informe final tÍtulo del proyecto de investigaciÓn · 2 ˝ndice pÆgina 1. resumen 4 2....
TRANSCRIPT
1
INFORME FINAL
TÍTULO DEL PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN:
TEXTO: “INGLÉS TECNICO PARA ESTUDIANTES DE INGENIERÍA EN
ENERGÍA”
INVESTIGADOR RESPONSABLE O JEFE DEL PROYECTO:
Ing. María Luisa Apolinario Peña
Resolución Rectoral Nº 053-2011-R
Periodo:01 Enero del 2011 al 31 Diciembre del 2011
2
ÍNDICE
Página
1. RESUMEN 4
2. INTRODUCCIÓN 5
3. MARCO TEÓRICO 7
4. MATERIALES Y METODOS 8
5. RESULTADOS 9
5.1 UNIT ONE: THEORY OF HEAT 10
5.1.1 GENERAL 11
5.1.2 HEAT MEASUREMENT 11
5.1.3 HEAT TRANSMISSION 12
5.1.4 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT 15
5.2 UNIT TWO: REFRIGERATION CYCLE 16
5.2.1 REFRIGERATION CYCLE 17
5.2.2 BASIC COMPONENTS 18
5.2.3 COMPRESSOR 19
5.2.4 COMPRESSOR OPERATION 20
5.2.5CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT 22
5.3 UNIT THREE: CONDENSER / RECEIVER 23
5.3.1CONDENSER 24
5.3.2 RECEIVER 26
5.3.3 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT 28
3
5.4 UNIT FOUR: OTHER COMPONENTS 30
5.4.1 METERING DEVICES 30
5.4.2 THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE 30
5.4.3 CAPILLARY TUBE 31
5.4.4 EVAPORATOR 32
5.4.5 DRIER 33
5.4.6 CHECK VALVE 34
5.4.7 SIGTH GLASS 35
5.4.8 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT 37
UNIT FIVE: TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 39
5.1 PRESSURE GAUGES 40
5.2 GAUGE MANIFOLD SETS 41
5.3 PRESSURIZED GAS 42
5.4 EVACUATION PUMP 43
5.5 LEAK TESTING 44
5.6 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT 46
6. DISCUSION 51
7. REFERENCIALES 52
8. APENDICE 53
4
1. RESUMEN
El presente texto está preparado para el curso de Inglés Técnico que se dicta en el segundo Ciclo
de la Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería en Energía, tiene una estructura didáctica e ilustrativa en el
desarrollo de sus capítulos, tales como: teoría del calor, ciclo de refrigeración que tienen
compresor, condensador y otros componentes. Además de equipos y herramientas. Se presenta
con una redacción sencilla para la definición y descripción del ciclo de refrigeración empleados en
procesos industriales.
La obra alecciona al estudiante empleando un lenguaje formal de Inglés Técnico de fácil
accesibilidad y entendimiento en los cinco tópicos con el tema central que es el ciclo de
Refrigeración por compresión de vapor que consta de cuatro procesos.
5
2. INTRODUCCIÓN
En nuestro mundo globalizado se hace necesaria la utilización del inglés técnico, debido a que se
ha tomado como un idioma universal para poder comprender las tecnologías y de esta manera
poder acortar la distancia entre su utilización y la aplicación de los componentes y partes.
El texto: “Ingles Técnico para Estudiantes de Ingeniería en Energía” es un material didáctico
escrito con la finalidad de facilitar el aprendizaje en el desarrollo de la formación y capacitación
en la que ocupará el Ingeniero en Energía, dejando la posibilidad de un mejoramiento y
actualización permanente.
El texto: “Ingles Técnico para Estudiantes de Ingeniería en Energía” es bastante versátil y facilita al
estudiante el estudio de la termodinámica ya que es una ciencia que comprende el estudio de las
transformaciones energéticas y de las relaciones entre las propiedades físicas de las sustancias
afectadas por dichas transformaciones, ejemplo: procesos de refrigeración y acondicionamiento
de aire, los expansores y compresores de fluidos, motores de aviación y los cohetes, etc.
La presentación de este material didáctico responde a la problemática: ¿es posible conocer y/o
familiarizarse con terminologías del idioma inglés en especial el inglés técnico empleado en el
conocimiento del área de ciencias e ingeniería actualizado?
Planteado el problema de investigación, se trabajó para lograr los objetivos propios explicitados
en elaborar un texto de inglés Técnico dirigido a Estudiantes de Ingeniería en Energía teniendo
como objetivo especifico utilizar un lenguaje formal técnico de fácil accesibilidad y entendimiento
para estudiantes de Ingeniería en Energía. De esta manera, la investigación está orientada a
fortalecer la formación profesional y de allí nace la importancia y justificación del presente
6
proyecto de investigación, titulado texto: “Ingles Técnico para Estudiantes de Ingeniería en
Energía”, que tiende a ser un texto que permitirá facilitar al estudiante a través del lenguaje
formal técnico en ingles su proceso de aprendizaje en el desarrollo de la formación y capacitación
universitaria.
7
3. MARCO TEORICO
Para el tema central de este texto se recurrió a las fuentes de información primaria o directa
citadas en la referencia para un posterior análisis en sus contenidos de conceptos básicos del ciclo
de Refrigeración.
El texto en su desarrollo tiene orden lógico y sistematizado acerca del Ciclo de Refrigeración por
compresión de vapor el cual consta de cuatro procesos, para su aplicación en un proceso
industrial.
Cabe resaltar que cada uno de los capítulos, tiene el propósito de que el estudiante ingrese a la
competencia profesional empleando terminologías propias de ingeniería a través del Ingles
Técnico, que contribuirá a despertar en él, la inquietud por la investigación.
8
4. MATERIALES Y METODOS
Dado que la presente investigación no es de tipo EXPERIMENTAL sino de carácter teórico en nivel
de la INVESTIGACION BASICA (elaboración de texto), no es posible incluir materiales o métodos
seguidos para su realización como por ejemplo el método estadístico.
Muy por el contrario por el carácter mismo de la presente investigación como es la elaboración
del texto de “Inglés Técnico para Estudiantes de Ingeniería en Energía” se ha tomado en
consideración la revisión de cierta bibliografía en el campo de la Termodinámica teniendo como
valor agregado la experiencia del autor que se traduce como lecciones aprendidas.
La forma como se presenta este trabajo de investigación constituye un intento por complementar
la asignatura de Inglés Técnico empleando un método pedagógico y deductivo.
9
5. RESULTADOS
El resultado del proyecto de investigación que se presenta a la comunidad universitaria en calidad
de texto de “Inglés Técnico para Estudiantes de Ingeniería en Energía”, nos permitirá contar con
un material bibliográfico práctico, el mismo que puede ser utilizado por los estudiantes de
Ingeniería Mecánica – Energía y ramas afines, en el área académica del campo de la
Termodinámica, asignatura que forma parte del Plan de Estudios de la Escuela Profesional de
Ingeniería en Energía de la Universidad Nacional del Callao.
El tema tratado en el presente texto explica en forma clara y sencilla, permitiendo comprender los
principios básicos de esta ciencia que ha sido durante mucho tiempo parte esencial de la
educación en Ingeniería. Resaltando el empleo del lenguaje formal técnico en inglés, lo cual
permite mejorar y acelerar el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante en el desarrollo de su
formación académica universitaria, manifestándose a través de la lectura, traducción de
manuales, hojas de información, revistas, manuales técnicos-científicos.
10
5.1 UNIT ONE: THEORY OF HEAT
OBJETIVES
1. Given the task of defining the term “heat” the student will correctly state the meaning of
this word.
2. Given a picture of two objects with different temperatures, the student will orally or/and
in writing identify the direction of heat flow.
5.1.1 GENERAL
Heat is very relative term. Usually one thinks of it as a means of warming the body, or
same object, to a desire temperature. Strange as it may seem, heat is ever present, even in a
block of ice. In this unit, heat is explained in term of how it is used and transferred from
substance. Heat transfer is what all refrigeration systems are designed to accomplish. Look at
figure 1.
Figure1 All substances contain heatSource: ( yunus, 2009)
Heat is often defined as energy in transfer, for it is never content to stand still, but is always
moving from a warm body to a colder body.
Look at figure 2. A spoon in ice water loses its heat to the water and becomes cold; a spoon in hot
coffee absorbs heats from de coffee and becomes warm. But the terms warmer and colder are
only comparative.
A
(A) (B) (C) (D)
11
Figure 2(a) Spoon heating (b) Spoon cooling© Vol 1/Photo Disc Yunus A. Cengel
Heat exists at any temperature above absolute zero, even though it may be extremely small
quantities. Absolute zero is the term used to describe the temperature at which no heat exists. It
is approximately 460 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
5.1.2 HEAT MEASUREMENT
The temperature or INTENSITY of heat is measured with a thermometer. While both
Celsius (ªC) and Fahrenheit (ªF) are sometimes used, the majority of references in this manual will
be to Fahrenheit.
A temperature Reading tells us only the heat intensity of SENSIBLE HEAT a substance and not the
actual quantity of heat. Look at figure 3, it shows the comparison of temperature scales.
Heat QUANTITY, or the amount of heat in a substance, is measured in “”British Thermal Units”
(BTU´s).
One BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one
degree Fahrenheit (at sea level). This quantity measurement is commonly used in air conditioning
to describe heat transfer during changes of state.
12
5.1.3. HEAT TRANSMISSION
5.1.3.1 HEAT CAN TRAVEL IN ANY OF THREE WAYS: RADIATION, CONDUCTION, ORCONVENTION
Radiation is the transfer of heat by waves similar lo light waves or radio waves. For example, the
sun´s energy is transferred to the Earth by radiation. Look at figure 4.
There is little radiation al low temperatures, and at small temperaturedifferences, so radiation is
of little importance in the actual refrigeration process. However, radiation to the refrigerated
space or product from the outside environment, particularly the sun, may be a major factor in the
refrigeration load.
(a) (b)
Figure 4RADIATION© Vol 1/Photo Disc Yunus A. Cengel
Figure 3 SCALE FAHRENHEIT, CELSIUS,
KELVIN
13
Now, look at figure 5. Conduction is the flow of heat through a substance. Actual physical contact
is required for-heat transfer to take place by this means. Conduction is highly efficient means of
heat transfer.
Figure5CONDUCTION© Vol 1/Photo Disc Yunus A. Cengel
Figure 6 illustrates convection. It is the flow of heat by means of a fluid medium, either gas or
liquid, normally air or water. Air heated by furnace, and then discharged into a room heats
objects in the room by convection.
Figure6CONVECTION© Vol 1/Photo Disc Yunus A. Cengel
14
Look at figure 7. In a typical refrigeration application, heat will travel by a combination of
processes, and the ability of a piece of equipment to transfer heat is referred to as the ever all
rate of heat transfer. Different materials vary in their ability to conduct heat. Metal is a very good
heat conductor, while asbestos has so much resistance to heat flow it can be used as insulation.
Figure 7 CONDUCTION / RADIATION / CONVECTION© Vol 1/Photo Disc Yunus A. Cengel
15
5.1.4 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT: UNIT ONE
1. A _______________ system is designed to____________ heat from________ substance.
Everything has ____________ present, so we define it as_______________ in transfer.
2. Are temperature and Heat equal? Why?
3. Does absolute zero heat exist?
4. Temperature is the ______________of heat. It is measured with a device called
_____________of stands for__________ ____________. There is another scale
____________ of _____________ heat, but does not measure the_____________ (ºC).
Temperature indicates the ____________ of ______________ heat, but does not measures
the ________________ quantity of ________________.
5. The amount of___________ in a substance is called___________ ____________. The
quantity of__________ needed to raise the _____________ of ____________ pound of
water one degree______________ at ______________ level, is one _________. BTU stands
for _____________ ______________ ____________.
16
5.2 UNIT TWO: REFRIGERATION CYCLE
OBJETIVES
1. Given a picture of a basis refrigeration system the student will orally or/in writing
correctly identify the following components:
. Compressor
. Condenser
. Receiver
. Expansion thermostatic valve
. Evaporator
2. Given a picture of a basic refrigeration system the student will describe the operation of
the system briefly.
3. Given the following terms the student will explain correctly the meaning of them:
. Cooling coils . Outlet side
. Mist . Drier
. Suction . Differential pressure
. Discharge . Refrigerant
. Piping . Efficiency
REFRIGERATION CYCLEFigure 8 REFRIGERATION CYCLE
17
5.2.1 REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The refrigeration cycle is divided into two pressure sections, the high side and the
low side. The dividing lines between these two pressure areas are the compressor
discharge valves and the thermo-expansion valve as shown in figure 9. In the
direction of flow of the refrigerant, the high side starts as the pistons in the
compressor compress the gas and force it through the discharge valves. As the
pressure of thyme gas is increased, the temperature will also be increased. The hot
gases travel through the piping system to the condenser. The flow of the refrigerant
through this and other components in the system is considered in this unit. [1]
Figure 9 REFRIGERATION CYCLE
18
5.2.2 BASIC COMPONENTS
Air conditioning system contains the following 5 basic components:
Compressor
Condenser
Receiver- Drier / Accumulator
Expansion Valve /Tube
Evaporator
Each of these components is necessary for system operation, and all are dependent upon
function of the one another. Additional components are used (supplemental controls), and
these vary according to application. Their use is to “fine-tune” and increase the efficiency of
the system.
Figure 10FIVE BASIC COMPONENTS
19
5.2.3 COMPRESSOR
Compressor is of various makes and types, but they all operate as the “pump” of the
system to keep the refrigerant circulating to increase its pressure. Figure 12 shows a cutaway
view of a reciprocating compressor, and figure 14 illustrates a sectional view of a rotary vane
compressor.
Figure 11FIVE BASIC COMPONENTS
Figure 12COMPRESSOR
20
5.2.4 COMPRESSOR OPERATION
The major components of a compressor are the body, crankshaft, rod, piston, valve plates and
head. All compressors do not operate the same. In the illustration 13, theRefrigerant enters a
suction part in the head and is drawn into the cylinder through the intake valve as the piston
moves downward.
As the piston moves upward, the refrigerant is compressed until the pressure below the discharge
valve exceeds the pressure above the valve and forces the refrigerant through the valve into the
system. The critical areas are the gaskets in the head and the suction and discharge valves. [1]
Compressor in the figure13
Figure 13COMPRESSOR OPERATION
21
has slight changes from the previous compressor. The low pressure refrigerant enters through
the body and passes to an area around the sleeves. As the piston moves downward, it allows
refrigerant to pass through the parts in the cylinder walls, through passageway in the piston, and
through the inlet valve plate located on the crown of the piston.
During the upward stroke, the piston forces the refrigerant from the cylinder through the
discharge valve plate, into the head.
Compressor in figure 12, has the same feature as the one in the figure 13, except the flow of
refrigerant passes through the hollowed out passageway in the sleeve, then through the suction
valve plate into cylinder on downward stroke. The refrigerant passes through the discharge valve
plate on upward portion of the stroke.
Both compressors have spring loaded discharge valve plates that move slightly in case of liquid or
oil in the cylinder. This prevents the possibility of hydraulic lock-up that can cause severe damage
to the compressor.
22
5.2.5 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT: UNIT TWO
1. The 5 basic components of a typical refrigeration system are:
(a) ________________
(b) ________________
(c) ________________
(d) ______________ ______________ or ______________ ______________
2. Look at figure 1 again.
a. The high side components are:
b. The low side components are:
3. The side of the system in which __________ pressure exists is called high_________ it begins
on ________ __________ of the compressor and goes through the ___________,
____________, ______________ and ______________ ______________ valve. The diving
point for high and low sides is ____________ _____________ or _______________
____________________.
4. Write the word true or false according with the following statements:
a. Pressures are the same in all parts of a refrigeration system. _______________.
b. The division of high side and low side always occurs at the same point in the system
____________.
c. System pressure in the evaporator is higher than the pressure in the condenser.
_________________.
5. In order for heat to move, a ______________ differential must be present.
23
5.3UNIT THREE: CONDENSER / RECEIVER
OBJETIVES
Given a picture of the following components, the student will identify them correctly:
Air cooled condenser
Freshwater condenser
Sea water condenser
Receiver
24
5.3.1 CONDENSER
The condenser consists of a series of tubes exposed to same cooling medium. This may be water,
air, or a combination of both.
5.3.1.1 AIR COOLED CONDENSER
The air cooled condenser location is very important and effect the efficiency of the unit. The flow
of air must be kept from recirculating over the coil. The recirculation of air would increase the
temperature and operating pressures of the refrigerant and may prevent the refrigerant from
condensing. This would allow the heat to be transmitted into the evaporator, coursing a reduction
in cooling capacity.
In the air cooled condenser the maintenance is very important. Maximum air flow must be
maintained through the air cooled condenser. Pressure washing or stem cleaning is normally
required to remove dirt and foreign objects that are forced into the fins. Acid cleaning is not
recommended because of the loss of heat transfer when the tubes or fins are etched with the
acid.[3]
25
5.3.1.2 FRESH WATER CONDENSER
Now look at figure 15. The condenser consists of tubes in series with each other. These tubes then
are grouped in parallel passes through the coil. This configuration allows the size of the coil to be
reduced because of the increased heat transfer ability of the group of tubes. The fins increase the
size of the coil with respect to heat transfer area.[3]
The vessel and container units use a water-cooled condenser that also becomes a receiver tank
and stores the excess refrigerant. A tube type condenser has the refrigerant and the cooling
medium passing within a pipe inside. This then allows an effective method of the heat transfer.
Figure 14 AIR COOLED CONDENSER
26
5.3.1.3 SEA WATER CONDENSER
The water-cooled condenser is cylindrical housing that contains a number of tubes through which
the cooling medium passes. The refrigerant enters the top of this cylinder, comes in contact with
the coolant tubes and condenses. The tanks also act as a receiver tank. This also provides a liquid
seal for the refrigerant to prevent vapor from entering the liquid line during normal operation.
5.3.2 RECEIVER
Receivers are installed to collect the liquid refrigerant as it leaves the condenser. In some models
the lower section of the condenser is used as the receiver. A receiver serves as a stowage for
refrigerant, maintains a liquid seal on the liquid line, and vents any air or non-condensable gases
back to the condenser.
Receivers are usually designed to be large enough to hold the complete charge of refrigerant
required to operate the unit. They are equipped with stop valves on the inlet and outlet lines to
permit the serviceman to pump the unit down when work is to be performed on another
component in the system.
Figure 15FRESH WATER CONDENSER
27
During normal operation, the receiver is about 1/3 full of liquid refrigerant. On some models, sight
glasses are installed to show liquid level. On some models, the level is detected by an electronic
capacitance type probe mounted in the receiver an indicates, as a percentage of full on an
externally mounted meter.
28
5.3.3 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT: UNIT THREE
1. Look at figure 1. It shows an _____________ cooled _____________. The principal function
of a condenser is to _____________ the refrigerant. It is made up of series of ___________
which are ________________ to a _____________ medium. In this type of condenser the
cooling ____________ is ____________
2. The ______________ is very important in an air ___________ condenser. In order toremove ____________ and _________ objects you should wash or __________ thecondenser ___________. ______________ cleaning is not recommended.
3. Look at figure 2. It is a ___________ water _______________.
a. Indicates the ______________ inlet
b. Indicates the ______________ outlet
c. Indicates the ______________ inlet
d. Indicates the ______________ outlet.
Figure 1
29
4. The ___________ water ______________ is cooled by _____________ water. This kinds of
condensers require a very special ________________ due to the corrosive nature of
____________. The greatest hazard of this system is the possibility that __________ enters
the _______________ system, if the refrigerant __________ is ___________ by a
_____________.
5. Heat travels from a ____________ substance to a ____________ substance.
Figure 2
30
5.4 UNIT FOUR: OTHER COMPONENTS
OBJECTIVE
Given a picture of different metering devices the student will identify orally or/and in writing
correctly the following devices:
Thermostatic expansion valves.
Capillary or expansion tubes.
5.4.1 METERING DEVICES
Metering devices are used to allow liquid refrigerant to enter the cooling coils as it needed. Some
of the most common metering devices are:
1. - Thermostatic expansion valves
2. - Capillary tubes
5.4.2 THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVES
Most plants use the thermostatic expansion valves. The expansion valve is essentially a reducing
valve between the high pressure side and the low pressure side of the system. a cutaway view of
a typical thermostatic expansion valve is shown in figure 16.
The valve is designed to regulate the amount of refrigerant spray or mist, and the rate of
evaporation of the spray or mist is dependent upon the amount heat being absorbed from the
refrigerated spaces. As the liquid refrigerant passes from the expansion valve into the evaporator
coils. It is changed from a liquid into a fine mist or spray. Because heat is absorbed by the mist as
it travels through the cooling coils, the mist is evaporated, first into a saturated vapor, and then,
when all liquid has been changed to vapor, any additional heat that is absorbed by that vapors is
called superheated vapor form.
The operation of the thermostatic expansion valve in an air conditioning unit or a refrigeration
unit is basically the same.
31
5.4.3 CAPILLARY TUBES
On most small hermetic seated units, the capillary tube or coke tube is used instead of the
expansion valve. Tubes sizes follow.
Table 1 Tubes sizes
When replacement of the tubes becomes necessary always use the size and length as the old
tube. Any deviation in size or length will change the capacity of the unit and amount of refrigerant
to operate at the desire temperature.
With such a small inside diameter, the tube presents a fluid flow restriction. the pressure of the
refrigerant decreases as it progresses through the tube. This produces the pressure difference on
Outside diameter Inside diameter
.083' .031'
.094' .036'
.109' .042'
.114' .049'
.120' .055'
.130' .065'
Figure 16THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE
32
each side of the tube when the compressor is running. The refrigerant is sprayed into the cooling
coils and flashed into a low pressure, low temperature vapor to absorb the surrounding heat.
The capillary tube has two advantages over the expansion valve.
1. - There are no moving parts to wear or stick.
2. - When the compressor stops, the refrigerants pressure equalizes on the high and low side of
the compressor motor to star with a minimum starting load.
5.4.4 EVAPORATOR
Look at figure 18. The evaporator is a simple bank or coil of thin walled tubing. It is here the
refrigerator absorbs the heat from the surrounding area. The refrigerant enters the evaporators
from the expansion valve or metering devices as previously explained. Here, the refrigerant
absorbs heat and becomes superheat; it is then pumped back to the compressor.
Figure 17 EXPANSION TUBE
Figure 18 EVAPORATOR
32
each side of the tube when the compressor is running. The refrigerant is sprayed into the cooling
coils and flashed into a low pressure, low temperature vapor to absorb the surrounding heat.
The capillary tube has two advantages over the expansion valve.
1. - There are no moving parts to wear or stick.
2. - When the compressor stops, the refrigerants pressure equalizes on the high and low side of
the compressor motor to star with a minimum starting load.
5.4.4 EVAPORATOR
Look at figure 18. The evaporator is a simple bank or coil of thin walled tubing. It is here the
refrigerator absorbs the heat from the surrounding area. The refrigerant enters the evaporators
from the expansion valve or metering devices as previously explained. Here, the refrigerant
absorbs heat and becomes superheat; it is then pumped back to the compressor.
Figure 17 EXPANSION TUBE
Figure 18 EVAPORATOR
32
each side of the tube when the compressor is running. The refrigerant is sprayed into the cooling
coils and flashed into a low pressure, low temperature vapor to absorb the surrounding heat.
The capillary tube has two advantages over the expansion valve.
1. - There are no moving parts to wear or stick.
2. - When the compressor stops, the refrigerants pressure equalizes on the high and low side of
the compressor motor to star with a minimum starting load.
5.4.4 EVAPORATOR
Look at figure 18. The evaporator is a simple bank or coil of thin walled tubing. It is here the
refrigerator absorbs the heat from the surrounding area. The refrigerant enters the evaporators
from the expansion valve or metering devices as previously explained. Here, the refrigerant
absorbs heat and becomes superheat; it is then pumped back to the compressor.
Figure 17 EXPANSION TUBE
Figure 18 EVAPORATOR
33
There are types of evaporators. One type, consisting of plain walled tubes, is used where space is
not a consideration, the other type consist of thin walled with attached fins to give more cooling
area within a small space.
5.4.5 DRIER
The operation of refrigeration system depends on the internal cleanliness of the refrigerant and
oil. There is no compromise for proper handling of these. But even with the greatest care some
moisture may enter the system. This must be entrapped to prevent the moisture from moving
about the system.
Moisture will cause the oil and refrigerant to breakdown and also cause the expansion valve to
components within the system. This contamination of the system, if not properly corrected, leads
to up to make the system suitable for reuse.
The procedure described pertains to moisture only; air must be removed by evacuation.
The chemicals (desiccant) will remove the moisture by absorption (no chemical change). The
chemical is activated alumina or silica gel. The safe level of moisture for on refrigeration system is
below 15 p.p.m. any level above this will cause corrosion, oil breakdown, and motor burn-outs.
While moisture removal is the primary function of the drier, two other features also enter in the
operation; they are acid removal and filtering out solids.
Figure 19 EVAPORATOR TUBING
33
There are types of evaporators. One type, consisting of plain walled tubes, is used where space is
not a consideration, the other type consist of thin walled with attached fins to give more cooling
area within a small space.
5.4.5 DRIER
The operation of refrigeration system depends on the internal cleanliness of the refrigerant and
oil. There is no compromise for proper handling of these. But even with the greatest care some
moisture may enter the system. This must be entrapped to prevent the moisture from moving
about the system.
Moisture will cause the oil and refrigerant to breakdown and also cause the expansion valve to
components within the system. This contamination of the system, if not properly corrected, leads
to up to make the system suitable for reuse.
The procedure described pertains to moisture only; air must be removed by evacuation.
The chemicals (desiccant) will remove the moisture by absorption (no chemical change). The
chemical is activated alumina or silica gel. The safe level of moisture for on refrigeration system is
below 15 p.p.m. any level above this will cause corrosion, oil breakdown, and motor burn-outs.
While moisture removal is the primary function of the drier, two other features also enter in the
operation; they are acid removal and filtering out solids.
Figure 19 EVAPORATOR TUBING
33
There are types of evaporators. One type, consisting of plain walled tubes, is used where space is
not a consideration, the other type consist of thin walled with attached fins to give more cooling
area within a small space.
5.4.5 DRIER
The operation of refrigeration system depends on the internal cleanliness of the refrigerant and
oil. There is no compromise for proper handling of these. But even with the greatest care some
moisture may enter the system. This must be entrapped to prevent the moisture from moving
about the system.
Moisture will cause the oil and refrigerant to breakdown and also cause the expansion valve to
components within the system. This contamination of the system, if not properly corrected, leads
to up to make the system suitable for reuse.
The procedure described pertains to moisture only; air must be removed by evacuation.
The chemicals (desiccant) will remove the moisture by absorption (no chemical change). The
chemical is activated alumina or silica gel. The safe level of moisture for on refrigeration system is
below 15 p.p.m. any level above this will cause corrosion, oil breakdown, and motor burn-outs.
While moisture removal is the primary function of the drier, two other features also enter in the
operation; they are acid removal and filtering out solids.
Figure 19 EVAPORATOR TUBING
34
The capacity of drier is critical because the drier will not remove moisture beyond its capacity,
much like a sponge that cannot return any more moisture.
Look at figure 20. It shows a drier and its parts.
5.4.6 CHECK VALVE
Look at figure 21, it shows two different types of check or non return valves. The check valve
maintains the proper flow direction during heating or defrosting when the same system is used
for cooling cycle when the system is used for heating.
The size and construction varies, but the operation features are almost always the same.
The amount of pressure needed to open the check valve is very slight. The spring aids in closing
effort and the pressure difference then will complete the sealing.
Figure 20 DRIER
Figure 21 CHECK VALVES
34
The capacity of drier is critical because the drier will not remove moisture beyond its capacity,
much like a sponge that cannot return any more moisture.
Look at figure 20. It shows a drier and its parts.
5.4.6 CHECK VALVE
Look at figure 21, it shows two different types of check or non return valves. The check valve
maintains the proper flow direction during heating or defrosting when the same system is used
for cooling cycle when the system is used for heating.
The size and construction varies, but the operation features are almost always the same.
The amount of pressure needed to open the check valve is very slight. The spring aids in closing
effort and the pressure difference then will complete the sealing.
Figure 20 DRIER
Figure 21 CHECK VALVES
34
The capacity of drier is critical because the drier will not remove moisture beyond its capacity,
much like a sponge that cannot return any more moisture.
Look at figure 20. It shows a drier and its parts.
5.4.6 CHECK VALVE
Look at figure 21, it shows two different types of check or non return valves. The check valve
maintains the proper flow direction during heating or defrosting when the same system is used
for cooling cycle when the system is used for heating.
The size and construction varies, but the operation features are almost always the same.
The amount of pressure needed to open the check valve is very slight. The spring aids in closing
effort and the pressure difference then will complete the sealing.
Figure 20 DRIER
Figure 21 CHECK VALVES
35
5.4.7 SIGHT GLASS
5.4.7.1LIQUID INDICATORS, SIGHT GLASS
The sight glass indicates the refrigerant flow to expansion valve. This should indicates a solid
stream of refrigerant. Bubbles appearing in the sight glass may be the result of excessive pressure
drop in the line or improper sub-cooling of the refrigerant.
5.4.7.2 MOISTURE INDICATOR, SIGHT GLASS
The moisture indicating sight glass is helpful in determining the level of moisture in the system.
The moisture indicator changes color to indicate the level of moisture within the system. Check
color of indicator against color decal on sight glass. Corrective action can be taken when moisture
becomes excessive. Figure 23 illustrates a moisture indicator.
Figure 22 LIQUID INDICATOR
Figure 23 MOISTURE INDICATOR
35
5.4.7 SIGHT GLASS
5.4.7.1LIQUID INDICATORS, SIGHT GLASS
The sight glass indicates the refrigerant flow to expansion valve. This should indicates a solid
stream of refrigerant. Bubbles appearing in the sight glass may be the result of excessive pressure
drop in the line or improper sub-cooling of the refrigerant.
5.4.7.2 MOISTURE INDICATOR, SIGHT GLASS
The moisture indicating sight glass is helpful in determining the level of moisture in the system.
The moisture indicator changes color to indicate the level of moisture within the system. Check
color of indicator against color decal on sight glass. Corrective action can be taken when moisture
becomes excessive. Figure 23 illustrates a moisture indicator.
Figure 22 LIQUID INDICATOR
Figure 23 MOISTURE INDICATOR
35
5.4.7 SIGHT GLASS
5.4.7.1LIQUID INDICATORS, SIGHT GLASS
The sight glass indicates the refrigerant flow to expansion valve. This should indicates a solid
stream of refrigerant. Bubbles appearing in the sight glass may be the result of excessive pressure
drop in the line or improper sub-cooling of the refrigerant.
5.4.7.2 MOISTURE INDICATOR, SIGHT GLASS
The moisture indicating sight glass is helpful in determining the level of moisture in the system.
The moisture indicator changes color to indicate the level of moisture within the system. Check
color of indicator against color decal on sight glass. Corrective action can be taken when moisture
becomes excessive. Figure 23 illustrates a moisture indicator.
Figure 22 LIQUID INDICATOR
Figure 23 MOISTURE INDICATOR
36
Now let`s look at figure 24. A clear sight glass indicates the system has the correct charge of
refrigerant. It may also indicate that the system has a complete lack of refrigerant, a condition
accompanied by a lack of any cooling action by the evaporator. Also the sight glass may be clear
and the system might be overcharged (too much R-12). This must be verified with test gauge
readings.
A bubbly or “foamy” sight glass indicates the system is low on refrigerant, and air has probably
entered the system. However, if only occasional bubbles are noticed, during clutch cycling or
system start-up. This may be a normal condition.
If oil streaks appear on the sight glass, a lack of refrigerant may be indicates that the desiccant
contained in the receiver-drier (or accumulator) has broken down and is being circulated through
the system.
NOTE
Some sight glasses may be having a cup installed over the glass. This is for a keeping the glass
clean, and should be reinstalled after use. On some system without sight glasses, it is possible to
install an in line sight glass between the condenser and the thermostatic expansion valve. It
should be noted, however, that sight glass readings are not necessary positive identification of a
problem. Readings should be relied upon only in conjunction with other system symptoms.
Figure 24
36
Now let`s look at figure 24. A clear sight glass indicates the system has the correct charge of
refrigerant. It may also indicate that the system has a complete lack of refrigerant, a condition
accompanied by a lack of any cooling action by the evaporator. Also the sight glass may be clear
and the system might be overcharged (too much R-12). This must be verified with test gauge
readings.
A bubbly or “foamy” sight glass indicates the system is low on refrigerant, and air has probably
entered the system. However, if only occasional bubbles are noticed, during clutch cycling or
system start-up. This may be a normal condition.
If oil streaks appear on the sight glass, a lack of refrigerant may be indicates that the desiccant
contained in the receiver-drier (or accumulator) has broken down and is being circulated through
the system.
NOTE
Some sight glasses may be having a cup installed over the glass. This is for a keeping the glass
clean, and should be reinstalled after use. On some system without sight glasses, it is possible to
install an in line sight glass between the condenser and the thermostatic expansion valve. It
should be noted, however, that sight glass readings are not necessary positive identification of a
problem. Readings should be relied upon only in conjunction with other system symptoms.
Figure 24
36
Now let`s look at figure 24. A clear sight glass indicates the system has the correct charge of
refrigerant. It may also indicate that the system has a complete lack of refrigerant, a condition
accompanied by a lack of any cooling action by the evaporator. Also the sight glass may be clear
and the system might be overcharged (too much R-12). This must be verified with test gauge
readings.
A bubbly or “foamy” sight glass indicates the system is low on refrigerant, and air has probably
entered the system. However, if only occasional bubbles are noticed, during clutch cycling or
system start-up. This may be a normal condition.
If oil streaks appear on the sight glass, a lack of refrigerant may be indicates that the desiccant
contained in the receiver-drier (or accumulator) has broken down and is being circulated through
the system.
NOTE
Some sight glasses may be having a cup installed over the glass. This is for a keeping the glass
clean, and should be reinstalled after use. On some system without sight glasses, it is possible to
install an in line sight glass between the condenser and the thermostatic expansion valve. It
should be noted, however, that sight glass readings are not necessary positive identification of a
problem. Readings should be relied upon only in conjunction with other system symptoms.
Figure 24
37
5.4..8CLASS WORK ASSIGMENT: UNIT FOUR
1. Look at figure 2. It illustrates an expansion _________________
a. Indicates the ______________ ______________ ______________
b. Indicates the ______________
c. Indicates the ______________
d. Indicates the ______________ ______________ ______________
Figura 1
2. What are two advantages of capillary tubes over the expansion valves?
3. Write the word true or false according with the following statements:
a. The orifice in the expansion valve divides the side of the system from the low
side________
b. Refrigerants have the same freezing point as water ________
c. During a change of state, there is no heat exchange ________
a. Evaporators, condensation and freezing are three forms of heat movement ________
4. Look at figure 3. It shows a drier.
38
a. Indicates the ________________
b. Indicates the ________________
c. Indicates the ________________
d. Indicates the ________________
e. Indicates the ________________
f. Indicates the ________________
Figura 2
5. The main purpose of _________is to remove __________. It performs its action by
___________but __________change. Other functions of a ________are ________removaland
filtering out of ____________. When the _________becomes saturated it cannot retain any
__________ _____________.
38
a. Indicates the ________________
b. Indicates the ________________
c. Indicates the ________________
d. Indicates the ________________
e. Indicates the ________________
f. Indicates the ________________
Figura 2
5. The main purpose of _________is to remove __________. It performs its action by
___________but __________change. Other functions of a ________are ________removaland
filtering out of ____________. When the _________becomes saturated it cannot retain any
__________ _____________.
38
a. Indicates the ________________
b. Indicates the ________________
c. Indicates the ________________
d. Indicates the ________________
e. Indicates the ________________
f. Indicates the ________________
Figura 2
5. The main purpose of _________is to remove __________. It performs its action by
___________but __________change. Other functions of a ________are ________removaland
filtering out of ____________. When the _________becomes saturated it cannot retain any
__________ _____________.
39
5.5 UNIT FIVE: TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
OBJECTIVES
1. Given a picture with a cutaway view of a gauge, the student will orally or/and in writing
identify the following parts:
Bourdon tube
Link
Gear sector
Adapter
Calibration spring
Pointer
2. Given a task the student will describe the difference between a high pressure gauge and a
compound gauge.
3. Given a picture of a gauge manifold set the student will orally or/and in writing identify the
following features:
Compound gauge
Hand valve
Low side seat
Low side port
Manifold
Service port
High side port
High side seat
High pressure gauge
4. Given a task of describing the purpose of pressurized gas equipment the student will state
that the purposes of this equipment are:
Dehydration, testing and purging
5. Given a pictures of different leak detectors the student will correctly identify the following
types:
Halide propane torch detector
Electronic leak detector
Bubble leak detector
40
5.5.1 PRESSURE GAUGES
The pressure gauges allow us to the check conditions within a refrigeration system. The gauge
must have a high degree of accuracy and good life expectancy. The gauge should have a means of
recalibrating to compensate for wear and reset to original accuracy.
The two gauges types used in refrigeration system are the high pressure gauge and the compound
gauge.
Look at figure 25, it shows a sectional view of gauge. The constructions of a gauge consist of: A
threaded adapter, the bourdon tube, link and gear arrangement, the pointer and case.
The bourdon tube tends to straighten out as pressure increases. This movement causes the link to
move the gear. The pointer is attached to the gear and indicates the respective pressure in a
system.
The only difference between a pressure and a compound gauge is the relaxed location of the
pointer. The compound has the ability to read vacuum or less than atmospheric pressure. An
absolute gauge takes atmospheric pressure into account and reads approximately 14.7 PSI (1.1
KPa) when it is relaxed. Whit this arrangement is always positive.
Figure 25 GAUGES
41
5.5.2GAUGE MANIFOLD SETS
The gauge manifold consists of: a compound gauge, a high pressure gauge, hand valves and a
manifold that holds the gauges and hand valves.
Now look at figure 26, it indicates a gauge manifold. You can notice that the gauge is open to a
port to which a hose is attached. This hose placed on the proper fitting on the service valve.
Turning the hand valve clockwise closes the seat to the center port. This allows the gauges to read
pressure within the system and keeps the high and low sides isolated. Opening of either hand
valve will allow flow to the center port, which can be balanced from high to low side.
The accuracy of the gauge manifold depends on the quality of the pressures gauges and the care
that they receive
Figure 26 GAUGE MANIFOLD SE
41
5.5.2GAUGE MANIFOLD SETS
The gauge manifold consists of: a compound gauge, a high pressure gauge, hand valves and a
manifold that holds the gauges and hand valves.
Now look at figure 26, it indicates a gauge manifold. You can notice that the gauge is open to a
port to which a hose is attached. This hose placed on the proper fitting on the service valve.
Turning the hand valve clockwise closes the seat to the center port. This allows the gauges to read
pressure within the system and keeps the high and low sides isolated. Opening of either hand
valve will allow flow to the center port, which can be balanced from high to low side.
The accuracy of the gauge manifold depends on the quality of the pressures gauges and the care
that they receive
Figure 26 GAUGE MANIFOLD SE
41
5.5.2GAUGE MANIFOLD SETS
The gauge manifold consists of: a compound gauge, a high pressure gauge, hand valves and a
manifold that holds the gauges and hand valves.
Now look at figure 26, it indicates a gauge manifold. You can notice that the gauge is open to a
port to which a hose is attached. This hose placed on the proper fitting on the service valve.
Turning the hand valve clockwise closes the seat to the center port. This allows the gauges to read
pressure within the system and keeps the high and low sides isolated. Opening of either hand
valve will allow flow to the center port, which can be balanced from high to low side.
The accuracy of the gauge manifold depends on the quality of the pressures gauges and the care
that they receive
Figure 26 GAUGE MANIFOLD SE
42
5.5.3 PRESSURIZED GAS
The improper use of high pressure cylinders can cause a physical damage to components or
personal injure, or can cause stress would lead to failure of components.
Observe proper handling of cylinders, as follows:
Always keep protective capon cylinder when not in use.
Secure cylinder in proper storage area fastened to cart.
Do not expose it to excessive heat or direct sun light.
Do not drop, dent or damage the cylinder.
Open valve slowly, use regulators and safety valves that are in good conditions.
Look at figure 27. It illustrates pressure test equipment. Dehydration, pressure testing or purging
can be accomplished by the use of dry nitrogen (N2). The proper equipment and application of it
are very important.
PROCEDUREMAXIMUN PRESSURE
PSI KPa
Leak testing, low side 150-175 1034-1379
Leak testing, high side 200-250 1379-1724
Pumping dehydration 10-20 689-137.9
Table 2 Pressurized Gas
43
5.5.4 EVACUATION PUMP
The evacuation pump is used to removed air, moisture and non-condensable from a refrigeration
system. The procedure, condition and application all vary. There are different kinds of evacuation
pumps. Figure 28 shows an arrangement using an evacuation pump.
Figure 27 PRESSURIZED EQUIPMENT
Figure 28EVACUATION PUMP
44
Some of the basics of this are:
1. How much air is left in a system?
2. What is the percentage of moisture removed?
3. What are safe levels of moisture or air?
The ability of a vacuum pump to remove air, moisture and non-condensable depends on the
pump construction and the maintenance the pump receives. Even a new pump can be ruined with
improper maintenance, poor quality oil, or extended use under high moisture conditions.
It is important to keep in mind that high moisture levels and high acid levels become synonymous.
A safe level of moisture will vary from one refrigeration unit to the next and one condition the
next. The level of five to fifteen p.p.m. (parts per million) as mentioned previously has been used
as a guide line for many different types units.
5.5.5 LEAK TESTING
There are a number of causes of refrigerant leaks. Approximately 80% of all refrigeration system
service work will consist of checking for and/or locating and repairing leaks. Many leaks are
caused simply by vibration and threaded connection coming loose. Retightening these will solve
the problem. Component deterioration of hoses, seals, etc. may be a cause of leaks.
5.5.5.1 LEAK DETECTORS
The following types of leak detectors may be used to locate refrigeration system leaks:
1. Halide (propane) torch: one of the most commonly used, this leak detector uses a propane
flame, which draws the leaking refrigerant over a hot copper alloy reactor plate. A dramatic
color change in the flame will occur to show the presence of refrigerant (indicating a leak).
Figure 29 shows a leak testing operation using a halide (propane) torch.
45
2. Electronic detector: this instrument will draw in any leaking refrigerant through a
test probe, and then sound an alarm or create a flashing light if refrigerant is
found. It is the most sensitive of leak detectors used. Figure 30 illustrates an
electronic leak detector.
Figure 29LEAK TESTING
Figure 30 ELECTRONIC LEAK DETECTOR
46
3. Bubble detector: this is a solution applied externally at suspected leak points. Leaking
refrigerant will cause the detector to form bubbles and foam.
5.6 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT: UNIT FIVE
1. Figure 1 shows a cutaway view of _______________gauge.
a. Indicates the __________ _________________
b. Indicates the __________
c. Indicates the __________ _________________
d. Indicates the adapter __________
e. Indicates the calibration spring ______________ _________________
Figure 1
46
3. Bubble detector: this is a solution applied externally at suspected leak points. Leaking
refrigerant will cause the detector to form bubbles and foam.
5.6 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT: UNIT FIVE
1. Figure 1 shows a cutaway view of _______________gauge.
a. Indicates the __________ _________________
b. Indicates the __________
c. Indicates the __________ _________________
d. Indicates the adapter __________
e. Indicates the calibration spring ______________ _________________
Figure 1
46
3. Bubble detector: this is a solution applied externally at suspected leak points. Leaking
refrigerant will cause the detector to form bubbles and foam.
5.6 CLASS WORK ASSIGNMENT: UNIT FIVE
1. Figure 1 shows a cutaway view of _______________gauge.
a. Indicates the __________ _________________
b. Indicates the __________
c. Indicates the __________ _________________
d. Indicates the adapter __________
e. Indicates the calibration spring ______________ _________________
Figure 1
47
2. This kind of gauges are used to measure ______________inside the system. It must have
a ____________degree of _______________and good _________expectancy. In figure 2,
the _______________ and the ______________ are not showed.
3. Fins placed in a condenser coil aid in ________ distribution.
4. A __________ manifold ________ is shown in figure 2. It is a useful ________ for
service work.
a. is the compound gauge
b. is the low side seat
c. is the hand valve
d. is the low side port
e. is the service port
f. is the manifold
g. is the high side port
h. is the high side seat
i. is the high pressure gauge
Figure 2
48
5. Look at figure 3. High _________ cylinders are components of pressure __________
equipment. It is used for __________________, ______________ and
________________. They are filled with _______________under high _________.
a. Indicates the ____________ ____ _________________
b. Indicates the ____________ ____ _________________
c. Indicates the ____________ ____
d. Indicates the ____________ ____ _________________
e. Indicates the ____________ ____ _________________
Figure 3
6. List five safety precautions when handling pressurized cylinders of gas:
49
7. Look figure 4. It is a torch propane leak detector.
a. Indicates a ______________
b. Indicates the ______________
c. Indicates the ______________ ______________
d. Indicates the ______________
e. Indicates the ______________ ______________
f. Indicates the ______________ ______________
Figura 4
8. What is the leak detector most commonly used?
50
9. Figure 5 shows another _________detector. It is an ___________________leak
_____________. This instrument is the most __________of the leak _____________.
a. Is the ____________ ____________ ____________
b. Is the ____________ ____________ ____________
c. Is the ____________ ____________
d. Is the on____________ ____________ ____________
Figure 5
51
6. DISCUSIÓN
La elaboración de un texto de cualquier materia especialmente el de Inglés Técnico para
Estudiantes de Ingeniería en Energía, es un proyecto por demás ambicioso, el presente texto
ofrece el tema de Refrigeración por lo que no podrá satisfacer a plenitud las aspiraciones y
exigencias del lector en otros temas. No obstante, el presente texto constituye un intento por
complementar y contribuir a la adquisición de conocimientos de la formación académica de
nuestros estudiantes universitarios en Ingeniería.
52
7. REFERENCIALES
1. KENNETH WARK. DONALD RICHARDS. Termodinamica. Madrid: Mc. Graw Hills. 6ta.
Edicion. 2001.
2. ROZZ, LOUIS.Engineer´s Dictionary spanish – english and english–Spanish, Cesca,.5ta. Edicion 2005
3. YUMUS A. CENGEL. MICHAEL A. BOLES. Termodinamica. ,Mexico: Mc. Graw Hills. 6ta.
Edicion. 2009.
53
8. APENDICE
ENGLISH – SPANISH GLOSSARY
ABSOLUTE ZERO Puntoen el cual hay ausencia absoluto de
calor,equivalente 459° F bajo cero.
ACCURACY Precisión, exactitud
ACTUAL Real
ADAPTER Adaptador
ADVANTAGE ‘Ventaja
AIR CONDITIONER Equipo de aire acondicionado
ALUMINUM Aluminio
ASSEMBLY Conjunto, la unidad completa
BACKWARD Haciaatrás
BEARING Cojinete
BLOWER Soplador
BOILING POINT Es la temperatura a la cual un liquido cambia a vapor.
BOTTOM Parte baja inferior
BOURDON TUBE Tubo Bourdon
BTU Unidad de medida de cantidad de calor. Un BTUes
lacantidad de calor necesario para elevar un grado
Fahrenheit a una libra de agua a nivel del mar.
BUBBLE Burbuja
CALORIE Caloría, unidad de medida de cantidad de calor
CAP Tapa
CAPACITY Capacidad
54
CAPILLARY TUBE Tubo capilar
CARE Cuidado
CAST IRON Hierro fundido
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR Compresor centrifugo
CLEAR Claro, despejado
CLOCKWISE Sentido horario
CLOUDY Nublado
CLUTCH Embrague
COIL Bobina
COMPOUND PRESSURE Manómetro usado en el lado de baja presión.
GAUGE Registra presión manométrica y vacio.
COMPRESOR Compresora
CONDENSATION Condensación
CONDENSER Condensador
CONDUCTION Tipo de transmisión de calor a través de una sustancia.
CONNECTING ROD Biela
CONVECTION Tipo de transmisión de calor por medio de la circulación
de un líquido o gas.
COOLER Enfriador
COUNTERCLOCKWISE Sentido anti horario
CRANKCASE Alojamiento del cigüeñal
CUTAWAY VIEW Vista en corte
CYLINDER HEAD Culata
CHAMBER Cámara
CHECK VALVE Válvula que permite el paso de fluido en una sola
.Dirección, no permitiendo que retorne.
55
DAMAGE Daño, deterioro
DANGER Peligro
DEGREE Grado
DEHYDRATION La acción de sacar la humedad de un sistema de
refrigeración o producto.
DENSITY Densidad
DESICCANT Agente que sirve para absorber la humedad, usado en
sistema de refrigeración
.DEVICE Aparato, dispositivo, artefacto
DIAPHRAGM Diafragma
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE Presión diferencial
DIRT Suciedad
DISCHARGE Descarga
DOWNWARD Hacia abajo
DRIER Secador, elemento que quita la humedad
EARTH Tierra
ECONOMIZER Economizador
EFFICIENCY Eficiencia, rendimiento
ENOUGH Suficiente
ENVIRONMENT Medio Ambiente
EVAPORATION Cambio de estado de liquido a vapor
EVAPORATOR Evaporador
EXPANSION THERMOSTATIC VALVE Válvula de expansión termostática
FACTORY Fabrica
FAILURE Falla
FAN Ventilador
56
FIN Aleta
FITTING Unión, conexión
FLASHING LIGHT Luz intermitente
FLEXIBLE COUPLING Acople flexible
FLOAT Flotador
FLYWHEEL Volante
FOAM Espuma
FOREIGN OBJECTS Objetos extraños
FREEZING Cambio de estado de liquido a solido
FURNACE Estufa
FUSE Fusible
GASKET Empaquetadura
GEAR Engranaje
HAND VALVE Válvula manual
HAZARD Peligro
HEAT Calor
HEAT EXCHANGER Intercambiador de calor
HEAT INTENSITY Intensidad de calor, temperatura
HEAT QUANTITY Cantidad de calor
HERMETIC SEALED COMPRESSOR Compresor sellado
HIGH PRESSURE GAUGE Manómetro de alta presión
HIGH SIDE Lado de alta
HOLLOWED SHAFT Eje hueco por el centro
HOSE Manguera
HUB Parte central, núcleo
HYDRAULIC LOCK-UP Agarrotamiento hidráulico
57
ICE Hielo
IMPELLER Impelente, impulsor
INLET Lugar de acceso, entrada
INNER DIAMETER Diámetro interior
INPUT Lo que entra
INSULATION Aislamiento
KIND Clase, tipo
LATENT HEAT Fuga, escape no controlado
LEAK DETECTOR Detector de fugas
LENGTH Longitud
LIFE EXPECTANCY Expectativa de vida
LINK Nexo, unión, conexión
LOAD Carga
LOW SIDE Lado de baja
MACHINE Maquina
MAINTENANCE Mantenimiento
MANIFOLD Múltiple, colector
MANUFACTURER Fabricante
MEANS Medio
MEASUREMENT Medición
MELTING POINT Punto de fundición
MIST Mixtura, mezcla pulverizada
MIXTURE Mezcla
MOISTURE Humedad
OIL STREAKS Líneas de aceite
OIL SUMP Cárter, sumidero
58
OUTER DIAMETER Diámetro exterior
OUTLET Lugar de egreso, salida
OUTPUT Lo que sale
OVERCHARGED Sobre cargado
PASSAGE Pasaje, conducto
PIPING Tubería
POINTER Puntero
PORT Lumbrera
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT Desplazamiento positivo
PRESSURE DROP Caída de presión
PRESSURE GAUGE Manómetro
PROCEDURE Procedimiento
PROCESS Proceso
PSI Libras por pulgada cuadrada
PUMP Bomba
PURGING Purgado
QUALITY Calidad
RADIATION Radiación
RATE Régimen, proporción
READING Lectura
RECEIVER Receptor, Acumulador
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR Compresor alternativo
REED VALVES Válvulas de lengüeta
REFRIGERANT Refrigerante
RING Anillo
ROTARY COMPRESSOR Compresor rotativo
59
ROTOR Rotor, eje giratorio
SAFE LEVEL Nivel seguro
SALT Sal
SCREEN Rejilla, pantalla
SEA LEVEL Nivel del mar
SEAL Sello
SENSIBLE HEAT Calor sensible
SERVICE FITTINGS Conexiones de servicio
SHAF Eje
SIDE VIEW Vista lateral
SIGHT GLASS Dimensión, talla, tamaño
SLEEVE Manguito
SPRING Resorte
STAGE Etapa
STEEL Acero
STEM Vástago
STROKE Carrera
SUBSTANCE Substancia
SUCTION Succión
SUN LIGHT Luz solar
SUPERHEATED VAPOR Vapor sobrecalentado
SYMTOM Síntoma
TEMPERATURE Temperatura
THERMAL PROTECTOR Protector térmico
THERMO BULB Bulbo sensor de temperatura
THROUTH A través, por medio
60
TOP Parte de arriba
TYPE Tipo
UPWARD Hacia arriba
“V” BELT Faja en V
VACUUM Vacio
VALVE PLATE Placa de válvulas
VANE Alabe, paleta
VESSEL Envase, embarcación
VISCOSITY Viscosidad
WARM Caliente
WAVE Onda, ola
WAY Camino vía, medio
WEAR Desgaste
WEIGHT Peso
WHEEL Rueda, volante