespiratory system - Viruses

Equine Rhinopneumonia (EHV-1 and 4)Equine Rhinopneumonia (EHV-1 and 4)

Equine viral arteritisEquine viral arteritis

Equine InfluenzaEquine Influenza

Equine RhinovirusEquine Rhinovirus

Equine AdenovirusEquine Adenovirus

Equine RhinopneumoniaEquine Rhinopneumonia

Etiologic agents- EHV-4, EHV-1Etiologic agents- EHV-4, EHV-1 Virus Replication on mucosal surface Virus Replication on mucosal surface

of respiratory system, establishment of respiratory system, establishment of latencyof latency

Rhinofaryngitis, tracheobronchitis, Rhinofaryngitis, tracheobronchitis, feverfever

Disease of young horses(up to 2 Disease of young horses(up to 2 years), older animals – mild clinical years), older animals – mild clinical signssigns

Equine RhinopneumoniaEquine Rhinopneumonia

Incubation period 2-10 daysIncubation period 2-10 days Frequent secondary bacterial Frequent secondary bacterial

infectioninfection EHV-1 biphasic feverEHV-1 biphasic fever EHV-1 – fulminant pneumonia in EHV-1 – fulminant pneumonia in

transplacental infection (late transplacental infection (late pregnancy)pregnancy)

RPK

Equine AdenovirusesEquine Adenoviruses

Viruses with low virulenceViruses with low virulence Ocurrence in the age of 3 – 6 monthsOcurrence in the age of 3 – 6 months Mostly subclinicalMostly subclinical Horeses are periodically reinfectedHoreses are periodically reinfected Bacterial superinfectionsBacterial superinfections

Equine AdenovirusesEquine Adenoviruses

Adenoviral pneumoniaAdenoviral pneumonia– ImmunosupressionImmunosupression– Failure of passive transfer of antibodiesFailure of passive transfer of antibodies

Polysystemic diseasePolysystemic disease– SCID SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)(severe combined immunodeficiency)

in arabian horsesin arabian horses

Equine InfluenzaEquine Influenza

Acute febrile, highly contagious Acute febrile, highly contagious diseasedisease

Incubation period 1-3 daysIncubation period 1-3 days Dyspnoe, cough, fever, rhinitis, Dyspnoe, cough, fever, rhinitis,

conjunctivitisconjunctivitis

FLU

THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEMTHE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM

acute enteritisacute enteritis– Salmonella sppSalmonella spp– Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli – Clostridium perfringens type A cpb2+Clostridium perfringens type A cpb2+

chronic enteritiSchronic enteritiS– L.intracellularisL.intracellularis

acute peritonitisacute peritonitis– enterobacteria enterobacteria – Bacteroides spp. Bacteroides spp. – Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides fragilis – Rhodococcus equi Rhodococcus equi

–Actinobacillus equuliActinobacillus equuli

THE URINARY SYSTEMTHE URINARY SYSTEM

pyelonephritiSpyelonephritiS Escherichia coliEscherichia coli cystitis, uretritiscystitis, uretritis E.coli, P.mirabilisE.coli, P.mirabilis Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMTHE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

endometritiSendometritiS– E.coli, K.pneumoniae E.coli, K.pneumoniae

– Pseudomonas spp. Pseudomonas spp.

– SS..equi subsp.zooepidemicus equi subsp.zooepidemicus

orchitis, epidimitis, vesiculitisorchitis, epidimitis, vesiculitis– SS..equi subsp.zooepidemicusequi subsp.zooepidemicus

abortionsabortions– Salmonella Salmonella spp., spp., S.Abortus equiS.Abortus equi

Urogenital systemUrogenital system - Viruses- Viruses

EHV-1EHV-1

EHV-3EHV-3

Equine viral arteritisEquine viral arteritis

Equine infectious anemiaEquine infectious anemia

Equine virus abortionEquine virus abortion

Virus is ubiqituous in the horse Virus is ubiqituous in the horse population, animals became infected population, animals became infected in the first year of agein the first year of age

Latency in the ganglion trigeminaleLatency in the ganglion trigeminale abortogennic strains (various level of abortogennic strains (various level of

endotheliotropism)endotheliotropism)

EHV-1

PathogenesisPathogenesis

Epithelial cellsEpithelial cells LeukocytesLeukocytes Endothelial cellsEndothelial cells

In respiratory tract, In respiratory tract, immune systemimmune system Pregnant uterusPregnant uterus

EHV-1

PathogenesisPathogenesis

Primary replicationPrimary replication - epithelial cells of - epithelial cells of respiratory tractrespiratory tract

Infection of endothelial cells of vessels Infection of endothelial cells of vessels in nasal region, viremia associated with in nasal region, viremia associated with monocytes and lymphocytes. monocytes and lymphocytes.

Secondary replicationSecondary replication in endothelial in endothelial cells of the uterus, CNS, testes, endocrinne cells of the uterus, CNS, testes, endocrinne organs, infection of ganglion trigeminaleorgans, infection of ganglion trigeminale

EHV-1

Viremia

(Lymphocytes)

Infection of the uterus ...

Latency (lymphocytes, gangl. trigem.)

Establishment of latency

Reactivation

EHV-1

Equine Viral ArteritisEquine Viral Arteritis

Virus is ubiqitousVirus is ubiqitousAmerican isolates are more virulentAmerican isolates are more virulent

Incubation period 3 – 14 daysIncubation period 3 – 14 daysSubclinical courseSubclinical courseClinical signs: fever, leukopenia, oedema of Clinical signs: fever, leukopenia, oedema of scrotum and abdomen, cscrotum and abdomen, conjunctivitisonjunctivitis, , nasal and ocular discharge, nasal and ocular discharge, abortion abortion (10 – 60%)

E V A

PathogenesisPathogenesis

Initial infection of bronchial macrophagesInitial infection of bronchial macrophagesFollowing 48 h. regional lymph-nodes, 3. Following 48 h. regional lymph-nodes, 3.

day viremiaday viremia  Secondary replication in the walls of medium Secondary replication in the walls of medium

and small vesselsand small vessels    Longlasting immunity follows natural Longlasting immunity follows natural

infection(up to 3 years). Protection infection(up to 3 years). Protection mediate by colostral antibodies last for 2 – mediate by colostral antibodies last for 2 – 6 months, but interferes with vaccination.6 months, but interferes with vaccination.

E V A

PathogenesisPathogenesis Respiratory route Respiratory route – – primary and most primary and most

frequent way of infection, virus is shed for frequent way of infection, virus is shed for 7 – 14 dní7 – 14 dní

Infected semenInfected semen - virus id transmitted - virus id transmitted from persistently infected stallion to the from persistently infected stallion to the mare. mare.

In stallions virus can persist in accessory In stallions virus can persist in accessory glands for the life . Perzistence is glands for the life . Perzistence is testosteron dependent!testosteron dependent!

E V A

EHV-1 EHV-1 ×× EVA EVA

EHV-1EHV-1– Virus reactivation preceedes abortion for Virus reactivation preceedes abortion for

monthsmonths– Pulmonary eodema, transudate in the thoracic Pulmonary eodema, transudate in the thoracic

cavity, petechias in myocardum of the foetuscavity, petechias in myocardum of the foetus

EVAEVA– Abortion follows the disease of mare Abortion follows the disease of mare – Foetus is partially autolysedFoetus is partially autolysed– Without specific changesWithout specific changes

Equine exanthema coitaleEquine exanthema coitale

Occurs in mares and stallions Occurs in mares and stallions (vesicular and pustular changes, (vesicular and pustular changes, ulcerations)ulcerations)

Virus replicationon the mucosa of Virus replicationon the mucosa of genital tractgenital tract

Infection is „self-limiting“ because of Infection is „self-limiting“ because of the termosensitivity of the virusthe termosensitivity of the virus

Ulceration are often contaminated by Ulceration are often contaminated by bacteriasbacterias

EHV-3

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMSYSTEM

meningo-encefalitis(secondary meningo-encefalitis(secondary infection)infection)– S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus – enterobacteria enterobacteria

Tetanus (Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)Clostridium tetani)

CNS infection - VirusesCNS infection - Viruses

EHV-1 MyeloencefalopathyEHV-1 Myeloencefalopathy

RabiesRabies

Bornas diseaseBornas disease

EHV-1 MyeloencephalopathyEHV-1 Myeloencephalopathy Virus strains displaying endotheliotropismVirus strains displaying endotheliotropism

Ischemic changes due to infection of vascular Ischemic changes due to infection of vascular endothelium (vasculitis, thrombosis, petechias in endothelium (vasculitis, thrombosis, petechias in the CNS)the CNS)

Dysuria, cystitis (dysfunction of motor. neurons)Dysuria, cystitis (dysfunction of motor. neurons)

Infection of mare in 2/3 pregnancyInfection of mare in 2/3 pregnancy

Higher incidence during winter and springHigher incidence during winter and spring

Paresis, ataxia of pelvic limbsParesis, ataxia of pelvic limbs

THE EYETHE EYE

bacterial conjunctivitisbacterial conjunctivitis– S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus – Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa – Staphylococcus intermedius Staphylococcus intermedius – Moraxella equiMoraxella equi– Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes

– Acinetobacter spp. Acinetobacter spp. – Corynebacterium spp.Corynebacterium spp.

– Bacillus spp.Bacillus spp.

SEPTICEMIASEPTICEMIA

E.coliE.coli Salmonella spp.Salmonella spp. Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus intermedius Staphylococcus intermedius CNS. CNS.

Equine infectious anemiaEquine infectious anemia

Disease of odd-toed animalsDisease of odd-toed animals Acute febrile disease with frequent Acute febrile disease with frequent

exacerbations (2-3 týdny)exacerbations (2-3 týdny) Virus is replicating in monocytes and Virus is replicating in monocytes and

macrophagesmacrophages Virus transmission Virus transmission

blood sucking insectblood sucking insect needles (vaccination)needles (vaccination)

E I A

PathogenesisPathogenesis

Antigenic variations – cause of frequent Antigenic variations – cause of frequent exacerbationsexacerbations

Immunocomplexes of free virus with Immunocomplexes of free virus with antibodies - glomerulonephritis,antibodies - glomerulonephritis,

Virus is sensitizing erythrocytes and Virus is sensitizing erythrocytes and thrombocytes to the action of thrombocytes to the action of complement– anemia, petechias, icterus, complement– anemia, petechias, icterus, hearth failure, oedemashearth failure, oedemas

SplenomegaliaSplenomegalia

E I A

THE SKINTHE SKIN

folikulitis a furunculosisfolikulitis a furunculosis Staphylococcus intermediusStaphylococcus intermedius lymphangitislymphangitis SS.equi subsp. equi.equi subsp. equi

Mycotic infectionMycotic infection– Microsporum canisMicrosporum canis– Trichophyton equinum(vaccinesTrichophyton equinum(vaccines) )

Equine PapillomavirusesEquine Papillomaviruses

Virus typeVirus type LesionsLesions LocalisationLocalisation

EqPV-1EqPV-1 PapillomasPapillomas Hairy skinHairy skin

EqPV-2EqPV-2 PapillomasPapillomas GenitalsGenitals

BPV-1BPV-1 SarcoidsSarcoids Hairy skinHairy skin

BPV-2BPV-2 SarcoidsSarcoids Hairy skinHairy skin

Equine PapillomavirusesEquine Papillomaviruses

Typical cytopathology on the skinTypical cytopathology on the skin Histological changes in the stratum Histological changes in the stratum

granulosum (inclusions)granulosum (inclusions) Virus id shed by contact and Virus id shed by contact and

desquamationdesquamation Decontamination of the environment Decontamination of the environment

is impossibleis impossible

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMMUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Septic artritisSeptic artritis– E.coli E.coli – Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. – Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli – Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa – S.equi sp.zooepidemicus S.equi sp.zooepidemicus

– Rhodococcus equi Rhodococcus equi

– Staphylococcus intermediusStaphylococcus intermedius

WOUNDSWOUNDS

TraumaticTraumatic Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens

type A type A

S.equi sp.zooepidemicus S.equi sp.zooepidemicus

Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa

Surgical woundsSurgical wounds enterobacteria enterobacteria

Actinobacillus equuliActinobacillus equuli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa

S.equi S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus subsp.zooepidemicus

Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus

S.intermedius S.intermedius

Nosocomial infection in Nosocomial infection in veterinary hospitalveterinary hospital

multirezistant strainsmultirezistant strains

– Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli – Staphylococcus inetrmediusStaphylococcus inetrmedius– S. aureus (MRSA)S. aureus (MRSA)

S. equi supsp. zooepidemicusS. equi supsp. zooepidemicus