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Integrating Wind in Ireland:Experience and Studies
Mark O’MalleyDirector, Electricity Research Centre
University College Dublin
www ucd ie/ercwww.ucd.ie/erc
Integration Workshop MIT Wind WeekIntegration Workshop, MIT Wind Week
January 21th 2011
2Electricity Research Centre (ERC), Industry Members
Other stakeholders on ERC board: Major Funding sources:
3Electricity Research Centre (ERC), 2011
Dr. Ciara O’Connor Ms. Magdalena Prof. Mark O’Malley Ms. Rachael
ERC has four research strands across two institutions, UCD and TCD:
o Operations
Szczepanskay
O’Hegarty
p
o Networks
Dr. Damian Flynn
o NetworksDr. Andrew Keane
o EconomicsDr. Eleanor Denny (TCD)
o SystemsProf. Mark O’Malley
I l d h i blIreland has a unique renewable resource & technical environment
5Ireland: All Island Grid
Republic of Ireland (RoI) & Northern Ireland
9.7 GW Installed
1.8 GW Wind (> 10 % energy)
450 HVDC to GB
Max load: 6.5 GW
Min load: 2.4 GW
6Reliance on imported fossil fuel (RoI)
7European Wind Resources
Onshore OffshoreSustainable development commission, Wind Power in the UK, 2005
8Wind Installed in Republic of Ireland
1400
1600
1000
1200
MW
600
800
200
400
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Source: EirGrid
9Ireland: Very High Wind Penetration
UCTE Nordic GB Ireland672
97 77.1 10.5Total Generation capacity (GW)
53.14.8 1.9 1.8
17 1
Total installed wind capacity (GW)
7.9 4.9 2.517.1
Wind % of installed capacitycapac ty
Figures for end 2008Source: Global wind energy outlook 2008, EirGrid, UK National Grid, NORDEL, Eurelectric
10Ireland, an exemplar for the world
Europe
USA
Demonstrate Sustainable El t i l E S t iElectrical Energy System in Ireland – deploy it at scale elsewhere
China
11Wind in Republic of Ireland, April 2010
All island data from EirGrid & SONI~1 .2 GW wind power change in 18 hours (2 % to 42 % penetration)
12EU Targets 20 20 20 ‐Wind energy as % of electricity
13Wind Connections MW
System Demand 2020
3990
1460 MW 12601260
Wind Resource
15Load and Wind Averaged by Hour (2010)
320
325
3600
3800LoadWind
305
310
315
3200
3400
W)
295
300
305
2800
3000
Gen
eration (M
Load
(MW)
285
290
2400
2600 Wind GL
275
280
2200
2400
2702000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour
16Seasonal (100 % Wind)
7000
8000
5000
6000
3000
4000MW
1000
2000
3000
0
1000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Decp y g p
Month
Load 100% Wind
17Ireland Wind & Load (21 Dec 2010)
8
2.0
2.5
7000
8000Load 21‐Dec‐10 Wind 21‐Dec‐10 % Wind Penetration 21‐Dec‐10
Record system demand
1.5
2.0
5000
6000
1.03000
4000 %MW
0.5
2000
0.00
1000
Hour
18Ireland, Wind & Load – 15 Jan 2011
40
456000Load 15‐Jan‐11 Wind 15‐Jan‐11 % Wind Penetration 15‐Jan‐11
30
35
4000
5000
20
25
3000
%MW
Curtailment of about 200 MW from 02:45 to 0630
10
152000
0
5
10
0
1000
00
Hour
19Capacity Credit (Value) Ireland
Keane, A., Milligan, M., D’Annuzio, C., Dent, C., Dragoon, K., Hasche, B., Holttinen, Samaan,
N., Soder, L. and O’Malley, M.J., “Capacity Credit of Wind Power, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,in
press, 2010.
20Correlation Between Wind Farms
Correlation Between Farm Output vs. Distance between them (km)
0.8
0.9
1
0.5
0.6
0.7
elat
ion
0 2
0.3
0.4Cor
re
0
0.1
0.2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Distance (km)Source: EirGrid
21Yearly variations
Hasche, B., Keane, A. and O’Malley, M.J. “Capacity credit of wind power: calculation and data
requirements”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., in press, 2011.
22Annual and April Mean Wind Output
90%
100%
60%
70%
80%
40%
50%
60%
Win
d O
utpu
t
Annual MeanApril Mean
20%
30%
0%
10%
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Half-hour
Source: EirGrid
23Capacity factor (Republic of Ireland)
Capacity Factor
Average (1999 – 2009) 31 %
Max (1999 – 2009) 34 %
Min (1999 2009) 29 %Min (1999 – 2009) 29 %
Capacity factor 2010 23 %
**** Note: Preliminary date not for quoting
Grid Studies
25Wind energy integration studies/reports
All Island Grid Study (AIGS)
27AIGS: Portfolios
16,000
18,000 CCGT (old and new) Old Coal_PeatNew Coal Old GasoilConv. Gas New OCGTSt N ADGT
MW
10 000
12,000
14,000
16,000 Storage New ADGTBase renewables WindOther renewables
9600 MWmax. load
6,000
8,000
10,000 max. load
0
2,000
4,000
Portfolio 1 Portfolio 2 Portfolio 3 Portfolio 4 Portfolio 5 Portfolio 6
3500 MWmin. load
59 %42 %27 %27 %27 %16 %Energy
59 %47 %36 %36 %36 %23 %Capacity
59 %42 %27 %27 %27 %16 %Energy
59 %47 %36 %36 %36 %23 %Capacity
Share of Renewables
28AIGS: Societal Costs of Adopting Portfolios
4 000/a]
Operational cost w/o CO2 Cost of CO2
Net Payments Export/Import Annual invest renewable Generation
43
63439237
642
42299279
215
€3,368€3,325€3,312€3,268€3,198
3,000
3,500
4,000
rovi
sion [
MEuro
/ y p p
Annual invest network reinforcement Annual fixed cost new conv. Generation
603
331
269348
138
129
551945
945
945 1,464
2,000
2,500
for
ele
ctrici
ty p
1,4081,206 1,209 1,105 1,015
527 552 655
460
129
500
1,000
1,500
nal
soci
etal
cost
CO emissions
42%27%27%27%16%RE share of demand
0Portfolio 1 Portfolio 2 Portfolio 3 Portfolio 4 Portfolio 5A
dditio
n
1522181820CO2 emissions [Mt/a]
29AIGS: Import/export GB (portfolio 1)
Portfolio 1
600
800
1000
0
200
400
600
sion
[MW
]
600
-400
-200
01 673 1345 2017 2689 3361 4033 4705 5377 6049 6721 7393 8065 8737
Tran
smis
s
-1000
-800
-600
Time [h]
30AIGS: Import/export GB (portfolio 5)
Portfolio 5
800
1000
200
400
600
800
MW
]
-200
0
200
1 673 1345 2017 2689 3361 4033 4705 5377 6049 6721 7393 8065 8737
Tran
smis
sion
[M
-800
-600
-400T
-1000
Time [h]
Denny, E., Tuohy, A., Meibom, P., Keane, A., Flynn, D. Mullane, A. and O'Malley, y, , y, , , , , , y , , y,
M.J., “The Impact of Interconnection on Electricity Systems with Large
Penetrations of Wind Generation”, Energy Policy, in press, 2011.
31AIGS: Relative CO2 Emissions Impact
32AIGS: Benefits of Improved Forecasting
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Absolute cost reductions due to perfect forecast [MEuro]
1.2 8.0 4.8 13.6 18.5 65.0
Relative cost reductions due to perfect forecast [%]
0.05 0.4 0.2 0.7 1.2 3.6
33AIGS: Benefits of Improved Forecasting
2000 4000 4000 4000Benefit of Perfect Forecasting over
Stochastic ModelP1 P2 P3 P4
Absolute cost reductions due to
3 54
Stochastic Model
perfect forecast [MEuro] 1.2 8 4.8 13.6Relative cost reductions due to perfect forecast [%] 0.05 0.4 0.2 0.72
2.53
3.5
efit
%
0.51
1.5Ben
00 2000 4000 6000 8000
Installed Wind Power (MW)
34AIGS: Wind curtailment
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Provision of spinning reserves [TWh]
0 0 0.01 0 0.07 0.10
Other reasons than provison of spinning reserve [TWh]
0 0 0 0 0.02 0.48
Total curtailment as f i d 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 3percentage of wind power
production0 0 0 0 0.5 2.3
35Reserve targets
600 MW
650 MW
Fast (1.25 min)Slow (30 min)
500 MW
550 MW
rget
( )1 hour4 hour
400 MW
450 MW
eserve Tar
300 MW
350 MWRe
ILEX Energy UCD QUB and UMIST “Operating reserve requirements as wind power
250 MW0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Installed Wind capacity (MW)
ILEX Energy, UCD, QUB and UMIST, Operating reserve requirements as wind power penetration increases in the Irish electricity system”, Sustainable Energy Ireland (2004)
**Non-Grid study information
36AIGS: Demand for spinning reserve
600
650
700ve
s [M
W]
500
550
600
nnin
g re
serv
350
400
450
eman
d sp
in
300
W01 W04 W07 W10 W13 W16 W19 W22 W25 W28 W31 W34 W37 W40 W43 W46 W49 W52D
e
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Demand for spinning reserve during the year b kdistributed on weeks in MW
37AIGS: Demand for spinning reserve
650
700[M
W]
500
550
600
g re
serv
es
400
450
500
nd s
pinn
ing
300
350
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Dem
an
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Average demand for spinning reserve during the yeardistributed on hours during the day in MW
38AIGS: Demand for replacement reserve
450
500
550
es [M
W]
Average demand for replacement reserves due to load forecast errors and forced
d d h f h i
350
400
Rep
lace
men
t res
erve outages dependant on the forecast horizon
for different percentiles given in MW [Present power system]
250
300
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36
Forecast horizon [h]
80th 85th 90th 95th 97th 99th
1100
1300
1500
es [M
W]
700
900
Rep
lace
men
t res
erveAverage demand for replacement reserves
dependant on the forecast horizon forportfolios P1 – P6 given in MW [90th percentile]
300
500
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36
Forecast horizon [h]
Portfolio 1 Portfolio 2 Portfolio 3 Portfolio 4 Portfolio 5 Portfolio 6
[90 percentile]
Stochastic Unit Commitment
40Wilmar: Stochastic Unit Commitment
Meibom, P., Barth, R., Hasche, B., Brand, H.,
W b C d O´M ll M J “S h iWeber, C. and O Malley, M.J., “Stochastic
optimisation model to study the operational
impacts of high wind penetrations in Ireland”,
IEEE Transactions Power Systems in pressIEEE Transactions Power Systems, in press,
2011.
41Performance of Schedules
One hour frequency of rolling commitment
Tuohy, A., Meibom, P., Denny, E., & O’Malley, M., “Unit commitment for Systems with Significant Installed Wind Penetration”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , Vol, 24, pp. 592 – 601, 2009.
42System Costs ‐ Effect of Rolling UC
Uncertainty Reserve
Hours
Tuohy, A., Meibom, P., Denny, E., & O’Malley, M., “Unit commitment for Systems with Significant Installed Wind Penetration”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , Vol, 24, pp. 592 – 601, 2009.
Frequency Control & Cycling
44Impact of Wind on Base‐load Start‐ups
800
900
1000CCGTs ‐ Base Case Coal ‐ Base Case
CCGTs ‐ No Storage Coal ‐ No Storage
CCGTs ‐ No Interconnection Coal ‐ No Interconnection
600
700
800
Start‐up
s
300
400
500
umulative S
100
200
Cu
0
0 MW 2000 MW 4000 MW 6000 MW
Installed Wind Capacity
Troy, N., Denny, E. and O’Malley, M.J. “Base load cycling on a system with significant wind
penetration”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,Vol. 25, pp. 1088 ‐ 1097, 2010.
Storage
46AIGS: Pump storage utilisation
60000
70000
80000tio
n [M
Wh]
30000
40000
50000
/ C
onsu
mpt
0
10000
20000
Prod
uctio
n
000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
P1 ElecProd P1 ElecCons P2 ElecProd P2 ElecConsP3 ElecProd P3 ElecCons P4 ElecProd P4 ElecConsP5 ElecProd P5 ElecCons P6 ElecProd P6 ElecCons
The yearly electricity production and electricity consumption of l h ill di ib d h h d i d i hTurlough Hill distributed on the hours during a day in MWh
47Curtailment
Tuohy, A. And O’Malley, M.J., “Pumped Storage in Systems with Very High Wind Penetration”,
Energy Policy, in press, 2011.
48Additional Capital Expenditure justified
Tuohy, A. And O’Malley, M.J., “Pumped Storage in Systems with Very High Wind Penetration”,
Energy Policy, in press, 2011.
49Operational Costs
Relative to base case (+ saving) (‐ loss)
50Emissions
Tuohy, A. and O’Malley, M.J., “Pumped Storage in Systems with Very High Wind Penetration”,
Energy Policy, in press, 2011.
T i iTransmission playing its part
Note the sag on the line
51
52Developing the Grid ‐ Grid25
• 2,200 km Upgrades
• 1,150 km new build
• €4 billion
€4 bn
MOM1
Slide 52
MOM1 This is a slide Dermot used for our first years no logo on it but I put one in Mark O'Malley, 12/6/2010
53Public acceptance of transmission
54Interconnection
Planned
DC
Existing
DC
Denny, E., Tuohy, A., Meibom, P., Keane, A., Flynn, D. Mullane, A. and O'Malley, M.J., “The Impact of Interconnection on Electricity Systems with Large Penetrations of Wind Generation”, Energy Policy, in press, 2010.
55Seasonal (100 % Wind)
7000
8000
5000
6000
3000
4000MW
1000
2000
3000
0
1000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Decp y g p
Month
Load 100% Wind
Research & Demonstration
57Sustainable Electrical Energy Systems (2011–2015)
Sources L dSources Loads
SmartG idGrid
Markets & Policy
58Research & demonstration programme
DEVELOP STRUCTURE TO
Sources Loads
DELIVER A FLEXIBLE & INTEGRATED GRID
Sources Loads
SmartGridGrid
DEFINE MARKET POLICY & FRAMEWORK Markets
& Policy
& FRAMEWORK
IMPLEMENT ICT & DEMONSTRATIONS
59ESB Integrated Smart Networks Model
Information Flow
Renewables & Cl
SmartNetwork
Connected Home Distributed
SmartMetering
E
& Clean Generation
Generation &Electric Vehicles
Metering
Energy FlowFacilitating:
40% Renewables Integration Smart Grid – Smart Meter InfrastructureElectric Vehicles ‐ 10% by 2020
Conclusions
61Conclusions
Good wind resource – very high targetsTransmission is a problemTransmission is a problemInterconnection is a good option
l h llLarge scale storage is challengingDynamics are an issue Flexibility is the keyLarge research programmeLarge research programme Combination of solutions will emergeS i t l i i t tSocietal issues are very important
62Recent Journal Publications
Tuohy A and O’Malley M J “Pumped Storage in Systems with Very High Wind Penetration” Energy Policy in press 2011Tuohy, A. and O Malley, M.J., Pumped Storage in Systems with Very High Wind Penetration , Energy Policy, in press, 2011.
Burke, D.J., and O’Malley M.J. “Factors influencing wind energy curtailment”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, in press, 2011.
Burke, D.J., and O’Malley M.J. “A Study of Optimal Non‐Firm Wind Capacity Connection to Congested Transmission Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, in press, 2011.
Meibom P Barth R Hasche B Brand H Weber C and O´Malley M J “Stochastic optimisation model to study the operationalMeibom, P., Barth, R., Hasche, B., Brand, H., Weber, C. and O Malley, M.J., Stochastic optimisation model to study the operational impacts of high wind penetrations in Ireland”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, in press, 2011.
Keane, A., Milligan, M., D’Annuzio, C., Dent, C., Dragoon, K., Hasche, B., Holttinen, Samaan, N., Soder, L. and O’Malley, M.J., “Capacity Credit of Wind Power, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, in press, 2011.
Holttinen, H, Meibom, P., Orths, A., Lange, B., O’Malley, M.J., Tande, J, Estanqueiro, A., Gomez, E., Söder, L., Strbac, G., Smith, J.C. and ll “ f l f i d d i d i f l f ll b i ” i dvan Hulle, F., “Impacts of large amounts of wind power on design and operation of power systems, results of IEA collaboration”, Wind
Energy, in press, 2011.
Hasche, B., Keane, A. and O’Malley, M.J. “Capacity credit of wind power: calculation and data requirements”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, in press, 2011.
Fitzmaurice, R., Keane, A., and O’Malley, M.J., “Effect of Short Term Risk Aversive Dispatch on a Complex System Model for Power, , , , y, , p p ySystems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, in press, 2011.
Denny, E., Tuohy, A., Meibom, P., Keane, A., Flynn, D. Mullane, A. and O'Malley, M.J., “The Impact of Interconnection on Electricity Systems with Large Penetrations of Wind Generation”, Energy Policy, Vol. 38, pp. 6946‐6954, 2010.
Nyamdash, B., Denny, E., and O’Malley, M.J. “The viability of balancing wind power with large scale energy storage”, Energy Policy, Vol. 38 pp 7200 7208 201038, pp. 7200‐7208, 2010.
Troy, N., Denny, E. and O’Malley, M.J. “Base load cycling on a system with significant wind penetration”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 25, pp. 1088 ‐ 1097, 2010.
Burke, D., and O’Malley, M.J., “Maximum firm wind power connection to security constrained transmission networks”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 25, pp. 749 – 759, 2010.
Vittal, E., O’Malley, M.J. and Keane, A., “A Time‐Series Power Flow Methodology Applied to Power Systems With High Penetrations of Wind”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 25, pp. 433 – 442, 2010.
Doherty, R, Mullane, A., Lalor, G., Burke, D., Bryson, A. and O’Malley, M.J. “An Assessment of the Impact of Wind Generation on System Frequency”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 25, pp. 452 – 460, 2010.
63Acknowledgements
Prof. Bob Thomas, Cornell & Ms. Rachael O’ Hegarty
Industry: ABB, Bord Gais, Bord Na Mona, Commission for Energy Regulation, Cylon Controls, EirGrid, EPRI, ESB Energy International, ESB Networks, ESB Energy Solutions, Gaelectric, Intel, Siemens, SSE Renwables, United Technologies Research Centre (UTRC), ViridianS e e s, SS e ab es, U ted ec o og es esea c e t e (U ), d a
Funding Agencies: Department of Communications Energy and Natural Resources, The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Electrici.ty Research Centre (ERC), Enterprise Ireland, EU, Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering & Technology, Science Foundation Ireland, Sustainable Energy Ireland, Teagasc, IRCHSS, PRTLI
Current research Team: Dr. Damian Flynn, Dr. Eleanor Denny, Dr. Andrew Keane, Dr. Ciara O’Connor, Dr. Andrej Gubina, Mr. Paul Smith, Mr. Michael Power, Mr. Ronan Doherty, Mr. Daniel Burke, Mr. Ronan Fitzmaurice, Mr. Batsaikhan Nyamdash, Mr. Eknath Vittal, Mr. Peter Richardson, Ms. Niamh Troy, Mr. Aonghus Short, Ms. Amy O’Mahoney, Ms. Paul Cuffe, Mr. Eamonn Lannoye, Mr David Kavanagh Mr Colm Lowery Mr Stefano Verde Ms Lisa Ruttledge Ms MuireannMr. David Kavanagh, Mr. Colm Lowery, Mr. Stefano Verde, Ms. Lisa Ruttledge, Ms. MuireannLynch, Mr. Eamon Keane, Mr. David Fletcher, Mr. Lasantha Meegahapola, Mr. Erik Ela, Mr. BenishPaily, Mr. Mario Džamarija, Mr. Gaspar Artac, Ms. Rachael O’ Hegarty, Ms. Magda Szczepanska
Graduated PhDs: Dr. Daniel Burke, Dr. Aidan Tuohy, Dr. Garth Bryans, Dr. Eleanor Denny, Dr. Ronan Doherty, Dr. Meadhbh Flynn, Dr. Andrew Keane, Dr. Gill Lalor, Dr. Jonathan O’Sullivan, Dr.Ronan Doherty, Dr. Meadhbh Flynn, Dr. Andrew Keane, Dr. Gill Lalor, Dr. Jonathan O Sullivan, Dr. Michael Walsh
Graduated Masters: Ms. Sonya Twohig, Mr. Jody Dillon, Mr. Shane Rourke, Mr. Paul Sheridan, Mr. Fintan Slye
Collaborators: Peter Meibom Brian Parsons Michael Milligan Erik Ela Prof Janusz Bialek DrCollaborators: Peter Meibom, Brian Parsons, Michael Milligan, Erik Ela, Prof. Janusz Bialek, Dr. Brendan Fox, Prof. John FitzGerald Dr. Chris Dent
Integrating Wind in Ireland:Experience and Studies
Mark O’MalleyDirector, Electricity Research Centre
University College Dublin
www ucd ie/ercwww.ucd.ie/erc
Integration Workshop MIT Wind WeekIntegration Workshop, MIT Wind Week
January 21th 2011
Dynamics: Frequency Stability
66System Frequency control
Generation • If generation and load are matched water level ( f ) ill
System
(system frequency) will remain constant
• Mismatches will result in aSystem Frequency
• Mismatches will result in a change in water level (system frequency)
Load
67Frequency control
Synchronous generator
50/60 Hz
Does not add
Fixed speed wind t rbine generator
Doubly fed induction
Does not add to system inertia
turbine generator generator wind turbine
68Wind Turbine Inertial Response
Mullane, A. and O’Malley, M.J., “The inertial‐response of induction‐machine based wind‐turbines”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, pp. 1496 – 1503, 2005 .
69Frequency Response
Lalor, G., Mullane, A., and O’Malley, M.J., “Frequency Control and Wind Turbine Technologies”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems”, Vol. 20, pp. 1903 – 1913, 2005.
70Historical data Ireland
Frequency response301800
S vs. Wind Penetration 22:00‐8:00 (Night Loading)
25
1400
1600
oading
)
Wind penetration increases
Stiffness decreasesIndicates increased
15
20
800
1000
1200
on (%
of S
ystem Lo
S (M
W/H
z)
vulnerability to a loss of generation event
Should there be a 10
400
600
800
Wind Pe
netrati
market in frequency 0
5
0
200
4
Linear (S (MW/Hz)) Linear (Wind Penetration (% of Load))
response ?Linear (S (MW/Hz)) Linear (Wind Penetration (% of Load))
Doherty, R., Lalor, G. and O’Malley, M.J., “Frequency Control in Competitive Electricity Market Dispatch”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems”, Vol. 20, pp. 1588 ‐ 1596, 2005.
71Experimental data: Inertia
1
0.8
vaila
ble
0 4
0.6
Ener
gy A
0.2
0.4
l Kin
etic
E
Single Data PointA
00.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Tota Average
Total Generation Output
72Results: Frequency Nadir
Doherty R Mullane A Lalor G Burke D Bryson A and O’Malley M J “An Assessment of theDoherty, R, Mullane, A., Lalor, G., Burke, D., Bryson, A. and O Malley, M.J. An Assessment of the Impact of Wind Generation on System Frequency”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 25, pp. 452 – 460, 2010.
73Frequency response USA
74Operational Boundaries
W0 W25 W50 W75 W100
WMAX
SMAX
WMIN
SMIN
EirGrid (2010), “All Island TSO Facilitation of Renewable Studies”, Final Report
Transmission