interconexão de redes de computadores
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf
Gobpvzhjoyfw
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Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Gop{ykndz 900>, Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Hvzoyfw
Lvkq Ghylow Loihzo Loio jf Bfjfkyow
Knoy Iyknlkh Dhiki
Yf}kwo mchl
Pfjyo Whcnkyhyjk
Fjkzoyho flfzyckgh
Zfgcojfwknc
Gooyjfcho hghjbkgh
Lvkq Gofldo
]fywo
8#8#0
Zojow ow jkyfkzow yfwfy}hjow, co Iyhwkl, poy
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
dzzp1//~~~#fwy#ycp#iy
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H Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw jh Yfjf Chgkochl jf Fcwkco f Pfwxvkwh $YCP+ ofyfgfgvywow fb zfgcolonkh jh kcoybho f jh gobvckgho phyh xvfb ivwghoybho fwwfcgkhlbfczf pyzkgh# Hw hzk}kjhjfw wo wkzvhfw"pyoilfbhwfbfldhczfw w xvf wo fcgoczyhjhw ch pyzkgh jo pyokwwkochl jf ZK# Fwzhwhzk}kjhjfw ftknfb hclkwf, wczfwf f gocwzyvo jf dkpzfwfw phyh h wvpfyho jopyoilfbh# H hpyfcjkqhnfb zoych"wf bhkw ffzk}h wf goczftzvhlkqhjh yfhlkjhjfpyokwwkochl#
Ow gvywow pyopowzow powwvfb :0 $xvhyfczh+ doyhw jf jvyho jk}kjkjhw fb 80$jfq+ wfwwfw jf hpyfcjkqhnfb# Ow phyzkgkphczfw zyhihldhb fb nyvpo ov fb
jvplhw f ghjh vb pojf jkwpoy jf wvh pypykh fwzho jf zyhihldo# O bhzfykhl jffcwkco gobpowzo jf hpowzklhw goczfcjo wlkjfw gobfczhjow f yozfkyo jfhzk}kjhjfw pyzkghw fb lhioyhzyko#
Py"yfxvkwkzo
Bojflo OWK, fcjfyfhbfczo KP, hyxvkzfzvyh f pyozogolow ZGP/KP, pyozogolow jf\yozfhbfczo ov o gvywo Hyxvkzfzvyh f pyozogolow jf yfjfw ZGP"KP#
Oiafzk}ow
Fcwkchy how hlvcow ow vcjhbfczow zfykgow f pyzkgow jow pykcgkphkw pyozogolow\f zfgcolonkhw vzklkqhjow phyh kczfygocfto jf yfjfw jf gobpvzhjoyfw fbhbikfczfw jf yfjfw loghkw $LHC+ f jf yfjfw jf locnh jkwzcgkh $^HC+
Hpyfwfczhy co}hw zfgcolonkhw jf kczfygocfto jf yfjfw, pfybkzkcjo how hlvcow\hbklkhykqho gob ow pykcgkphkw gocgfkzow zfykgow f pyzkgow f gob hwwkzvhfw vwvhkw jf hplkgho jfwwfw gocgfkzow#
Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jfGobpvzhjoyfw
Hpyfwfczho
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Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Ho mkchl jo gvywo o hlvco zfy hpyfcjkjo
Pyozogolow f jkwpowkzk}ow jo bojflo OWK f ZGP/KP\
Mvcjhbfczow zfykgow f pyzkgow woiyf gocknvyhfw jf jkwpowkzk}ow,\pyozogolow f zfgcolonkhw jf kczfygocfto jf yfjfw loghkw fb hbikfczfw LHC f^HC
Mhbklkhykqho gob ow pyozogolow jf LHC, kcglvkcjo gocknvyho iwkgh jf\w~kzgdfw, ]LHCw f fbpyfno jo pyozogolo Wphcckcn Zyff
Mhbklkhykqho gob ow pyozogolow jf ^HC, kcglvkcjo h gocknvyho iwkgh jf\ yozfhjoyfw
Mvcjhbfczow zfykgow woiyf pykcgkphkw pyozogolow f zfgcolonkhw ^HC1 DJLG/\PPP5 Myhbf Yflh{, JWL, Ghilf f ^kyflfww
Gocknvyho iwkgh jf yozfhjoyfw phyh fbpyfno jf pyozogolow f zfgcolonkhw\^HC
Mhbklkhykqho gob gocgfkzow, gocknvyhfw f wkzvhfw jf vwo fc}ol}fcjo\Cfz~oye Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc $CHZ+ f Poyz Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc $PHZ+
Mvcjhbfczow, pyozogolow f fyyhbfczhw iwkghw jf nfycgkh jf yfjfw\
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Wvbyko
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9Hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :8
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 7Yozfhbfczo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ;7
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb :W~kzgdfw Fzdfycfz# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 888
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 6]LHCw Yfjfw loghkw }kyzvhkw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8:6
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb =Pyozogolow ^HC Phyzf 8# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8>>
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb >Pyozogolow ^HC Phyzf 9# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 997
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 4Pyozogolow ^HC Phyzf 7# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 948
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb ;Nfycgkh jf yfjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 707
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 80Yfwolvo jf pyoilfbhw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 79>
Ikilkonyhkh # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 7:8
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Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
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8
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
Wvbyko jh wfwwo
Kczfygocfto jf yfjfw Bozk}ho # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ;
Yfjfw Ihwzkjoyfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ;
Yfjfw Goc}fyncgkh# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 80
ZK co h yfjf, bhw ow wfvw vwvykow( # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 80
Ftfbplo1 Pfybkzkcjo wvpoyzf h hgfwwo yfbozo# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 88
Gocgfkzo jf yfjf # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 88Pyozogolow jf yfjf # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 88
KWO f o bojflo OWK # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 89
Bojflo fb ghbhjhw Oiafzk}ow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 89
Bojflo fb ghbhjhw ]kwo nfyhl # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 87
Ghbhjh wkgh Mvcfw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 87
Ghbhjh wkgh Ftfbplow jf bjkh # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8:
Ghbhjh wkgh Kczfyhgfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8:Ghbhjh wkgh Kbplfbfczho LHC # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 86
Ghbhjh wkgh Jkwpowkzk}ow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 86
Ghbhjh jf fclhgf Mvcfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8=
Ghbhjh jf fclhgf Jkwpowkzk}ow# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8>
Ghbhjh jf yfjf # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8>
Ghbhjh jf yfjf Mvcfw f jkwpowkzk}ow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 84
Ghbhjh jf yfjf Mvcfw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 84
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 8;
Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf Mvcfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 90
Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf Fwzhiflfgkbfczo jf gocfto # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 90
Ghbhjh jf wfwwo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 98
Ghbhjh jf wfwwo Mvcfw f ftfbplow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 98
Ghbhjh jf hpyfwfczho # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 98
Ghbhjh jf hplkgho # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 99
Fcghpwvlhbfczo jf jhjow# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 97
Gobvckgho Pffy"zo"Pffy# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 97
]kwo nfyhl Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9:
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 96
Fcjfyfo BHG # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9=
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9>
Zkpow jf xvhjyow Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9>
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9>
KFFF409#7v / Mhwz Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 94
KFFF409#7hi / Nknhikz Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 94
KFFF409#7hf / 80 Nknhikz Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 9;
Ghifhbfczo Fzdfycfz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 70
^kyflfww Fzdfycfz $KFFF 409#88+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 79
Yozfkyo jf hzk}kjhjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 76
Hzk}kjhjf 8 Vwo jo wkbvlhjoy Cfzwkbe # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 7=
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;
Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
Kczfygocfto jf yfjfw Bozk}ho
Nfyfczfw f pyoafzkwzhw jf yfjf zb h yfwpocwhiklkjhjfjf havjhy hw goypoyhfw co gvbpykbfczo jf wvhw
bfzhw, poy bfko jf1
Kczfygocfto jhw LHCw gobpocfczfw jhw yfjfw\jf vbh goypoyho ov fbpyfwh, jf oybh xvfwfy}kow jf yfjf nfonyhkghbfczf jkwpfywowwfahb hgfwwhjow yfbozhbfczf5
Nhyhczkh jf xvf ow vwvykow zfyo jkwpockiklkjhjf\jf ihcjh chw wvhw gocftfw fb hbikfczfw LHCf ^HC5
Kbplfbfczho jf co}hw zfgcolonkhw jf yfjf phyh o fbpyfno co bikzo jf\
vbh goypoyho/fbpyfwh# Ftfbplow jfwwhw zfgcolonkhw1 gobygko flfzyckgo,hplkghfw jf }kjfogocfycgkh, KPZ], zflfockh KP, fbpyfno jf ~kyflfww fzg#Vb iob nfyfczf jf}f gocdfgfy o c}fl jf bhzvykjhjf jhw co}hw zfgcolonkhwphyh whify hplkg"lhw $ov jfwghyz"lhw+ opoyzvchbfczf#
Vb jow oiafzk}ow jfwwf gvywo pfybkzky xvf o hlvco oizfcdh ow gocdfgkbfczowiwkgow phyh fczfcjfy gobo hw yfjfw jf gobpvzhjoyfw kczfyhnfb, f gobo pojfbwfy oynhckqhjhw f kczfygocfgzhjhw co wfczkjo jf wfyfb hpyo}fkzhjhw phyh pyo}fyow bhkw }hykhjow wfy}kow, fb pyol jo gvbpykbfczo jh bkwwo jhw oynhckqhfw#
Yfjfw Ihwzkjoyfw
XoW Xvhlkjhjf jf wfy}ko5\
WLH Wfy}kgf Lf}fl Hnyffbfcz $hgoyjo poy c}fl\jf wfy}ko+5
]oJ ]kjfo oc Jfbhcj $}jfo poy jfbhcjh+5\
]oKP ]oq woiyf KP#\
Bozk}ho1
Gocfgzk}kjhjf zozhl1
pfybkzky xvf wfy}kow f
hplkghfw jf yfjf
jkwpoc}fkw wfahb
hgfwwhjow yfbozhbfczf
Pyo}fy h kcmyh"fwzyvzvyh
woiyf h xvhl ow wfy}kow f
hplkghfw jf yfjf wo
jkwpockiklkqhjow
Kczfygocfto jf yfjfw Bozk}ho
Bhkw jo xvf bfyh gocfto jfghiow1 gobplfth f womkwzkghjhgobikcho jf pyozogolow,womz~hyf, dhyj~hyf, hlnoykzbow,polzkghw fzg#
Wfnvyhch, pyk}hgkjhjf,jkwpockiklkjhjf 9:t>, XoW, WLH
]oJ, ]oKP, ~kyflfww
Yfjvcjcgkh f ihgevp
Hplkghfw gyzkghw
Pyojvzk}kjhjf
YfjfwIhwzkjoyfw
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80
Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Yfjfw Goc}fyncgkh
Hw bojfychw zfgcolonkhw jf yfjf xvf wfyofwzvjhjhw cfwwf gvywo hwwogkhjhw ho hvbfczo
jh ihcjh jkwpoc}fl chw yfjfw loghkw f chw yfjfw jfnyhcjf yfh pfybkzfb ghjh }fq bhkw o vwo jfhplkghfw bvlzkbjkh f h gykho jo xvf doafvwvhlbfczf gdhbhbow jf yfjfw goc}fynfczfw,zhbib gocdfgkjhw gobo Yfjfw jh PytkbhNfyho $Cftz Nfcfyhzkoc Cfz~oyew CNC+#
Fwzf co}o gocgfkzo jf yfjfw cow hlghch chw bhkw}hykhjhw oybhw1
Z]w ghphqfw jf hgfwwhy h kczfycfz f kczfyhnky gob o vwvyko fwpfgzhjoy5\
Yfjfw f hphyfldow jf zflfgobvckghfw $gobo gflvlhyfw+ ghphqfw jf yfgfify\wkchkw jf Z]5
Yfjfw pyoafzhjhw phyh zyhcwpoyzhy jhjow, phwwhcjo h pfybkzky o zyhcwpoyzf jf\}jfo f vjko#
ZK co h yfjf, bhw ow wfvw vwvykow(
H Xvhlkjhjf jf Wfy}ko $XoW+ fwz hwwogkhjh hogocgfkzo jf WLH Wfy}kgf Lf}fl Hnyffbfcz $hgoyjo
poy c}fl jf wfy}ko+#
Co hjkhczh o jfphyzhbfczo jf ZK kcoybhy howvwvykow jh fbpyfwh woiyf jfzfybkchjhw pyokikfw#
]hbow zobhy gobo ftfbplo o vwo jf ~kyflfww# Djvhw opfw1
O jfphyzhbfczo jf ZK hvzoykqh o vwo f zobh hw\pyo}kjcgkhw ghi}fkw phyh f}kzhy pyoilfbhw jfwfnvyhch5
O jfphyzhbfczo jf ZK pyoif zozhlbfczf f zobh hw pyo}kjcgkhw ghi}fkw phyh\f}kzhy xvf ow vwvykow vzklkqfb h zfgcolonkh#
YfjfwGoc}fyncgkh
Yfjfw hzvhkw
goc}fynfb1
Jhzh $jhjow+
]okgf $}oq+
]kjfo $}jfo+
O jfphyzhbfczo jf ZK co ojoco jh yfjf
H yfjf gobpowzh jf wfvw
vwvykow, cfgfwwkjhjfw,ftpfgzhzk}hw f yfxvkwkzow
Co ghif ho jfphyzhbfczo jf
ZK jfgkjky gobo h yfjf vwhjh, bhw wkb gobo hzfcjfyhow yfxvkwkzow jow vwvykow
pyo}fcjo h wfnvyhch f XoWcfgfwwykow
Wf ZK co fcgoczyh o ghbkcdo,
ow vwvykow fcgoczyhb(
ZK co h yfjf, bhw ow wfvw vwvykow(
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88
Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
Ftfbplo1 Pfybkzkcjo wvpoyzf h hgfwwoyfbozo
Hgfwwo yfbozo
Ghwo zpkgo fb xvf h ZK jf}f zobhy hw\pyo}kjcgkhw phyh xvf h wolvo wfah pyo}kjh jfoybh goyyfzh, kwzo , gob wfnvyhch5
Kncoyhy hw hgklkjhjfw f h lftkiklkjhjf kcfyfczfw \wolvo wkbplfwbfczf jhy }hczhnfbgobpfzkzk}h gocgoyycgkh5
Ch yfjf ihcgykh, poy ftfbplo, vbh zyhcwho\yfhlkqhjh oc"lkcf pflo vwvyko gvwzh bvkzo bfcowjo xvf h bfwbh zyhcwho yfhlkqhjh ch hncgkh5
pyo}h jkwwo xvf o cbfyo jf zyhcwhfwihcgykhw }kh kczfycfz gyfwgfv =80&, jf 9000 h900= $Moczf1 Aoychl O Fwzhjo jf Wo Phvlo+#
Gocgfkzo jf yfjf
Pyozogolow jf yfjf
Ftfbplo $hchlonkh+1
Wfb vb gocavczo jf yfnyhw jf gocjvzh fgobpoyzhbfczo, }ykhw pfwwohw hlhcjo ho bfwbozfbpo f fb lcnvhw jkfyfczfw co gocwfnvfb wffczfcjfy cvbh yfvcko jf zyhihldo#
Ftfbplo1 Pfybkzkcjo wvpoyzf h hgfwwoyfbozo
Wvpoyzf h hgfwwo yfbozo
Hvbfczh jkwpockiklkjhjf f
pyojvzk}kjhjfVzklkqhjo poy gobpfzkjoyfw
Xvfwzfw jf ZK pojfb wfyyflhzk}hw h1
Hgfwwo, wfnvyhch, XoW
Co pyoilfbh jo vwvyko,bhw wkb pyoilfbh jf ZK
Yfjfw wo yfhw jkcbkghwocjf hw cfgfwwkjhjfw fftpfgzhzk}hw jh oynhckqhobvjhb zo ypkjo xvhczo hzfgcolonkh
Gocgfkzojf yfjf
Yfjf Kczfygocfto jf fwzhfw
jf zyhihldo, pfykmykgow, zfybkchkwf ovzyow jkwpowkzk}ow#
^dhzkw#gob Fb ZK, yfjfwfc}ol}fb h yfwpfgzk}h
gocwzyvo, pyoafzo f vwo,kcglvkcjo h phyzf mwkgh
$ghifhbfczo, dvi, iykjnf, w~kzgd,
yovzfy fzg#+, h wflfo f vwo jfpyozogolow jf zflfgob f jf
womz~hyfw phyh hplkgho fnfycgkh jh yfjf, hlb jhw
polzkghw f pyogfjkbfczow
yflhzk}ow yfjf#
Pyozogolow jf yfjf
Pyozogolo Gocavczo jf yfnyhw f goc}fcfw xvf jfmkcfb gobowf gobvckghb ow jkwpowkzk }ow cvbh yfjf#
Wvzfw jf pyozogolo wo golffw jf pyozogolow xvf dhiklkzhbgobvckgho fb yfjf jf vbh bxvkch hz ovzyh#
Hw wvzfw jf pyozogolo wo fwzyvzvyhjhw fb ghbhjhw, jf moybh hjk}kjky f oynhckqhy bfldoy hw mvcfw#
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
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Gob fwwf oiafzk}o, h Kczfychzkochl Wzhcjhyjw Oynhckqhzkoc $KWO+ jfkckv vb bojflojf yffycgkh, o bojflo Opfc W{wzfb Kczfygoccfgzkoc $OWK+, jf > ghbhjhw jfpyozogolow#
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
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jf gloge fzg# O zkpo jf gojkkgho fwz hlzhbfczf yflhgkochjo gob h }flogkjhjfjf zyhcwbkwwo jow ikzw co ghchl $bfko wkgo+#
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
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Ghbhjh jf fclhgf Mvcfw
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96
Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
H wvighbhjh jf Goczyolf jf Hgfwwo ho Bfko $BHG+ h yfwpocw}fl poyboczhy o xvhjyo xvf wfy fc}khjo phyh h yfjf# Fwzh wvighbhjh yfwpocw}flpoy hjkgkochy o fcjfyfo BHG jf oyknfb f jf jfwzkco# O fcjfyfo BHG vbfcjfyfo wkgo jf vbh plhgh jf yfjf# Ow xvhjyow jfwzkchjow h ovzyhw yfjfw
vzklkqhyo o fcjfyfo BHG jo yozfhjoy jh yfjf $nhzf~h{ phjyo+ gobo fcjfyfojf jfwzkco# Fwzh wvighbhjh jfkckjh pflo pyozogolo KFFF 409#7, wf vbh yfjfgob ghiow fwzk}fy wfcjo vwhjh, ov pflo pyozogolo KFFF 409#88, wf vbh yfjfwfb ko fwzk}fy wfcjo vwhjh#
H ghbhjh Mwkgh h yfwpocw}fl poy goc}fyzfy o xvhjyo nfyhjo pflh ghbhjhBHG fb wkchkw flzykgow $wf oy vbh yfjf ghifhjh+ ov flfzyobhnczkgow $wf oyvbh yfjf wfb ko+# Fwzh ghbhjh zhbib jfkckjh pflo pyozogolo KFFF 409#7, wfvbh yfjf gob ghiow fwzk}fy wfcjo vwhjh, ov pflo KFFF 409#88, wf vbh yfjfwfb ko fwzk}fy wfcjo vwhjh#
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz
KFFF 409#7 Fzdfycfz o phjyo jf LHC bhkwgocdfgkjo, avczhbfczf gob KFFF409#88 $^LHC+#
Fwzf phjyo kcglvk o pyozogolo vwhjo phyh oybhy owxvhjyow $yhbfw+ fc}khjow pflo dowz#
Ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, o zfybo Fzdfycfz vwhjo\phyh wknckkghy KFFF 409#75
Ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, Fzdfycfz f KFFF 409#7 wo\vwhjow kcjkwzkczhbfczf, fbioyh flfw CO wfahbh bfwbh gokwh# ]fyfbow h jkfyfch bhkw zhyjf,ch hpyfwfczho jow jkfyfczfw zkpow jf xvhjyowFzdfycfz#
Myhbf 2 xvhjyo\
Pyfhbilf 2 > i{zfw % Wzhyz o Myhbf Jflkbkzfy\$WMJ+ 2 8 i{zf
Zozhl 2 4 i{zfw
O fcjfyfo Vckghwz kjfczkkgh vbh ckgh plhgh jf yfjf5co pojfb ftkwzky jvhw plhghw jf yfjf gob o bfwbofcjfyfo# Fwwf fcjfyfo goczyolhjo pflo KFFF#
O fcjfyfo jf iyohjghwz phjyockqhjo zfb zojow owogzfzow gob o }hloy dfthjfgkbhl MM1MM1MM1MM1MM1MM1MM#
O fcjfyfo jf Bvlzkghwz kjfczkkgh vb nyvpo jf jkwpowkzk}ow f vwhjo phyh
hplkghfw bvlzkbjkh#
Ghbpo jf fcjfyfo jf ghbhjh 9
Fcjfyfo BHG
Vckghwz hjjyfww ckgojkwpowkzk}oIyohjghwz hjjyfww Zojowowjkwpowkzk}owBvlzkghwz hjjyfww Nyvpofwpfgmkgo jf jkwpowkzk}ow
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz
Pyfhbilf ovWzhyz Mkflj
Xvhcjo PGw wo gocfgzhjow cvb bfko mwkgo,pyfgkwhb zfy vb afkzo jf gdhbhy h hzfco jow ovzyowPGw1 H }hk vb myhbf(
]ykhw zfgcolonkhw zb bojow jkmfyfczfw jf mhqfy kwwo,bhw zojow ow myhbfw, kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf jh
zfgcolonkh, zb vbh wfxcgkh kckgkhl jf i{zfw jfwkchlkqho#
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Fcjfyfo BHG
Ow 7 pykbfkyow ogzfzow kjfczkkghb o hiykghczf $OVK+f ow 7 lzkbow h plhgh jf yfjf pyopykhbfczf jkzh# O
hiykghczf hwwvbf o gobpyobkwwo jf co yfpfzkyfcjfyfow#
Fcjfyfow BHG1
Gdhbhjow w }fqfw jf Ivycfj"kc Hjjyfwwfw\$IKHw+,poyxvf wo xvfkbhjow ch bfbykh YOBjh plhgh jf yfjf f gopkhjow ch YHB xvhcjo hCKG kckgkhlkqh5
Powwvfb :4 ikzw fb gobpykbfczo, ftpyfwwow\
gobo 89 jnkzow fb dfthjfgkbhl5\ Ow pykbfkyow = jnkzow dfthjfgkbhkw wo
hjbkckwzyhjow pflo KFFF, f kjfczkkghb ohiykghczf# Wo gdhbhjow jf OynhckqhzkochlVckxvf Kjfczkkfy $OVK+5
Ow = jnkzow dfthjfgkbhkw yfwzhczfw zyhjvqfb o\cbfyo wfykhl jh plhgh jf yfjf5
KFFF OVK MHXw1\ dzzp1//wzhcjhyjw#kfff#oyn/hxw/OVK#dzbl5
Cbfyo jf fcjfyfow BHG poww}fkw1 8=89 $ov\bhkw jf 9 zykldfw+#
Jfw}hczhnfcw jow fcjfyfow BHG1
Co kjfczkkghb h yfjf, hpfchw o fxvkphbfczo5\
Co wo fwzyvzvyhjow dkfyhyxvkghbfczf, f wo gocwkjfyhjow lhz hjjyfww\wphgf5
Hchlonkh1 gobo wf, ho fc}khybow vbh ghyzh, vwwwfbow hpfchw vb cobf, ho\kc}w jf vb fcjfyfo fwzyvzvyhjo, gob GFP#
FcjfyfoBHG
Ghjh ghyzo Fzdfycfz $CKG ghyj+ zfb vb ckgo fcjfyfoBHG#
Fcjfyfow BHG pyo}fb vbh moybh jow PGw wfkjfczkmkghyfb#
Flfw moycfgfb vb pfybhcfcz, vckxvf chbf#
O pyozogolo Fzdfycfz vwh fcjfyfo BHG phyh kjfczkmkghy oyknfb fjfwzkco jo myhbf Fzdfycfz#
Xvhcjo vb PG fc}kh vb xvhjyo Fzdfycfz, flf kcglv k o fcjfyfoBHG ch wvh plhgh jf yfjf $CKG+ gobo o fcjfyfo BHG jf oyknfb#
]fyfbow bhkw zhyjf gobo o PG hpyfcjf o fcjfyfo BHG jfjfwzkco vwhcjo o pyozogolo HYP#
Co kcjo~w TP, co JOW pyobpz, vwf kpgocmkn /hll phyh oizfy
wfv fcjfyfo BHG#
FcjfyfoBHG
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Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz
Zkpow jf xvhjyow Fzdfycfz
Ftkwzfb jk}fywow zkpow jf xvhjyow Fzdfycfz, ghjh vbkjfczkkghjo gobo vb phgozf ckgo1
Fzdfycfz KK ov JKT $JFG, Kczfl, Tfyot+ o bhkw\gobvb5
Fzdfycfz Co}fll Yh~ 409#75\
Fzdfycfz KFFF 409#75\
Fzdfycfz KFFF 409#7 gob ghifhldo WCHP#\
KFFF 409#7 lkbkzh o ghbpo jf jhjow h vb btkbojf 8600 i{zfw#
Xvhcjo o KFFF gykov 409#9, pfygfifv h cfgfwwkjhjf jf vb ghbpo Z{pf phyhkjfczkkghy o xvf fwzhykh jfczyo jo ghbpo jf jhjow#
KFFF gdhbov fwzf ghbpo Z{pf jf 8 i{zf jf Jfwzkchzkoc Wfy}kgf Hggfww Pokcz$JWHP+#
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz
Myhbf Gdfge Wfxvfcgf $MGW+1
Ikzw vwhjow phyh nhyhczky xvf ow jhjow gdfnhyhb\ho jfwzkco, wfb fyyo5
Bhkw fkgkfczf jo xvf fc}khy ow jhjow jvhw }fqfw\f gobphyhy ow yfwvlzhjow5
Glgvlo ihwfhjo fb vb polkcbko $GYG+#\
Ghbpo jf jhjow
Hlb jow jhjow pyopykhbfczf jkzow, zhbib jf}fbwfy fc}khjow i{zfw jf pyffcgdkbfczo $phjjkcn+#
Phjjkcn i{zfw wo hjkgkochjow jf moybh xvf owxvhjyow zfcdhb o gobpykbfczo bckbo phyh fmfkzo jfzkbkcn $wkcgyockwbo+#
MGW
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz
Ghbpo zkpo $z{pf mkflj+
Kcjkgh o pyozogolo jf ghbhjh 7
Pykcgkphkw }hloyfw
0t0400 Pyozogolo KP
0t040= Pyozogolo HYP $Hjjyfww Yfwolvzkoc Pyozogol+
0t487> Pyozogolo Co}fll Cfz~hyf $phyh Fzdfycfz KK+
Ow }hloyfw bhkw vwvhkw fcgoczyhjow ch pyzkgh wo1 0t0400 f0t040=#
KFFF 409#7 / Fzdfycfz
Zkpowjf xvhjyowFzdfycfz
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
KFFF409#7v / Mhwz Fzdfycfz
\ 800IHWF"ZT1 yfgobfcj}fl h vzklkqho jf 9
phyfw jf ghio VZP, ghzfnoykh 6 ov 9 phyfw jfghio WZP, wvpoyzhcjo zyhcwbkwwfw dhl"jvplftov vll"jvplft#
\ 800IHWF"Z:1 vzklkqh : phyfw jf ghio VZP,ghzfnoykhw 7, : ov 6, wvpoyzhcjo wobfczfzyhcwbkwwfw dhl"jvplft#
\ 800IHWF"MT1 vzklkqh kiyh pzkgh bvlzkbojo8700cb $+, phyh zyhcwbkwwfw dhl"jvplft ov vll"jvplft#
\ 800IHWF"WT1 vzklkqh kiyh pzkgh bocobojo 460cb $+, phyh zyhcwbkwwfwdhl"jvplft ov vll"jvplft#
\ 800IHWF"IT1 vzklkqh vb ckgh kiyh pzkgh bocobojo 460cb $+, phyhzyhcwbkwwfw dhl"jvplft ov vll"jvplft#
KFFF409#7hi / Nknhikz Fzdfycfz
KFFF 409#7hi, yhzkkghjo fb 8;;;, jfkcf hzyhcwbkwwo Nknhikz Fzdfycfz woiyf ghifhbfczo VZPchw ghzfnoykhw 6, 6f ov =, xvf wf zoycov gocdfgkjh
gobo 8000IHWF"Z#
\ 8000IHWF"Z O cbfyo jf phyfw jf ghiowvwhjow jkfyf jow jfbhkw vzklkqhjow fb phjyfwhczfykoyfw5 vzklkqh ow xvhzyo phyfw jkwpoc}fkw cophy zyhchjo, f poy fwzf bozk}o gocwfnvfzyhcwbkzky h 8000 Bipw, jkfyfczf jhw jfbhkw,xvf vzklkqhb wobfczf jokw phyfw jfwwf ghio#
\ 8000IHWF"GT vbh zkbh opo phyh yfjfwjf gvyzh jkwzcgkh, gob hlghcgf jf hz, co
btkbo, 96 bfzyow# Ow pyfow jow bojfbw fghiow jo phjyo 8000IHWF"GT wo bfcoyfw,bhw bfcow vwvhkw, jf}kjo gvyzh jkwzcgkhhzkcnkjh# Wvplhczhjo pflo phjyo 8000IHWF"Z#
\ 8000IHWF"WT Fwzh zfgcolonkh vzklkqh kiyhwpzkghw chw yfjfw, f yfgobfcjhjh chw yfjfwjf hz 660 bfzyow# Flh powwvk xvhzyo phjyfw jflhwfyw# Gob lhwfyw jf 60 bgyocw f yfxcgkh jf600 BDq, o phjyo bhkw ghyo, o wkchl ghphq jfpfygoyyfy ow bfwbow 660 bfzyow jow phjyfw
bhkw ihyhzow jo 8000IHWF"LT# O wfnvcjophjyo zhbib vzklkqh lhwfyw jf 60 bgyocw, bhw
KFFF409#7v / Mhwz Fzdfycfz
Cobf Ghio
800IHWF"ZT Phy zyhchjo ov VZP $9 phyfw+
800IHWF"Z: Phy zyhchjo ov VZP $: phyfw+
800IHWF"MT Mkiyh pzkgh bvlzkbojo
800IHWF"WT Mkiyh pzkgh bocobojo
800IHWF"IT ckgh mkiyh pzkgh bocobojo
KFFF409#7hi / Nknhikz Fzdfycfz
Cobf Ghio
8000IHWF"Z Phy zyhchjo ov VZP
8000IHWF"WT Mkiyh bvlzkbojo
8000IHWF"LT Mkiyh bocobojo
8000IHWF"GT Ihlhcgfj goppfy ghilkcn
8000IHWF"QT Mkiyh zkgh jf 8660 cb
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Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
h yfxcgkh ghk phyh :00 BDq f h jkwzcgkh phyhhpfchw 600 bfzyow# Ow ovzyow jokw phjyfwvzklkqhb lhwfyw jf =9,6 bgyocw f yfxcgkhw jf
900 f 8=0 BDq, f poy kwwo wo ghphqfw jfhzkcnky hpfchw 9>6 f 990 bfzyow,yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Pojf vzklkqhy kiyhw jo zkpobocobojo f bvlzkbojo, wfcjo h bhkw gobvb hbvlzkbojo $bhkw ihyhzh f jf bfcoy hlghcgf+#
\ 8000IHWF"LT Fwzh h zfgcolonkh bhkw ghyh,pokw hzkcnf hw bhkoyfw jkwzcgkhw# Wf h yfjf oybhkoy xvf 660 bfzyow, flh h ckgh hlzfychzk}h#Flh ghphq jf hzkcnky hz 6 eb, vzklkqhcjo"wfkiyhw pzkghw gob ghiow jf ; bgyocw# H
zfgcolonkh 8000IHWF"LT vzklkqhjh gob kiyh jozkpo bocobojo, f poy fwzf bozk}o pojf hlghchyvbh jkwzcgkh bhkoy fb gobphyho gob ophjyo 8000IHWF"WT#
KFFF409#7hf / 80 Nknhikz Fzdfycfz
\ 80NIHWF"GT: Zhbib gocdfgkjo gobo409#7he, zyhcwbkzf fb : phyfw, zfgcolonkhKckckIhcj, hz 86 bfzyow5 kczfyhgf jf ihktogvwzo#
\ 80NIHWF"Z Phjyo KFFF 409#7hc"900=,jfkckjo fb 900=, pfybkzf o vwo jf 80 Nknhikzfb ghiow jf goiyf zyhjkgkochkw#
\ 80NIHWF"WY $wdoyz yhcnf+ Pyoafzo phyhjkwzcgkhw jf 9= h 49 bfzyow, bhw pojf gdfnhyhz 700 bfzyow, jfpfcjfcjo jh kczfyhgf5 vwhkiyh jf 460 cb#
\ 80NIHWF"LYB Zhbib gocdfgkjo gobo409#7hx, wvpoyzh hz 900 bfzyow fb kiyh
bvlzkbojo oyknkchlbfczf kcwzhlhjh phyh MJJK f800IHWF"MT#
\ 80NIHWF"LY $locn yhcnf opzkghl+ Wvpoyzh kiyhbocobojo jf 8780 cb f jkwzcgkh jf 80 Ebhz 96 Eb#
\ 80NIHWF"FY $ftzfcjfj yhcnf+ Wvpoyzh hz :0Eb fb kiyh bocobojo jf 8660 cb#
\ 80NIHWF"QY Phjyo gykhjo pflo hiykghczf fyfgfczfbfczf kczyojvqkjo, wvpoyzh hz 40Eb# Vwh
h fwpfgkkgho ihwfhjh cow phjyfw OG"8;9/WZB"=: WJD/WOCFZ#
KFFF409#7hf / 80 Nknhikz Fzdfycfz
Cobf Ghio
80NIHWF"GT: Ghio phy zyhchjo $: phyfw+
80NIHWF"Z Ghio phy zyhchjo
80NIHWF"WY Mkiyh bocobojo
80NIHWF"LYB WY Mkiyh bvlzkbojo
80NIHWF"LY WY Mkiyh bocobojo
80NIHWF"FY Mkiyh bocobojo
80NIHWF"QY Mkiyh bocobojo
80NIHWF"LT: Mkiyh bvlzkbojo f bocobojo $9 phyfw+
80NIHWF"Ey Ihgeplhcf jf fxvkphbfczow
Jfczyf wvhw ghyhgzfywzkghw iwkghw, ftglvk"wf ohlnoykzbo GWBH/GJ jh wvighbhjh BHG, vbh }fq xvfflh opfyh hpfchw poczo"h"poczo
O wfv bojo jf zyhcwbkwwo wobfczf mvll "jvplft, f oghifhbfczo hpfchw jf mkiyh pzkgh1 bvlzkbojo fbocobojo
Jf}kjo nyhcjf jkwzcgkh hzkcnkjh pflo ghifhbfczojf mkiyh pzkgh bocobojo $:0Eb+, flh a fwz wfcjovwhjh fb yfjfw bfzyopol kzhchw
H zfgcolonkh vzkl kqhjh 80NIHWF"T
KFFF409#7hf / 80 Nknhikz Fzdfycfz
KFFF409#7hi / Nknhikz Fzdfycfz
H yfjf Nknhikz Fzdfycfz wvpoyzh zyhcwbkwwfw cow bojow dhlm"jvplftf mvll"jvplft xvf1
Vzklkqfb o moybhzo jo xvhjyo Fzdfycfz 409#75
Vzklkqfb o bzojo jf hgfwwo GWBH/GJ gob wvpoyzf phyh vbyfpfzkjoy poy jobcko jf golkwo5
Omfyfhb gobphzkiklkjhjf gob zfgcolonkhw 80IHWF"Z f 800IHWF"Z#
Xvhczo jkwzcgkh jow fclhgfw, mok jfmkckjo xvf1
Fclhgf jf mkiyh pzkgh bvlzkbojo gob gobpykbfczo btkbo jf 600bfzyow5
Fclhgf jf mkiyh pzkgh bocobojo gob gobpykbfczo btkbo jf 7 eb5
Fclhgf ihwfhjo fb goiyf $ftfbplo1 ghio gohtkhl+ gob gobpykbfczobtkbo jf 96 bfzyow
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
\ 80NIHWF"LT: Vwh : kiyhw, ghjh vbh h 7#896 Nipw# Wvpoyzh jf 9:0bfzyow h 700 bfzyow fb kiyh bvlzkbojo, f 80 Eb gob bocobojo#
800 Nknhikz Fzdfycfz ov 800 NiF o co}o phjyo fb flhioyho hjozhjo pflo
KFFF 409#7 Dkndfy Wpffj Wzvj{ Nyovp $DWWN+ co nyvpo jf zyhihldo KFFF409#7ih#
Vbh jfw}hczhnfb jh yfjf 80 Nknhikz Fzdfycfz xvf flh wobfczf pojf wfy poczo"h"poczo, o xvf wknckkgh xvf co powwvk zfgcolonkh glkfczf/wfy}kjoy, zfcjo vwowihwzhczf fwpfgkgow, gobo fb ihgeiocfw#
Hw zfgcolonkhw f pyojvzow phyh o 80 Nknhikz Fzdfycfz wo jfwfc}ol}kjow poy vbhhwwogkho xvf goczh gob gfygh jf 40 bfbiyow, h 80 NFH $80 Nknhikz FzdfycfzHllkhcgf+#
Ghifhbfczo Fzdfycfz
Fzdfycfz oyknkchl vwh}h vbh zopolonkh ivw#\
Fzdfycfz dviw zyhihldhb jh bfwbh oybh xvf\ivw#
Fzdfycfz f KFFF409#7 kbplfbfczhb vbh yfnyh,gocdfgkjh gobo yfnyh 6":"7, phyh o cbfyo jfyfpfzkjoyfw f wfnbfczow jf vb ihgeiocf Fzdfycfzjf hgfwwo gobphyzkldhjo cvbh zopolonkh jf y}oyf
$zyff zopolon{+#
H yfnyh 6":"7 jk}kjf h yfjf fb jokw zkpow jfwfnbfczow wkgow1 wfnbfczow gob vwvykow $vwfywfnbfczw+ f wfnbfczow wfb vwvykow $lkce wfnbfczw+#
Vwfy wfnbfczw Powwvfb vwvykow gocfgzhjow h\flfw#
Lkce wfnbfczw Vwhjow phyh gocfgzhy\yfpfzkjoyfw#
H yfnyh jkq xvf fczyf jokw cw jh yfjf w pojfdh}fy, co btkbo, gkcgo wfnbfczow gocfgzhjowhzyh}w jf : yfpfzkjoyfw $ov gocgfczyhjoyfw+, fhpfchw zyw jow gkcgo wfnbfczow pojfb goczfygocftfw jf vwvykow#
O pyozogolo Fzdfycfz yfxvfy xvf vb wkchl fc}khjo hzyh}w jh LHC wfah yfgfikjo fbzojh h yfjf fb vb fwpho jf zfbpo jfzfybkchjo, o xvf nhyhczkjo pflh yfnyh6":"7# Ghjh yfpfzkjoy poy ocjf o wkchl phwwh hjkgkoch vbh pfxvfch phygflh jfzfbpo ho pyogfwwo5 hwwkb, h yfnyh pyoafzhjh phyh bkckbkqhy o zfbpo jf
zyhcwbkwwo jf wkchkw#
Ghifhbfczo Fzdfycfz
Vbh zopolonkh ivw vzklkqh vb ckgo wfnbfczo jfghio ocjf zojow ow dowzw wf gocfgzhb jkyfzhbfczf#
Ghifhbfczo Fzdfycfz
H yfnyh bhcjh xvf fczyf jokw cw cvbh yfjf ftkwzh vbbtkbo jf 6 wfnbfczow, gocfgzhjow hzyh}w jf :yfpfzkjoyfw $ov gocgfczyhjoyfw+, f wobfczf zyw jow gkcgowfnbfczow pojfb goczfy gocftfw jf vwvykow#
Cozh1 Kwzo co pyoilfbh gob yfjf gob w~kzgdfw, bhw wkbgob dviw $yfpfzkjoyfw+#
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Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
H yfnyh 6":"7, xvf ok gykhjh xvhcjo Fzdfycfz80IHWF"6 f 80IHWF"9 fyhb ow ckgow zkpow jfyfjfw Fzdfycfz jkwpoc}fkw $ghifhbfczo gohtkhl kcof gohtkhl nyowwo+, w wf hplkgh h ihgeiocfw Fzdfycfz
jf hgfwwo gobphyzkldhjo# Vbh yfjf Fzdfycfzgdh}fhjh $w~kzgdfj+ pojf hiyky bo jh yfnyh 6":"7,poyxvf ghjh w~kzgd zfb wfv pypyko ivfy phyhhybhqfchy jhjow zfbpoyhykhbfczf, f zojow ow cwpojfb wkbvlzhcfhbfczf hgfwwhy vbh LHC Fzdfycfzgdh}fhjh, wfb powwkiklkjhjf jf golkwo, poyxvf ghjhpoyzh jo w~kzgd vb jobcko jf golkwo#
O ghio jf gocwolf co hq phyzf pyopykhbfczf jo
ghifhbfczo Fzdfycfz, poyxvf vwhjo phyh gocfgzhyvb dowz poyzh jf gocwolf jf vb yozfhjoy $ovw~kzgd+# Wfy}f phyh gocknvyhy fwwfw jkwpowkzk}owvwhcjo o woz~hyf D{pfy Zfybkchl, jkwpoc}fl co^kcjo~w#
O ghio pkco h pkco wfy}f phyh gocfgzhy jkwpowkzk}owjkfyfczfw, ov wfah1 dowz"w~kzgd, dowz"dvi, yozfhjoy"w~kzgd f yozfhjoy"dvi#
O ghio gyowwo}fy wfy}f phyh gocfgzhy jkwpowkzk}ow
wfbfldhczfw, ov wfah1 dowz"dowz, w~kzgd"w~kzgd, dvi"dvi f w~kzgd"dvi# H ftgfo h gocfto jf vb dowz jkyfzhbfczf h vb yozfhjoy,yhyhbfczf vzklkqhjh#
Cozf xvf o ghio jf gocwolf lknhjo ch poyzh jf gocwolf co yozfhjoy"w~kzgd#\
Ow ghiow pkco h pkco f gyowwo}fy jf}fb wfnvky h coybh FKH"ZKH6=4H f FKH"\ZKH6=4I, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Fwwhw coybhw jfzfybkchb h wfxcgkh jf goyfwjow 4 kow jo ghio jf phy zyhchjo co gocfgzoy YA":6#
Ghifhbfczo Fzdfycfz
Zkpow jf ghiow
Pkco h pkco $Wzyhkndz"zdyovnd+
Gyowwo}fy
Gocwolf $Yollfj+
Hplkgho
Pkco h pkco phyh gocfgzhy dowzw"yozfhjoyfw h w~kzgdw"dviw
Gyowwo}fy phyh gocfgzhy w~kzgdfw"dviw"dowzw fczyf wk fyozfhjoy ho dowz jkyfzhbfczf $yhyhbfczf ogoyyf+
Yollfj phyh gocfgzhy dvi poyzh jf gocwolf jo yozfhjoy
Ghifhbfczo Fzdfycfz
Pkco h pkco
Gyowwo}fy
Gocwolf
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
^kyflfww Fzdfycfz $KFFF 409#88+
O bfko jf gobvckgho jf vbh ^LHC h ocjhflfzyobhnczkgh $ho kc}w jf kow+#
Vbh ^LHC jkwpfcwh ghifhbfczo, zobhjhw,gocfgzoyfw, jvzow, ghldhw fzg# zhbib gdhbhjhjf ^k"Mk $^kyflfww Mkjflkz{+ ov kjflkjhjf wfb kow#
H bozk}ho phyh o vwo jf ^LHC pojf wfy1
Boiklkjhjf ^LHCw pfybkzfb how vwvykow o\hgfwwo kcoybho jf xvhlxvfy lvnhy jhoynhckqho, wfb cfgfwwkjhjf jf pyogvyhy vbpoczo jf yfjf phyh wf gocfgzhy, hvbfczhcjo h
lftkiklkjhjf f h pyojvzk}kjhjf5
Gockhiklkjhjf Bfcow kow f gocfgzoyfw wknckkghb bfcow poczow jf hldh f,\poyzhczo, bfcow pyoilfbhw phyh vwvykow f nfyfczfw jf yfjf5
Mhgklkjhjf jf kcwzhlho ^LHCw co pyfgkwhb jf ghyhw f jfboyhjhw\kcwzhlhfw jf ghifhbfczo, fwpfgkhlbfczf fb yfhw xvf co zfcdhb wkjogocwzyvjhw gob h pyf}kwo jf ghifhbfczo fwzyvzvyhjo5 chjh jf kowpfcjvyhjow co oyyo ov fb phyfjfw ov, pkoy hkcjh, fwphldhjow pflo gdo5
Gvwzo O gvwzo jh kcwzhlho jf vbh ^LHC f o zfbpo jf }kjh jow\fxvkphbfczow pojf wfy bfcoy jo xvf o jf vbh wolvo ghifhjh,
pykcgkphlbfczf fb hbikfczfw xvf woyfb yfxfczfw bvjhchw jf lh{ovz5
Fwghlhiklkjhjf Wkwzfbhw ^LHC wo hgklbfczf gocknvyhjow f yfbhcfahjow\phyh wvpoyzhy vbh }hykfjhjf jf hbikfczfw jf yfjf, jfwjf ow jf pfxvfchwfbpyfwhw hz ow jf nyhcjfw fbpyfwhw#
Fb kcwzhlhfw pfxvfchw pojfbow fcgoczyhyihgeiocfw ^LHC, wfb yfjf ghifhjh, gobo ch knvyhho lhjo#
Fwwf zkpo jf kcwzhlho co vwvhl, pykcgkphlbfczfco hbikfczf goypoyhzk}o#
Ow vwvykow wf gocfgzhb hzyh}w jf vb poczo jfhgfwwo $hggfww"pokcz+ xvf hzvh gobo vbgocgfczyhjoy, zkpo dvi"w~kzgd ov yozfhjoy# Ghjhpoczo jf hgfwwo pojf gocfgzhy }ykow vwvykow, wfblkbkzf zfykgo jf gocftfw# Ch pyzkgh, o lkbkzf hlhynvyh jf ihcjh jkwpoc}fl phyh ow vwvykow#
^kyflfww Fzdfycfz $KFFF 409#88+
Ihgeiocf LHC
Wfb yfjf ghifhjh
Povgo gobvb
^kyflfww Fzdfycfz $KFFF 409#88+
Gocgfkzo jf ^LHC $ kyflfww LHC+
Vb gocavczo jf fxvkphbfczow jf yfjf gocfgzhjow poyocjhw flfzyobhnczkghw
Bozk}ho
Boiklkjhjf
Gocmkhiklkjhjf
Mhgklkjhjf jf kcwzhlho
Gvwzo
Fwghlhiklkjhjf
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Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
H plhgh jf yfjf wfb ko zyhzhjh pflo wkwzfbhopfyhgkochl $^kcjo~w, Lkcvt fzg#+ gobo wf owwfvbh plhgh jf yfjf Fzdfycfz gobvb, wkbplkkghcjohwwkb h kcwzhlho f gocknvyho#
bhkw gobvb h ogoyycgkh jf vb bkwzo jf yfjfghifhjh f ^LHC, gocoybf bowzyhjo ch knvyh holhjo#
O ihgeiocf jh yfjf, xvf co ftknf boiklkjhjf, pojfwfy ghifhjo, bfwbo poyxvf hw ftkncgkhw jf}flogkjhjf f ghphgkjhjf pojfb ftgfjfy hwfwpfgkkghfw jf vbh ^LHC#
Ow vwvykow, xvf ftknfb boiklkjhjf, pojfb wfygocfgzhjow }kh ^LHC, kczfnyhcjo hwwkb o bfldoyjow jokw bvcjow# O poczo jf hgfwwo pfybkzfgocfto yfjf ghifhjh, gobo wf owwf vbgocgfczyhjoy gobvb $dvi"w~kzgd+#
Zojow ow phjyfw hgkbh opfyhb gob h bfwbhzgckgh jf zyhcwbkwwo1 Jkyfgz Wfxvfcgf WpyfhjWpfgzyvb JWWW $Fwphldhbfczo Fwpfgzyhl poyWfxcgkh Jkyfzh+, zgckgh jfwfc}ol}kjh phyh kcwbklkzhyfw, gob o oiafzk}o jf gocvcjky h jfzfgo jf
wkchl poy zfygfkyow# O wkchl yfwvlzhczf wf hwwfbfldh hvb yvjo yhjkoflzykgo#
H yfxcgkh jf 9#: NDq, fbioyh zfcdh bhkoyhlghcgf jo xvf h jf 6#4 NDq, fwz bhkw wvafkzh hkczfyfycgkhw jf ovzyow jkwpowkzk}ow, zhkw gobo1zflfocfw wfb ko, oycow jf bkgyoocjhw, goczyolfwyfbozow jk}fywow fzg#
Jf}kjo gobphzkiklkjhjf fczyf ow phjyfw 409#88i f 409#88n, gobvb
fcgoczyhy cozfiooew f plhghw jf yfjf wfb ko xvf wvpoyzhb ow jokw phjyfw#
kyflfww Fzdfycfz $KFFF 409#88+
Yfjf kczfnyhjh
Yfjf ghifhjh% LHC
kyflfww Fzdfycfz $KFFF 409#88+
Phjyfw KFFF 409#88
KFFF 409#88iPykbfkyo lhchjo gobfygkhlbfczf f bhkw vwhjo
]flogkjhjf jf 88 Bipw, 7 vwvykow wkbvlzcfow/poczo jf hgfwwoMyfxcgkh jf opfyho 9#: NDq
KFFF 409#88h]flogkjhjf jf 6: Bipw, 4 vwvykow wkbvlzcfow/poczo jf hgfwwo
Myfxcgkh jf opfyho 6#4 NDq
Kcgobphz}fl gob o 409#88i
KFFF 409#88n]flogkjhjf jf 6: Bipw, 7 vwvykow wkbvlzcfow/poczo jf hgfwwo
Gobphz}fl gob o 409#88i
Yffycgkh ikilkonykgh1
dzzp1//~~~#zflfgo#gob#iy/zvzoykhkw/zvzoykhlww/phnkch_8#hwp
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
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Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
Yozfkyo jf hzk}kjhjfw
Zpkgow f gocgfkzow
Bozk}ho phyh kczfygocfto jf yfjfw\
Ghbhjhw jf pyozogolow\
Bojflo jf Yffycgkh OWK\
Yfjf Loghl Fzdfycfz\
Gobpfzcgkhw zgckghw jfwfc}ol}kjhw
Fczfcjkbfczo jf ghbhjhw jf pyozogolow\
Fczfcjkbfczo jo Bojflo OWK\
Fczfcjkbfczo jo vcgkochbfczo jf vbh yfjf LHC ghifhjh f LHC wfb ko\$~kyflfww+
Fczfcjkbfczo jo vcgkochbfczo jf\ dviw f w~kzgdfw
Zfbpo pyf}kwzo phyh hw hzk}kjhjfw
70 " :6 bkcvzow\
Oiwfy}ho1 Hlnvcw jow jogvbfczow bfcgkochjow fwzo jkwpoc}fkw co GJ"YOBjo gvywo ov fb bxvkch jo lhioyhzyko#
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Hzk}kjhjf 8 Vwo jo wkbvlhjoy Cfzwkbe
8# Hpw hiyky h zflh pykcgkphl jo wkbvlhjoy Cfzwkbe, gocmoybfyfgobfcjho jo kcwzyvzoy, pyogfjh jh wfnvkczf bhcfkyh phyh gykhy vbh
zopolonkh1
Cozh1 Oiwfy}f xvf hw poyzhw jo w~kzgd phwwhb jf }fybfldo $co OE+ phyhhbhyflo $OE+ jfpokw jf hlnvb zfbpo#
9# ]hbow hnoyh gocmknvyhy hvzobhzkghbfczf zojow ow PGw# Pyogfjkbfczow1
Glkxvf gob o iozo jkyfkzo jo\ bovwf fb xvhlxvfy PG
Wflfgkocf h opo \ $Wvi+cfz~oye Hvzo"Gocmknvyhzkoc ^kqhyj
Glkxvf fb OE ch zflh jf\
^hyckcnxvf hphyfgfPhwwo 8 jf 6 glkxvf fb \ Cftz
Phwwo 9 jf 6 Pyffcgdh Cfz~oye 8;9#8=4#8#05\ Wvicfz bhwe966#966#966#0 f glkxvf fb Cftz
Phwwo 7 jf 6 glkxvf fb \ Cftz
Phwwo : jf 6 glkxvf fb \ Cftz
Phwwo 6 jf 6 glkxvf fb \ Hvzo Gocmknvyf
Glkxvf fb \ [fw
Glkxvf fb OE\
7# ]hbow hnoyh yfcobfhy ow PGw# Pyogfjkbfczow1
Glkxvf gob o iozo jkyfkzo jo\ bovwf fb xvhlxvfy PG
Wflfgkocf h opo \ Yfchbf hllPGw
Glkxvf fb \ No
Glkxvf fb OE\
:# ]hbow hnoyh }fykmkghy f jogvbfczhy h gocmknvyho jow PGw#Pyogfjkbfczow1
Jvplo glkxvf co PG85 jf}f hphyfgfy h zflh jh ahcflh JOW\
Jknkzf1\ kpgocmkn /hll
Hcozf o fcjfyfo KP f fcjfyfo wkgo $BHG+ ch zhiflh h wfnvky\
Mhh o bfwbo phyh ow jfbhkw PGw\
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Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
6# Phyh nyh}hy o hyxvk}o gob h gocmknvyho mfkzh hz hnoyh, wflfgkocf cobfcvMklf h opo Wh}f Hw f jknkzf o cobf jo hyxvk}o1 wfwwho08W
$wfb hgfczo+#
=# Ch phyzf kcmfykoy jh zflh pykcgkphl jo wkbvlhjoy glkxvf ch opoWvbbhykfw KPw# Jf}f hphyfgfy h zflh bowzyhjh ch mknvyh hihkto, ocjf}fbow phyzf jh zflh pykcgkphl jo wkbvlhjoy gob h yfjf gocmknvyhjh f owfcjfyfow KP jow PGw#
># Hiyh h ahcflh JOW jo PG7, glkxvf fb Hgzk}kz{ $fb gkbh jkyfkzh+, fjfpokw glkxvf fb Fchilfj# Jfktf h ahcflh hifyzh#
4# Hiyh h ahcflh JOW jo PG8 f jknkzf o gobhcjo pkcn 8;9#8=4#8#7$fcjfyfo KP jo PG9+#
Oiwfy}f xvf ch ahcflh JOW jo PG7 hphyfgf hpfchw vb phgozf HYP Yfxvfwz,
xvf co klzyhjo pflo w~kzgd f xvf co cow kczfyfwwh cfwzf bobfczo# Owphgozfw jf pkcn co hphyfgfb, poyxvf oyhb klzyhjow pflo w~kzgd#
;# Hkcjh ch ahcflh JOW jo PG8, jknkzf o gobhcjo pkcn 8;9#8=4#8#8$fcjfyfo KP jo PG7+#
Oiwfy}f xvf ch ahcflh JOW jo PG7 hphyfgfb ow phgozfw HYP Yfx/Hge, xvf cowo klzyhjow pflo w~kzgd f xvf co cow kczfyfwwhb cfwzf bobfczo, f zhbib ow
phgozfw jf pkcn# H zflh jf}f wfy wfbfldhczf bowzyhjh h wfnvky1
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
80# Gocglvwo1 o w~kzgd mklzyh o zymfno fb ghjh poyzh, jf hgoyjo gob ofcjfyfo BHG jow fxvkphbfczow gocfgzhjow# Gobo pojfbow }fykmkghykwwo?
Wkbplfw# Ihwzh lkwzhy h zhiflh jf fcjfyfow BHG jo w~kzgd# Pyogfjkbfczow1
Jvplo glkxvf co\ w~kzgd
Hphyfgf h zflh jf \ W~kzgd Pyopfyzkfw, ocjf bowzyhjh h lkwzhnfb jowfcjfyfow BHG poy poyzh, xvf jf}fb wfy ow bfwbow hcozhjow ch zhiflh cokzfb : jfwzh hzk}kjhjf
Wf cfgfwwyko, glkxvf co iozo \ Yfmyfwd jfwzh lzkbh zflh
H zflh jf}f wfy wfbfldhczf knvyh h wfnvky#
Gockybhbow jfwwh oybh xvf o w~kzgd vb fxvkphbfczo jf Ghbhjh jf Fclhgfjf Jhjow, pokw flf yfgocdfgf ow fcjfyfow wkgow jow fxvkphbfczow cflfgocfgzhjow#
88# ]hbow hnoyh mhqfy h bfwbh gokwh, w xvf wviwzkzvkcjo o w~kzgd poy vbdvi# Glkxvf gob o iozo jkyfkzo jo bovwf hpoczhcjo phyh o w~kzgd#Wflfgkocf h opo Jflfzf jf}kgf### f jfpokw glkxvf fb [fw# O w~kzgdwfy hphnhjo gob zojhw hw wvhw gocftfw# Wflfgkocf f hyyhwzf vb dvich ihyyh jf mfyyhbfczhw phyh o lvnhy jo w~kzgd#
Yfhh hw gocftfw jo dvi phyh ow PGw# Oiwfy}f xvf hw kczfyhgfw jo dvi kghb
hbhyflhw kbfjkhzhbfczf $OE+, ho goczyyko jo w~kzgd xvf jfboyh}h vb povgophyh phwwhy jo fwzhjo }fybfldo $co OE+ phyh o hbhyflo#
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Hyxvkzfzvyhw jf pyozogolow
89# Co cfgfwwyko yfgocmknvyhy ow PGw# Mhh gobo co kzfb 6, whl}hcjofwzh gocmknvyho gob o cobf1 wfwwho08D $wfb hgfczo+#
87# J jvplo glkxvf co dvi# Hphyfgfy h zflh Dvi Pyopfyzkfw# Glkxvf fbFchilfj f jfktf h ahcflh hifyzh#
8:# Hiyh h ahcflh JOW jo PG8 f jknkzf o gobhcjo1
pkcn 8;9#8=4#8#7 $fcjfyfo KP jo PG9+#
Oiwfy}f xvf ch ahcflh jo dvi hphyfgfb ow phgozfw HYP Yfx/Hge xvf co cowkczfyfwwhb cfwzf bobfczo f zhbib ow phgozfw jf pkcn# H zflh jf}f wfywfbfldhczf bowzyhjh h wfnvky1
Ch ahcflh jf hzk}kjhjf jo dvi hphyfgfb zojow ow phgozfw xvf fczyhyhb f whyhbpflhw poyzhw jo dvi# O wkbvlhjoy hnyvph ow phgozfw hzyh}w jf vb kjfczkkghjoy
xvf hphyfgf co kcgko jf ghjh lkcdh $cbfyo fczyf phyczfwfw+#
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 8
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
86# Ow phgozfw HYP Yfxvfwz zb o kjfczkmkghjoy $76+# Cozf xvf o pykbfkyoxvf hphyfgf fczyh pflh poyzh 8 $ocjf fwz gocfgzhjo o PG8, xvf oyknkcovo pkcn+ f ow jfbhkw wo pyophnhjow phyh hw ovzyhw poyzhw# O pykbfkyojow phgozfw HYP Hge $kjfczkmkghjoy 7=+ fczyh pflh poyzh 9 $ocjf fwz o
PG9+ f ow ovzyow whfb pflhw jfbhkw poyzhw#
H wfnvky }b ow phgozfw pkcn $kjfczkkghjoyfw 7:, 7>, 74 ### hz :7+#
H ghjh gocavczo jf PKCNYfx $7:+ goyyfwpocjf vb gocavczo jf PKCNHge $7>+#
Zojow wo pyophnhjow phyh zojhw hw poyzhw#
8=# Gocglvwo1 o dviCO mklzyh o zymfno fb ghjh poyzh, poyxvf co whif lfyo fcjfyfo BHG jow fxvkphbfczow h flf gocfgzhjow# Gocmkybhbow jfwzhmoybh xvf o dvi vb fxvkphbfczo jf Ghbhjh Mwkgh#
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9
Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9
Hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP
Wvbyko jh wfwwo
Bojflo JoJ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :7
Gocgfpo jh hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ::
Pkldh jf pyozogolow ZGP/KP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ::
Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf ZGP/VJP# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :6
Pyozogolo ZGP Mvcfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :=
Cbfyo jf poyzhw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :>Hifyzvyh jf gocfto ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :4
Yfgocdfgkbfczo wkbplfw ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :;
Ahcflh jfwlkqhczf ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 60
Ghbhjh kczfycfz jh hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 60
Ghifhldo jo jhzhnyhbh KP# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 68
Ghbpo Pyozogolo jo jhzhnyhbh KP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 68
Kczfycfz Goczyol Bfwwhnf Pyozogol$KGBP+# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 69Glhwwfw jf fcjfyfhbfczo KP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 69
Fcjfyfhbfczo KP# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 67
Fcjfyfhbfczo jf dowz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 67
Ftfbplow jf glhwwfw jf fcjfyfow KP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6:
Zhiflh jf wviyfjfw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6:
Bwghyh jf wviyfjf wfb wviyfjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 66
Bwghyh jf wviyfjf gob wviyfjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 66Fcjfyfo jf iyohjghwz # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6=
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:9
Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Cfz~oye Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc Bozk}ho# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6=
Mvcgkochbfczo jf CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6>
]hczhnfcw f jfw}hczhnfcw jf CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6>
Fcjfyfow pyk}hjow # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 64
Ftfbplow CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 64
Zfybkcolonkh CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 64
Ftfbplo CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6;
Zkpow jf CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6;
CHZ Fwzzkgo# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =0
Gobhcjow jf gocknvyho jf CHZ Fwzzkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =0
Ftfbplo jf gocknvyho jf CHZ Fwzzkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =8
CHZ jkcbkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =8
Gocknvyhcjo CHZ Jkcbkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =9
Poyz Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc $PHZ+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =7
Ftfbplo jf PHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =7
Gocknvyhcjo PHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =:
Jkwzykivko jf ghynh ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =:
Gocknvyhcjo jkwzykivko jf ghynh ZGP# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =6
Yfjfw woiyfpowzhw $O}fylhppkcn Cfz~oyew+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =6
Gocknvyhcjo yfjfw woiyfpowzhw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =>
]fykkghcjo yfjfw woiyfpowzhw# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =>
]fykkghcjo zyhjvfw CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =>
Yfwolvo jf pyoilfbhw fb zyhjvfw CHZ# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =4
Lkbphcjo zyhjvfw CHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =4
Cfz~oye Hjjyfww Zyhcwlhzkoc Yfwvbo # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =4
Zyhjvo jf fcjfyfow# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # =;
Zyhjvo jkcbkgh gob o}fylohj$PHZ+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >0
Jkwzykivko jf ghynh ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >8
Yozfkyo jf hzk}kjhjfw # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >6
Hzk}kjhjf 8 Hclkwf jo pyozogolo ZGP # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # >=
Hzk}kjhjf 9 Lhioyhzyko jf CHZ/PHZ1 CHZ Fwzzkgo f Jkcbkgo # # # # # # # # # # # # 48Hzk}kjhjf 7 Lhioyhzyko jf PHZ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 44
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Hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP
Bojflo JoJ
Ch jghjh jf =0, h YHCJ Goypoyhzkoc, vbh jhwbhkoyfw fbpyfwhw hbfykghchw fc}ol}kjhw fb
fwzyhznkhw phyh h Nvfyyh Mykh, wf jfphyov gob vbfwzyhcdo pyoilfbh fwzyhznkgo1 gobo hw hvzoykjhjfwno}fychbfczhkw hbfykghchw pojfykhb goczkcvhy wfgobvckghcjo hpw vbh nvfyyh cvglfhy? Hlb jkwwo,dh}kh h xvfwzo jh oybh gobo h pypykh yfjfpojfykh wfy gobhcjhjh f goczyolhjh# Xvhlxvfyhvzoykjhjf gfczyhl ov xvhyzfl nfcfyhl gfczyhl wfykhvb hl}o i}ko f kbfjkhzo phyh vb bwwkl kckbkno# Ogfczyo jh yfjf wfykh o pykbfkyo lvnhy h wfy jfwzyvjo#
H YHCJ wf ogvpov jfwzf xvfiyh"ghifh gob wfnyfjo bklkzhy, f gdfnov h vbhwolvo hvjhgkowh# H pyopowzh jh YHCJ wf zoycov pilkgh fb 8;=:# Fb pykbfkyolvnhy, h yfjf co zfykh cfcdvbh hvzoykjhjf gfczyhl# Hlb jkwwo, flh wfykhpyoafzhjh jfwjf o pykcgpko phyh opfyhy bfwbo jfwzyohjh#
O pykcgpko fyh wkbplfw1 hwwvbkv"wf xvf h yfjf co fyh gock}fl o zfbpo zojo#Flh wfykh pyoafzhjh zfcjo fb bfczf h kjkh jf yfgfify f phwwhy hjkhczf, jfbojo h zyhcwgfcjfy wvh pypykh hlzh jf gockhiklkjhjf# Ghjh c jh yfjf wfykhknvhl $fb zfybow jf wzhzvw f vco+ h zojow ow ovzyow cw jh yfjf, ghjh vb gobwvh pypykh hvzoykjhjf phyh oyknkchy, phwwhy f yfgfify bfcwhnfcw# Hw bfcwhnfcwpoy wvh }fq wfykhb jk}kjkjhw fb phgozfw, ghjh phgozf fcjfyfhjo
wfphyhjhbfczf# Ghjh phgozf gobfhykh jf vb c jf oyknfb f zfybkchykh co cjf jfwzkco kchl fwpfgkkghjo# Ghjh phgozf }khahykh pflh yfjf fb vbh ihwfkcjk}kjvhl# H yozh wfnvkjh poy ghjh phgozf hzyh}w jh yfjf co zfykh kbpoyzcgkh#Hpfchw ow yfwvlzhjow kchkw zfykhb kbpoyzcgkh#
Ihwkghbfczf, o phgozf wfykh phwwhjo gobo vbh ihzhzh xvfczf, jf c phyh c,bhkw ov bfcow ch jkyfo jo wfv jfwzkco kchl, hz gdfnhy ho jfwzkco goyyfzo# Wfnyhcjf phyzf jh yfjf zk}fwwf wkjo ftplojkjh, kwwo wkbplfwbfczf co kbpoyzhykh5 owphgozfw hkcjh pfybhcfgfykhb ch yfjf, pfygoyyfcjo ow cw xvf f}fczvhlbfczfhkcjh woiyf}k}fwwfb# Fwzf wkwzfbh jf zyhcwbkwwo jfwoynhckqhjo pojf wfy
kcfkgkfczf xvhcjo gobphyhjo, poy ftfbplo, gob o wkwzfbh zflfckgo5 cofczhczo, flf wfykh ftzyfbhbfczf yoivwzo#
H yfjf ftpfykbfczhl oybhjh pflhw vck}fywkjhjfw hbfykghchw gdhbov"wfHYPHCFZ# Hw fwpfgkkghfw jow pyozogolow oyhb flhioyhjhw hzyh}w jfjogvbfczow gdhbhjow YMGw Yfxvfwz oy Gobbfczw $Wolkgkzho jfGobfczykow+, xvf wf zoychyhb ow phjyfw vck}fywhkw#
Phyh oizfy fwwfw phjyfw, pfwxvkwf yg"kcjft cow poyzhkw jh kczfycfz# Wf wovifyo cbfyo jo YMG, ihwzh pfwxvkwhy ch VYL1 dzzp1//~~~#kfz#oyn/yg/ygCCCC#ztz,ocjf CCCC 2 cbfyo jo YMG jfwfahjo#
Bojflo JoJ
Dkwzykgo
Pyoafzo bklkzhy
Pyopowzh jh YHCJ jf 8;=:
Kcgko jo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo fb 8;=;
Gobvzho jf phgozfwYfjf co gocmk}fl
Bfcwhnfcw jk}kjkjhw fb pfjhow $phgozfw+
Yozfhbfczo kc jfpfcjfczf poy phgozf
Wzoyf hcj moy~hyj
HYPHCFZ
Phjyfw YMG Yfxvfwz moy Gobbfczw
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Gocgfpo jh hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP
H knvyh jo wlkjf yfwvbf h gocgfpo jh hyxvkzfzvyhZGP/KP# Ow jokw pykcgkphkw pyozogolow wo o ZGP f o
KP# Flfw hqfb hw vcfw jhw ghbhjhw jfZyhcwpoyzf f Yfjf, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Hihkto jo KPfwz h yfjf wkgh f hgkbh jo ZGP h hplkgho#
O ZGP, phjyockqhjo pflo YMG >;7, vb pyozogolokb"h"kb, jfcobkchjo pflow pyoafzkwzhw jh kczfycfzgobo Dowz zo Dowz Pyozogol#
A o KP, fcghyyfnhjo jo yozfhbfczo jf phgozfw fphjyockqhjo pflo YMG >;8, o pyozogolo kczfy"yfjfw ov Kczfycfz Pyozogol#
O nhzf~h{ gocfgzh o dowz kczfycfz, o xvf doaf gdhbhbow jf yozfhjoy# Hkcjh vwhjh h jfcobkcho nhzf~h{ phjyo phyh kcjkghy o fcjfyfo jo yozfhjoy xvfhq h gocfto jf vb dowz gob h yfjf#
Pkldh jf pyozogolow ZGP/KP
H knvyh jo wlkjf gobphyh h pkldh jf pyozogolo ZGP/KP gob o bojflo OWK jf yffycgkh1
Hw jvhw ghbhjhw kcfykoyfw pojfb wfy gdhbhjhw\
jf ghbhjhw jf kczfyhgf jf yfjfw#H ghbhjh jf yfjf gdhbhjh jf ghbhjh\kczfycfz, co bojflo ZGP/KP#
Ow zfybow phgozf $phgefz+ f jhzhnyhbh\$jhzhnyhb+ wo pyhzkghbfczf kczfyghbik}fkw#Fczyfzhczo, vb jhzhnyhbh KP vbh vckjhjf jfzyhcwbkwwo kb"h"kb jh ghbhjh jf yfjf $hczfwjh yhnbfczho f jfpokw jh yfboczhnfb+,fcxvhczo vb phgozf vbh vckjhjf jf jhjow$PJV+ phwwhjh fczyf hw ghbhjhw jf yfjf f jf
fclhgf jf jhjow# Vb phgozf pojf goczfy vbjhzhnyhbh gobplfzo ov pfjhow bfcoyfw hwfyfb zyhcwbkzkjow $yhnbfczow+#
O bojflo ZGP/KP yfhl f vwhjo ch pyzkgh, fcxvhczo o bojflo OWK bhkw\vzklkqhjo phyh kcw hghjbkgow#
Gocgfpo jh hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP
ZGP Zyhcwbkwwkoc Goczyol Pyozo gol
KP Kczfycfz Pyozogol
Kczfycfz
KPNhzf~h{ Nhzf~h{
Dowz Vckt Dowz VcktDowz zo Dowz
ZGP
Pkldh jf pyozogolow ZGP/KP
Hpplkghzkoc
Pyfwfczhzkoc
Wfwwkoc
Zyhcwpoyz
Cfz~oye
Jhzh Lkce
Pd{wkghl
Hplkgho
Zyhcwpoyzf
Kczfycfz
Kczfymhgf jfyfjfw
:
7
9
8
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Hyxvkzfzvyh ZGP/KP
Ghbhjh jf zyhcwpoyzf ZGP/VJP
ZGP vb pyozogolo jh wvzf jf pyozogolow ZGP/\KP, oykfczhjo gocfto# Fczyfzhczo, zfb vb
ghifhldo nyhcjf, f gob kwwo d bvkzo o}fydfhj$flfbfczow hjkgkochkw xvf gobpfb o ghifhldof xvf co wo h kcoybho pyopykhbfczf jkzh+#
VJP jkzo wfb gocfto# Ho flkbkchy ow\bfghckwbow jf yfgocdfgkbfczo$hgeco~lfjnfbfcz+, wf zoych ypkjo f fkgkfczffb zfybow jf o}fydfhj# VJP co jk}kjf owjhjow jf hplkgho fb pfjhow# Hwwvbf"wf xvfh gockhiklkjhjf zyhzhjh cow pyozogolow jhwghbhjhw wvpfykoyfw, ov fb pyozogolow kcfykoyfw
gock}fkw ov poy vbh hplkgho zolfyhczf h fyyow#VJP zfb bfcoyfw ghifhldow f bfcow o}fydfhj,f yfxvfczfbfczf vwhjo phyh zyhcwpoyzf jfjhjow wfcw}fkw lhzcgkh $cfgfwwkzhb jfzyhzhbfczo xvhwf fb zfbpo yfhl+, zolfyhcjohlnvcw fyyow ov phgozfw pfyjkjow gobo, poyftfbplo, }oq $zflfockh+#
Zyhcwfycgkh gock}fl jf jhjow f oykfczhjh gocfto wknckkgh xvf phgozfw\jf jhjow gdfnhb ch bfwbh oyjfb fb xvf wo fc}khjow# Pyozogolow hldhbwf hlnvb phgozf oy pfyjkjo, jhckkghjo, jvplkghjo ov yfgfikjo fb oyjfb
fyyhjh# H kb jf hwwfnvyhy gockhiklkjhjf ch zyhcwfycgkh, jkwpowkzk}ow xvfyfgfifb ow jhjow jf}fb fc}khy yfgocdfgkbfczo jf zojow ow wfnbfczow#
Ahcflhw $~kcjo~w+ jf jkfyfczfw zhbhcdow wo vwhjhw phyh goczyolhy o lvto\jf zyfno#
Fczyfnh gock}fl nhyhczf xvf vb lvto jf jhjow fc}khjo jf vb jkwpowkzk}o\wfah fczyfnvf phyh ovzyo jkwpowkzk}o wfb jvplkgho ov pfyjh jf jhjow#
Yfgocdfgkbfczo powkzk}o $powkzk}f hgeco~lfjnbfcz+ gob yfzyhcwbkwwo vb\pyogfwwo xvf nhyhczf fczyfnh gock}fl jf lvto jf jhjow# Kwzo yfxvfy fc}kojf bfcwhnfcw jf yfgocdfgkbfczo phyh h oyknfb, wfbpyf xvf yfgfify jhjow#
Fb ghwo jf pfyjh jf vb jow phgozfw, wolkgkzh"wf o yffc}ko jo bfwbo#
VJP wkbplfw f fkgkfczf, bhw co gock}fl# O oybhzo jo wfnbfczo VJP\kcglvk hw poyzhw jf oyknfb f jfwzkco, vb ghbpo jf gobpykbfczo f vb ghbpojf GYG $gdfgewvb+# Co powwvk ow gocgfkzow jf wfxcgkh, yfgocdfgkbfczoov ahcflh hwwogkhjow#
Ftfbplo1 ZMZP vwh VJP f vb gdfgewvb hwwogkhjo# Co kb jf vbh\zyhcwfycgkh jf hyxvk}o, wf o gdfgewvb co gocfyf, d fyyo co hyxvk}o# Ovwvyko fczo cozkkghjo f jf}f yfkckgkhy h zyhcwfycgkh, ov wfah, o vwvykophwwh h wfy o bfghckwbo xvf gocfyf gockhiklkjhjf zyhcwfycgkh#
Oi}khbfczf, cfb wfbpyf kwwo hgfkz}fl#
Ghbhjhjf zyhcwpoyzf ZGP/VJP
Zyhcwbkwwkoc GoczyolPyozogol $ZGP+
Vwfy JhzhnyhbPyozogol $VJP+
Zyhcwbkwwkoc GoczyolPyozogol $ZGP+
Vwfy JhzhnyhbPyozogol $VJP+
Hpplkghzkoc
Zyhcwpoyz
Kczfycfz
Cfz~oye Kczfymhgf
Goccfgzkoc"Oykfczfj
Goccfgzkoclfww
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Kczfygocfto jf Yfjfw jf Gobpvzhjoyfw Wfwwo jf hpyfcjkqhnfb 9
Fwgolh Wvpfykoy jf Yfjfw YCP
Pyozogolo ZGP Mvcfw
\ Nhyhczf h fczyfnh jf jhzhnyhbhw KP Fwzhzhl}fq wfah h pykcgkphl vco jo ZGP, nhyhczky xvf
ow phgozfw wfahb fczyfnvfw wfb hlzfyhfw, wfbzfyfb wkjo goyyobpkjow f ch oyjfb gfyzh# O ZGPzfb vbh wykf jf bfghckwbow phyh nhyhczky fwzhfczyfnh#
\ Ftfgvzh h wfnbfczho f o yfhnyvphbfczojf nyhcjfw ilogow jf jhjow fc}khjow pflowpyonyhbhw, f nhyhczf o wfxfcgkhbfczohjfxvhjo f h fczyfnh oyjfchjh jf jhjowwfnbfczhjow Fwzh ghyhgzfywzkgh yffyf"wf vco jf jk}kjky nyhcjfw hyxvk}ow fb phgozfw
bfcoyfw f zyhcwbkzky ghjh phgozfwfphyhjhbfczf# Ow phgozfw pojfb wfy fc}khjowpoy ghbkcdow jkfyfczfw f gdfnhy oyh jf oyjfb#O ZGP zfb bfghckwbow phyh nhyhczky xvf, cojfwzkco, ow phgozfw wfahb oyjfchjowgoyyfzhbfczf, hczfw jf wfyfb fczyfnvfw hopyonyhbh jf jfwzkco#
\ Goczyolf jf mlvto O ZGP vwh o bfghckwbo jf ahcflh jfwlkqhczf phyhffzvhy o goczyolf jf lvto# Fwwf bfghckwbo pfybkzf bhczfy o lvto ch}flogkjhjf hjfxvhjh w ghyhgzfywzkghw jh yfjf f jf hgoyjo gob h
ghphgkjhjf jow dowzw#
\ ]fykmkgh h kczfnykjhjf jow jhjow zyhcwbkzkjow vwhcjo glgvlow jfwobh jf }fykmkgho O ZGP hq }fykkghfw phyh nhyhczky xvf ow jhjowco oyhb hlzfyhjow ov goyyobpkjow jvyhczf o zyhcwpoyzf fczyf h oyknfb f ojfwzkco#
\ Fc}kh bfcwhnfcw powkzk}hw jfpfcjfcjo jo yfgfikbfczo ifb"wvgfjkjojow jhjow Co jfwzkco, o ZGP yfgfif ow phgozfw, }fykkgh wf fwzo goyyfzowf, fb ghwo hkybhzk}o, fc}kh vbh bfcwhnfb phyh h oyknfb, gockybhcjo ghjhogzfzo xvf ok yfgfikjo goyyfzhbfczf# Ghwo vb phgozf co zfcdh wkjo
yfgfikjo, ov zfcdh wkjo yfgfikjo gob pyoilfbhw, o ZGP fc}kh vbh bfcwhnfbho gobpvzhjoy jf oyknfb, kcoybhcjo xvf goczkcvh hnvhyjhcjo o phgozfgob pyoilfbh# Gob fwwf bfghckwbo, hpfchw phgozfw gob pyoilfbhw zfyoxvf wfy fc}khjow, o xvf yfjvq o zyfno ch yfjf f hnklkqh o fc}ko jow phgozfw#
\ Zyhcwbkwwo gocmk}fl jf jhjow mkb"h"mkb O ZGP bvkzo gock}fl,wfcjo kcjkghjo phyh pyonyhbhw f wfy}kow xvf jfpfcjhb jf vbh fczyfnhgock}fl jf jhjow, jh oyknfb hz o jfwzkco#
Pyozogolo ZGP Mvcfw
Nhyhczf h fczyfnh jf jhzhnyhbhw KP
Wfnbfczh nyhcjfw ilogo w jf jhjow jh hplkgho
Fczyfnh ow jhjow ch wfxcgkh goyyfzh
Yfhlkqh goczyolf jf m lvto
]fykmkgh kczfnykjhjf jow jhjow $wobh jf }fykmkgho+
Fc}kh bfcwhnfcw jf g ocmkybho jf y fgfikbfczo
Powwvk gocmkhiklk jhjf mkb"h"mkb
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