introduction in the midst of the “information revolution” storage retrievalcomputers processing...
TRANSCRIPT
IntroductionIntroduction In the midst of the “Information Revolution”
StorageRetrieval ComputersProcessing
Transmission and Dissemination
Communication
}FiberSatellite
IntroductionIntroduction Have been & will be more profound revolutions
Agricultural — milleniaIndustrial — a few centuriesInformation — ~ 50 years old
What is the next Revolution?What is the “Computer”
ComputerComputer Problem-solving device
Manipulates information according to a set of prescribed instructions (a program)
Early computers - mechanicalAbacusBlaise Pascal’s calculatorCharles Babbage’s devices
ComputerComputer Electro-mechanical
Hollerith’s census machineKonrad Zuse’s Z1…Z4 relay calculators
Electronic - lampsABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer), first electronic– Special-purpose, non-programmable
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), first programmable
– 18000 vacuum tubes, difficult programming via plug-board
ComputerComputer 3 developments accelerated computer explosion
TransistorMagnetic core memoryThe stored program concept (Von Neumann)
Generations1940-1950 Generation I1950-1960 Generation II1960-1970 Generation III1970 onward Generation IV (VLSI)
ComputerComputer Personal Computer (PC)
Generation V?– Whole point of “generation” now moot
Tremendous advances– Hardware– Software– Communication bandwidth– Mass storage
All are fundamental changes
ComputerComputer
Digital SystemDigital System Stores and processes information in digital
formatExample: Analog vs digital audio tape
Nyquist sampling criteria
Digital SystemDigital System Other examples of digital systems
WatchesTraffic light controllers fixed functionPocket calculators
Computers: flexible/programmable– Trend: replace fixed function circuits with processors and
program them
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Digital SystemDigital System Digital versus Analog
Akin to Wave-particle dualityNature (God)
– Discrete or continuous?– Man or woman?
Digital Revolution…..
Advantages Disadvantages
Reproducibility, flexibility, speed, noise immunity….
Abstraction hierarchiesAbstraction hierarchies
Electronic technologiesElectronic technologies
I2LBiCMOS
Technology familiesTechnology families
Computer organizationComputer organization
Computer programmingComputer programming
Information representationBinaryNumeric and non-numeric (alphabets)ASCII: 7 bits plus one parity bit: 128 symbols