internet evolution & possibilities un-wired, spectrum allocationokada/shinka.pdf ·...

インターネットの進化と可能性 Internet Evolution & Possibilities

Un-Wired, Spectrum Allocation

村井純 Jun Murai

Frequency Division

•  Radio resources are limited !!

•  Interference happens when everyone freely uses them •  Solu>ons

–  Frequency‐Division –  Necessary to license to use frequency band

Free use of radio resources cause radio interference (e.g. jamming)

・Frequency-division ・be limited to users

•  2.4GHz ISM (Industrial, Science, and Medical) Band –  Japan(1～14ch), Europe(1～13ch), US(1～11ch)P

•  Avoid conflict by1, 6, 11ch etc •  Even if on conflict or overlap, carrier sense is done

–  The performance decreases

Frequency Assignment

11

2462

6

2437

1

2412

2

2417

3

2422

4

2427

5

2432

7

2442

8

2447

9

2452

10

2457

12

2467

13

2472

14

2484 MHz

channel

For Example, 2.4GHz

VICS

wirelessLAN

wireless LAN

ISM bandwidth

Amateur radio

MSS mobile satellite business

Mobility identification system

2400 2500

bluetooth

Because of rain

Cell phone PHS ＴＶ broadcast　　taxi wireless police wireless

ＵＨＦ

ＦＭ radio broadcasting ＴＶ broadcast, fire fighting wireless air traffic control communica>on

Amateur radio Sea communication of open sea International HF radio broadcasting

HF Long distance communication method Meteorological radar Satellite TV broadcast satellite

SHF AM radio broadcasting ship communication

MF

Vehicle collision control

EHF

Positional display for ship and aircraft

LF

Wavelength Frequency

Low Frequency

(ＬＦ)

Medium Frequency

(ＭＦ)

High Frequency

(ＨＦ)

Very High Frequency (ＶＨＦ)

Ultra High Frequency

(ＵＨＦ)

Microwave (ＳＨＦ)

Extremely High Frequency b(ＥＨＦ)

10km 30kHz

1km 300kHz

100m 3MHz

10m 30MHz

1m 300MHz

10cm 3GHz

1cm 30GHz

1mm 300GHz

Difficulty of technology used

International Telecommunication Union(ITU) decide distribution bandwidth internationally ↓

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications decide distribution bandwidth by international decision （ Frequency allocation plan ）

ＶＨＦ

Taking Advantage of Each Band’s Characteristics

４出展：http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/policyreports/chousa/tsushin_houseikikaku/index.html

Easier Harder

Data Rate Low High

Transinformation

出展：http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/policyreports/chousa/tsushin_houseikikaku/index.html

“KEITAI” Cellular phone

History of Cell Phone

•  1st Genera>on: analog –  Quality = telephone

•  intercep>on is easy •  Bad efficiency（One user occupies a frequency band）

•  2nd Genera>on: Digital –  Encoding / Compression（secure communica>on） –  users share a frequency band –  Various service

•  SMS, e‐mail, i‐mode…. •  Camera, GPS, Java…

•  3rd Genera>on: Global Standard –  World roaming –  Improvement of bandwidth

•  High quality •  videophone

‘80s ‘90s ‘00s

１G

２G

３G

Next G

AMPS,TACS NMT, NTT Hi-Cap

GSM,PDC, D-AMPS

W-CDMA, CDMA2000, HSDPA

‘10s

LTE? WiMAX?

History of Cell Phone(Cont.)

Before 1G ～1989

画像の出展:移動体電話の歴史 hfp://www.interq.or.jp/blue/rhf333/K‐HIST.htm

1G：Analog Cell Phone 1990 ～

2G：Digital 1994 ～

3G：Digital（High‐Speed） 1998 ～

画像の出展:au製品archive hfp://www.au.kddi.com/seihin/archive/kishu_archive.html

Device & Spectrum

※1 Apple iPhone 3GSの場合

Short range 　　　　　　　communica/on

Bluetooth　2.4GHz IrDA　120～400THz

Payment（osaifu）

FeliCa 13.56Mhz

Loca/on（GPS）

GPS 1575.42MHz

※2 2009年7月10日現在の日本国内での周波数割り当てに基づく

TV（One seg） Part of 470MHz～770MHz

3G (UMTS/HSDPA) 850MHz, 900MHz, 2.1GHz 2G (GSM/EDGE) 850MHz, 900MHz, 1.8GHz, 1.9GHz Wi‐Fi (802.11 b/g) 2.4GHz

Talking & Data communica/on ※1

Next Genera/on ※2

bandwidth

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

1G 2G 3G 3.5G 4G～

（kbps）

1G:analog HICAP/TAS (sound only)

2G:digital PDC/PHS 9.6kbps ～

64kbps

3G:digital IMT‐2000 384kbps ～

2Mbps

3.5G:digital HSPA（HSDPA） UL:～12Mbps DL：14.4Mbps

～ 40Mbps

4G:digital Next Genera>on

50Mbps ～

100Mbps

Cellular Model

•  Spa>al sharing •  Most common mobile communica>on systems using wireless technology

–  the service object divides in detail(＝cell)P –  Each cell has a base sta>on –  Base sta>ons communicate in coopera>on with each other –  The best use of available frequency space

•  Spa>ally separated cells reuse same frequency

このエリアをカバーするのに大きな一つのアンテナ＋基地局を設置しない

Handovers

•  Drawbacks of Cellular Model –  mobile phone exceed the range in the base sta>on

•  Have to switch it to the other base sta>on –  the communica>on break

•  Have to search the other base sta>on •  Have to switch it

•  Hand Over (H/O) –  switch it to the other base sta>on

•  When the cellular doesn’t send or receive, it reports radio intensity from neighbor base sta>ons and decides the changing >ming

–  Hard hand over •  When radio wave of the secondary base sta>on become more powerful then that under

use, it switch –  Soo hand over

•  When the same wavelength is used (CDMA etc.), it changes to some base sta>ons where it is possible to use.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communica>ons)P

資料：hfp://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wireless/moblwrls/cmx/mmg_sg/cmxgsm.htm

GPRS (General Packet Radio System)P

Connect to the Internet

GGSN(Gateway GPRS Support Node)‏

FDMA

•  Frequency Division Mul>ple Access – The frequency is divided into some bandwidths

– Each bandwidth has individual channel

時間 (TIIME)‏

周波数 (FREQUENCY) ‏

電波密度 (POWER)‏

CDMA

•  Code Division Mul>ple Access •  Each voice signal mul>ply individual encoding, compound into one frequency and it transmit

•  Receiver mul>ply sender’s code by synthesized signal and pick up only sender’s voice signal

CDMA

時間 (TIIME)‏



CDMA

Image from Wikipedia

“chip rate” is channel max, e.g. 3.84Mcps for W‐CDMA Max data rate is 2.3Mbps (it’s complicated). That data rate can be subdivided by giving each user a different pseudorandom code and lowering data signal rate

TDMA

•  Time Division Mul>ple Access •  Several senders share one frequency taking turns in short bursts

•  E.g. PDC, GSM

TDMA

時間 (TIIME)‏



Using the Internet on a Keitai

•  Your “informa>on terminal” is your keitai –  Informa>on on the Internet can use not only on the Internet but also mobile

•  Can use Internet applica>on –  E.g. Web, E‐mail

•  Create audio‐visual contents –  E.g. Pictures, anima>ons

•  Your “communica>on infrastructure” is your keitai –  Support human ac>vi>es – Digitaliza>on and packet switching

•  DoPA, PacketOne

The 3rd Genera>on (3G) ‐ IMT‐2000 ‐

•  IMT‐2000 (Interna>onal Mobile Telecommunica>on 2000) is a genera>on of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunica>ons services –  High speed data communica>on –  Interna>onal roaming

•  Major standards –  IMT‑SC: EDGE (evolu>onary upgrade to GSM/GPRS) –  IMT‐DS: W‐CDMA (NTT Docomo, Soobank Mobile) –  IMT‐MC: CDMA2000 (KDDI) –  IMT‐TC: TD‐CDMA, TD‐SCDMA –  IMT‐2000 OFDMA TDD WMAN: WiMAX (UQ Communica>on)

ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

•  Overview –  ITU is the leading United Na>ons agency for informa>on and

communica>on technology issue –  radio frequency alloca>on / standardiza>on of communica>on

interfaces / development •  ITU Sectors

–  Radiocommunica>on (ITU‐R) •  interna>onal radio‐frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources

–  Standardiza>on (ITU‐T) •  standards‐making

–  Development (ITU‐D) •  equitable, sustainable and affordable access to informa>on and communica>on technologies

IMT‐2000 Frequency Mapping

hfp://www.cdg.org/technology/cdma2000/spectrum.asp

*1: Iden>fied at WRC‐07 *2: 698‐862 MHz band in Region 2 (Americas) 790‐862 MHz band in Region 1 (Europe, Middle East, Africa, Russia and CIS) 790‐960 MHz iden>fied for IMT in Region 3 (Asia‐Pacific) *3: Future availability

ARIB Associa>on of Radio Industries and Businesses

•  Overview –  Japanese domes>c organiza>on established by the Minister of Posts and Telecommunica>ons in 1995.

–  ARIB was reorganized into the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communica>ons in 2001.

•  Purpose of the organiza>on –  Standardiza>on and research on the radio technologies.

•  Ac>vi>es –  Interna>onal Standardiza>ons in interna>onal standard‐sewng organiza>ons (ITU, ie).

–  Domes>c adapta>ons of interna>onal standards. –  Domes>c standardiza>ons.

•  May, 2001, NTT docomo started their world first trial 3G service. (commercial launch on Oct 2001)

•  In 2008, Japanese 3G penetra>on was 84%.

3G in Japan

Carrier Frequency Technology High Speed Data

NTT Docomo 2100MHz

(800MHz for FOMA Plus Area)

W‐CDMA HSDPA

KDDI 800MHz cdma2000 CDMA2000 1x EV‐

DO Rel.0

Soobank Mobile 2100MHz W‐CDMA HSDPA

E‐Mobile 1700MHz W‐CDMA HSDPA

•  The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks.

•  The radio frequency bands are assigned to carriers through auc>ons.

3G in USA

Carrier Frequency Technology High Speed Data

AT&T 850MHz 1900MHz

EDGE W‐CDMA

HSDPA

Sprint Nextel 800MHz 1900MHz

CDMA iDEN CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1x EV‐DO WiMAX

T‐Mobile USA 1700MHz 1900MHz

EDGE W‐CDMA

HSPA+

Verizon Wireless 800MHz 1900MHz

CDMA200 CDMA2000 1x EV‐DO

3G in other countries/regions •  Europe

–  European countries are mainly using GSM or its new versions. –  Edge evolu>on (GSM’s successor technology) had been included in

3GPP2 Release 7. •  China

–  In 2009, the Chinese government allocated radio bands to 3 mobile phone operators.

–  One of those operators applied TD‐SCDMA. •  India

–  A government owned company launched 3G services in 2008. –  Na>onwide auc>on of 3G wireless spectrum was announced in April

2010. –  On November 2010, 2 private 3G service operators started their 3G

services.

Long Term Evolu>on (LTE)

•  3GPP Long Term Evolu>on –  the standardiza>on process was completed on march, 2009 (3GPP Release 8)

– NTT docomo is star>ng a data communica>on service on 24, Dec, 2010.

•  Features –  Seamless upgrade from 3G technologies –  Supports both of TDD (Time Division Duplex) and FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

– High‐speed data communica>on: •  Downlink(peak): 100Mbps, OFDMA •  Uplink(peak): 50Mbps, SC‐FDMA

hfp://www.nfdocomo.co.jp/xi/index.html

FDD vs TDD

FDD Uplink band

FDD Downlink band

TDD band

BS

BS

US

US: Uplink Slots DS: Downlink Slots

DS US DS

US DS DS DS

Conf. 1

Conf. 2

LTE Phone

LTE Phone

FDD

TDD

Fixed Frequency bands alloca>on to the uplink/downlink.

Flexible bandwidth alloca>on u>lizing >me slot configura>ons.

LTE in China

•  China mobile pushes their technology called “TD‐LTE” –  TD‐LTE is included in 3GPP Release 8 (LTE’s standard) –  TD‐LTE is almost same technology as FD‐LTE expect for the duplexing.

–  TD‐LTE service in china is going to be out in 2011 •  Merits of TD‐LTE

–  Flexible bandwidth configura>ons both on the uplink and downlink. –  Operators can easily configure the bandwidth to both link just by assigning >me slots propor>on to both link

TD‐LTE demo car in Expo 2010 Shanghi hfp://journal.mycom.co.jp/ar>cles/2010/06/07/lte1/index.html

iPhones on Verizon Wireless

•  Verizon Wireless –  One of the most biggest wireless phone providers in US. –  CDMA Products: CDMA 2000

•  Some news reports said –  Apple would release a Verizon‐compa>ble version of the iPhone in early 2011

•  Issues to provide iPhones –  iPhones now do not support CDMA 2000. –  Apple has to develop new version of iPhones which support CDMA 2000 or LTE.

– → Another newspaper reported Apple already ordered a massive amount of CDMA‐2000 chips to Qualcomm.

SFC‐CNS reaches your home WiMAX

Campus Network System（SFC‐CNS） access by the mobile WiMAX

•  SFC‐CNS –  provides the latest environment to a student & faculty since an opera>ve start of 1990

–  from everyday life to the use for the highest research

•  Access by the mobile WiMAX –  CNS Environment is available from anywhere just to use WiMAX

–  The environment where an area of the CNS wireless LAN in spread out in the all over Japan

•  A student is familiar with a subject of new service •  user can par>cipate in an experiment anywhere any>me

usage

Power on Connec>on Established

WiMAX connec>on (Automa>c)

Power on Data card Set up

Dial up VPN

connec>on Connec>on Established

Use WiMAX

Use DataCard & VPN

WiMAX Mobile WiMAX

Network SFC‐CNS Internet

IP address of CNS is assigned directly !!

WiMAX

•  Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

•  e.g. IEEE802.16, 16a, 16‐2004, 16e •  Mobile WiMAX use IEEE802.16e

•  2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, 5.8GHz •  Cover the range of several kilometers

•  Remarkable affinity for IP

WiMax Forum

•  Interna>onal non‐profit organiza>on who try interconnec>on opera>on of WiMAX – E.g. Intel, Nokia, Proxim, Fujitsu Microelectronics America

– WiMAX Forum Ce>fied that is Interconnec>vity afesta>on test is implemented

•  Test compa>bility and interconnec>on opera>on between IEEE802.16 Hiper‐MAN

•  The recogni>on label can be used when passing

•  URL:hfp://www.wimaxforum.org/

WiMAX@SFC

•  hfp://www.eaccess.net/cgi‐bin/press.cgi?id=593

•  e・Access Ltd.（Minato-ku, Tokyo, director & CEO　Senmoto Sachio） tests mobile WMAX with Keio Research Institute at SFC Open Wireless Broadband Platform Lab.（Chief Jiro Kokuryo）and WIDE project（Director Keio Univ. Faculty of Environment and Information Studies Prof. Jun Murai）.

e・Access estimates and examines several work styles and is getting ready to commercialize mobile WiMAX.

Set up antennas on “ι” and “ο”.

The “Informa>on Lifestyle”

•  Our goal is to useless wireless infrastructure to explore the “Informa>on Lifestyle”! – Coopera>ve life spaces – Open informa>on infrastructure for terrestrial communica>ons

– An unWired Internet where anyone can deploy new services!

Cell Deployment Plan

Directional antenna

Lightning rod

GPS antenna (for interference & transmission timing)

Base station

Junction box

Antenna connectors (for after getting license)

East-facing antenna West-facing antenna

Measured Signal Strength

47 4 RSSI

Shufle Bus On‐board Signage

•  Student shufle bus •  Class cancella>ons, other university info •  Student club adver>sements

•  Live images of Shonandai‐bound bus stops

48

Frequency Regula>on

Transmission/Broadcast Incen>ves to Reform

•  Basic policy – Tech. neutral

• We just want fast packets

– Market neutral •  Freedom to innovate

•  IT Communica>ons – Layered model – Contents – Pla}orm – Delivery Infrastructure

Different Info. Xmit Businesses (1/2) 情報通信産業の構造変化

•  Structure of future communica>on & broadcast businesses – Split by layers

通信/Comm. 放送/Broadcast

固定通信 Personal Comm.

移動通信 Mobile CATV 衛星放送

Satellite

地上放送 Terrestial

Digital

参考：http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/policyreports/chousa/tsushin_houseikikaku/070619_1.html

•  Digital network, the informa>on communica>on industry using IP – Horizontal system, layer structure – Over layer: compe>>on and >e‐up over layer is free

•  To ensure fair compe>>on, the minimum rules are examined

contents

platform

Transmission Infrastructure

radio TV/ audio-visual music

User authentication security

Fixed mobile CATV


Different Info. Xmit Businesses (2/2) ‏

e.g.

e.g.

e.g.

Guideline for illegal/harmful information

Reform Incen>ves •  “overall system of law”: For uni>ng and coopera>on

communica>on and broadcas>ng •  Layer structure of low

有線電気通信法・電波法 (Wire Telecommunica>ons Act/Radio Act)

電気通信事業法 (Telecommunica>ons Business Act)

NTT法 Act on NTT

有線放送電話法

(Act on Wire Broadcas>ng Telephone Business)

電気通信役務利用放送法

(Act on Broadcast on

Telecommunica>ons Services)

有線ラジオ放送法，

有線テレビジョン放送法

(Act on Regula>on on Cable Radio

Broadcas>ng Services /Cable Television Broadcast Act)

放送法 (Broadcast

Act)

contents

platform

Infrastructure


Legal Proposal for Content

•  Contents distribute on ICT network

Contents over ICT network

Media service (e.g. broadcasting)

Open communication

(e.g. web)‏

Special media service

General media service

e.g. Terrestrial Digital TV Broadcasting

Maintain exiting low

contents order: rectification others: deregulation

Everybody should keeps common rules Study how the zoning for harmful contents

Classify by Social function/influence


Pla}orm Legal Proposal プラットフォームに関する法体系案

•  pla}orm –  Service portal –  Sooware on the network and end‐node

•  purpose –  Coordinate with physical telecommunica>on facili>es, mediate between ISP and ISP, ISP and users

–  Contents with high convenience and security, e‐commerce and public service

•  goal – Open communica>ons

•  Pla}orm itself prevents free informa>on distribu>on •  Under discussing based on whether or not rules are necessary


Transmission Legal Proposal 伝送インフラに関する法体系案

•  Evalu>on process – Transmission service rules

•  Unify orders –  Flexible business deployment

•  Secure fair compe>>on

•  Protec>on of users –  infrastructure

•  Service Classifica>on are loosely defined •  Review the license system

–  Goal: break down communica>on barriers


Toward Revision of Freq. Regula>ons (1/3)P

1.  radio sta>ons for test are spreading 1.  Up to now:

•  Experimental use for technology development

–  From now on: •  Examine efficiency of frequency use •  Study market demand


2. Construc>on assist/arbitra>on system for radio sta>on by “Telecommunica>ons Business Dispute Seflement Commission” –  Case: a radio wave from new sta>on A causes communica>on jamming to that from sta>on B

–  before •  disable Establishing sta>on A

–  From now on •  Assist/ arbitrate by Telecommunica>ons Business Dispute Seflement Commission

•  B is reconstructed by A’s share to avoid jamming →both A and B can use radio wave


Toward Revision of Freq. Regulations (2/3) ‏

3. Some case, people who don’t have radio license can use radio sta>on –  In an emergency

•  Let for volunteer ac>vi>es –  prevent jamming easier

•  Let for events, construc>on sites and snowcapped mountains…etc.

4. radio regulatory council looks at targets again –  speedy

•  Exclude modest subject changes by revising the ministerial ordinance


Toward Revision of Freq. Regulations (3/3) ‏

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