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Hazard Awareness Training for Sheet Metal Workers

OSHA 10 Refresher Course

Instructor’s Guide

Hazard Awareness Training for Sheet Metal Workers

OSHA 10 Refresher Course

Instructor’s Guide

Program Overview Mandatory Units: Unit 1 – Introduction to OSHA Unit 2 – OSHA Focus Four Hazards Unit 3 – Personal Protective Equipment Unit 4 – Health Hazards in Construction Optional Units (Instructor selects 2): Unit 5 – Ergonomics Unit 6 – Respiratory Protection Unit 7 – Slips, Trips and Falls Unit 8 – Hand and Power Tools Unit 9 – Stairways and Ladders Appendix: Test Questions

pg. 1 pg. 5 pg. 9 pg. 18 pg. 29 pg. 39 pg. 47 pg. 55 pg. 62 pg. 68 pg. 74

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Program Overview

Instructor’s Guide Copyright 2009 SMOHIT All rights reserved

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Program Overview

Objectives

This program is designed as a refresher course for Sheet Metal workers who hold an OSHA -10 hour card that is four years old. The purpose of this program is to inform and recertify the experienced sheet metal worker in the basic on-the-job safety skills contained in the OSHA 10-Hour Safety Program. Upon completing this program, the student will have an increased awareness of the specific hazards that may be present at the worksite and the defenses that can protect him or her from harm. The program’s content is divided into nine topics. Four of these topics are mandatory: Introduction to OSHA; OSHA Focus Four Hazards; Personal Protective Equipment; and Health Hazards in Construction. Each student is required to take two further topics selected by the instructor from the following five topics included on the CD-ROM: Slips, Trips and Falls, Ergonomics, Hand and Power Tools, Respiratory Protection, and Stairways and Ladders. The decision as to which two of these available five topics to include in the instruction is made by the instructor based on the needs of the students. The program is designed to be presented within a four-hour period.

Audience

This program provides a refresher course for Sheet Metal workers who hold an OSHA 10-Hour card that is four years old. Each student should present an OSHA 10-Hour card to the instructor in order to confirm that he or she has previously completed the course.

Content

Mandatory Topics: Unit 1: Introduction to OSHA (6 screens) This unit presents an overview of the role that OSHA plays in maintaining worksite safety. This includes employer responsibilities, worker rights, worker responsibilities, as well as the roles of qualified and competent workers. Unit 2: OSHA Focus-Four Hazards (17 screens) This unit reviews the top four construction-site hazards identified by OSHA. These include fall hazards, electrical hazards, struck-by hazards and caught in-between hazards. The unit describes how to identify and protect against these hazards.. Unit 3: Personal Protective Equipment (17 screens) The unit begins with a review of the three levels of protection available at the jobsite and the role of PPE in assuring job safety. The unit outlines the major types of personal protective equipment from head to toe.



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Unit 4: Health Hazards in Construction (17 screens) This unit reviews the health hazards that can be encountered at the jobsite including noise, chemicals, airborne contaminants, heat, and weather. The unit describes methods to protect against these jobsite hazards. Optional Topics (Select 2): Unit 5: Slips Trips and Falls (12 screens) Falls are the major source of injury and death at the worksite. This unit reviews the basic methods of fall prevention and fall protection. These include good housekeeping procedures, identifying common fall hazards found at the jobsite and conventional and alternative methods of fall protection. Unit 6: Ergonomics (13 screens) This unit focuses on the potential for injury on the jobsite and methods to avoid these hazards. Specific topics include strains and sprains; proper lifting techniques; the dangers of repetitive motion; and environmental hazards including heat and cold. Unit 7: Hand and Power Tools (12 Screens) This unit reviews the various types of hand and power tools used at the jobsite and their potential hazards. Unit 8: Respiratory Protection (15 screens) This unit reviews the various respiratory hazards that may be found at the worksite and methods of protecting against these hazards. Unit 9: Stairways and Ladders (8 Screens) This unit presents a review of the major hazards that may accompany the use of stairways and ladders and how to protect against these hazards. The content includes proper ladder positioning and climbing and the safe use of scaffolds.

Program Structure

This is an instructor-led course that is divided into two parts. The first part of the course is devoted to the program’s mandatory or core topics while the second portion of the program consists of two optional topics selected by the instructor from a menu of five topics. 4 hours of class time. A total of 6 topics will be covered during the course: 4 are mandatory (core topics) 2 additional topics will be chosen by the instructor from 5 available topics. Session 1: Core topics (4). Session 2: Optional Topics (2 selected from a list of 5)



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Final Exam

Each student will take a final exam following the instruction that will evaluate his or her knowledge of the subject matter presented during the training program. Thirty minutes will be allotted for the students to take this exam which will consist of multiple-choice and true/false questions. The student must score at least 70% to pass the exam. There are a total of 6 examinations included in the “Examinations” folder on the CD-ROM.

One General Exam that tests the student’s understanding of the content presented in the mandatory or core portion of the program.

Four exams specific to the four optional topics included in this program: Ergonomics, Respiratory Protection, Fall Protection and Hand and Power Tools. Print the two exams corresponding to the two optional topics included in the course.

To access these exams: All of these exams are available on the OSHA 10 Refresher Course CD-ROM Select the "Documents" folder and then "Exams" These examinations are formatted as Adobe Acrobat Reader (PDF) files. Print the exams required and copy as many needed for number of students in the class.

Certificate of Completion

The CD-ROM includes a template that you may use to print a certificate for each student to indicate completion of this training program. Access the certificate using the instructions listed in the "Final Exam" section above. The Certificate is formatted as an Adobe Acrobat Reader (PDF) document. Once the Certificate is printed, you can enter the student’s name and date of completion of the training.

Wallet Card

The student will also receive a wallet-size card that acknowledges the successful completion of the Refresher Course. The card is distributed by SMOHIT. The instructor must submit a roster and verify students have taken the original OSHA 10 Hour Course class.

Adding Your Own Screens to the Program

This training program has been developed in PowerPoint to enable you – if you wish – to add your own screens to the course material. You may enhance the program by adding your own informational screens but you may not eliminate any screens included in the original program. By adding screens you will accept all liability associated with any modifications. To add your own screens, first copy the "OSHA 10 Refresher Course" PowerPoint file and the 10 video clips from the CD-ROM to your computer's hard drive. Add your own screens using PowerPoint and run the resulting program from your computer's hard drive.

Speaker Notes

Each screen contains speaker's notes to support your presentation. These notes are intended to provide a foundation upon which you can build your own unique presentation. To access this feature you must have PowerPoint loaded on your computer.



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First, plug your second monitor into your computer and configure your computer for 2-monitor display. If you are using Microsoft Power Point 2007, insert the OSHA 10 Refresher Course CD-ROM into your computer and then open the OSHA 10 Refresher Course within Power Point. Select the Slide Show tab and within this, the Monitors Group. In the Monitors Group, select the Use Presenters View option, indicate the monitor your audience will be viewing in the Show Presentation On option and in the Resolution option select the proper resolution of the monitor that your audience will be viewing. If you are using an earlier version of Power Point: start the OSHA 10 Refresher Course program manually by clicking the "OSHA 10 Refresher Course" icon on the CD-ROM. Once the program begins; right-click your mouse and select “Speaker Notes” from the options listed under “Screen”.

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Unit 1 – Introduction to OSHA required


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Unit 1 Introduction to OSHA

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Duties:

Set Standards

Enforce Standards

Training and Education

Oversee State Plans

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration – OSHA – was established in 1970 to help employers and employees reduce injuries, illnesses and deaths in the workplace. Since then, the number of workers in America has more than doubled but workplaces fatalities have been reduced by 60% and occupational injuries and illnesses have been cut by 40%. OSHA’s goal is to find and share ways of reducing on-the-job deaths, injuries and illnesses with employees and their employers. OSHA has the following major duties: Set Standards - To set mandatory standards that regulate working conditions and work behavior in order to create a safe and healthy workplace. Enforce Standards – To enforce these standards and assure compliance with safe work practices. OSHA enforces compliance through site inspections, issuing citations and/or penalties for violations and assuring that sub-standard working conditions are corrected. Training and Education – OSHA develops training and educational programs for employers and employees to help reduce accidents and injury on the job. Oversee State Plans – Each state has the right to establish its own standards to regulate the workplace in order to maximize health and safety. The protection offered by these state plans must be equal to or greater than the federal standards developed by OSHA. OSHA monitors these state plans to assure that these state plans meet this goal.

Notes



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Your Rights:

To Request an OSHA Inspection

Have Your Name Withheld

To be Informed of OSHA Action

To Respond to Questions from an Inspector

OSHA guarantees that as a worker, you have a number of rights at your workplace. Among these rights are the following: To Request an OSHA Inspection - You have the right to make a written request for an OSHA inspection of your jobsite if you observe unsafe working conditions. To Have Your Name Withheld – You have the right to request to have your name withheld from your employer if you file a request for inspection. To be Informed of OSHA Action – You have the right to be informed of any OSHA action taken as a result of filing a complaint. To Respond to Questions from and Inspector – You have the right to respond to questions from an OSHA inspector during a site inspection.

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Your Responsibilities:

Comply with all safety and health regulations

Report hazardous conditions

Report any work-related injury or illness

Notify co-workers of a hazard

Turn in defective tools

Report defective equipment

Follow safety and health rules

While you have the right to report unsafe working conditions, you also have the duty to work safely. This responsibility includes complying with all safety and health regulations, reporting hazardous conditions to your employer immediately, reporting immediately to your employer any work-related injury or illness you experience, notify co-workers immediately of any hazards, turn in any defective tools or equipment you discover, report any defective equipment, machinery, or inadequate safeguards, and follow all reasonable safety and health rules established by your employer.

Notes



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Employer Responsibilities:

Provide a safe workplace

Training

Regular Safety Inspections o Jobsite o Materials o Equipment

The basic responsibility of your employer is to provide a safe workplace. OSHA regulations require that your employer provide training in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions that may be present at the worksite. OSHA requires that your employer set up regular safety inspections of the jobsite, the materials being handled and of the equipment being operated. The employer is also required to provide safe tools and equipment and to remove, tag or make unusable any equipment deemed to be unsafe.

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Employer Responsibilities

Record Keeping

Reporting

Record Keeping - OSHA requires that an employer keep accurate records of on-the-job injuries and illnesses accidents. OSHA also requires that your employer submit these records to OSHA to be combined with information from other employers in order to prepare a country-wide evaluation of health and safety at the jobsite. Reporting – OSHA also requires that your employer notify OSHA of the death of any employee and the hospitalization of three or more workers from a work-related incident within 8 hours its occurrence.

Notes



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Competent vs. Qualified person:

Qualified Person o Knowledge, skill and experience to do job

Competent Person o Qualified + authorized to determine and eliminate

hazards

OSHA requires that all inspections must be made by a competent person. OSHA has designated two categories of worker at the jobsite: qualified and competent. A qualified person is one who has the proven knowledge, skill, and experience to successfully do his or her assigned job. A competent person refers to a worker that is qualified, but in addition, has the authorization from the employer to oversee specific safety and health conditions at the jobsite and to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate hazards A competent person must be qualified, but not all qualified persons are competent persons.

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Unit 2 – OSHA Focus-Four Hazards required


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Unit 2 OSHA Focus-Four Hazards

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Focus Four Hazards:

Falls

Electrocution

Struck-By Accidents

Caught In-Between Accidents

Four hazards found at the construction site – Falls, Electrocutions, Struck-By Accidents and Caught In-Between Accidents – combine to produce the greatest number of fatalities in the construction industry. Over half of the deaths that occurred at construction sites in the past eleven years were due to one of these hazards. The significant contribution that these four hazards make to fatalities at the job site has made them a focus of safety training. Your awareness of and protection against these “Focus-Four Hazards” at the jobsite will insure your safety while on the job. We will take a closer look at each of these Focus Four Hazards in this unit.

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Deaths & Injuries from Falls

Leading cause of death in the construction industry

35% of all construction-related deaths in 2001

150-200 deaths every year

A leading cause of injury

100,000 fall-related injuries each year

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, falls are the leading cause of death and injury in the construction industry. Falls were responsible for 35% of all construction related deaths in 2001 and result in 150 to 200 deaths annually. Falls are a leading cause of injury – approximately 100,000 injuries occur each year. Eighty-five percent of the workers injured in a fall loose time from work as a result. One third of those injured require hospitalization, some never return to the job.

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Causes

Loss of: footing, balance, or grip No fall protection in place in 82% of the cases No fall protection worn in 91%of the cases The use of fall protection could have prevented 60% of all

falls

The majority of falls -75%- result from loss of footing, loss of balance or loss of grip. It takes only a split second to fall – and without some kind of fall protection, a fall is impossible to stop. An analysis of falls on the job revealed that in 82% of the cases no fall protection had been put in place. In 91% of the cases the victim was not wearing any fall protection. A study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated that 60% of all falls could be prevented through the use of adequate fall protection. Falls can be prevented! Let’s first discuss the kinds of fall hazards you might encounter on the job.

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When is Fall Protection Required?

The 6 foot rule Walkways and Ramps Open Sides and Edges Holes Roofs

Even falls of as little as 4 or 6 feet can cause serious injury or possibly death. As a general rule, some form of fall protection is required whenever you may fall 6 feet or more to a lower level. Whether in the shop or on the job site, you are often surrounded by fall hazards. It is important that you are alert to these potential dangers and recognize the kinds of protection that should be implemented to reduce the hazard from falls. Areas where fall protection may be needed on the job include: Walkways and Ramps Open Sides and Edges Holes

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Roofs

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Types of Fall Protection

Conventional Methods o Fall Prevention : Stops a fall before it occurs o Fall Arrest: Stops a fall after it occurs

Alternative Methods o Used in combination with conventional

approaches o Used alone in very limited conditions

Some type of fall protection must be provided whenever a worker is working six feet or more above a lower level. The types of fall protection available can be divided into two general approaches: conventional measures and alternative measures. Conventional methods of fall protection are preferred and include fall prevention and fall arrest. Fall prevention methods stop a fall before it occurs and include guardrail systems and hole covers. Fall arrest methods stop a fall after it occurs and include personal fall arrest systems (PFAS) and safety nets. We will discuss these methods in more detail later. Alternative methods of fall protection may be used in combination with conventional methods, or (under very limited conditions) may be used as a substitute for conventional methods. Alternative methods of fall protection include warning lines, controlled access zones and safety monitoring systems. Subpart M of the Code describes these methods and restrictions on their use in detail.

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Electrical Hazards

Chart showing causes major jobsite deaths Falls – 51% Electrocution – 30% Struck-by Accidents – 19%

Electricity is dangerous. A recent study by OSHA found that thirty percent of all the fatal accidents that occurred at construction sites were due to electrocution. This makes electrocution the second most fatal type of accident at the construction site behind falls. The majority of these deaths were due to three causes: unsafe equipment, unsafe work practices or an unsafe workplace.

Notes



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The first step to working safely with electricity is to recognize that it can be dangerous and to respect its ability to injure or kill. Use good judgment and common sense when you are working with electricity. You must remain constantly aware of the potential electrical hazards that surround you.

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Causes of Death and Injury

Accidental death and injury due to: o Unsafe equipment o Unsafe work practices o Unsafe workplace

Be alert to electrical hazards

Use good judgment and common sense

The vast majority of on-the-job deaths and injury from electrocution come from three distinct sources: unsafe equipment, unsafe work practices, and an unsafe workplace. Your single best defense against electrical shock is to be alert to the electrical hazards that surround you. Use good judgment and common sense when you are working with electricity. You must be constantly aware of the potential electrical hazards that surround you and of the signs that warn of a problem.

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GFCI: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

Protects people from shock

Monitors outgoing and incoming current

Trips circuit if there is a difference

Permanent or portable

A GFCI or Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter is designed to protect a person from electrical shock. The GFCI constantly measures the outgoing current and compares this with the returning current. A lower level of returning current than outgoing current raises a red flag as the current may be leaking at some point along the circuit. Sensing this, the GFCI automatically trips the circuit to prevent a shock to the equipment operator. This process can take less than 1/40 of a second. Instead of electrocution, the worst outcome for the operator will

Notes



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be a painful shock before the circuit is broken. GFCIs can be permanent - built into the electrical outlet, or portable, built into an extension cord that connects to a non-GFCI outlet.

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GFCI: Limitations

Should be tested regularly

Not a substitute for Circuit Breakers

Does not eliminate shock

Does not protect from “line to line” contact

GFCIs should be regularly tested by pressing its “test” button. If the circuit does not turn off, the GFCI should be replaced. A GFCI is not a substitute for a circuit breaker. The two systems should be used in tandem. Although a GFCI reduces the damage a shock can cause, it does not eliminate it. The fraction of a second that it takes a GFCI to detect an electrical overload and then shut down the circuit can still result in significant injury. The GFCI will not protect against shocks that result from a “line to line” hazard in which a person simultaneously touches two hot wires or a hot and a neutral wire.

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AEGCP

Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program

Required at the construction site

Eliminates electrical hazards through inspection and testing

Daily inspections of o Cord sets o Receptacles o Equipment

OSHA requires that an Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program (AEGCP) be established and implemented at the construction site. The program’s purpose is to eliminate electrical hazards at the jobsite through the periodic inspection and testing by a competent person of all cord sets, receptacles and any equipment connected to these.

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At a minimum, an AEGFC must include: A written description of the program. Daily visual inspection of all cord sets, attachment caps, plugs, receptacles and any equipment connected to these.

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AEGCP: Continued

Periodic testing of electrical equipment o Before use o After repairs o After damage o Every 3 months

Written record

Supporting Video AEGCP: Safety and Risk Manager Tom Meighen describes AEGCP.

The AEGCP also includes periodic testing of all electrical equipment. These tests are required: Before first use After any repairs, and before placing back in service After suspected damage Every 3 months A written record of the required tests, identifying all equipment that passed the test and the last date it was tested.

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Lockout/Tagout

Prevents unexpected startup of equipment

Before inspection or repair: 1. Lockout 2. Tagout 3. Test

Supporting Video Lockout/Tagout: Safety and Risk Manager Tom Meighen describes Lockout/Tagout

The unexpected or accidental starting of equipment while you are repairing or maintaining it can really ruin your day and possibly your career – the outcome can be severe injury or death.

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To ensure your safety, electrical equipment must be totally de-energized before you inspect or repair it. The first step before beginning an inspection or repair is to lockout the equipment. This is accomplished by turning the electrical current off at the switch box and padlocking the switch in the OFF position. The second step is to securely tag the switch or controls – the tag warns everyone in the area that the equipment is being inspected or repaired. The third step is to test the equipment to assure that it is actually de-energized before beginning work.

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Struck-by Accidents: Description

Death or injury from contact with: o Objects o Equipment o Vehicles

Construction site has the highest rate

Falling objects

Flying objects

A struck-by accident is caused by contact with an object, a piece of equipment or a vehicle. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the construction site is the undisputed leader among worksites as a source of death or injury from struck-by accidents, easily surpassing other work places such as mining or manufacturing. At the construction site you are in danger from falling objects whenever overhead work is being done from a scaffold or from overhead cranes or other types of equipment. You may also be exposed to flying objects from the use of power tools by yourself or by workers around you. The results of a struck-by accidents range from minor injury to concussions, loss of sight or death.

Notes



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Struck-by Accidents: Prevention

Make yourself visible

Be alert

Make yourself visible at the construction site when working in areas where vehicles and moving equipment are also operating. Warning clothing such as red or orange vests are required to assure that you stand out from your surroundings and that the operators of these vehicles can see you. Be alert to the activity taking place around you and to any equipment or vehicle operating close by.

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Struck-by Accidents: Prevention

Protect yourself o Hardhat o Safety Glasses

Protect others o Toeboards o Screens o Guardrails o Secure tools/materials

Protect yourself from falling or flying objects. Wear your hardhat at all times at the worksite. Wear safety glasses, face shields or other protective equipment when with or near machinery or tools that may cause flying particles. Protect others. When working overhead other workers, use toeboards, screens or guardrails to protect workers below from falling objects. Secure your tools and materials to prevent them from falling below.

Notes



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Caught In-Between Accidents: Description

Collapsing material

Caught in-between equipment or machinery

Equipment rollover

Accounts for 20% of deaths

A caught in-between accident occurs at the worksite when a victim is caught in the path of a moving or falling object. The three major contributors to caught in-between fatalities at the construction site are: being crushed by collapsing materials such as in a trench or excavation; being caught in or between machinery or equipment; or equipment rollover. Caught in-between accidents account for 20% of all fatalities that occur at the construction site.

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Caught In-Between Accidents: Prevention

Be Alert

The major defense you have against caught in-between accidents is to be alert to what is happening around you at the construction site. The construction site is a busy area

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Unit 3 – Personal Protective Equipment required


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Unit 3 Personal Protective Equipment

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Levels of Hazard Control:

Engineering Controls o Eliminates or reduces hazards

Safe Work Practices o Identify hazards o Avoid hazards

PPE o Required when other controls do not eliminate a

hazard

Personal Protective Equipment is not your first line of defense against on-the-job hazards. Your primary line of defense is the protection of Engineering Controls. Engineering Controls eliminate or reduce a hazard before it becomes a threat. For example, guardrails at a worksite prevent falls by placing a barrier between you and an open hole or side of the building. Ventilation systems remove hazardous dust or gases before they can reach your lungs. Machine guards on tools and equipment protect you by preventing exposure to dangerous moving parts A second level of defense is provided by following safe working practices. Working safely first requires that you be aware of and recognize the potential safety hazards that surround you at the work site. Be aware of such potential dangers as slippery surfaces or open holes that can cause a fall or electrical hazards that lead to a shock. Once you’ve identified any potential hazards, work safely to avoid these hazards. Your final control measure is personal protective equipment. If the other two levels of controls – engineering controls and safe working practices were full-proof there would be no need for personal protective equipment in the workplace. However, these first levels of hazard control are not always sufficient to protect against all hazards. Personal protective equipment provides you with a final layer of protection. OSHA requires PPE be worn when other controls such as engineering controls and safe working practices do not effectively protect against a hazard.

Notes



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Why Wear PPE?

Significantly reduces illness and injury

Each year, 15% of all construction workers lose work-time because of injury

Head injuries 6 times more likely

Eye injuries twice as likely

Foot injuries 4 times more likely

Why wear Personal Protective Equipment? The answer is: because injuries and illnesses are significantly reduced when PPE is properly worn. Studies have shown that each year 15% of all construction workers lose work-time due to on-the-job injuries. PPE can reduce these injuries: Research has shown that head injuries are six times more likely when a hard hat isn’t worn. You are twice as likely to have an eye injury if you do not wear some type of eye protection. You are four times to injure your feet if you do not wear some kind of foot protection.

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Why Wear PPE? 2

Majority of injured construction workers were not wearing PPE

Finally, the majority of construction workers injured on the job were not wearing personal protective equipment when they had their injury. These studies show that personal protective equipment can defend you against injury on the job. However, personal protective equipment offers you no protection if you don’t wear it.

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Wear Safe Clothing

Do not wear loose, baggy clothing

Do not wear rings or other jewelry

Supporting Video

Wear the right clothes. Safety and Risk Manager Tom Meighen describes an incident where wearing a gold chain led to an electrical shock at the job site.

Make sure your clothes you wear while you work are appropriate for the job and do not increase your risk of injury. Do not wear loose, baggy clothing that can get caught in machinery or cause a trip hazard as you work Do not wear any rings or jewelry around you neck that can get stuck in machinery or become an electrical hazard.

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Types of PPE

Head protection

Hearing protection

Eye and face protection

Hand protection

Foot protection

As we have discussed, Personal Protective Equipment is your lowest level of control for on-the-job hazards. OSHA requires that PPE be used when other controls such as engineering controls and safe work practices do not effectively protect against a hazard. PPE reduces your chances of injury or illness by placing a barrier between you and the potential hazards you may encounter on the job. The types of Personal Protective Equipment available to you include: Head protection Hearing protection Eye and face protection Hand protection and Foot protection

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We will discuss each of these.

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Employer Responsibilities

Identify hazards

Write health and safety program

Select proper PPE

Assure proper fit

Provide training

Periodically reassess hazards

OSHA requires that your employer identify the potential hazards you will be exposed to at the worksite. In those instances where engineering and other controls cannot eliminate a hazard, you employer must provide you with the appropriate PPE to assure you do your job safely. Once potential hazards have been identified, your employer must write a health and safety program that will protect you from these hazards. Your employer will select the proper PPE that will protect you from the hazards that have been identified. Once selected, your employer must assure that the chosen PPE fits you properly and that you are aware of the PPE’s limitations. Your employer must provide you with training in the proper use and maintenance of your PPE. Finally, your employer must periodically reassess the job-site and record any changes to the hazards previously identified.

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Your Responsibilities

Attend training sessions

Assess work area

Follow all warnings and precautions

Follow directions

Report unsafe conditions

You also have responsibilities regarding PPE. First, you have a responsibility to attend all training sessions in order to learn how to properly wear and care for your PPE. Assess your work area often and report any new hazards that may

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develop. Follow all instructions regarding the proper use of your PPE. Report any new hazards.

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Impact Injuries

Common at the construction site

Falling objects,

Majority of head injuries occurred when not wearing a hard hat

Impact injuries result from hitting or being hit by an object such as a work tool, vehicle or fragments of metal. The impact of these objects can cause serious injury including cuts, fractures, dislocation and concussion. These injuries can be quite severe leading to permanent injury or even death. At the construction site, impact injuries typically result from objects dropped from above and from victims hitting their heads on the exposed building structure. Working in close proximity to forklifts, bobcats and trucks increases the risk of impact injuries. A study done by the Bureau of Labor Statistics found that the majority of workers who suffered an impact injury to their head were not wearing a hard hat at the time of the accident. The first step in preventing head injuries is to wear a hard had at all times in areas where there is a danger of falling objects.

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Impact Injuries – Hard Hat, Types

Outer shell and inner suspension

Classes: o Class A – falling objects, low voltage o Class B – falling objects, high voltage o Class C – falling objects, no voltage protection

Outer shell and inner suspension (Graphic highlighting the parts of a hard hat)

The hard hat is the primary piece of personal protective equipment that protects against impact injuries to your head.

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There are three classes of hard hat available; each provides protection against specific types of hazards. Class A hard hats protect against falling objects and from electrical shock up to 2,200 volts. Class B hard hats protect against falling objects and high voltage up to 20,000 volts of electricity. Class C helmets protect against falling objects but offer no protection against electrical shock. You can identify a hard hat’s class by looking at the manufacturer’s label located inside the shell. A hard hat has two parts: an outer shell and an inner suspension. These two parts work together to first resist the penetration of a falling object and secondly to absorb the shock of a blow. A hard hat’s outer shell is made of one seamless piece of material that is designed to deflect a blow to your head. This outer shell is attached to an inner suspension that keeps the hat’s outer shell away from your head. Adjust the suspension so that there is a clearance of one inch and one and one-quarter inch between the suspension and the outer shell. When wearing your hard hat do not store any cigarettes, papers, or other materials inside the hat that make contact with the top of your head and the hat’s outer shell.

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Hard Hat - Maintenance

Inspect before use

Clean regularly

Store in cool, dry place

Inspect your hat for any cracks or dents before wearing it. These can reduce the hard hat’s strength. Do not drill “air holes” in your hat or scratch your name or initials on your hat as this can also weaken its ability to protect you from a blow. Clean your hat regularly to remove any dirt, grease, sweat, or chemicals. Sunlight and heat can damage your hard hat. Store it in a cool, dry place – not on the dashboard of your truck where it is exposed to sunlight.

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Eye Protection

Safety glasses with side shields

Goggles

Face Shields – use in combination with safety glasses or goggles

Safety Glasses with side shields, Goggles, and Face Shields will protect you from the impact of large air-borne particles and sparks. Safety glasses with side shields are designed to resist a moderate impact from flying particles. Goggles provide a higher level of protection because they form a tight seal around your eyes that prevents flying particles from entering your eye. Goggles can be worn over prescription glasses. Some goggles are ventilated to allow air to flow around your eyes and reduce fogging. Face shields offer further protection by covering your entire face. A face shield alone does not provide adequate protection against flying objects. A face shield must be worn in combination with protective glasses or goggles.

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Hearing Protection – Noise

Loudness plus length of exposure

Measured in decibels

Numerous tasks can expose you to excessive noise. Whether you are working in the shop or at the construction site, you are going to be surrounded by noise. Constant exposure to high levels of noise over a period of time can cause permanent damage to your ears and a loss in your ability to hear. Sound is measured in decibels – the higher the decibels the louder the sound. For example, the sound of light traffic on a city street has a noise level of between 60 and 65 decibels. A gas-powered lawnmower produces sound ranges between 90 and 100 decibels while a jackhammer can produce noise measured at between 100 and 130 decibels. The loudness of the noise you are exposed to; combined with the length of time you are exposed, can reduce your ability to hear. Once your hearing is lost, you can never get it back.

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25

OSHA has set exposure limits for varying levels of noise. Some form of hearing protection must be provided if these limits are exceeded. For example: OSHA requires that workers exposed to a noise level of 85 decibels for a period of 8 hours, or more, must wear some kind of hearing protection. As a rough guide, if you have to raise your voice to talk to someone who is standing about three feet away, you are being exposed to excessive noise. As the noise level increases, the length of time you can be safely exposed without wearing hearing protection is reduced. For example, hearing protection is required after 4 hours of exposure to noise of 94 decibels, after 2 hours of exposure of noise of 95 decibels and after 1 hour of exposure of noise of 100 decibels.

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Hearing Protection - Types

Ear plugs o More comfortable o Formable o Disposable

Ear muffs o Completely cover the ear o Best for severe noise exposure o Ear muffs plus ear plugs for very high noise

Two types of hearing protection are available: ear muffs and ear plugs. Of the two, ear plugs tend to be more comfortable than ear muffs. They may be better suited for you if you spend a large portion of the day in a noisy area. Formable ear plugs are the most common. They are made to expand when placed in your ear so that one size fits all. They are also disposable. Ear muffs completely cover the ear. They must be properly fitted; taking into account hair length, facial bone structure, whether or not you wear glasses, a hearing aid and other protective equipment. Ear muffs may be your best choice if you are exposed to severe noise levels. However, if you are exposed to noise levels above 105 decibels, you should wear both ear muffs and ear plugs.

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Hearing Protection – Proper Use

Ear plugs o Discard dirty plugs o Clean hands o Roll plug between your fingers o Hold ear to straighten ear canal

Ear Muffs o Check for cracks in seal o Must have a good seal o Clean regularly

Your hearing protection will do its job only if it is properly fitted and used. Before inserting your disposable ear plugs, inspect them carefully. Dirt on the plugs can cause irritation or infection of your ears. Discard disposable plugs as soon as they become dirty or damaged. Always insert them with clean hands. To insert the plug in your ear, first roll the plug between your fingers to compress it. Hold the plug in one hand while with the other you reach you reach around the back of your head and pull up your ear. This will straighten the ear canal. Once inserted, you will the plug expand to fill your ear canal. Check ear muffs to make sure they are flexible and that there are no holes cracks or tears in the seals. Make sure the headband brings the cups together properly and is not deformed. To work effectively, muffs must provide a good seal around your ear. Keep your hair from beneath the muffs and make sure no other protective equipment gets between the muff and your ear. Clean the cushions of ear muffs regularly and check to make sure the insert foam is intact. Replace the muffs if they become hard, worn or damaged.

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Sharp Edges

Danger is always present

Working in awkward positions

Even a small cut can become infected

Cuts from sharp edges are one of the major problems of working with sheet metal. The edges of sheet metal are always sharp, normally rough, and covered with burrs. These raw edges are a natural source of

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cuts when working in the shop or at the job site. In addition, you are often working with sharp tools in awkward positions when cutting and shearing sheet metal. The assembly of ductwork may require using power tools while trying to maintain your balance on a ladder. Working with spiral duct and procedures such as setting taps and cutting spin-ins can be especially hazardous.. Cuts on the job may produce a debilitating injury resulting in loss of work. Even the smallest of cuts can be a problem due to the potential for infection. Additionally, cuts have the potential of exposing other workers to the hazards of bloodborne pathogens and the threat of viruses such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.

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Sharp Edges - Protection

Gloves

Long-sleeved shirts

Heavy pants

The kinds of personal protective equipment that can protect you from sheet metal’s sharp edges include protective gloves, long-sleeved shirts and heavy pants. Metal Mesh gloves, leather gloves and padded gloves provide protection against cuts. In addition to protecting you from cuts, gloves can also help dampen vibration when you a operating drill

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Impact Injuries – Foot Protection

200,000 injuries every year

Foot protection classified by ability to withstand impact

Thick soles

Steel toes

Steel shanks

It is estimated that over 200,000 foot injuries occur on the job every year – the majority of these result in crushed bones. A good pair of work shoes can protect you from impact injuries caused by dropping heavy objects or by stepping on sharp objects. Safety work shoes are classified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) according to their ability to withstand both impact and crushing hazards.

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Money spent on a good pair of work boots is money well spent. For the best protection, your work boots should be sturdy with thick soles, steel toes and steel shanks to protect against falling objects, crushing objects and objects that may penetrate the shoe’s sole.

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Revised

Unit 4 – Health Hazards in Construction required


29

Unit 4 Health Hazards in Construction

Screen 1 of 17

Introduction

Hazards at the jobsite o Airborne contaminates o Noise o Chemicals o Environmental o Light o Cuts o Burns

Identify

Avoid

Protect yourself

In this unit we are going to review the most common hazards you might be exposed to at the jobsite. These include airborne contaminates, noise, chemicals, environmental conditions, light, cuts and burns. We are going to discuss hoe you can recognize and identify these hazards and how you can avoid these safely protect and protect yourself from illness or injury from these hazards. Let’s get started

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Airborne Hazards - Introduction

Dusts

Molds

Mists

Fumes

Gases

Vapors

What are airborne contaminates? Dusts, molds, mists, fumes, gases and vapors are all airborne contaminants that can be a hazard to your health. Let’s take a closer look at each of these.

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Airborne Hazards - Dusts

Small solid particles

The smaller the more dangerous

Grinding

Demolition

Duct cleaning

Dusts are formed when solid materials are broken down into smaller parts. Some dusts are so small that they are invisible. In fact, the smaller the dust, the more dangerous it is because it more easily enter your lungs. Grinding operations produce dusts. You can also be exposed to excessive dust when doing demolition work and duct cleaning. This is dust that has been carried by the ventilation system and accumulates in the duct work over years of use

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Airborne Hazards - Molds

Creates airborne spores

Found in damp areas

Demolition work

Can trigger an allergic reaction

Reaction may be immediate or take a long time to develop

Molds are a type of fungus that creates spores that float in the air much like pollen does. Molds are found in damp areas where water has accumulated. They can be encountered when doing demolition work. Molds can be hazardous because they can trigger an allergic reaction by breathing the spores or by touching the mold. Sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, and skin rash are all reactions that occur when exposed to a mold. This reaction may be immediate or it may take days to develop.

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Airborne Hazards – Gases and Fumes

Gases – mix completely in air

Fumes – tiny particles

Welding, cutting, brazing

Confined space

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Gases are formless chemical substances that mix completely in the air. Fumes are tiny solid particles – often smaller than a speck of dust - that float in the air. Fumes are created when molten metal melts Exposure to gases and fumes is most common when working with or near welding, cutting or brazing operations. These fumes and gases are produced as a by-product of the reaction of the materials being welded and the intense heat of the welding torch. The threat of exposure to these hazards is compounded when welding, cutting or brazing is done within a confined space.

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Airborne Hazards – Vapors

A form of gas

Created when a liquid evaporates

Glues, solvents

A vapor is a form of a gas that is created when a liquid evaporates. You can be exposed to a vapor when working with, or around the application of glues, solvents, or any operation that applies a product in liquid form.

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Airborne Contaminants – Health Hazards

Skin

Eyes

Mouth

Throat

Lungs

Short-term effects o Irritation o Rash o Difficulty breathing

Long-term effects o Bronchitis o Pneumonia o Emphysema o Cancer

Airborne contaminants attack your skin, eyes, mouth, throat and lungs. The nature and severity of your reaction to exposure to these hazards depends on the type of contaminant you are exposed to and the length of your exposure.

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Short-term effects include irritation of your eyes, nose or throat; skin rashes and difficulty breathing. Long periods of exposure to airborne contaminants can lead to such chronic health problems as bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema and cancer of the lungs or throat.

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Suffocation

21% of air is oxygen

Suffocation can result when % oxygen drops

Certain death below 19.5%

Welding produces toxic fumes and gases that replace oxygen

Confined space

We need oxygen to live. 21% of the air we breathe is made up of oxygen. 78% is made up of nitrogen. If the amount of oxygen in the air we breathe slips below 21% our body does not get enough oxygen to stay alive. Death is certain if the amount of oxygen in the air we breath drops below 19.5%. This life-threatening situation is known as suffocation or oxygen deficiency. The danger of suffocation is particularly high when welding in a confined space. Welding produces toxic fumes and gases that can replace the oxygen in the air and deprive us of the oxygen we need. The result is suffocation.

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Noise: Levels

Loudness plus length of exposure

Measured in decibels

Numerous tasks can expose you to excessive noise. Whenever you are working at the construction site, you are going to be surrounded by noise. Constant exposure to high levels of noise over a period of time can cause permanent damage to your ears and a loss in your ability to hear. Sound is measured in decibels – the higher the decibels the louder the sound. For example, the sound of light traffic on a city street has a noise level of between 60 and 65 decibels. A gas-powered lawnmower produces sound ranges between 90 and 100 decibels while a jackhammer can produce noise measured at between 100 and 130

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33

decibels. The loudness of the noise you are exposed to; combined with the length of time you are exposed, can reduce your ability to hear. Once your hearing is lost, you can never get it back.

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Noise: Exposure Limits

Hearing protection must be worn if levels exceed exposure limits

Exposure to 85 decibels for 8 hours

Exposure to 94 decibels for 4 hours

OSHA has set exposure limits for varying levels of noise. Some form of hearing protection must be provided if these limits are exceeded. For example: OSHA requires that workers exposed to a noise level of 85 decibels for a period of 8 hours, or more, must wear some kind of hearing protection. As a rough guide, if you have to raise your voice to talk to someone who is standing about three feet away, you are being exposed to excessive noise. As the noise level increases, the length of time you can be safely exposed without wearing hearing protection is reduced. For example, hearing protection is required after 4 hours of exposure to noise of 94 decibels, after 2 hours of exposure of noise of 95 decibels and after 1 hour of exposure of noise of 100 decibels.

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Chemicals - Hazards

Glues, solvents, cleaning fluids

Breathing in air-borne vapors

Burns

Check a product’s label and MSDS

Attacks eyes, skin and internal organs

Short-term and Long-term effects

Working with products such as glues, solvents or cleaning fluids can expose you to chemical hazards. The danger comes from breathing in airborne vapors or gases that are produced by the chemical as well as burns that may result by being splashed by the chemical. Breathing in some toxic chemicals can result in burns to your throat and lungs. Check the product label or the Material Safety Data Sheet of any chemical product you are working with to find out about its ingredients

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and its hazards. Toxic chemicals can attack your eyes, skin and internal organs such as your lungs, blood vessels, kidneys, liver, and nervous system. The consequences of exposure may develop quickly such as a rash, burn, coughing or dizziness. Other effects such as anemia, pneumonia or cancer can take years to develop.

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Sensitization

Long-term exposure can lead to sensitization

Similar to an allergic reaction

Over-reaction even to a small exposure

Cannot be de-sensitized

Long-term exposure to a chemical can result in your becoming sensitized to that chemical. Sensitization is similar to an allergic reaction that some people have when exposed to pollen from plants. When you are sensitized to a chemical you can have an over-reaction to even a limited exposure to the chemical. Your skin can break out with a rash with blistering, redness and itching when you come into contact with it. Once you are sensitized to a chemical you cannot become desensitized.

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Environmental Hazards: Heat

Hazards o Heat Stroke o Muscle Cramps o Fainting o Cancer

Prevention o Start work slowly o Take short, regular breaks o Drink plenty of water o Wear light-colored clothing

Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, cramps and fainting are all potential problems when working in high temperatures. These problems are all a result of your body’s inability to cool itself. Heat stroke is a serious condition that often requires hospitalization. Muscle cramps result from your body losing too much water – usually

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through sweating. This can cause pain in your arms, legs and stomach muscles. Fainting is a sudden, momentary loss of consciousness. This happens when your body is not getting enough fluids. Your blood pressure falls and reduces the blood flow to your brain which temporarily shuts down. There are a number of things you can do to reduce the risks of working in high temperatures. When beginning a job in a high temperature begin slowly. Your body will be able to adjust to a hotter work environment if you start slowly and let your body get used to the temperature. Take short, regular breaks in a shaded area throughout the day so that your body has a chance to cool down. Drink plenty of water at regular intervals. Your body can easily lose 2 to 3 gallons of water by sweating through the course of the day. This lost water must be replaced. Don’t wait until you feel thirsty. Regularly drink between 5 and 7 ounces of water every 15 to 20 minutes throughout the day. Wear light-colored clothing as dark colors tend to absorb more of the sun’s heat.

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Environmental Hazards: Cold

Dangers o Frostbite – affects fingers, toes or nose o Hypothermia – lowers body temperature o Trench foot – combination of cold and dampness

Protection o Dress wisely o 3 layers: Inner, Middle, Outer o Hat – head can lose 40% of body heat

When your body gets cold, it reacts by reducing the flow of blood to its extremities - your fingers, hands, toes and feet. Your body will also begin to shiver in an attempt to generate heat. Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures can lead to frostbite, hypothermia or trench foot. Frostbite damages the skin of your fingers, toes and nose. Hypothermia is a condition in which your body temperature drops leading to weakness. Trench foot, or immersion foot, can result from a prolonged exposure to a combination of cold and wet. You can protect yourself from cold hazards by dressing wisely. Wear three layers of clothing. Begin with an inner layer of cotton or a

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synthetic weave that will allow ventilation of any sweat that is produced by your skin. Cover this inner layer with a second layer made of wool or synthetic fiber that will absorb sweat and provide insulation. Cover this second layer with a third, outer, layer that is made of a fabric such as Gore-Tex that will break the wind but still offer some ventilation for the first two layers of clothing. Pay special attention to your head covering. Up to 40% of body heat can be lost through the head if it is not covered. Make sure that your footwear is well insulated to protect against cold temperatures and dampness.

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Intense Light

Welding, brazing, cutting, lasers

Intensity depends on metal, electrode, current

Can damage vision and skin

Helmet provides secondary protection for your eyes

Should fit snugly

Wear helmet correctly

Welding, brazing and cutting operations create intense light. The use of lasers also produces intense light as well as the danger of optical radiation. The intensity of the light produced by welding varies depending on the metal being welded, the size of the electrode and the current of the arc. Unprotected exposure to intense light can do damage to your eyes and to your skin. A welder’s helmet provides secondary protection for your eyes. It is not a substitute for safety glasses or goggles and should never been worn without wearing appropriate eye protection. The filter shade should be of the same density level as your eye protection. The helmet should fit your head snugly to prevent radiant light from entering the space between the shell and your head. Wear the helmet correctly – on your head. Do not use the helmet as a shield held in your hand to protect you from the welding arc. Use a clear cover lens to protect the shade lens from cracks or scratches. Inspect the cover lens frequently and replace it if is damaged. If you working near welding or laser operations, do not look into the light without appropriate eye protection.

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Cuts

Ever-present danger

Potential for infection

Potential for exposure of other workers to blood borne hazards

Most common on-the-job injury

Cuts are an ever-present hazard when working with sheet metal. The edges of sheet metal are always sharp, normally rough, and covered with burrs – an invitation for cuts and scrapes. At the job site, activities such installation, demolition work, duct removal create special hazards and increase your exposure to potential cuts. In addition, you are often working with sharp tools in awkward positions when cutting and shearing sheet metal. The assembly of ductwork may require using power tools while trying to maintain your balance on a ladder. Cuts on the job may produce a debilitating injury resulting in loss of work. Even the smallest of cuts can be a problem due to the potential for infection. Additionally, cuts have the potential of exposing other workers to the hazards of bloodborne pathogens and the threat of viruses such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. A study of sheet metal contractors done by SMACNA showed that cuts are overwhelmingly the most prevalent on-the-job injury.

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Burns

Sources at the jobsite o Metal Scrap o Sparks o Welding

Burns are another prevalent hazard at the job site. The metal scarp produced when cutting sheet metal can be very hot and a potential source of a severe burn. Sparks from cutting present another hazard. Sparks can get trapped in your clothing and burn your skin. Your eyes are also at risk from sparks

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that can cause painful and permanent injury. Welding is another potential source of injury from a burn – either while you are actually welding or while you are in close proximity while welding is being performed. The material being welded presents a danger as it gets exceedingly hot and can remain at a high temperature for a long time. Sparks and metal debris produced by welding can also be a source of severe burns.

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Unit 5 – Ergonomics optional


39

Unit 5 Ergonomics

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What is Ergonomics?

Changing the way we work in order to prevent injury

A problem can develop quickly or over a lengthy time o Carpal Tunnel Syndrome o Sprains and Strains

Ergonomics refers to ways of changing the way we work in order to prevent injury to our muscles, nerves and bones. Injuries that occur due to the way we do our job can be short-term - occur suddenly; or long-term – taking months or years to develop. For example, carpal tunnel syndrome is a swelling of the tendons in the wrist that pinches the nerves causing a loss of feeling and degeneration of the nerves. This condition may take years to develop. A strain or sprain, however, can occur quickly - in a matter of seconds – but can result in long-term injury and loss of work. In this unit we will review the major ergonomic problems you may face at the jobsite and ways that you can prevent injury from these problems.

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Musculoskeletal Problems

Years of minor sprains and strains

Bending

Twisting

Heavy lifting

Working over head

Kneeling (anatomical drawing highlight back injuries –sprains & strains -, knee problems – arthritis, shoulder problems – rotator cuff, elbow – tendonitis, Hand – trigger finger, wrist- carpal tunnel)

Musculoskeletal problems are often the result of years of repeated strains and sprains acquired as we perform our work day in and day out. The damage to our body done by daily activities such as bending, twisting and heavy lifting may not be apparent immediately. However,

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over the course of years, the damage these minor sprains and strains do to our body can accumulate and lead to serious problems. Shoulder problems caused by extensive periods of working over head, knee problems such as arthritis that results from long periods of knelling,

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Strains and Sprains:

(Chart showing break-down of causes of injuries)

Responsible for the majority of on-the-job injuries

Affect lower back, thighs, calves, knees or ankles

Can result in temporary down-time or a shortened career

Can happen suddenly

Can develop over a long period

A recent study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics found that the majority of work-related injuries in the construction industry were due to strains and sprains. Almost 38% of the injuries that occurred on the job were caused by strains and sprains. A strain or sprain can occur in your lower back, thighs, calves, knees or ankles. The injury can result in a temporary loss of job time and income or, if the injury is continually aggravated, it could lead to a premature end to your career. Injury from a sprain or strain can occur suddenly. For example: you are lifting a heavy load and feel a sudden pain in you lower back. Injury may also develop slowly over a period of time as a result of years of repetitive, minor strains and strains. For example: as a result of continually working on your knees day after day.

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Preventing Strains and Strains

Prepare for Work

Get your muscles ready

Warm up

Stretch

A strain or sprain results from over-stretching a muscle, ligament or tendon. A strain or a sprain can occur in your shoulders, arms, lower back, thighs knees or ankles. The injury can happen suddenly

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Take the time to prepare the muscles, ligaments and tendons of your lower back and legs before you start work by first warming up and then stretching your muscles. This small amount of preparation can help you avoid painful injury. Warm up - a 5 to 10 minute walk or a few minutes of jumping jacks will get your blood flowing to the critical areas of the body and warm up your muscles to allow them to stretch better. Do not over stretch. Stretch your back and legs in a slow and controlled manner. Hold the stretch for about 30 seconds. This allows the muscle tissues to lengthen.

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Proper Lifting

Lift with your legs – NOT your back

Do not lift and twist

Lift in teams or use mechanical equipment

Face load, keep back straight

Supporting Video A demonstration of the proper way to lift heavy objects.

Lift with your legs – if you bend from the waist to lift an object, the stress on your lower back is three times greater than if you use a squat lift by bending at the knees. Lifting and twisting at the same time exerts additional force on your spine. You put stress on your body when you twist your body, bend sideways, reach up, or reach forward. Work in teams or use mechanical equipment whenever possible. Don’t be afraid to ask for assistance. When you lift, first face the load. Bend your knees and keep your back straight. Bring the load close to your body. As you lift, breathe out and tighten your stomach muscles and look up to keep your head up.

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Awkward Positions

Maintaining an awkward, static position can stress your body

Small, everyday stresses can lead to a long-term problem

Stretching or kneeling

Change position often

Knee pads

Maintaining an awkward position such as reaching behind, twisting forward or backward bending, pinching, or squatting for a long period can put strain on your body. The strain over a short period of time may not do any harm. However, continued small strains, day after day, can lead to serious injury. For example, stretching to hang duct can strain the muscles of your lower back. Kneeling to cut or fabricate duct can strain the ligaments in your knees, cause your knee joint to become swollen or damage the cartilage in the knee joint. If you must work in an awkward position, give your body a rest by changing your position often. Also wear protective equipment such as knee pads or use a cushion to help lessen the stress on your knees.

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Repetitive Motion/Vibration

Repeating the same action

Muscles continually stressed

Damage to muscles and tendons

Take “mini-breaks”

Vibrations can damage blood vessels and nerves

Some tasks involve repeating the same actions with little variation. As you repeat a motion over and over again for an extended period of time – for example when installing hangers, welding ductwork or cutting metal with tin snips - your muscles are being continually stressed. As your muscles weaken and tire, more force is needed to keep up the work pace. If this is continued over a prolonged period, your muscles and tendons will not have enough time to relax and recover. This can cause your tendons to swell and become sore as well as doing damage to your nerves and blood vessels. “Tennis elbow,” carpel tunnel

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syndrome and tendonitis are examples of repetitive motion injuries. To avoid these injuries, take frequent “mini breaks” as you work. Pausing or switching to another task that uses different muscles for just a few seconds can be enough time to allow your muscles relax, recover and prepare for more work Working with tools such as rotary hammers, grinders and jack hammers can cause vibrations to travel through your hands and arms. Prolonged exposure to these vibrations can damage blood vessels and nerves in your fingers, palm and arms. Take frequent, short breaks when working with vibrating tools to allow your muscles and tendons to relax.

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Environmental Hazards : Cold

Frostbite – affects fingers, toes or nose

Hypothermia – lowers body temperature

Trench foot – combination of cold and dampness

Working in extreme heat or cold can lead to serious heath problems. The key to avoiding injury or sickness is to be aware of the kinds of problems working in extreme high or low temperatures can cause and how to protect yourself. when you are at the construction site or an outside jobsite When your body gets cold, it reacts by reducing the flow of blood to its extremities - your fingers, hands, toes and feet. Your body will also begin to shiver in an attempt to generate heat. Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures can lead to frostbite, hypothermia or trench foot. Frostbite damages the skin of your fingers, toes and nose. Hypothermia is a condition in which your body temperature drops leading to weakness. Trench foot, or immersion foot, can result from a prolonged exposure to a combination of cold and wet.

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Cold: Wind Chill

The combination of temperature, wind speed and dampness

More accurately measures the effect of temperature on the skin

The hazardous effect of cold is a combination of low temperature, high

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wind speed and high dampness. Wind chill combines these factors to give a more accurate measure of the threat of cold to exposed skin. For example, if the thermometer indicates a temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit and the wind is blowing at 35 mph, the wind chill drops the temperature to 11 degrees F. your body’s heat-loss increases as the wind chill temperature decreases.

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Cold: Protection

Dress wisely

3 layers o Inner - ventilation o Middle - absorption o Outer – wind break

Hat – head can lose 40% of body heat

You can protect yourself from cold hazards by dressing wisely. Wear three layers of clothing. Begin with an inner layer of cotton or a synthetic weave that will allow ventilation of any sweat that is produced by your skin. Cover this inner layer with a second layer made of wool or synthetic fiber that will absorb sweat and provide insulation. Cover this second layer with a third, outer, layer that is made of a fabric such as Gore-Tex that will break the wind but still offer some ventilation for the first two layers of clothing. Pay special attention to your head covering. Up to 40% of body heat can be lost through the head if it is not covered. Make sure that your footwear is well insulated to protect against cold temperatures and dampness.

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Environmental Hazards - Heat

Heat stroke

Muscle cramps

Fainting

Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, cramps and fainting are all potential problems when working in high temperatures. These problems are all a result of your body’s inability to cool itself. Heat stroke is a serious condition that often requires hospitalization. Muscle cramps result from your body loosing too much water – usually

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45

through sweating. This can cause pain in your arms, legs and stomach muscles. Fainting is a sudden, momentary loss of consciousness. This happens when your body is not getting enough fluids. Your blood pressure falls and reduces the blood flow to your brain which temporarily shuts down. When not in use, store your respirator safely to protect it from extreme temperatures and dust.

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Heat : Dangers

Body heat rises as you work

Body begins to sweat to cool down

Ineffective when temperature is high

Blood diverted from muscles and brain

Consequences can be life-threatening

Your normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. As you work, your body temperature heats up. In response your body will begin to sweat in an attempt to cool down through the evaporation of the sweat from your skin. However, when the temperature and humidity are high, this process of cooling can be ineffective. As a result, your body works even harder to cool itself. Blood is diverted from your muscles, brain and other organs to the upper layers of your skin. Your strength declines and your brain can loose consciousness. The consequences range from fainting to the life-threatening complications of a heat stroke.

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Heat : Prevention

Start work slowly

Take short, regular breaks

Drink plenty of water

Wear light-colored clothing

There are a number of things you can do to reduce the risks of working in high temperatures. When beginning a job in a high temperature begin slowly. Your body will be able to adjust to a hotter work environment if you start slowly and let your body get used to the temperature. Take short, regular breaks in a shaded area throughout the day so that your body has a chance to cool down. Drink plenty of water at regular intervals. Your body can easily lose 2 to 3 gallons of water by sweating through the course of the day. This lost

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46

water must be replaced. Don’t wait until you feel thirsty. Regularly drink between 5 and 7 ounces of water every 15 to 20 minutes throughout the day. Wear light-colored clothing as dark colors tend to absorb more of the sun’s heat.

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Unit 6 – Respiratory Protection optional


47

Unit 6 Respiratory Protection

Screen 1 of 15

What is a Respirator?

Protects you from air-borne hazards

Determined by the type of hazard you are exposed to

Specific to the air-borne contaminant you are exposed to

Selected by your employer

A respirator protects you from air-borne hazards by preventing these hazards from entering your lungs. It does this by either filtering out these harmful substances before they reach your lungs, or by supplying clean air from another source to your lungs. The respirator you use is determined by the type of air-borne hazard you may be exposed to. No single respirator can protect you against every type of air-borne threat. The respirator you wear must be specific to the air-borne threat you are exposed to. The choice of which type of respirator you use is made by your employer. Additionally, you must be trained in the proper way to wear the respirator and how to maintain it so that it provides you maximum protection.

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When is a Respirator Required?

Whenever engineering controls do not provide protection

A respirator is required whenever engineering controls do not adequately remove potentially hazardous substances from the air in your work area.

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Screen 3 of 15

Your Respiratory System

Lungs and tubes that carry air

Contains over 1,500 miles of airways

Supplies oxygen to your blood

Removes carbon dioxide from your blood

Contaminates can clog the lung’s passageways

Your respiratory system includes your lungs and the tubes that carry air in and out of your body. Each minute, you breathe in about 11/4 gallons of air. Air enters your lungs through the bronchus which branches into ever smaller and smaller tubes that carry air into your lungs. This network contains over fifteen hundred miles of airways. This branching ends in microscopic sacs that are surrounded by small blood vessels called capillaries. It is here that oxygen from the air you breathe is absorbed into your blood and exchanged for carbon dioxide that is exhaled out of your body. Any contaminate that enters your body can clog the air passages in your lungs or enter the rest of your body when its makes its way to your blood stream.

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Airborne Hazards: Dust

Small solid particles

The smaller the more dangerous

Grinding

Demolition

Duct cleaning

Dusts, molds, mists, fumes, gases and vapors are all airborne contaminates that, if they enter your lungs, can do damage to your body resulting in both short-term and long-term damage. Let’s take a closer look at these hazards starting with dusts. Dusts are formed when solid materials are broken down into smaller parts. Some dusts are so small that they are invisible. In fact, the smaller the dust, the more dangerous it is because it more easily enter your lungs. Grinding operations produce dusts. You can also be exposed to excessive dust when doing demolition work

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and duct cleaning. This is dust that has been carried by the ventilation system and accumulates in the duct work over years of use.

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Airborne Hazards: Molds

Creates airborne spores

Found in damp areas

Can trigger an allergic reaction

Reaction may be immediate or take a long time to develop

Molds are a type of fungus that creates spores that float in the air much like pollen does. Molds are found in damp areas where water has accumulated. They can be encountered when doing demolition work. Molds can be hazardous because they can trigger an allergic reaction by breathing the spores or by touching the mold. Sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, and skin rash are all reactions that occur when exposed to a mold. This reaction may be immediate or it may take days to develop.

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Airborne Hazards: Gases and Fumes

Gases – mix completely in air

Fumes – tiny metal particles

Welding, cutting, brazing

Confined space

Gases are formless chemical substances that mix completely in the air. Fumes are tiny solid particles – often smaller than a speck of dust - that float in the air. Fumes are created when molten metal melts Exposure to gases and fumes is most common when working with or near welding, cutting or brazing operations. These fumes and gases are produced as a by-product of the reaction of the materials being welded and the intense heat of the welding torch. The threat of exposure to these hazards is compounded when welding, cutting or brazing is done within a confined space.

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Airborne Hazards: Vapors

Created when a liquid evaporates

Glues, solvents

A vapor is created when a liquid evaporates. You can be exposed to a vapor when working with, or around the application of glues, solvents, or any operation that applies a product in liquid form.

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Airborne Hazards – Possible Effects

Targets: Skin, Eyes, Mouth, Throat, Lungs

Short-term effects: Irritation, Rash, Difficulty breathing

Long-term effects: Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Emphysema, Cancer

In addition to attacking your skin and eyes, airborne hazards such as dusts, vapors, molds and gases can cause injury to your mouth, throat and lungs. The nature and severity of your reaction to exposure to these hazards depends on the type of contaminant you are exposed to and the length of your exposure. Short-term effects include irritation of your eyes, nose or throat; skin rashes and difficulty breathing. Long periods of exposure to airborne contaminants can lead to such chronic health problems as bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema and cancer of the lungs or throat.

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Protecting Yourself

Air-purifying respirator

Filters out harmful particles, gas, fumes

Disposable

Cartridge

If engineering controls, such as ventilation, are unable to eliminate

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exposure to airborne contaminants, your employer is required to supply you with an air-purifying respirator that will protect you from the specific hazard you are being exposed to. An air-purifying respirator filters out hazardous particles or gases from the air before they reach your lungs. Some air-purifying respirators, such as dust masks, are disposable. Other air-purifying respirators use replaceable cartridges that are color-coded for the specific of air-borne hazard they protect against such as dust, fumes, gas.

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Air-purifying Respirator: Proper Use

Inspect before use

Check fit before use

Clean and disinfect

Store safely

In order to work properly, an air-purifying respirator must first be the right one for the hazard you are being exposed to. Secondly, it must fit your face properly in order to prevent any outside air from reaching your face. If you have a beard, you may not be able to make a tight seal around your face. Inspect your respirator carefully before use for any worn, damaged or dirty parts that can hinder its effectiveness. To assure that a good fit You must check the fit of your respirator to your face each time you use it. Clean and disinfect your respirator frequently to remove bacteria and dirt. When not in use, store your respirator safely to protect it from extreme temperatures and dust.

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Suffocation

21% of air is oxygen

Suffocation can result when % oxygen drops

Welding produces toxic fumes and gases that replace oxygen

Confined space

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So far, we have looked at how air-purifying respirators can protect you from air-borne hazards. But there is another type of respiratory hazard that you may encounter on the job – a lack of sufficient oxygen in the air. We need a sufficient supply of oxygen to live. 21% of the air we breathe is made up of oxygen. 78% is made up of nitrogen. If the amount of oxygen in the air we breathe slips below 21% our body does not get enough oxygen to stay alive. This life-threatening situation is known as suffocation or oxygen deficiency. The danger of suffocation is particularly high when welding in a confined space. Welding produces toxic fumes and gases that can replace the oxygen in the air and deprive us of the oxygen we need. The result is suffocation.

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Suffocation - Protection

Supplied-air respirator

Fresh air source

Oxygen tank

Determine maximum use-time

You must be trained

Physical exam before use

If engineering controls, such as air blowers and ventilation, do not provide enough good air when working in a confined space, a supplied air respirator must be worn. The supplied-air respirator gets its air either from a fresh air source or from an oxygen tank. If your air supply is provided by an oxygen tank, determine the maximum amount of time the oxygen supply will last before you start work You must be adequately trained and pass a medical examination before you can wear a respirator. Your employer will determine your ability to wear a respirator and the specific type of respirator required to protect you.

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Parts of an Air Purifying Respirator

Face Piece

Air-purifying Element

Exhalation Valve

Inhalation Valve

Headbands

Your respirator is made up of a number of basic parts. Each contributes to protecting you from airborne hazards. The face piece is typically made of neoprene or silicon rubber. Face pieces come in different sizes to fit the individual. The air-purifying element is either a filter that removes particles from the incoming air or an absorbent that removes gases or vapors, or a combination of the two. The exhalation valve cover protects the outtake valve. Make sure it is tightly secured when wearing your respirator. The exhalation valve controls the flow of air you breathe out by opening and closing when you inhale. This valve must be in good working order for your respirator to function properly. The headbands hold the respirator securely to your head. They should be adjusted to make a tight fit but not so tightly that the mask uncomfortable or deformed when you wear it. The inhalation valve controls the air you breathe in. It opens when you inhale allowing filtered air to enter and closes when you exhale.

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Checking the Fit of Your Respirator

Check Fit Each Time You Wear It

Positive-Pressure Check

Negative-Pressure Check

First make sure the respirator is seated properly on your face Check the fit of your respirator each time you put it on by creating a slight negative or positive pressure inside the mask. To perform a positive-pressure fit check, put the heal of your hand over the exhalation valve at the bottom of the mask.

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Breathe out gently. If the face piece bulges slightly and no leaks occur between your face and the mask, you have a good fit. For a negative-pressure fit check, put the palms of both hands over the intake filter. Breathe in gently and hold your breath for five to ten seconds. If the face piece collapses slightly and stays that way, and no leaks occur, you have a good fit.

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Maintaining Your Respirator

Inspect

Check for o Cracks o Tightness o Condition

Clean Frequently

Store Properly

Inspect your respirator before and after you use it to assure that it is working properly. Look for any cracks or leaks. Pay special attention to rubber and plastic parts of your respirator as these can deteriorate. Check the tightness of the connections, the condition of the headband, face piece, valves, and connecting tubes. Replace any worn or broken parts. Replace cartridges, canisters or filters as necessary to assure complete protection. Clean and disinfect your respirator routinely. Wash in a detergent solution and sanitize it by putting it in a disinfectant solution recommended by the manufacturer. Store your respirator so that it is protected from extreme heat and cold as well as moisture and direct sunlight. The face piece and exhalation valve should rest in a normal position to prevent the elastic material from reforming into an abnormal shape.

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Unit 7 – Slips, Trips and Falls optional


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Unit 7 Slips, Trips and Falls

Screen 1 of 12

Slips, Trips & Falls:

Most common industrial accident

Accounts for 15% of all on-the-job deaths

Supporting Video

Fall hazards in sheet metal work: Safety and Risk Manager Tom Meighen describes some of the fall hazards found at the job site.

Statistically, if you are injured on the job, the most likely cause will be from a slip, trip or fall. This is because the majority of injuries that occur on the job result from a trip, a slip or a fall. Slips, trips, and falls are also responsible for 15% of all on-the-job deaths – second only to the deaths resulting from motor vehicle accidents. In this unit we will review some of the major slip, trip and fall hazards you may encounter in the shop or at the jobsite and discuss way you can protect yourself.

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Good Housekeeping – Work Area

Keep your work area clean

Pick up any debris quickly

Pick up tools

Clean up spills

Mark any remaining spills

The first defense against slips, trips, and falls is to keep your work area clean. Whether in the shop or at the jobsite, good housekeeping will go a long way to reducing hazards. Clean up any debris in your work area, such as broken glass, scrap metal, and thread scraps immediately Do not leave tools on the floor. Mop up any standing water or other spills using a mop, rag, or paper towel. Use an absorbent, spill cleaning material, if needed.

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If slippery areas remain, mark these with cones or caution signs.

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Good Housekeeping – Aisles & Passageways

Keep clear

Must be marked

Must be sufficiently wide

In the shop or at the jobsite, aisles and passageways are another hazard area for trips, slips, and falls. Keep aisles and passageways clear. Move any obstructions that may hinder movement or cause a hazard. Permanent aisles and passageways must be clearly marked. Aisles must be sufficiently wide where material handling equipment, such as a forklift, and other mechanical equipment is used.

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Safety at the jobsite

Open sides and leading edges

Floor openings

Floor holes

Always be alert for fall hazards when you are at the jobsite. Be aware of your surroundings and the dangers they present. The open sides and leading edges of a building under construction are obvious areas where the risk of falling is increased. Some kind of fall protection – preferably adequate guardrails – must be provided. At the construction site, a floor opening is defined as any opening in the floor that is 12 inches or more in its least dimension. Examples include stairways and ladder-ways. These openings must be guarded by a standard railing on all exposed sides – except for its entrance. A floor hole is defined as any opening that measures less than 12 inches but more than 1 inch in its least dimension. Examples include floor holes for ductwork, pipe penetration, skylights, or utility work. Floor holes must be protected against slips and trips by a guardrail or hole cover.

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Unguarded Protruding Steel Rebars

The danger at the construction site

Case study

Guard protruding ends

Bend protruding ends

Wear fall protection when working over rebar

At the construction site, unguarded protruding steel reinforcing bars are hazardous. Even if you just stumble onto an unguarded rebar you can impale yourself, resulting in serious internal injuries or death. At a Utah construction site, a worker attempts to hook the positioning lanyards of his full body harness over his head while standing on a rebar column he is plumbing. Unfortunately, the hooks are not adequately secured. As the worker starts his work, the hooks slip. The worker falls eight feet and is impaled through his groin on the protruding rebar below him. Although the rebar is capped, the force of the worker’s eight-foot-fall pushes the cap clear to the ground and bends the rebar nearly 45 degrees. Luckily, the worker survived his injuries Guard all protruding ends of steel rebar with rebar caps or wooden troughs. As an alternative to guarding, bend the rebar so exposed ends are no longer upright. When employees are working at any height above exposed rebar, fall protection/ prevention is the first line of defense against impalement.

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Fall Protection: Types - Conventional Methods

Fall Prevention o Stops a fall before it happens

Fall Arrest o Stops a fall after it happens

Some type of fall protection must be provided whenever a worker is working six feet or more above a lower level. The types of fall protection available can be divided into two general approaches: conventional measures and alternative measures. Conventional methods of fall protection are preferred and include fall prevention and fall arrest. A conventional method of fall prevention is

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preferred because it is designed to prevent a fall before it occurs Conventional methods of fall protection include guardrail systems and hole covers. Alternative methods of fall protection are designed to stop or minimize the effect of a fall after it occurs. Alternative methods of fall protection include and include personal fall arrest systems (PFAS) and safety nets.

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Fall Protection: Types - Alternative Methods

Alternative Methods o Used in combination with conventional

approaches o Used alone in very limited conditions

Alternative methods of fall protection may be used in combination with conventional methods, or (under very limited conditions) may be used as a substitute for conventional methods. Alternative methods of fall protection include warning lines, controlled access zones and safety monitoring systems. Subpart M of the Code describes these methods and restrictions on their use in detail.

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Fall Protection: Prevention - Guardrails

Four basic parts: Toprail, Midrail, Upright, Toeboard Places a barrier between you and a fall hazard Must be able to withstand 200lbs. of force applied in any

downward or outward direction along its top edge Do not use a guardrail as an anchor point

A guardrail consists of four basic parts: uprights, toprails, midrails and toeboards. Uprights support the toprails, midrails and toeboards. The toprail provides a horizontal barrier and must be at least ¼ thick. The midrail is placed between the toprail and the walking/working level. OSHA does not allow any opening in the guardrail system of more than 19 inches. The toeboard must be at least 3 ½ inches tall. Its purpose is to keep tools and materials from falling to a ower level. The toeboard must have no more than ¼ inch clearance above the working/walking surface. A guardrail system erects a barrier between the worker and a fall hazard (open sides of floors, wall openings, stairway openings, etc.).

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Its purpose is to prevent the worker from falling to a lower level. The guardrail system must be able to withstand 200 lbs. of force applied in any downward or outward direction at any point along the top edge. When you are wearing a PFAS, do not tie off at a guardrail. Guardrails are never to be used as an anchor point.

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Fall Protection: Prevention – Hole Covers Protection required 6 ft above a lower level more than 2 inches in diameter Must:

Support at least twice the weight of workers, material and equipment

Be secured Be clearly marked Be reported if missing or damaged

Any floor hole 6 ft or more above a lower level and more than 2 inches in diameter must be protected. If a guardrail is not used, then protection must be provided by a hole cover. The hole cover must be able to support at least twice the weight of workers, materials and equipment that may land on it. The hole cover must be secured to prevent its displacement by wind, equipment, or work activities. While covers can be nailed or screwed down, another common method is by using blocking to prevent its displacement. Blocking is also useful to allow measurements and pass through during the construction process. The hole cover must be clearly marked. It may be color-coded or distinctly labeled. Report missing or damaged covers to your supervisor as soon as possible.

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Fall Protection: Arrest – PFAS

Personal Fall Arrest System Stops a fall after it occurs Requires a secure anchor point No fall over 6 feet Requires training for proper use

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A Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) is designed to catch a worker after a fall has occurred. At a minimum, a PFAS consists of a body harness, lines, connecting devices and an anchor point. The point of connection is the often weak point of a PFAS. Ensure that the connection is secure and is able to hold the required weight. The requirement may be as high as 5,000 pounds. The PFAS must assure that the worker will not fall more than six feet. A body belt should never be used as a PFAS. Anyone using a PFAS must be trained in its proper use.

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Fall Protection: Arrest – Safety Nets

Installed as close to the work surface as possible Never more than 30 feet below Extends from 8 to 13 feet from edge of the work surface Provide clearance

Safety nets should be installed as close as possible to the walking/working surface (fall point), but never more than 30 feet below. The lower a safety net is placed, the farther it should extend from the edge of the work surface – up to a maximum of 13 feet. The net must provide sufficient clearance to assure that a worker will not hit a lower level if he falls into the net.

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Fall Protection: Alternative Measures May be allowed when other methods are impractical to achieve.

Warning Lines Safety Monitor Systems Controlled Access Zones

Under limited circumstances, OSHA allows employers to use up to three alternatives to conventional methods of fall protection. Warning Lines provide a barrier that warns workers they are approaching an unprotected roof edge. It defines an area of a roof where roofing work may take place without a guardrail, safety net or personal fall arrest system.

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A Safety Monitoring System uses a competent person to warn workers that they are approaching an unprotected edge. This type of system is used only as a last resort when no other method of fall protection is feasible. A Controlled Access Zone (CAZ) is a clearly marked area where work can take place without the use of conventional fall protection. Access to this area is limited to only essential workers. A CAZ does not provide fall protection, it merely limits the exposure of workers to unprotected leading edges. A CAZ can be used only if the employer demonstrates that using conventional fall protection is infeasible or creates a greater hazard.

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Unit 8 - Hand and Power Tools optional


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Unit 8 Hand and Power Tools

Screen 1 of 12

Hand and Power Tools:

Common part of the work day

Can be hazardous

Possible hazards o Falling o Flying abrasives, splashing o Dusts, fumes, mists, vapors o Electrical shock

Identify potential hazards

Hand and power tools are such a common part of our work day that we often forget that they can also be hazardous. Unfortunately, this recognition often occurs after an accident or injury occurs while using a hand tool. You can increase your on-the-job safety by recognizing that the tools you work with can be hazardous if not used properly and take steps to insure your safety before you begin work. When you using a hand or power tool, you are exposed to such potential hazards as falling, flying abrasives or splashing objects. Use of a hand or power tool can expose you to hazardous dust, fumes, mists or vapors. Electrical shock is always a potential hazard when operating an electrical tool. You and your employer should work together to establish a safe workplace. If you encounter a hazardous situation on the jobsite, it should be brought to the immediate attention of the proper individual so that it can be made safe.

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Safe Use

Keep in good condition

Right tool for the job

Examine before use

Operate properly

Use PPE

Here are five basic safety rules you should follow to minimize hazards when

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working with a hand or power tool: Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance. Use the right tool for the job. Examine each tool for damage before use and do not use damaged tools. Operate tools according to the manufacture’s instructions. Provide and use the proper personal protective equipment. Your employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools provided to you. However, you and your employer should work together to establish safe work procedures at the jobsite.

Screen 3 of 12

Hand Tools

Do not use chisel as screwdriver

Check tool head

Check wrenches

Mushroom heads

Wear PPE

The majority of hazards resulting from using a hand tool come from improper use and/or improper maintenance of the tool. Here are some examples: Do not use a chisel as a screwdriver as the tip of the chisel may break and fly off, possibly hitting yourself or someone nearby If loose, the head of a tool, such as a hammer, may fly off and strike you or someone nearby. If the jaws of a wrench are sprung, the wrench might slip. Impact tools such as a chisel or a wedge can develop a mushroom head after prolonged use. This can shatter on impact sending sharp pieces through the air. If the tool develops a mushroom head through use, the tool should either be replaced or the mushroom grinded down. Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment such as eye protection and gloves must be worn when using hand tools.

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Screen 4 of 12

Power Tools

Electric

Pneumatic

Liquid fuel

Hydraulic

Powder actuated

Power tools are powered by a number of different energy sources. These include electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic and powder actuated. Each one of these different power sources presents its own unique hazards that we will discuss in more detail.

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Guards and Operating Controls

Safe-guard moving parts

Do not remove safe-guards

Constant pressure switches

The exposed moving parts of a power tool must be safe-guarded to ensure the safety of the operator. Belts, Gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, flywheels, chains or other moving parts of the tool must be guarded to protect the operator. Safety guards must adequately protect the operator from points of operation, in-running nip points, rotating parts and any flying chips are sparks that may be produced when operating the tool. These safety guards must never be removed when the tool is in operation. Some hand-held tools, including drills, tappers, grinders and sanders with discs greater than 2 inches, and power saws must be equipped with a constant pressure switch or a control that shuts off the power when pressure is released.

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Screen 6 of 12

Electric Tools

Hazards o Burns o Shocks

Protections o Three-wire cord o Ground-fault interrupters o AEGP

Among the most serious hazards when using an electric tool are electrical burns and shocks. Under certain circumstances, even a small amount of electric current can result in fibrillation of the heart and death. When working at an elevation or on a ladder even a slight electrical shock can lead to a fall. To protect against shock and burns, electrical tools must have a three-wire cord and be plugged into grounded receptacle, be double insulated, or be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer. If the three-wire cord must be adapted for use in a two-wire receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known ground. The third prong must never be removed from the plug. When using an electrical tool at the construction site, you must be protected by ground-fault circuit interrupters or an assured equipment-grounding conductor program that assures periodic inspection of the jobsite for electrical hazards.

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Electric Tool – General Rules

Operate within design limitations

Wear appropriate PPE

Store properly

Do not use in damp conditions

Well lit work area

Check for tripping hazards

Follow these safe practices when working with an electrical tool:

Operate electrical tools within their design limitations.

Use gloves and appropriate safety footwear when using electrical tools

Store electrical tools in a dry place when not in use

Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations unless they are approved for that purpose.

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Keep work areas well lighted when operating electric tools.

Ensure that cords from electric tools do not present a tripping hazard.

Screen 8 of 12

Pneumatic Tools 1

Powered by compress air

Flying objects,

Check fasteners

Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers and sanders. There are several dangers associated with the use of pneumatic tools. First and foremost is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool's attachments or by some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool. Pneumatic tools must be checked to see that the tools are fastened securely to the air hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected. A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool must also be used and will serve as an added safeguard.

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Pneumatic Tools 2

Eye and face protection

Protect nearby workers

Do not point at others

Hearing protection

Eye protection is required, and head and face protection is recommended for employees working with pneumatic tools. Screens must also be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments around chippers, riveting guns, staplers, or air drills. Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Workers should never "dead-end" them against themselves or anyone else. A chip guard must be used when compressed air is used for cleaning. Noise is another hazard associated with pneumatic tools. Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of appropriate hearing protection.

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Screen 10 of 12

Liquid Fuel Tools

Usually operated with gasoline

Vapors

Shut down before refilling

Proper ventilation

Fuel-powered tools are usually operated with gasoline. The most serious hazard associated with the use of fuel-powered tools comes from fuel vapors that can bum or explode and also give off dangerous exhaust fumes. The worker must be careful to handle, transport, and store gas or fuel only in approved flammable liquid containers, according to proper procedures for flammable liquids. Before refilling a fuel-powered tool tank, the user must shut down the engine and allow it to cool to prevent accidental ignition of hazardous vapors. When a fuel-powered tool is used inside a closed area, effective ventilation and/or proper respirators such as atmosphere-supplying respirators must be utilized to avoid breathing carbon monoxide. Fire extinguishers must also be available in the area.

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Powder-Actuated Tools

Handle as a loaded gun

Wear proper PPE

Shield against flying debris

Do not use in flammable atmosphere

Inspect

Do not point at others

Powder-actuated tools use an explosive charge to drive a fastener into construction material such as brick or concrete. A powder-actuate tool should be handled with the same caution as a loaded gun and requires special training before it can be used. Suitable protective equipment, such as eye protection, hearing protection and face protection, must be worn when operating a powder-actuated tool. The powder-actuated tool must include safe guards to prevent accidental firing of the tool and protective shields to prevent flying fragments from being projected from the surface when the explosive charge is fired. Other protective measures include:

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Not use the tool in an explosive or flammable atmosphere.

Inspect the tool before use to assure that it is clean and operates properly

Do not load the tool until immediately before using.

Do not point the tool at anyone.

Screen 12 of 12

Jacks

Do not raise too high

Firm base

Correctly centered

Level head

Lift properly distributed

Certain precaution must be followed when using a jack, whether it is a hydraulic, ratchet or screw type. All jacks must have a device that prevents it from being raised too high When setting up and using a jack, follow these safety procedures:

Make sure that the base of the jack rests on a firm, level surface.

The jack must be correctly centered.

The jack head must bear against a level surface

The lift force of the jack is distributed evenly under its load.

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Unit 9- Stairways and Ladders optional


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Unit 9 Stairways and Ladders

Screen 1 of 8

Introduction

Stairways and ladders are a major source of injury

Estimated 24,882 injuries each year

Average of 36 deaths annually

A fall of as little as 4 feet can cause serious injury

A fall from as little as 6 feet can be fatal

Do not take your safety for granted

Stairways and ladders are a major source of injuries and fatalities at the jobsite. OSHA estimates that some 24,882 injuries annually result from falls from stairways or ladders at the construction site. Nearly half of these injuries are severe enough to lead to time off the job. On average, thirty-six deaths occur annually as a result of a fall from a ladder or stairway at the construction site. Although stairways and ladders are an especially dangerous area of the jobsite, most us take our safety for granted when working on or around them. However, it is important to remember that a fall from as little as four feet can cause serious injury and lost work time. A fall from as little as six feet can be deadly. Do not take your safety for granted when working around or using stairs or ladders. In this unit we will discuss how you can keep yourself safe.

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Stairways

Stairs with 4 or more steps must be protected

Must be kept clean and free of debris

Slippery conditions must be eliminated before use

Must be well lighted

Supporting Video

Open stairways at the job site: Safety and Risk Manager Tom Meighen describes the potential risks of open stairways at the job site.

Stairways that have four or more steps or have a height of more than 30 inches must have at least one handrail and one stair rail along each

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unprotected edge. A handrail must be installed along each unprotected side or edge. It is important to maintain the good housekeeping of stairways so as to eliminate anything that may cause a trip or a fall when using the stairway. An important first step in assuring stair safety is to keep all stairs clear of all equipment, waste, debris or any other material that may contribute to a trip or fall. OSHA regulations require that any slippery conditions evident on stairways be eliminated before the stairway can be used. Stairways must be well lit and illuminated to assure safe use.

Screen 3 of 8

Ladder Safety

One of the most common accidents

Most deaths are from falls 10 from feet or lower

Causes: o Improper use o Overreaching o Slipping while climbing or descending

Supporting Video

Ladder safety: Safety and Risk Manager Tom Meighen describes the risks of using a ladder at a job site.

Falls from a ladder are among the most common accidents that occur at the jobsite. Ladder accidents are responsible for most of the serious injuries suffered by sheet metal workers and result in significant time away from the job. Most deaths that result from a fall from a ladder happen when the victim is 10 feet or lower from the ground. Ladder accidents are most often caused by improperly using a ladder, overreaching while on a ladder or slipping while climbing or descending a ladder. Once you slip while on a ladder, it is virtually impossible to stop your fall. The best defense against is to prevent a fall before it happens. This means taking precautions before you climb and following safe practices when you climb a ladder.

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Screen 4 of 8

Ladder Safety: Positioning

Place on a level and stable surface

Keep area below clear

Do not use on a slippery surface unless ladder has slip-resistant feet

Make sure your ladder is secure before climbing it. Place it on a level and stable surface. Test the ladder before you climb to assure it is stable. Clean any debris, tools, or other material away from the area below the ladder. Do not place the ladder on a wet or slippery surface unless it has slip-resistant feet, and even then, secure the feet as best as possible.

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Ladder Safety: Positioning 2

Tie off a straight ladder or have someone hold it

Follow the "4 to 1 Rule"

Extend ladder at least 3 feet above intended level

GraphicGraphic

Supporting Graphic

Setting up a ladder: a graphic showing the safe positioning of a straight or extension ladder.

Secure your ladder before climbing. Tie off an extension ladder or have someone hold it. If you must use an unopened stepladder, have someone hold it. Follow the “4 to 1 Rule” to set a straight ladder or an extension ladder at a safe angle. For every four feet of climbing height, the bottom of the ladder should be 1 foot from the base of the wall. For example, if you are making a 20 foot climb, the bottom of the ladder should be 5 feet from the base of the wall. The top of the ladder should always extend at least 3 feet beyond the top of the level you are climbing to.

Notes



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Screen 6 of 8

Ladder Safety: Climbing

Always face the ladder

Use a 3-point climb

Do not carry any object or load that may cause you to lose your balance

Don't overreach – follow the "Belt Buckle Rule"

Supporting Video

The 3-point climb: a demonstration of the 3-point method of climbing a ladder.

Always face the ladder when climbing or descending. Use a three-point method if possible to assure a good grip on the ladder. This means having contact with the ladder with both feet and one hand or two hands and one foot at all times. Don’t carry any load up or down the ladder that might affect your balance. If necessary, make two trips to carry heavy or bulky materials rather than risk an accident by overloading on one trip. If needed, develop another method of transferring tools and materials to upper levels. Move your ladder as close to your work as possible to avoid overreaching. Follow the "Belt Buckle Rule" – never lean with your belt buckle past the side rails of the ladder.

Screen 7 of 8

Scaffolding

Must be inspected by a competent person

Solid foundation

Fall protection

Supporting Video

Scaffold safety: Safety and Risk Manager Tom Meighen describes an incident at the job site where a journeyman falls from a scaffold.

Scaffold accidents account for an average of 9% of all construction deaths each year. In addition, over 29,000 construction workers are injured each year while working on a scaffold. Forty-seven percent of these accidents are due to defective scaffolds.

Notes



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Your scaffold must be inspected by a competent person for visible defects before each shift. Any weakened or damaged part must be immediately repaired or replaced, braced, or the scaffold removed from service until repaired. Some potential hazard areas you should be aware of include: Solid foundation – A scaffold that is inadequately supported is in danger of collapse. Fall protection – If your fall from a scaffold could be 10 feet or more, some type of fall protection must be provided. This could be guardrails, a Personal Fall Arrest System or both.

Screen 8 of 8

Scaffolding 2

Plumb, level and square

Safe access

Safe platform

Your scaffold should be plumb, level and square – A scaffold that is out of alignment is in danger of collapsing. Safe access – Twenty-five percent of scaffold accidents happen when a worker gets on or off it. You must be able to safely move from one level of the scaffold to another. Do not climb on the scaffold frame or bracing. Safe platform – Platforms must be fully planked with overlaps at the scaffold uprights. Planks must be free of defects.

Notes

OSHA 10 Refresher Course Appendix


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Appendix

Exam Questions for Sections 1 - 4 (Correct answer indicated by * )

To access the quiz: Place the OSHA 10 Refresher Course CD-ROM in your CD drive. Right-click the "Start" icon on your computer's Task Bar and select "Explore." Select your CD-ROM drive to display the contents of the CD Select the Exams folder and then "Exam: Units 1-4" Exam questions for units 1-4 Introduction to OSHA 1. Which of the following is a major role of OSHA in job-site safety?

a. Set mandatory safe-work standards b. Enforce safe-work standards c. Provide safety training d. All the above*

2. OSHA requires your employer to conduct regular safety of which of the following?

a. The jobsite b. Material handling procedures c. Equipment being used d. All the above*

3. OSHA requires that all safety inspections be conducted by:

a. A qualified person b. A competent person* c. An OSHA inspector d. Senior company management

OSHA Focus Four Hazards 4. The leading cause of deaths at the construction site is

a. Electrical shock b. Falls* c. Struck-by accidents d. Burns

5. At the construction site, at which height, or heights, is fall protection NOT required?

a. 4 feet * b. 6 feet c. 8 feet d. 10 feet

6. What type or types of fall protection are used at the construction site?

a. Guardrails b. Safety Nets c. Personal Fall Arrest Systems d. All the above*

7. A Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)

a. Prevents a fall



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b. Can be worn without training c. Prevents its wearer from falling more than six feet* d. Is mandatory at all construction sites

8. The primary purpose of a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter)

a. Is to protect equipment from damage b. Is to protect the equipment operator from excessive shock * c. Is to substitute for breakers and fuses d. Is to de-energize equipment before inspection or repair

9. An Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program (AEGCP):

a. Requires monthly inspection of all electrical cords b. Is required at a construction site * c. Is an optional program at a construction site d. Does not require a written record of all equipment tests.

10. Your best way of preventing a struck-by accident is:

a. Making yourself visible at the worksite b. Wearing a hardhat c. Wearing eye protection d. All the above *

Personal Protective Equipment 11. Which of the following is your first level of defense against job-site hazards?

a. Engineering controls* b. Safe work practices c. Personal Protective Equipment d. OSHA jobsite safety inspections

12. Which of the following is NOT one of your employer’s responsibilities?

a. Identify potential hazards b. Properly maintain PPE * c. Select appropriate PPE d. Provide training

13. Which of the following is NOT one of your responsibilities?

a. Report unsafe conditions b. Attend training sessions c. Follow instructions regarding use of PPE d. Select appropriate PPE *

14. Wearing eye protection can protect your eyes from injury due to:

a. dust b. intense light c. impact d. all the above *

Health Hazards in Construction 15. Which of the following is not an airborne hazard?

a. mist b. dust c. intense light * d. fumes



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16. Hearing protection is required if you are exposed to noise of 85 db for 8 hours or more. a. True * b. False

17. Sensitization to a chemical:

a. Results from long-term exposure to a chemical.

b. Can be similar to an allergic reaction to pollen.

c. Cannot be cured.

d. All the above.*

18. When working in hot weather, you should: a. Drink plenty of water

b. Take regular, short breaks

c. Wear light-colored clothing.

d. All the above.*

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Exam Questions for Units 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 Unit 5 - Ergonomics 1. What is the most common injury among sheet metal workers?

a. Fractures b. Sprain and strains* c. Fractures d. Electrocution

2. A Sprain:

a. Usually heals within a few hours b. Is usually less severe than a strain c. Takes a few hours for swelling to appear d. Stretches or tears a ligament *

3. To lift properly, you should:

a. Lift with your legs, not your back b. Face the load c. Keep your back straight d. All the above*

_______________________________

Unit 6 - Respiratory Protection 1. Which of the following is (are) a type of air-borne hazard?

a. Dust b. Molds c. Fumes d. All the above*

2. A disposable air-purifying mask

a. Provides protection against any airborne hazard b. Is designed for a specific airborne hazard* c. Can be worn for a minimum of 30 days d. Does not need to be replaced



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3. You should check the fit of your respirator:

a. Weekly b. Daily c. Monthly d. Every time you wear it*

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Unit 7- Slip, Trips and Falls 1. The leading cause of death at the construction site is:

a. Electrical shock b. Falls * c. Struck-by accidents d. Burns

2. The best defense against a slip, trip or fall is:

a. Wearing a hard hat b. Keeping your work area clean * c. Fall protection d. Guard Rails

3. A Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) is designed to assure that its wear will not fall how many feet?

a. 2 feet b. 6 feet* c. 10 feet d. 20 feet

4. A conventional method of fall protection is designed to stop a fall:

a. Before it occurs * b. After it occurs c. 10 feet d. 20 feet

_______________________________ Unit 8 – Hand and Power Tools 1. The majority of injuries when using a hand tool are caused by:

a. Electrical Shock b. Tripping accidents c. Improper use* d. Slips and falls

2. A power tool’s safety guards

a. Cover moving parts b. Protect against chips and sparks c. Should never be removed d. All the above*



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3. A hand tool with a mushroomed head a. Is defective from prolonged use b. Can shatter on impact c. Should be discarded d. All the above*

_______________________________ Unit 9 – Stairways and Ladders 1. A straight or extension ladder must extend at least how many feet above the level you are climbing to?

a. 1 foot b. 2 feet c. 3 feet d. 4 feet *

2. Most deaths from falls off a ladder happen: a. At 30 feet or higher b. At 20 feet to 30 feet c. At 10 to 20 feet d. At 10 feet or lower *

3. Following the “4 to 1 Rule,” the base of a ladder that is extended to 20 feet should be how many feet from the structure you are climbing.

a. 2 feet b. 3 feet c. 4 feet d. 5 feet *

_______________________________