introducere in bioinginerie
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Introducere in bioinginerieTRANSCRIPT
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CE ESTE BIOINGINERIA MEDICALA?
OBIECTIVE:
-Scurt istoric;
-Inventii/descoperiri care au dus la aparitia bioinginerie in relatie cu medicina moderna;
-Profesia de bioinginer medical; reglementari;
-Societati profesionale si academice;
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Cronologie
-1 000 I.C. – prima proteza
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- 1733 Stephen Hales
-Prima cateterizare la animale; -Masurarea invaziva a presiunii arteriale;-Inventarea forcepsului;
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- 1816 Rene Theophile Laennec
� Primul stetoscop
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� 1848 - Hermann von Helmholtz, primul care a aplicat principiile ingineriei pentru rezolvarea problemelor fiziologiei, identificarea rezistentei tesutului nervos si muscular la actiunea curentului continuu;
� 1857 - Etienne-Jules Marey - studii de hemodinamica (tobita Marey, sfigmograful) precum si primele studii de biomecanica la om;
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1875 - Gabriel Jonas Lippmann
-Electrometrul capilar;
-Prima fotografie color;
-Spectroscopie;
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-1887-Augustus Desiré Waller
- cercetari in domeniul electrofiziologiei;-a fost prima persoana care a inregistratimpulsurile electrice generate de activitatea electrica a inimii;
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- 1890 Robert Ellis DUDGEON
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- 1895 - Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - Initial folosite pentru diagnosticul fracturilor osoase;
- Radiografia manii lui Albert von Kolliker facuta la incheierea prelegerilor luiRöntgen in cadrul Societatii de fizica medicala din Wurzburg la 23 ianuarie1896;
- Tehnologie care a evoluat astazi prin utilizarea de materiale radio-opace in analiza diverselor organe si fenomene fiziologice;
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� Inceputul anilor 1900:
- In 1906 Einthoven a descoperit electrocardiograma (ECG);
- model al modificarilor electrice care au loc la nivelul inimii in timpul contractiei acesteia;
- instrument de diagnosticare care este folosit astazi.
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Galvanoscope capilare utilizate de catre Einthoven. Mercurul din tubulorizontal se misca subinfluenta unui camp electricaplicat la doi electrozi
1924 W. Einthoven castigă premiul Nobel pentru inventarea electrocardiografului.
Forma undelor ECG utilizata in diagnosticul problemelor cardiace.
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� 1920:
Aparitia sistemelor de refrigerare duce la dezvoltareaprimelor echipamente de stocare a sangelui.
� 1929:
Drinkler a inventat primul sistem de ventilare a persoanelor cu afectari respiratorii. Dispozitivemecanice capabile sa ventileze artificial pentru a tratabolnavii cu paralizie respiratorie.
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Pacientul era introdus cu intregul corp, cu exceptiacapului intr-o incinta inchisa. Presiunea in incinta era crescuta si scazuta intr-un ritm bine stabilit astfel incataerul era mutat din si in plamani pentru a simularespiratia normala.
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� 1930:
- Dezvoltarea sistemului inima-plaman (Gibson1935)
� Aparitia microscopului electronic (Ruska1931)
- furnizarea in timp real a unor structuri subcelulare.
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- 1933 William B. Kouwenhoven - defibrilare
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� 1940 -1950:
- evolutiile majore in medicina cardiovasculara:
- dezvoltarea angiografiei (Cournand 1941);
- prima vizualizare a arterelor si venele folosind un catetersubstanta radio-opaca, coloranti pe un subiect in viata.
� Prima utilizare a inlocuiri de tesut uman cu unul artificial (DeBakey 1954)
- artere sintetice (din poliester);
- Aparitia stimulatorului cardiac (Zoll1955) dispozitiv pentru a reface ritmulnatural al inimii;
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-1940 Werner Forssmannpremiul Nobel pentru tehnica de cateterizare
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1950 John Charnley - prima proteza de sold
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1951 - Charles Hufnagel - prima valva cardiaca
1960 Universitatea Oregon - Dr. Albert Starr & ing. Lowell Edwards
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� In 1958, Arne Larsson (1915-2001) a devenit primul omul care a primit un stimulator cardiac implantabil. El a avut implantate in total 26 de dispozitive in timpul vietii sale si a militat pentru alţipacienţi care au avut nevoie de stimulatoare cardiace.
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1963 - Francis L’Esperance primul laser medical
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-1972 Allan M Cormack & Godfrey Newbold Hounsfieldprimul computer tomograf
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-1978 Graeme Clarke - implant cohlear
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1980 Robert Langer - tehnologia eliberarii controlate a medicamentelor
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-1981 tomograf cu rezonanta magnetica
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Termeni
� Inginerie biomedicala/bioingineriemedicala;
� Inginerie biologica;
� Inginerie clinica;
� Bioinginerie;
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Inginerie biomedicala/bioinginerie medicala
� Aplicarea principiilor de inginerie pentru a intelege, modifica sau controla sistemele biologice.
- Detectarea si monitorizarea semnalelor fiziologice;
- Terapie si reabilitare prin dispozitive medicale siproceduri complexe;
- Dispozitive pentru inlocuirea unor functii fiziologice;
- Imagistica medicala;
� Atunci cand se aplica principiile intr-un serviciumedical (spital) cu aplicare directa in ingrijireapacientului, aceasta este mentionata ca profesia de inginer clinic.
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Statutul profesional in Romania
� Licentierea intra sub jurisdicția MinisteruluiInvatamantului si ACPART (Agentia Nationala pentru Calificari
din Invatamantul Superior si Parteneriat cu Mediul Economic si Social. );
� CODUL OCUPATIILOR DIN ROMANIA (COR) este construit in conformitate cu Clasificarea Internationala Standard a Ocupatiilor -International Standard Classification of Occupations - ISCO, in varianta 88 (COM) din Uniunea Europeana.
� Aceasta grupa de baza cuprinde specialistii din domeniul sanatatiineclasificati in alta parte in subgrupa majora 22 - Specialisti in domeniul sanatatii:
-Grupa majora 2 - Specialisti in diverse domenii de activitate-Subgrupa majora 22 - Specialisti in domeniul sanatatii-Grupa minora 226 - Alti specialisti in domeniul sanatatii-Grupa de baza 2269 - Specialisti in domeniul sanatatii neclasificati in grupele de baza anterioare
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Fizician medical
(Subgrupa majora 22, Grupa minora 226, Grupa de baza 2269)Nivelul de instruire: 4 (studii superioare)
226906
Asistent medical (studii superioare)
(Subgrupa majora 22, Grupa minora 226, Grupa de baza 2269)
Nivelul de instruire: 4 (studii superioare)
226905
Bioinginer medical
(Subgrupa majora 22, Grupa minora 226, Grupa de baza 2269)
Nivelul de instruire: 4 (studii superioare)
226904
Medic legist
(Subgrupa majora 22, Grupa minora 226, Grupa de baza 2269)
Nivelul de instruire: 4 (studii superioare)
226903
Medic expertiza a capacitatii de munca
(Subgrupa majora 22, Grupa minora 226, Grupa de baza 2269)
Nivelul de instruire: 4 (studii superioare)
226902
Medic igienist
(Subgrupa majora 22, Grupa minora 226, Grupa de baza 2269)
Nivelul de instruire: 4 (studii superioare)
226901
DENUMIRECOD
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� SALARII pentru personalul de specialitate medico-sanitar si auxiliar sanitar din urmatoareleunitati sanitare, spitale judetene de urgenta, spitale de specialitate, institute de medicina legala, Servicii de ambulanta, centre de transfuzie sanguina judetene etc.Medic primar - 2.520 - 3.150 Medic specialist - 1.980 - 2.490 Medic rezident anul VI-VII - 1.920 Medic rezident anul IV-V - 1.830 Medic rezident anul III - 1.680 Medic rezident anul II - 1.620 Medic rezident anul I - 1.470 Medic - 1.500 - 1.890 Medic stagiar - 1.140 Farmacist primar - 1.770 - 2.190 Farmacist specialist - 1.650 - 2.040 Farmacist - 1.500 - 1.890 Farmacist rezident anul III - 1.620 Farmacist rezident anul II - 1.470 Farmacist rezident anul I -1.380 Farmacist stagiar - 1.050 Fiziokinetoterapeut,bioinginer medical;principal - 1.650 - 2.040 Fiziokinetoterapeut,bioinginer medical;specialist - 1.620 - 1.980 Asistent medical,moasa;principal - 1.620 - 1.980 Asistent medical,moasa - 1.500 - 1.890 Asistent medical,moasa;debutant - 1.050 Dentist principal - 1.470 - 1.830 Dentist debutant - 780
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Societati profesionale
� Engineering and Medical Biological Society (EMBS)- Ramura a Institutului de inginerie electrica si electronica
(IEEE);- Societatea internatională cu peste 8000 membrii;- Organizeza conferinte anuale;
� International Federation of Medical and Biomedical Engineering (IFMBE)
- societate cu peste 5000 de membri; - Organizeaza conferinţe anuale si au propriul lor jurnal;- Consultant oficial a Organizației Națiunilor Unite
(ONU); - Colaborari cu Organizatia Mondiala a sanatatii (OMS);
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� Romania
- Asociatia Bioinginerilor din Romania (ABR);
- IEEE chapter Romania;
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Societatile de cercetare academica
� Numeroase societati de cercetare academica, care includ si bioinginerie medicala:
-Society for Biomaterials;
-Society for Biomechanics;
-Orthopaedic Research Society;
-Tissue Engineering Society International;
-Heart and Stroke Foundation;
-Arthritis Society;
-International Cartilage Research Society;
-etc.
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� Romania
- Societatea Romana de Bioinginerie Medicala;
-Societatea Romana de Biomateriale;
-etc.
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Bioingineria la Iasi
� Infiintarea la Iasi a Societatii Romane de Bioinginerie Medicala (SRBM) in februarie 1990 a fost rodul experientei acumulate de catre numeroase cadre didactice din Centrul Universitar Iasi, a Cercului de Bioinginerie al Academiei de Stiinte Medicale (1974) si a Cercului de Tehnnica si Inginerie Medicala al Filialei
Iasi a U.S.S.M. (1986).
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� Membrii fondatori ai SRBM, cadre didactice si cercetatori de prestigiu, au solicitat includerea in statutul societatii ca obiectiv major infiintarea unei forme de invatamânt superior de bioinginerie. Colectivul de lucru condus de Presedintele Societatii, Prof. Dr. Florin Topoliceanu a elaborat un amplu studiu de fezabilitate privind structura si planul de invatamânt al viitoarei facultati. Rezultatul acestui studiu a fost prezentat la o intrunire a Societatii din luna mai 1994 in fata a 30 de cadre didactice participante la elaborarea programului, de la Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie “Gr. T. Popa”, Universitatea Tehnica “Gh. Asachi”, Universitatea “Al. I. Cuza” Iasi.
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Firme IT, programatori, manageri la diverse firme, afacere proprie, consultanţi financiari la bănci
5%Firme cu profil
nemedical
Cercetare: Anglia, Franţa,Bioingineri Canada, SUA, Germania, Italia, Spania (pe baza diplomei de bioinginer, au
urmat unui master în ţara respectivă)4%
Lucrează în străinătate
Japonia (Bioinstrumentaţie – Nagoya, Saga),SUA (Biomateriale, Bioinstrumentaţie, San Diego), Canada (Biomateriale - Quebec),Franţa (Biomecanică, Biomateriale – Lyon, Rennes, Paris),Germania (Bioinstrumentaţie, Biotehnologii – Munchen), Olanda (Bioinstrumentaţie - Eindhoveen),Belgia (Biomecanică - Leuven),Polonia (Biomateriale - Varşovia)
7%Doctorate în
străinătate
Universitatea Tehnica Iaşi (Bioinstrumentatie, Biomecanica, Biomateriale),Universitatea Al. I. Cuza Iaşi (Fizică medicală), Universitatea Tehnică Timişoara
(Biomecanica), Universitatea de Medicina şi Farmacie Iaşi (Medicină Dentară),Universitatea Politehnică Bucureşti (Biomateriale)
7%Doctorate în ţară
Reprezentanţi medicali (medicamente, aparatură medicală), Firme de protezare, Firme de medicamente, Manageri firme de medicamente, aparatura medicala sau firme de protezare, Ingineria mediului,
Analize medicale,Testare medicamente,Consultanţi optică medicală
49%Firme cu profil
medical
Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Iaşi,Universitatea Suceava,Lyon,Institutul de Fizica Tehnica,Institutul Cantacuzino,Institutul Petru Poni,Antibiotice S. A.
5%ÎnvăţământCercetare
Spitale: bioingineri, stasticieni, operatori RMN/CT, laborator clinic, ingineri de sistemDirector de spital,Direcţia de Sănătate Publică,Casa de Asigurări de Sănătate,
24%Sistemul sanitar
Loc de muncăLoc de muncăLoc de muncăLoc de muncăProcentProcentProcentProcent
absolvenabsolvenabsolvenabsolvenţţţţiiiiangajaangajaangajaangajaţţţţiiii
Domeniu angajareDomeniu angajareDomeniu angajareDomeniu angajare
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Concluzii
� Bioingineria medicala este o inter/multidisciplinaraprofesie care se aplica principiile ingineriei in medicina
cu scopul de a asigura o mai bună ingrijire medicala;
� Biongineria medicala are propriul statut profesional
si este o profesie reglementata.
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IntroducereIntroducere in in BioinstrumentatiaBioinstrumentatia MedicalaMedicala = = instrumentatieinstrumentatie biomedicalabiomedicala
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Ce este bioinstrumentatia medicala?
Domeniu care include cunostinte din:- Inginerie- Fizica- Biologie- Chimie- Medicina
Bioinstrumentatia medicala este folosita pentru a realizadiferite masuratori care sunt utilizate in:- Monitorizare- Mijloace de diagnostic- Terapie
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Un sistem de masurare este necesar pentru a compara o cantitate cu un standard (etalon) sau sa furnizeze un semnalde iesire care pot fi legat de marimea de masurat.
Cantitatea care urmeaza a fi masurata este detectata de un dispozitiv de intrare numit si mijloc de captare.
Cantitatea de masurat poate fi convertita dintr-o forma de energie neelectrica intr-o forma electrica.
Display
Recorder
Conditionare
semnal
Masurand
Senzor
Intrare Iesire
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Lantul de masura biomedical
A/DConvertor
Osciloscop
LCD
Process
CircuitMijloc de captare
Electrod de suprafataSensori presiuneFotocuplorSenzor de temperaturaManometruTransductorul de moment
EMGECG Masurarepresiune
......
Echipament medical
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Forma unei date masurate in notatie inginereasca:
N * 10x {Unitate}
- N: numar (valoare)
- 10: Baza
- x: exponent
- Nu uitati a scrie ……unitatea de masura (daca aceasta exista)
10-x ->> 1 / 10x
Prefixele:
- Nano-, micro-, milli-, centi-,..., kilo-, mega - giga-, tera-
10-9 ………………………………………………….. 10-12
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Prefixe metrice
Simbol Denumire Multiplicare
p pico 1 x 10-12
n nano 1 x 10-9
µ micro 1 x 10-6
m milli 1 x 10-3
k kilo 1 x 103
M Mega 1 x 106
G Giga 1 x 109
T Tera 1 x 1012
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Sistemulde unitati aplicat in bioinginerie
Sistemul de unitati standard pentru aplicatiilemedicale este luat din Sistemul International (SI) >> CGS sau MKS (numit sistem metric)
SI depinde de inmultirea prefixele in unitatile de baza
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Conversia la unitati de masura
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Conversia la unitati de masura
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“Medii” in bioinstrumentatia medicala
Definiţie
Valoarea cele mai des intalnita sau cea mai mare valoareestimata intr-o colectare de date numerice.
Tipuri de medii:
- Medie aritmetică;
- Mediana;
- Modulul;
Alte tipuri de medii:
- Media geometrica (studii biologice)
- Media armonica atunci cand datele
sunt exprimate in rapoarte (ml/s, m/s)
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Erori de masura
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Calibrarea in instrumentatia biomedicala
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Elementede electronica esentiale in bioinstrumentatie
Legea lui OhmImpedanta (reactanta) a unui condensator care variazainvers cu frecventa;Inductanta fiind reactanta unui inductor; este proportionalacu frecventa;Decibeli (dB)
- dB = 20 log (V1 / V2)- dB = 20 log (I1 / I2)- dB = 10 log (P1 / P2)
Frecventa;Putere: P = V I
P = V2 / RP = I2 R
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
vai= |M| cos θi
vai = |M| cos ȱ1
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
Electrod de referintaMedia tensiunilor peelectrozii membrelorMinimizare incarcare:
- utilizarea de trei valoriegale rezistori (R – 5 000 ohmi )
- sau de a folosi tensiuni simai mici prin rezistori de valoare mai mica
Rezultate: VL, VR, VF
+ VL –– VR +
+ VF –
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
- Conduceri augmentate:- Rezultate o crestere de 50 % in amplitudine a semnalului.- Unghiurile intreconducerea vectoriala din derivatiile III, aVF, II, -aVR, I si aVL sunt 30º.
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
Electrozi
50-Hz AC
Amplificator
diferential
+
-
+Vcc
-Vcc
Z1
ZbodyZ2
vo
vecg
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECGRight legelectrode
Controlprogram
Microcomputer
ECG analysisprogram
Operatordisplay
Keyboard
Drivenright legcircuit
Amplifierprotectioncircuit
Leadselector
Sensingelectrodes
Lead-faildetect
Preamplifier
Autocalibration
Baselinerestoration
Isolatedpowersupply
Isolationcircuit
Driveramplifier
Recorder-printer
ADC Memory
Parallel circuits for simultaneous recordings from different leads
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
-Amplificare: 800DC: G=25 (semnal de intrae300 mV)AC cuplat pt FTB: G=32 - cu µA 776CMRR: 86 dB la 100 HzZgomot: 40 mV p-p
Raspuns in frecventa: 0.05-150 Hz
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
Sa furnizeze tensiune si castig pentru a creste amplitudinea semnalelorelectrice de origine biologicaCaracteristici:
-Impedanta de intrare mare (minimiza efectele de incarcare in amplificatorProtectie circuite (a limita posibilitatea de a introduce socuri periculoasela terminalele de intrare ale amplificatoarelor)Curent de iesire adecvate (a furniza puterea necesare in sarcina)Raspunsul in frecventa bun (pentru a elimina zgomotul out-of-band)Calibrare rapida (include o sursa de semnal si un număr selectari de castiguri fixe)Cerinte specifice suplimentare pentru fiecare cerere.
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Artefacte
Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
Electrosecuritate
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Instrumentatie biomedicala - ECG
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Sistemul inima plaman artificial
inlocuieste rolul inimii sial plamanilor in timpulunor anumite interventieichirurgicale
implica transport, schimbde gaze, flux lichid
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Sistemul inima plaman artificial
Sangele- adult medie 4-5 L de
sange-hemoglobina (Hb), o
proteina continuta in celulele roşii din sange, participa la transportul oxigenulcu sale HEM grupuri4 site-uri de oxigen-obligatorii
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Sistemul inima plaman artificial
Transportul in sistemul circulator
Inima
- rata fluxului de sange din inimaeste numit index cardiac
Trasee
-sistemic
-pulmonar
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Sistemul inima plaman artificial
Iesirea cardiace (Q) poate fi masurata in termeni de volumde volum bataie (SV) si frecventa cardiaca (HR):
Q = SV x HR
SV este cantitatea de sânge pompat de un singurventriculului intr-o unitate de timp. O valoare rezonabilaeste 70 mL
Frecventa cardiaca normala la adult variaza între 60 si 100 de batai pe minut
(Q) = 0.07 l x 100 bpm = 7 L/min
exemplu: SV = 65 mL, HR = 175 bpm
(Q) = 0,065 l x 175 bpm = 11.4 L/min
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Sistemul inima plaman artificial
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Sistemul inima plaman artificial
Perfusionist este bioinginer instruit care lucreaza pesistemuul inima plaman artificial.
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Ce face un bioinginer specializat in instrumentatiebiomedicala?
Au dreptul de a lucra in spitale si centre de cercetaremedicala in:• Evaluarea echipamentelor noi;• Utilizarea echipamentelor din serviciul medical respectiv;• Efectuarea intretinerii preventive;• Efectuarea intretinerii corective;•Efectuarea de calibrari/etalonari ale echipamentelormedicale;• Gestionarea testele de siguranta electrica a echipamentelor.
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Competente
Au cunostinte, tehnici, abilitati pentru utilizarea de instrumente de inginerie biomedicalaAplica cunostintele si le adaptaeza la cererile emergente in matematica, biologie, inginerie si tehnologieConduita, analiza si interpreteaza experimente si aplica rezultateleexperimentale pentru a imbunatati procesele biologiceAplica creativitate in proiectarea de sisteme, componente sau proceselecorespunzătoare obiectivele impuseMunca in echipaIdentifica, analizeza si rezolva problemele tehniceComunica eficientIntelege responsabilitatile profesionale, etice si socialeAu cunostinta asupra probleme profesionale, sociale si globale si sa fie constienti si sa respecte diverse culturiAu dezvoltat un angajament al calitatii, actualitatii si imbunatatireacontinua profesionala.
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Inginer clinic
Misiune:
Aplicarea sigura si eficienta a tehnologiei in domeniul ingrijiriipacientului
Asigura:
Evaluarea tehnologiei medicale (dispozitive, proceduri, etc) din punct de vedere al:
– sigurantei;
– eficacitatea clinica;
- eficacitatea costurilor;
- etice (de exemplu, tehnologii de reproducere)
- juridice
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Inginer clinic
De ce echipament este nevoie?
Este disponibil?
Care modele disponibile, care este cel mai bun?
Cat de mult va costa pentru a cumpara? Sa opereze?
Cat va folosi? Va fi nevoie de formare?
Care va fi service-ul?
Cat de des va trebui dus la service?
Atunci cand avem nevoie pentru a fi inlocuit?
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Inginer clinic
Instruirea personalului
Personalul organizatiei desemnat
Stocuri de piese
Echipamentul de testare
Manuale
Software-ul de diagnosticare
Contracte de service
Contract de negociere
Serviciul monitorizare si documentatie contracte
Analiza cost
Preventie, corectie, intretinere
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Inginer clinic
Siguranta si gestionarea riscurilor
Ramane la curent referitor la codurile si regulamente
Interpretare de coduri
Punerea in aplicare si aplicarea codurilor si regulamentelor
Mentine sistemul pentru a raspunde la optim la un echipamentin caz de defectare
Examinează problemele si analizeza cauzelor
Mentine legatura cu producatorii
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Carti
Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Tech., Carr and Brown, Ed. Prentice Hall.Std. Handbook of Biomedical Engineering & Design, Kutz, Mc Graw Hill.Design of Medical Electronic Devices, Perez, Ed. Academic Press.Introduction to Bioengineering, Goldsmith and Lewis, Ed. Oxford.Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Tortora and Grabowski, Ed. Wiley.Engineering Physiology, Kroemer, Ed. SpringerDesign and development of medical electronic instrumentation: a practical perspective of the design, construction, and test ofmaterial devices, Prutchi and Norris, Ed. Wiley.
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Carti
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering, Enderle, Ed. Academic Press.
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering, Domach, Ed. Pearson.
Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation: The Technology of
Patient Care, Christe, Ed. Cambridge University Press.
Biomedical Engineering: Bridging Medicine and Technology, Saltzman, Ed. Cambridge University Press.
Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Webster, Ed. Wiley.
Bioinstrumentation, Enderle, Morgan and Claypool Publishers.
Bioinstrumentation, Webster, Ed. Wiley.
Principles of Bioinstrumentation, Normann, Ed. Wiley.
Biomedical Instrumentation: Technology and Applications, Khandpur, Mc Graw Hill.