insert coin: storie e aneddoti sui videogames
TRANSCRIPT
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INSERT COINStorie ed aneddoti sui Videogiochi
Da Spacewar a Street Fighter
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ORGANAIZER
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Retrogaming
La passione per i videogame del passato!
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Retrogaming
• Vintage: utilizzo dell’hardware
originale
• Emulazione: utilizzo di particolare
software per l’emulazione su
hardware recente
• Porting: conversione di giochi su
hardware recente
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Le origini del gioco
• Rivoluzione industriale
• Tempo libero…
Peep show, 1938
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Le origini del gioco
• Rivoluzione industriale
• Tempo libero…
• …Potrei annoiarmi
•gioco
Peep show, 1938
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Level 0.
Spacewar
Il primo videogame
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Il primo videogame
• Turochamp: gioco degli scacchi mai realmente
implementato sviluppato da Turing (1948)
• Berdie the brain e Nimrod: tic-tac-toe e nim
senza un monitor CRT integrato
• Tennis for two: gioco del tennis con grafica
su oscilloscopio
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Berdie
the
brain,
1950
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Tennis
for
two,
1958
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Spacewarthe story
• Lincoln Laboratory dona un TX-0 al MIT
• Per la prima volta gli studenti
universitari hanno accesso ad un
calcolatore
• Tech Model Railroad Club: il covo dei
futuri hacker
• Nel 1961 il MIT riceve un PDP-1
• Nel 1962 Steve Russell crea Spacewar
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Steve Russell, Alan Kotok, J.M. Graetz
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PDP-1
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SPACEWAr
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ComputerSpace
1971
Developed By
NolanBushnell
TedDabney
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Level 1.
PONG
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Ralph Baer
West coastsettembre 1966
Ralph disegna il primo
Circuito capace di
Muovere punti su una Tv
Ralph, ingegnere della
Senders, lo brevetta
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BrownBoxprototype
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MagnavoxOdyssey
1972
- Giochi su cartuccia- Pellicole da applicare alla tv per i fondali- Giochi varianti del tennis
>
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Nolan Bushnell
1971, fonda la Syzygy
Engineering e produce
Computer Space
1972, assiste alla
presentazione
dell’odyssey
1972, fonda insieme a Ted
Dabney Atari
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Al Alcorn
Ingegnere e Game Designer
Primo dipendente Atari
Noel incarica Al di
produrre un gioco del
ping pong
Nasce PONG!
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PONG
November
1972
Developed By
Atari
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Atari e Pong
• Pong primo coin op di successo
• 100.000 esemplari prodotti (15%
Atari)
• Per sconfiggere i cloni, Atari era
costretta ad investire tutto in
innovazione per produrre nuovi
giochi e anticipare la concorrenza
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Atari
70s
coin op
Breakout
Space Race
Sprint
Gran Trak 10
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Atari
Home Pong
L’ingresso dei videogame nelle
case
Natale 1975, Accordo con la
sears per la produzione di una
console pong
1976, Atari produce Home Pong
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Coleco Telstar
Home Pong CLone
Natale 1976
(stesso anno
dell’Home Pong)
Pong in un solo
Chip!
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Level 2.
La fine di Pong
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Fairchild Channel F
La prima vera console
La Fairchild produceva microchip (alcuni suoi dipendenti fonderanno Intel)
Sviluppata attorno alla CPU F8 (prima console ad utilizzare una CPU)
128×64 pixel, supporto sprite
Giochi su cartuccia
>
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Wescon 1975San Francisco
ChuckPeddle
Mayer&Milneratari
SteveWozniak
JoeDecuir
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AtariIl progetto stella
• Atari vuole progettare una console casalinga
• Viene scelto il 6507 come CPU una variante
piu’ economica del 6502
• Vengono assunti Joe Decuir e Jay Miner per
progettare il chip video (stella)
• La warner compra Atari per 28 milioni di
dollari
• Natale 1977, l’atari Video computer system
(VCS) 2600 e’ in vendita
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ATARI
VCS 2600
CPU MOS Technology 6507 1,19MHZ
128 byte RAM
Chip video con gestione sprite
9 giochi disponibili al lancio tra cui Space War and Breakout
30 milioni di unita’vendute >
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ATARI 2600
GAMES Adventure Breakout Yars’revenge
Pitfall Atlantis Pac-Man
Berzerk Centipiede Defender>
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Level 3.
Il giappone e space invaders
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Il Giappone
• Il Giappone fu uno dei paesi piu’
reattivi all’invasione dei
videogame
• Noel vende Atari Japan a Masaya
Nakamura che fonda la NAMCO
• Taito sviluppa Western Gun
• midway distribuisce i videogame
giapponesi in USA
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Space
Invaders
Taito,
1978
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Asteroids
Atari,
1979
>
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Galaxian
Namco/
Midway,
1979
>
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Level 4.
Pac-Man VS Donkey Kong
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Pac-ManNamco
• Ideato da Toru Iwatani
• Creare un gioco per ragazze dall’aspetto carino
e fumettistico (ispirandosi ai manga)
• Per la prima volta un videogame non ha riferimenti
nel mondo reale ma e’ totalmente astratto
Puck Man OikakeBlinky
MachibusePinky
KimagureInky
OtobokeClyde
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Pac-ManI record
• 100K cabinati in USA
• 400k cabinati in tutto il mondo
• 2,5 miliardi di dollari di ricavi
• Copertina sul Time, merchandising,
due serie di cartoni animati
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Pac-Man
Namco,
1980
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Nintendola storia
• Nintendo nasce come produttrice di carte da
gioco
• 1969 inizia la produzione di giocattoli
• Produce dei cloni di pong
• Nel 1977 assume Shigeru Miyamoto
• A fine anni 70 Nintendo produce cloni di coin
op le cui decorazioni sono affidate a
Miyamoto
• Nintendo of America non produce i risultati
attesi cosi’ inizia lo sviluppo di un nuovo
videogame
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Donkey KongNintendo
• Miyamoto si ispira ai manga e
costruisce per la prima volta una
storia (game designer)
• Donkey Kong puo’ essere considerato
il primo platform game della storia
• 300 milioni di ricavi dalla vendita dei
cabinati
• Terzo nella classifica dei migliori
coin op
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Donkey
Kong
Nintendo,
1981
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Classifica Coin Op
1.Pac-Man, Namco
2.Space Invaders, Taito
3.Dokey Kong, Nintendo
4.Asteroids, Atari
USA vs. JAP 1-3!!!
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Level 5.
Le altre console
Mattel e Coleco vs. Atari
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Mattel e Coleco
• Mattel e’ un grande produttore di giocattoli
che produce alcuni ‘’Schiacciapensieri’’
• Coleco ottiene scarsi risultati con il suo
telstar
• Atari nel 1979 acquista la licenza di space
invaders spingendo le vendite del 2600
• Mattel decide di produrre una sua console
per contrastare atari
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Mattel
Intellivision (1980)
CPU a 16-bit!
1,5KB RAM
2 custom chip per la grafica, supporto sprite
3 milioni di vendite nel 1983, ingenti profitti per mattel
Tecnicamente superiore all’atari 2600
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MattelIntellivision
GamesDonkey Kong JrDiner
Lock ‘N Chase Q*bert
Bump ‘N Jump Baseball
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Coleco
• Coleco sull’orlo del fallimento per
l’insuccesso del telstar
• discreto successo con le versioni da
tavolo dei coin op
• Dopo l’ingresso di mattel sul mercato
decide di produrre una console
• Per spingere le vendite ottiene la
licenza di donkey kong da nintendo
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Coleco
CoLeCoVision (1980)
CPU Zilog Z80
Video Chip Texas Instruments TMS9928A, 32 sprite
Sound Chip
1Kb di Ram, 16Kb Video Ram
2 milioni di vendite
Ottime conversioni coin op
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CoLeCoVision
Games
Donkey kong Burger time
TurboWar Games
Jumman JR Gorf
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Level 6.
atari game over
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La crisi del mercato dei videogame (1982)
• Atari cresce ad un ritmo vertiginoso, 2
miliardi di dollari nel 1982
• Due flop commerciali: Pac-Man ed E.T.
• Atari 2600 ormai obsoleto
• Nel dicembre 1982 la crescita di atari
viene rivista al ribasso, dal 50% al
15%
• Le azioni della warner crollano e
scatenano il panico
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La sepolturadei giochi
Atari
1983
Alamogordo
New Mexico
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La crisi del mercato dei videogame (1982)
• Atari viene venduta a Tramiel dopo aver
dimezzato i suoi dipendenti
• Coleco e Mattel si ritirano dal mercato un
anno dopo
• La crisi e’ da imputare anche alla scarsa
qualita’ dei giochi
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Level 7.
NINTENDO vs. SEGA
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Nintendo
NES (1983)
CPU derivata dal Mos6502
2KB ram + 2KB video ram
64 sprite, 52 colori
256×240 pixel (PAL)256×224 pixel (NTSC)
Suono a 5 canali
62 milioni di vendite
>
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Nintendones
Games
Duck TalesSuper mario bros
Bionic commando Metroid
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Nintendones
Games
Castelvania Mega Man
The legend of zelda Contra
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Nintendones
Games
Final Fantasy Kirby
BattletoadsDuck hunt
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Sega
Master System (1985)
CPU Zilog Z80
8kb ram, 16kb video ram
Sound Chip Texas Instruments SN76489
256 × 192 pixels, 32 colors
Oltre 10 milioni di vendite
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SegaMaster System
Games
Alex kiddIn miracle world Phantasy star
Wonder BoyIn monster landSonic
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SegaMaster System
Games
Castle of illusion
Bubble BobbleMicro Machine
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SegaMaster System
Games
Asterix California games
MoonwalkerAction fighter
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Sega
Megadrive/Genesis (1988)
Cpu Motorola 68000 7.6 MHz + zilog Z80
72 kB of RAM, 64 kB of video RAM, 512 colori (61 suvideo)
Yamaha YM2612 FM synthesizer + Texas Instruments SN76489 PSG
31 milioni di vendite
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SEGAMEGADRIVE
Games
Street of rage Sonic
Ecco the dolphinThe cyber shinobi
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SEGAMEGADRIVE
Games
Thunder force IV Comix zone
Yu Yu HakushoAlien soldier
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Nintendo
Super NES (1990)
CPU basata sul WDC
65C816 a 16 bit
2 coprocessori grafici
Sound Chip, 128 sprite,
32.768 colori (256 su
video)
128Kb Ram
Sonoro ad 8 canali
49 milioni
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Supernes
GamesThe legend of zelda:A link to the past
F-Zero
Donkey kong country
Super Mario World
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Supernes
Games
Super mario kart
Chrono Trigger
Super Street FighterII Turbo
Super Metroid
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NEC
PC Engine (1987)
CPU Hudson Soft HuC6280 8-bit 1.79/7.16Mhz
HuC6270A Video chip 16-bit
8kb ram, 64kb videoram
565x242, 512 colori, 482 su video, 64 sprite
6 canali audio (wavetablesynthesis)
10 milioni di vendite
Bonk
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Level 8.
HOME COMPUTER
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1980 1981 1982 1987
ZX80 VIC-20 ZX Spectrum C-64 AMIGA500
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ZX Spectrum Commodore-64
CPU: Zilog Z80A a 3,5 Mhz
16KB ROM con BASIC
16KB RAM (esp. 48KB)
256x192 pixel, 8 colori, 2
per ogni cella 8x8
Buzzer per l’audio
CPU: MOS6510 a 1Mhz
20KB ROM con BASIC
64KB RAM
Chip Video VIC-II, 16
colori, supporto sprite,
320x200
SID 6581 per l’audio, 3
voci, 4 forme d’onda, ADSR
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commodore
AMIGA 500
CPU: MOTOROLA
68000
Fat Agnus: RAM e
sincronizzazione
chipset
Denise: video
Paula: audio
Gary: bus/floppy
disk
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Games
The last ninjaImpossible mission
Manic minerJet set willy
LemmingsSensible soccer
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game
over