interventional radiology 介入放射学 介入放射学 tong xiao-qiang 佟小强 dept. of...
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Interventional Radiology
介入放射学介入放射学
TONG Xiao-qiang
佟小强
Dept. of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery
The First Hospital of Peking University
介入血管外科 , 北京大学第一医院
第一部分:介入放射学总论-- 什么是介入放射学-- 介入放射学历史-- 介入放射学所需器械-- 介入放射学适应证
第二部分:介入放射学各论-- 介入放射学在血管系统的应用 通,堵,注,取-- 介入放射学在非血管系统的应用 通,堵,注,取
讲课内容
1. 了解介入放射学的概念2. 了解介入放射学的适应证3. 掌握介入放射学的技术内容: 通,堵,注,取4. 掌握常用专业英文词汇
重 点
第一部分 介入放射学总论
什么是介入放射学介入放射学历史介入放射学所需器械介入放射学适应证
X-rayComputed tomography (CT)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)UltrasoundRadioisotope (RI)Angiography
Radiology
Purpose of Radiology--diagnosis
Vascular disease --Occlusion --Stenosis --Aneurysm --Arterio-venous malformation --Arteriovenous fistula --Hemorrhage
Hypervascular tumor --Hepatocellular carcinoma --Renal cell carcinoma
Relationship between vessel and tumor
Angiography--early “Interventional Radiology” --diagnosis
Insert a needle or catheter directly
into a vessel
Inject some contrast media (CM)
Take films/movie
Achieve diagnosis
Angiography
DSA machineDigital subtruction angiography
Traditional angiography DSA Traditional angiography DSA
Diagnosis on angiography —stenosis of artery
Dilate it!!!
Diagnosis Treatment
Dr. Dotter
Radiologist intervened clinical issues from diagnosis alone to therapeutic activities.
1895 : Roentgen 发现 X 射线(诺贝尔奖)1895 : Hascnek 首次在截肢术上作动脉造影尝试1896 : Morton 开始做尸体动脉造影研究1904 : Dawbam 开始肿瘤手术术前栓塞(颈外动脉)1910 : Franck 等成功将造影剂注射到活体动物动脉内1923 : Verberich 将造影剂注入到人体血管内造影1924 : Brooks 成功进行第一例股动脉造影1927 : Maniz 成功施行颈动脉直接穿刺造影1929 : Dos Santos 成功施行经皮腹主动脉穿刺造影1929 : Forssman 从上臂静脉将导尿管插入自己的右心房首创 心导管造影术(诺贝尔奖)1941 : Farmas 采用股动脉切开法施行主动脉造影1953 : Seldinger 首创经皮股动脉穿刺法 : 简便易行(诺贝尔奖)
History of Interventional Radiology-1
History of Interventional Radiology-2
1956: Oedman 等改进了导管头的弯度1964 : Dotter 成功施行首例 PTA1967 : Judkins 行冠状动脉造影1967: Richarson 首先使用 Fogarty 球囊导管行颈动脉拉栓术1968 : Newtont 成功施行脊髓血管畸形动脉栓塞1968 : Nusbaum 等首先报道经动脉导管灌注血管加压素及栓塞剂治疗出血1969 : Kauae 首先报道经皮肝穿胆道引流术1972: Rosch 等首先介绍对肝肾等肿瘤进行栓塞1974: Gruentzig 发明双腔球囊导管1977: Gruentzig 成功施行冠状动脉 PTA20 世纪 80 年代: DSA 技术1983 : Dotter 等报道用镍钛合金支架的实验成果1985 : Wright 和 Palmaz 分别报道金属自扩式 Z 型支架和球囊扩张式支架1988 : Richter 等成功实施 TIPS 治疗严重门静脉高压1991 : Parodi 首次用直型内支架行腔内隔绝术治疗腹主动脉瘤
19291929 年年 : : ForssmanForssman 将导管插入自己心将导管插入自己心脏脏
19531953 年年 : : SeldingerSeldinger 穿刺法穿刺法
19641964 年年 : : DotterDotter 血管成型术血管成型术
3 milestones in history of IR3 milestones in history of IR
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)1895: X-ray
Never forget
ForssmanForssman1929:cardioangiography1929:cardioangiography
Never forget
Sven Ivar Seldinger1953 :Seldinger’s technique
Never forget
Charles Dotter (1920-1985)1964: PTA by coaxial catheter
Never forget
Never forget
Cesare Gianturco
Andreas Gruentzig (1939-1985)1974: Double-lumen balloon catheter1977 : First PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty)
Never forget
Guided by imaging facility: X-ray, CT, US, MRI
Utilizing instruments as guidewire, catheter, et al
Minimally invasive: usually puncture
Not only diagnosis but therapeutic efficacy
1967 1967 Margulis Margulis :: Interventional Diagnostic RadiologyInterventional Diagnostic Radiology
-a New Subspecialty (AJR)
1976 Wallace : Interventional Radiology (Cancer)
Interventional Radiology (IR)
通 Recanalization, Opening
堵 Embolization, Occlusion 注 Injection, Infusion
取 Drainage, Sampling, Biopsy, Retrieval 其他 Filter 、 and ---
介入放射学技术 Techniques of IR
Vessel— PTA,stenting,thrombolysis
Airway— stenting
Gastrointestine — dilatation,stenting
Biliary duct — drainage,dilatation,stenting
Urinary tract — dilatation,stenting
Tubal obstruction — recanalization
Lacrimal duct obstruction — recanalization
Establish channel— TIPS,drainage
开通或再通技术— 通 Recanalization
栓塞技术— 堵 Embolization
tumor: malignancy, benign
AVM, AVF, aneurysm
bleeding
hypersplenism
others : varices, fistula, priapism
动脉局部药物灌注— 注 Infusion
Thrombolytic agent Chemotherapeutics Sclerosing agent hemostatics antibiotics
引流 / 活检 / 血样 / 异物 / 取石— 取 Retrieval
Biliary drainingBiliary draining (( tumor/lithiasis)tumor/lithiasis)
Percutaneous removal of biliary calculiPercutaneous removal of biliary calculi
Percutaneous nephrostomyPercutaneous nephrostomy
Draining of cyst/abscessDraining of cyst/abscess
Sampling/biopsySampling/biopsy
Retrieval of foreign bodyRetrieval of foreign body
Percutaneous lumbar discectomyPercutaneous lumbar discectomy
Vascular IRVascular IR经动脉栓塞经动脉栓塞 : : 出血出血 ,, 动脉瘤动脉瘤 ,, 动静脉畸形动静脉畸形 , , 肿瘤等肿瘤等经动脉药物注入经动脉药物注入 : : 抗癌药抗癌药 , , 血管收缩血管收缩 // 扩张剂扩张剂 , , 血栓溶解剂 等血栓溶解剂 等血管成型术血管成型术 : : 气囊气囊 , , 旋切旋切 , , 激光激光 , , 支架等支架等血管内异物取出血管内异物取出静脉溶静脉溶 // 取栓术取栓术静脉栓塞术静脉栓塞术 : : 消化道静脉曲张消化道静脉曲张 , , 精索静脉曲张等精索静脉曲张等下腔静脉滤器放置术下腔静脉滤器放置术肝静脉肝静脉 -- 门静脉分流术门静脉分流术Nonvascular IRNonvascular IR支架放置术支架放置术 : : 消化道消化道 , , 气道气道 , , 胆道胆道 , , 尿道等尿道等引流术引流术 : : 胆道胆道 , , 脓肿脓肿 , , 囊肿等 囊肿等 造瘘术造瘘术 : : 胃胃 , , 膀胱膀胱 , , 肾等肾等取石术取石术 : : 胆道胆道 , , 胆囊胆囊 , , 尿道等尿道等药物注入法药物注入法 : : 囊肿硬化囊肿硬化 , , 骨硬化骨硬化 // 成型成型 , , 溶核等溶核等旋切旋切 // 抽吸术抽吸术 : : 椎间盘脱出椎间盘脱出
Content of IRContent of IR
Types of arterial approachesRight femoral arteryLeft femoral arteryLeft axillary arteryRight axillary arteryTranslumbar aortaBrachial arteriesAntegrade femoral arteryThrough a surgical graft
Right femoral artery is the preferred routeEasily accessible for manipulations and hemostasisLarge-caliber vesselWell-defined landmarks existMost angiographers are right-handedLow complication rate compared to other approaches
Access in vascular IR
Anatomy of femoral puncture site
2-4cm below the inguinal ligament
Seldinger’s Technique
needleguidewire
Double wall puncture
Seldinger Technique-con’t
sheath
catheter
Traditional Seldinger’s technique
Modified Seldinger Technique
Single (anterior) wall puncture
Modified Seldinger’s Technique
Puncture site complications
(e.g., groin hematoma)Contrast agent complications
(e.g., anaphylactoid reaction)Catheter-related complications
(e.g., vessel dissection)Therapy-related complications
(e.g., CNS hemmorhage during UK administration)
Complications of IR
There are 4 types of complications
Cholesterol emboliThromboembolismCerebrovascular accidentArterial dissection
Minor hematoma, >5%Major hematoma (require surgical therapy) <0.5%Arteriovenous fistula (AVF),0.05%Pseudoaneurysm, 0.01%Vessel thrombosis,0.1%NeuritisInfection
Puncture site complications
Contrast complicationsRenal failureCardiac failurePhlebitis (venography)Anaphylactoid reactions (rare with arteriography)
Catheter-related complications
Puncture needleSheathGuidewire/microguidewireCatheter/microcatheterBalloon catheterStentStent-graftDistal protection deviceCoilFilterSnare
Instruments for IR
CatheterThermoplastic materials (polyurethane and polyethylene) are very commonly used for catheter manufacturingNylon: combined with polyurethane to manufacture high-flow, small-French cathetersTeflon: very stiff, low-friction materialBraided catheters: internal wire mesh improves torquability
All nonspecialty guidewire have a similar construction:Central stiff steel core with a distal taperWire coilspring wound around coreThin filamentous safety wire holding the other 2 components togetherMost wires are coated with Teflon to decrease friction
Guidewire
SheathShort-cathter with valve at the end to avoid refluxA patered dilator for smooth insertion through a wire
sheath
dilator
needle
guidewire
sheath
dilator
Double-lumen PTA balloon catheter
自膨式支架self-expanding stent
球囊扩张式支架balloon-expanding stent
远端滤伞保护装置 Distal Protection Device ( DPD)
FilterWire EX™
Embolic Protection System
DPD
EV3spider
DPD
stents
Stainless steel, Nitinol
Stent-graft
Embolization
Thrombolysis
Perctaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)
Vascular stenting
4 major contents of vascular IR
Hemorrhage --GI bleeding --Varices --Traumatic organ injury --Bronchial artery hemorrhage --Tumors --Postoperative bleedingVascular lesions --AVM or AVF --Aneurysm/PseudoaneurysmPreoperative devascularization --Renal cell carcinoma --AVM --Vascular bone metastasesOther --Hypersplenism --Gonadal varices --Hepatic chemoembolization
Embolization
Indication:
Permanent --Steel coil --Microcoil --Detachable balloon --Polyvinyl alcohol (Ivalon) --Absolute ethanol --Plastic polymers: glue, tissue adhesive
Embolic agents
Temporary --Surgical gelatin (Gelfoam) --Pledgets are cut to size to occlude large vessels; Gelfoam powder occludes distal vessels and causes infarction
Postembolization syndrome (fever, elevated WBC)Infection of the embolized area (administer
prophylactic antibiotics)Reflux of embolic material (nontarget embolization)Alcohol causes skin, nerve, and muscle infarction if
used in the periphery; its use should be restricted to
solid parenchymal organs.
Complications of embolization
Indications --Arterial graft thrombosis --Native vessel acute thrombosis --Prior to percutaneous intervention --Hemodialysis AVF or graft --Venous thrombosis
ContraindicationsAbsolute --Active bleeding --Intracranial lesion (stroke, tumor) --Pregnancy --Nonviable limbRelative --Bleeding diathesis --Cardiac thrombus --Malignant hypertension --Recent major surgery --Postpartum
Thrombolysis
Complication--Major hemorrhage requiring termination of UK, surgery or transfusion (e.g., intracranial bleeding)--Minor hemorrhage--Distal embolization--Pericatheter thrombosis--Overall, termination of therapy is required in 10%
Indication --Claudication or rest pain --Tissue loss --Nonhealing wound --Establish inflow for a distal bypass graft --Hemodialysis AVF or graft
Complications --Groin complications (same as diagnostic angiography) --Distal embolism --Dissection --Arterial rupture (rare) --Renal infarction or failure (with renal PTA)
PTA (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty)
Long segment stenosisTotal occlusionUnsuccessful PTALarge post-PTA dissection flapRecurrent stenosisUlcerated plaqueRenal ostial lesionVenous obstruction, thrombosisTransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
Intravascular stents
Indications:
Time to take a break
第二部分 介入放射学各论
-- 介入放射学在血管系统的应用 通,堵,注,取-- 介入放射学在非血管系统的应用 通,堵,注,取
Vascular IRVascular IR
Transarterial embolization-Transarterial embolization- 堵堵
Embolization of hemarrhageEmbolization of hemarrhage
41M, traumatic liver rupture
DSA
pseudoaneurysm
Extravasation of CM
microcatheter
Post-embolization
73M,hematemesis;aortic graft 2 years ago
Extravasation of CMon enhanced-CT
angiography
stenting
Postpartum massive bleeding
Embolization of tumorEmbolization of tumor
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCCHCC))
CT
DSA
Follow-up CTFollow-up CT
43
43M, hepatitis BCT:HCC
99.8
DSA
CT
3-year later
4-year later
39F, hepatic hemangiomaEnhanced-CT
DSASuperselective embolizationwith lipiodol
microcatheter
3-m later
9-m later
原发性肝癌 原发性肝癌
71M,unoperable renal cell carcinoma (71M,unoperable renal cell carcinoma (RCCRCC))
2001.12 2001.12
2002.92002.9
2002.122002.12
2001.12 2002.9 2002.122001.12 2002.9 2002.12
MRI
CT
73F, RCC of congenital single kidney
DSA, aortogram
DSA, right renal arteriogram
tumor
catheter
DSA
Superselective embolization of the tumor
Follow-up CT
well deposition of drug
Uterine myomaUterine myoma 34F
Pre-embolization 3-m after
MRI
Uterine cervical carcer:Uterine cervical carcer:Pre-operative embolizationPre-operative embolization
42F
DSA
Stage-downShrinkage of tumorDecrease bleeding
PLTPLT: pre 10000: pre 10000 post 80000post 80000
HypersplenismHypersplenism
DSA DSA postembolizationpostembolization
DSA preembolization
Stent-graft for aneurysm
Pseudoaneurysm Pseudoaneurysm of rt iliac artery of rt iliac artery
Stent-graftStent-graftdeploymentdeployment
Aortic stent-graft
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) 81M, 2002.8, CT
81M, 2002.8, CT
2004.7, CT
2004.7, CT
2004.7, DSA
Pre-stenting post-stenting
Follow-up CT
Follow-up CT
Open operation
Minimally invasive:Small inguinal incision
43M, cough and hemoptysis
Enhanced CT
Plain CT
Enhanced-CT
DSAHuge pseudoaneurysm of rt. Subclavian a.
50x12mm Wallgraft ,24h after stenting
Pre-
Post 5m
Post 1m
Post 12m
50x12mm Wallgraft ,6m later
Early
Delay
Enhanced CT
CTReconstructed coronal images
stent
Vascular IRVascular IR
Transarterial infusion—Transarterial infusion— 注注
Regional chemotherapy: feasible to most of the malignant tumors (liver tumor Including HCC and metstases, urinary bladder cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer,lung cancer, malignant tumor of head and neck Selective thrombolysis --Arterial graft thrombosis --Native vessel acute thrombosis --Prior to percutaneous intervention --Hemodialysis AVF or graft --Venous thrombosis
组织纤溶酶原组织纤溶酶原激活剂激活剂 (t-PA)(t-PA)
PAE (pulmonary arterial embolism)
54M, urinary bladder cancer54M, urinary bladder cancer
DSA
Rt. InternalIliac artery
tumor
Vascular IRVascular IR
PTA and stenting—PTA and stenting— 通通
Stenosis of transplanted renal artery. Stenosis of transplanted renal artery. Balloon PTABalloon PTA
Atherosclerotic Atherosclerotic stenosis of rt. stenosis of rt. common iliac a.common iliac a.
Atherosclerotic stenosisAtherosclerotic stenosis stentingstenting
41M, claudication. stenting
Renal arterial stenosisRenal arterial stenosisstenting stenting ((RASRAS))
RAS:--Hypertension --Renal function impairment
Stenosis of subclavian a: Stenosis of subclavian a: stentingstenting
Stenosis of carotid a:--TIA--Minor stroke--Major stroke
CCA
ICA
ECA stenosis
Carotid arterial stenting (CAS)
Distal protection device (DPD)
DPD
stent
DPD
pre-stenting post-stenting
Stenosis of vertebrobasilar a.
Stenting of intracranial arteries
stenosis
Stenosis of Stenosis of SVCSVC (superior vena cava): stenting (superior vena cava): stenting
Budd-Chiari syndrome: Budd-Chiari syndrome:
HVHV occlusion. Stenting occlusion. Stenting
HV
stent
Budd-Chiari syndrome: Budd-Chiari syndrome: IVCIVC occlusion. Stenting occlusion. Stenting
Balloon dilatation (PTA)
stenting
Stenosis of transplanted HV.PTA alone.
balloon
stenosis
HV
Immediately after PTA
3-m later
Stenosis ofStenosis of pulmonary a..pulmonary a..Invasive Invasive thymoma.thymoma.
stentingstenting
stenosis
TIPS
TTransjugular ransjugular IIntrahepatic ntrahepatic PPortosystemic ortosystemic SShunt hunt ((TIPSTIPS))
TIPS:
Decrease portal pressure
--Portal HT
--Ascites
Retrieval of foreign bodyRetrieval of foreign body—— 取取
Vascular IRVascular IR
Chest X-ray
Venous embolizationVenous embolization—— 堵堵
Vascular IRVascular IR
Sketch of percutaneous transhepatic occlusion of gastric varices
varices
61M,hepatitis B & cirrhosis.Gastric varices.
endoscopy
CT
varices
PV
varices
SV
Pre-CT
Post-CT
IVC filter—IVC filter— 其他其他
Vascular IRVascular IR
IVC Filter:Prevention of pulmonary arterial embolism (PAE) from deep venous thrombus (DVT)
IVC
filter
IVC filters with different design
Vascular malformation Vascular malformation of surface--of surface--sclerosingsclerosing
Nonvascular IRNonvascular IR
Dilatation/recanalizationDilatation/recanalization—— 通通
Esophageal stenosis : Balloon dilatation
pre
post
Infertility caused by occlusion of Fallopian tube
occlusion
Recanalization of rt.
Recanalization of lt.
Obstructive jaundiceObstructive jaundice
External drainingExternal draining
draining catheter
Internal drainingInternal draining
Obstructive jaundiceObstructive jaundice
StentingStenting—— 通通
Nonvascular IRNonvascular IR
stentingstenting
Obstructive jaundiceObstructive jaundice
stent
Esophageal Esophageal cancercancer
Graft-stentGraft-stent
esophagus
fistula
Graft-stentGraft-stent ::通通 ++ 堵堵
Bronchtracheal Ca.Bronchtracheal Ca.
stentingstenting
stenosis
stent
stenting
Ca. of sigmoid colon.ileus
tumor
Interventional Radiology in MedicineInterventional Radiology in Medicine
SurgerySurgery InternalInternalMedicineMedicine
RadiologyRadiology
IRIR
-What is Interventional
Radiology?
-What can IR do?
Summary
原为医学影像科(放射科)的介入组2003 年底“独立”,成立介入血管外科现有医生 8 名,护士 15 名,技术员 2 名,病床数 25 张工作内容: 1. 肿瘤的介入治疗 2. 血管病的介入治疗 3. 血管病的外科手术治疗门诊时间:周一—五下午联系我们: 二部导管室 66551122 Ext 2622/2633 三部病房 64003976 , 64004280 ( 注:在不久的将来,介入病房将从第三住院部迁至 第二住院部)
介入血管外科简介
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