international journal of molecular biotechnology vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of

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Chhavi Goel

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell

Biology, CAS, China

Dr.Ashok Kumar KulkarniDepartment of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad

(A. P), India

Dr. Promila SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology, Graphic Era

University, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Brijesh PandeyAmity University, Lucknow (U.P.),

India

Dr. P Mary AnupamaDepartment of Biotechnology, ANITS,

Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER]

/University College of Medicine [UCM], Kolkata, India

Dr. Indraneel GhoshManager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre

Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. Arvind Diwan(Marine Fisheries), ICAR Project Director

(Biotechnology), Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed

University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy BathulaDepartment of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of

Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India

Dr. Rajat BanerjeeDepartment of Biotechnology, University of

Calcutta, India

Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology Acharya

Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India

Dr. N. Manikanda BoopathiDepartment of Fruit Crops, Horticultural

College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Avinash CheekothManagement of the Scientific Centers,

Department of the President's Affairs, UAE

Dr. Aumreetam Dinabandhu ICAR - NRC on Plant Biotechnology,

New Delhi, India

Dr. Sanjay Mahendrakumar Dave Department of Biotechnology,

Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India

Dr Indraneel GhoshSystems Biology Department,

Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced ResearchCentre Limited, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Sukhjeet KaurDepartment of Biotechnology, SUS College of Engineering & Technology, Tangori-Mohali,

India

Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar NandeshwarCentral Insititute for Cotton Research,

Nagpur, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr Vara PrasadNano Research for Advanced Materials,

Bangalore, India

Dr. Anjali PriyadarshiniDepartment of Biotechnology, PGIMER,

Chandigarh, India

Dr. Soma RoyDepartment of Biotechnology, CBIT, Hyderabad,

India

Dr. Tha. ThayumanavanSchool of Biotechnology, Dr.G.R. Damodaran

College of Science, Coimbatore, India.

Dr. K.S. KarthikeyanEndocrinology and Metabolism Division,

National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Aseel Mahmood AljamaliSurgery Department, College of Medicine,

Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. M. Anusuyadevi JayachandranMolecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department

of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Rekha KhandiaDepartment of Science and Technology,

High Security Animal Disease Laboratory,IVRI, ICAR, Bhopal (MP), India

Dr. Kumaresan MohanUdaya School of Engineering

Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Subha ParameshwaranDepartment of Microbiology, KJ Somaiya

Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, India

Dr. Guru PrasadBasavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital

and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Shashwat SharadDepartment of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan

(HP), India

Dr. S. Thangminlal VaipheiRadiation and Molecular Biology Unit,

Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Meghalaya, India

Dr. Kakali PurkayasthaScientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

Dr. J. John Peter PaulSt. Xavier's College (Autonomous),

Tamil Nadu, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology. This journal is part of the

Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Molecular Biotechnology issues,

from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Molecular Biotechnology

as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and

technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Molecular Biotechnology, addressing

researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology in JournalsPub is to propagate novel

awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research

societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Molecular Biotechnology in general. JournalsPub

acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed &

successfully. International Journals of Molecular Biotechnology focuses on original high-quality research

in the realm of Cell transformation, Gene cloning systems, Next generation sequencing, Molecular and cell

biology automation, Protein purification and analysis, Transgenic species, Therapeutic proteins, Cells

genetic and metabolic capacity, Molecular markers etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Molecular

Biotechnology and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation

and the success of Molecular Biotechnology. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who

supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many

others, reporting new developments in the field of Molecular Biotechnology.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Molecular Biotechnology

readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Molecular Biotechnology.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. COPD: Role and Challenges of Biomarkers Smriti Gupta, Ajit Kumar, Vishwajeet Rohil 1

2. Cell Cycle Sahil Thakkar 14

3. Cell DeathAnshul Gupta 18

4. TransformationSrishti Kathuria 21

5. TransgenesisManmeet Wadia 24

Contents

IJMB (2016) 1–13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology Vol. 2: Issue 1

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COPD: Role and Challenges of Biomarkers

Smriti Gupta1*, Ajit Kumar

1, Vishwajeet Rohil

2

1Department of Biochemistry, SRM University, Delhi-NCR Sonipat, Haryana, India

2Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Abstract The term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) became a worldwide matter of

concern due to its increasing rate of mortality and prevalence to global scenario and its

increasing burden on economic society. COPD is characterized by an abnormal

inflammatory response of the airways to inhaled particles and fumes leading towards airway

obstruction and destruction of lung tissue by progressive airflow limitation driven. The most

common factor for COPD was found cigarette smoking for a consecutive time period. The

various factors affecting the pathogenesis of the disease are inflammation, proteases-

antiproteases imbalance, oxidative stress, tissue damage and tissue repair, apoptosis and

several genes. Various cellular and molecular events and their effects are being discussed in

this review paper in terms of potential and recognizable biomarkers candidates for the better

diagnosis and proper treatment for the ailment. In this review report, we have mainly focused

the insight of the detection of molecular biomarkers in the form of single nucleotide

polymorphism for the further better understanding of COPD and the discovery of new

effective treatment.

Keywords: bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, inflammation,

single nucleotide polymorphism

INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD) is complex genetic disease which

has resulted in extensive morbidity and

mortality worldwide. COPD is

characterised by airway obstruction and

destruction of lung tissue by progressive

airflow limitation driven by an abnormal

inflammatory response of the airways to

inhaled particles and fumes.[1]

COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease

of the lower airways which becomes worse

and worse during exacerbations and

patients with COPD have three typical

pathological conditions (chronic

obstructive bronchiolitis, emphysema and

mucus plugging).[2]

Chronic Bronchitis It is defined as chronic or recurrent

coughing of sputum for at least three

months on regular and successive interval

of time period for consecutive two years.

Further the chronic bronchitis can be

further divided on the basis of the stages

the patient has attained. The first stage of

chronic bronchitis turns up with mucoid

hyper secretions and if not further

diagnosed and treated can leads to

mucopurulent sputum and development of

chronic obstructive bronchitis, when there

is air flow limitation.[3]

Emphysema It is defined as an ‘anatomic alteration’ of

the lung described by an abnormal

enlargement of the air spaces distal to the

IJMB (2016) 14–17© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14


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Cell Cycle

Sahil Thakkar* Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Chennai, India

Abstract The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the sequence of events that happen in a cell prompting

its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to create two little daughter cells.

In prokaryotic organisms, which do not have a cell nucleus, the cell cycle is separated into

the B, C, and D periods. The B time frame stretches out from the end of cell division to the

start of DNA replication. DNA replication happens amid the C time frame. The D time frame

alludes to the phase between the end of DNA replication and the division of the bacterial cell

into two little daughter cells.

In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle is likewise isolated into three periods:

interphase, the mitotic (M) stage, and cytokinesis. In eukaryotes, in any case, the cell cycle is

a more complex process and comprises of four discrete stages.

Keywords: cell cycle, eukaryotes, interphase, mitotic phase

INTRODUCTION

A eukaryotic cell cycle is delineated by

human cells in culture, which divide into

their respective daughter cells

approximately every 24 hours. As

observed a cell cycle is separated into two

essential parts: mitosis and interphase.[1]

The cell-division cycle is an imperative

procedure by which a single celled

fertilized egg transforms into a full grown

living being, and the procedure by which

hair, skin, platelets, and some inner organs

are recharged. After cell division, each of

the daughter cells start the interphase of

another cycle. In spite of the fact that the

different phases of interphase are not as a

rule morphologically recognizable, every

period of the cell cycle has a particular

arrangement of specific biochemical

procedures that set up the cell for start of

cell division.[2]

The division cycle of most cells comprises

of four unique processes: cell

development, DNA replication,

distribution of the replicated chromosomes

to daughter cells, and cell division. In

microbes, cell development and DNA

replication happen all through the vast

majority of the cell cycle, and copied

chromosomes are dispersed to daughter

cells along with the plasma membrane.[3]

Amid interphase, the cell develops,

collecting supplements required for

mitosis, setting it up for cell division and

replication of its DNA. Amid the mitotic

stage, the cell parts itself into two different

daughter cells. Amid the last stage,

cytokinesis, the new cell is totally

separated. To guarantee the best possible

division of the cell, there are control

systems known as cell cycle checkpoints.[4]

In spite of the fact that cell development is

generally a nonstop procedure, DNA is

synthesized amid one and only period of

the cell cycle, and the repeated



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Cell Death

Anshul Gupta* Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India

Abstract Cell death is referred to the process of biological cell stopping to do its functions. This might

be the after effect of the characteristic procedure of old cells dyeing and being supplanted by

new ones, or may come about because of such components as infection, restricted damage, or

the death of the living being of which the cells are part. There are various sorts of cell death.

Keywords: apoptosis, cell death, programmed cell death

INTRODUCTION

Cell death is the event wherein the

biological cells of any living organism

begin to lose their functions and ultimately

die. Cell death can be divided into various

types.

Programmed cell death (or PCD) is cell

death interceded by an intracellular

program.[1-2]

PCD is done in a controlled

procedure, which ordinarily presents

advantage amid a living being's life-cycle.

For instance, the separation of fingers and

toes in a creating human developing life

happens in light of the fact that cells

between the fingers apoptose; the outcome

is that the digits are particular. PCD serves

key capacities amid both plant and

metazoa (multicellular creatures) tissue

advancement.

Apoptosis or Type I cell-death, and

Autophagy or Type II cell-death are both

types of customized cell death, while

necrosis is a non-physiological procedure

that happens as a consequence of

contamination or injury.[3]

Necrosis is cell

death created by outer variables, for

example, injury or disease, and happens in

a few distinct structures. As of late a type

of customized putrefaction, called

necroptosis, has been perceived as a

substitute type of modified cell death. It is

conjectured that necroptosis can serve as a

cell passing reinforcement to apoptosis

when the apoptosis flagging is obstructed

by endogenous or exogenous components,

for example, infections or

transformations.[3]

Autophagy is cytoplasmic, described by

the arrangement of extensive vacuoles that

consume organelles in a particular

succession before the pulverization of the

nucleus.

Apoptosis is the procedure of programmed

cell death (PCD) that may happen in

multicellular organisms. Biochemical

occasions lead to trademark cell changes

(morphology) and death. These

progressions incorporate blebbing, cell

shrinkage, atomic discontinuity, chromatin

buildup, and chromosomal DNA fracture.

It is currently suspected that – in a

formative connection – cells are prompted

to emphatically confer suicide whilst in a

homeostatic setting; the nonappearance of

certain survival elements may give the

force to suicide.[4]



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Transformation

Srishti Kathuria* Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

Abstract Transformation happens when bacteria take up DNA from the environment and afterward

change over the genes encoded by the DNA into a protein that can be seen. Transformation

was initially shown by Frederick Griffith. The process of transformation has various

applications.

Keywords: DNA exchange, transformation

INTRODUCTION

Transformation is the genetic modification

of a cell that occurs due to immediate

uptake and consolidation of exogenous

hereditary material (exogenous DNA)

from its surroundings through the cell

membrane(s). Transformation happens

actually in a few types of bacteria,

however it can likewise be affected by

artificial means in different cells. For

transformation to happen, bacteria must be

in a condition of competence, which may

happen as a period restricted reaction to

natural conditions, for example, starvation

and cell thickness.[1]

Transformation is one of three procedures

by which exogenous hereditary material

might be brought into a bacterial cell, the

other two being conjugation (exchange of

hereditary material between two bacterial

cells in direct contact) and transduction

(infusion of outside DNA by a

bacteriophage infection into the host

bacterium).

"Transformation" may likewise be used to

portray the insertion of new hereditary

material into nonbacterial cells, including

animal and plant cells; in any case, since

"transformation" has an uncommon

significance in connection to animal cells,

showing progression to a canceous state,

the term ought to be evaded for animal

cells while depicting introduction of

exogenous hereditary material.

Introduction of outside DNA into

eukaryotic cells is regularly called

“transfection”.[2]

Transformation in microorganisms was

initially discovered in 1928 by British

bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith

found that a strain of Streptococcus

pneumoniae could be made virulent in the

wake of being exposed to heat killed

viulent strains. Griffith conjectured that

some "transforming factor" from the heat

killed strain was in charge of making the

innocuous strain harmful. In 1944 this

"transforming factor" was recognized as

being hereditary by Oswald Avery, Colin

MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty.[2,3]

Bacterial transformation might be alluded

to as a stable genetic change achieved by

the uptake of stripped (DNA without

related cells or proteins) to increase DNA

quantity; competence alludes to the

condition of having the capacity to take up



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Transgenesis

Manmeet Wadia*

Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India

Abstract Transgenesis is the process by which cloned genetic material is transferred from one species

to another. The genetic material of the organism is modified using various genetic

engineering techniques. Transgenic species, such as plants, animals have various

applications.

Keywords: transgenesis, transgenic plants, transgenic animals

INTRODUCTION

Transgenesis is the procedure in which an

exogenous gene—called a transgene—is

introduced into a living life form so that

the living being will display a different

trait and transmit that trait to its future

generations. Transgenesis can be

encouraged by liposomes, chemicals,

plasmid vectors, viral vectors, pronuclear

infusion, protoplast combination, and

ballistic DNA infusion.[1]

Transgenic organisms can express foreign

genes as the genetic code is comparable

for all life forms. This implies a particular

DNA succession will code for the same

protein in all life forms. Because of this

similitude in protein arrangement,

researchers can cut DNA at these regular

protein focuses and include different

qualities. A case of this is the "super mice"

of the 1980s. These mice could deliver the

human protein tPA to treat blood

clumps.[2]

The most widely recognized kind of

transgenesis research is done with bacteria

and viruses which can imitate remote

DNA. The plasmid DNA is cut utilizing

restriction enzymes, while the DNA to be

duplicated is additionally cut with the

same restriction enzyme, creating

complementary sticky- ends. This permits

the outside DNA to hybridize with the

plasmid DNA and be fixed by DNA ligase

enzyme, making a genetic code not

regularly found in nature. Changed DNA

is embedded into plasmids for

replication.[3]

METHODS:

1. DNA Microinjection: The desired

quality gene construct is infused in the

pronucleus of a regenerative cell utilizing a

glass needle around 0.5 to 5 micrometers

in distance across. The controlled cell is

refined in vitro to create to a particular

embryonic stage, is then transferred to a

female. DNA microinjection does not have

a high achievement rate (around 2% of all

infused subjects), regardless of the fact

that the new DNA is fused in the genome,

in the event that it is not acknowledged by

the germ-line the new attributes won't

show up in their offspring. In the event

that DNA is infused in multiple

destinations the odds of over-expression

increases.[2,3]

2. Retrovirus – Mediated Transfer:

A retrovirus is a virus that carries its


Molecular

BiotechnologyIJMBJan – Jun 2016

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

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