introduction to power...

1

Introduction to Power Electronics

NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes

page 1

2004912

Filenam e: :\ ()\PE- 01.. ppt

DSPPower Elect ronics IC Design & DSP Cont rol Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

http://powerlab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/

POWERLABNCTU

DSPPower Elec tronics I C Des ign & DSP Control La b.

page 2


1. Introduction 2. Linear vs. Switching Power Supply 3. Power Conversion Process4. Unique Aspects of Power Electronics5. Power Semiconductor Devices6. Applications7. Power Converters for Power Supplies8. Power Converters for Motor Drives9. Future Development of Power Electronics

page 3

Introduction

Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

DSPPower Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.

2



page 4

Foundations of Modern Civilization

()

(power electronics)

1956 General Electric, SCR

(energy processing)

(microelectronics)

1971 INTEL, 4004 Microprocessor

(information processing)

Power ProcessingSignal Processing

page 5

What is Power Electronics?

Power electronics can be defined as technology in application ofelectronics to power processing.

Power electronics is a branch of electrical engineering that is concerned with the conversion and control of electrical power for various applications, such as heating and lighting control, electrochemical processes, dc and ac regulated power supplies, induction heating, dc and ac electrical machine drives, e lectrical welding, active power line filtering, static VAR compensation, and many more.

page 6

Characteristics of Power Electronics

Power Electronics is a Synergy Technology

Power Electronics is an Enabling Technology

Power Electronics technology inherently integrates signal (analog & digita l) processing technology. Power Electronics = Efficient Power Conversion + Robust Power Control

3



page 7

(synergy technology)

CircuitTheory

ConverterCircuits

ElectricalMachines

Control

Electronics

Pow erElectronics

Solid-StatePhysics

P/DSP

ComputerSimulation

EMI/EMC

Saf ety

Reliability

Magnetics

ThermalDesign

PackageDesign

page 8

Approaches to Advanced Power Electronics Technology

PowerElectronics

Theory PracticeSimulation

page 9

Power Electronics Technologies and Applications

Domestic Robots

ASDHVACCustom PowerFACTs

SIC

Bipolar Transistor

Power MOSFET

8-bit Microprocessor

IGBT

III-N

ASDIGCT

1960 1970 1980 1990 20002010

2020

Silicon Transistor

GTO

Integrated Circuit

SIT

Wide Spread Use of Superconductors

Artificial Limbs

MCT IPEM

Transportation Hybrid & Electric Vehicles

Thyristor

4



page 10

Power Electronics in Modern Life

Power electronics plays a key role in all these products for energy saving, high power density, and quite operation requirements!

page 11

Applications of Power Electronics

Power Electronics

Power Supply

Motor Drive

SPS for C&CDC-DC ConvertersVRM/LDOChargerAdaptorBallastUPS, AV R, Pow er SourcePV Inverter, Fuel-Cell InverterEDM/Sputter/Wielding

InverterServo DriveFA N DriveInformation Appliance DriveWhite Goods Dr iveToy DriveE-Bike/Sport Dr iveSport/Rehabilitat ion Dr iveAutomobile/EV /HEV Drive

page 12

The Worldwide Electronics Marketplace (1997)

PowerElectronics

is an EnablingTechnology

Equipment Sales: $60B

Hardware Ele ctr onic s$1000B

Total Elec tronics Marke t $2,00 0B

Power Semiconductor Devices $8B

5



page 13

Energy and Power Electronics

Motor55%

Other20%

Lighting21%

Computers4%

1997: 40%2010: 80%

Total E nergy

ElectricalEnergy

20181614121086420

1800 1900 2000 2100Year

20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80

Electrical Energy

Total Energy

30% sav ings with improv ed power electronics

*Output of 84 0 power pla nts

*EPRI

Electrical E ner gy

page 14

1997

361012 KWH

23%

16%

81

page 15

(PEBB)

6



page 16

/

/

/

page 17

page 18

7



page 19

Power Electronic for Efficient Energy Conservation

(a) conventional drive (b) adjustable-speed drive

MotorLine input

Output

InputPump

Thr ottli ngv alv e

Line input

Output

InputPump

Adj ustable -spee d driv e

page 20

Power Semiconductor Application Functions

S TATIC SWI TCHINGSolid-state rela ys, contactors, a nd circuit brea ke rsLogic systemsCircuit protecto rs---cro wba rs, limit activated inte rrupt ers

AC PHASE CONTROLLight dimmersMo tor spee d controlsVoltage regulato rsVAR regulato rs

PHASE-CONTROLLED RECTI FIER/I NVERTERdc motor d rivesRegulated dc po wer suppliesHVDCWind generat or con ve rters

CYCLOCONVERTERAircraft VSCF syste msVariable-frequenc y ac moto r d rivesFreq uency multiplierInduction-heating sup pliesHigh-frequenc y lighting

TRANSIS TOR LINEAR AMPLI FIERdc-dc buck, boost, and buck-boost con ve rtersHigh-pe rformance regulated po wer supplies

THYRIS TOR CHOPPE RElectric transportation prop ulsion controlGene rato r e xcitersHigh-pe rformance, high -powe r regulated supplies

INVERTERAircraft and space powe r suppliesUninterruptible powe r supplies

page 21

Historic Review of Power Electronics Development

1897 DEV ELOPMENT OF GRA ETZ CIRCUIT1901 COOPER HEWITT PA TENT ON MERCURY-ARC RECTIFIER1913 DISCOV ER OF GRID CONTROL1923 DEV ELOPMENT OF COOL-CATHODE THY RATRON1926 DEV EI OPMENT OF HOT-CATHODE THY RATRON1931 CY CLOCONV ERTER INTRODUCED FOR RAILWAY SERV ICE1933 DISCORY OF IGNITION PRINCIPLE1936 HV DC TRA NSMISSION LINE INTRODUCED1942 FREQUENCY CHA NGER FOR 25/60Hz, 20MW1948 INV ENTION OF TRANSISTOR (Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley, Bell Lab.)1956 INV ENTION OF PNPN TRANSISTOR (Bell Lab.)1958 GE Commercialize the FIRST THYRISTOR1970 500V,20A SILICON TRANSISTOR

8



page 22

Historic Review of Power Electronics Development ..

1971 8008 MICROPROCESSOR ANNOUNCED BY INTEL1972 FIELD-ORIENTED V ECTOR CONTROL PRINCIPLE1975 300V, 400A TOSHIBA GIA NT TRA NSISTOR1978 100V, 25A POWER MOSFET BY INTERNA TIONAL RECTIFIER1980 2500V, 1000A GTO (HITACHI, MITSUBISHI, AND TOSHIBA)1982 400V, 20A GE IGBT1986 1000V, 200A TOSHIBA IGBT1988 600V, 50A GE MCT1997 Development of Low-Cost Single-Chip DSP Controller (TMS320C240)2001 VPEC Development of Pow er Electronics Building Block (PEBB)2002 Development of VRM for Advanced Microprocessors (Pentium IV)2004 Digital PWM Control IC and Digital Pow er Management ICs

page 23

Summary of Chronology of Electronic Power Conversion

Dates Device or Technology Conversion Technologies

1880s Transforme r, M-G sets

Vacuum diodes

Me rcury-arc tub es

Selenium rectifiers, grid cont rol

Ma gnetic amplifiers

Semiconductors

Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCRs)

Power bipola r tra nsistors

IGBT

Electromechanical units for ac-dc con ve rsion, volta ge level shifting fo r ac.

Develop ment of major a pplications.

Electronic rectification. Electronic circuits for ac-dc and dc-ac conve rsion. Basic techniques worked out f or ac -ac conve rsion.

Semiconductor rectifier technologies in regula r production.

High-power semiconducto r de vices. These quickly replaced gas tu bes, and made cont rollable ac-dc con vert ers p ractical and cheap.

Nearl y an y application now p ossible. Emphasis on the best alternative for a given application.

New me thods fo r dc-dc con version. The influence o f de vice prope rties on powe r electronics begins to wane. Rapid e xpansion of m arkets fo r miniature power supplies.

Substantial simplification of dc-ac and dc-dc conversion techniques. Emergence o f powe r electronics as a separate discipline.

Inception of electronic con version fo r high-voltag e dc powe r t ransmission. Growing need for sm all power sup plies for electronic gea r.

Electronic power a mplifiers. Fu rthe r ad vances in electronic con version.

1900s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Power field-effect t ransistors

page 24

Smaller! Smaller! Smaller! Smaller! Smaller! The Biggest Biggest Biggest Challenges!

9



page 25

page 26

(battery)

(ultracapacitor)

MOS (MOS-controlled thyristor, MCT)

(intelligent power module, IPM)

(digital signal processor, DSP)

page 27

Driving Forces for Modern Power Electronics

(SPS)

(UPS)

HVDC

Micro Turbine

10



page 28

Research Thrusts

Adjustable Speed AC Drives Resonant Power ConvertersAutomotive Power ElectronicsElectronic AutomobilesHigh-Speed Electr ic RailwaysHVDC Power TransmissionEnergy Storage FEM Analysis of Electrical MachinesActive Power Factor CorrectionPower Electronics Control ICsIntelligent Control Strategies Using DSP/PsIntelligent Power Devices/ModulesSuperconducting Power Electronics

page 29

SPSUPS

HVDC

page 30

Linear vs. Switching Power Supply



11



page 31

page 32

Linear DC Power Supply

vd

+

Rload

+

Vo

Vo, ret

Controller

Line-freq uencytransformer

Utilitysupply

Rectifier Filter-capacitor

vd(t)

0 t

Vo

vd range

vd min

page 33

B

C E

iC

iB

transistor

iC

vCE

ACTIVE

i h iC FE B=

CUT-OFF, iC 0

SATURATI ON, vCE = 0

12



page 34

60 Hztransformer

basedrive r

OP

unregulated DC

Vref

ACinput

load

load

equivalent circuit

outputinput

ACinput

DC outp ut

page 35

+5V

++

AC 125V400mA

AC 100V

8V 2A

3900 F/16V

50V 1.5A

0.1 F/50V

47 F/16V

GND

5V, 1A

7805 (5V 1.0A)

+

~

~

3-terminal regulator

page 36

13



page 37

Switch-Mode DC Power Supply

+

Power processor

High frequencytransformer

Rectifier Low-passfilter

Power processor

Rectifier Filtercapacitor

Utilitysupply

+

Vd

VoControllerController

vd

Vo

+

RloadVo

+

Rload

Vo, retVo, ret

(a) (b)

page 38

+vd

+

Rload

+

vovoi

a

b

toffton

ss f

T1

=

voi

Voi0 t

0 t

vripple(t)

rmshoiV )(

Harmo nich0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

C

L

page 39

"" (Sw itch) "" (Saturation Region) "" (Cut-Off Region)

"" (CLOSED)"" (OPEN)

()

14



page 40

10

LPS

SPS

?W

Cos

t(D

olla

rs p

erW

stt)

20KHz SPS versus Linear Performance

Parameter SPS LPS

EfficiencySizeWeightLine Load RegulationOutput Ripple VNoise VTransient ResponseHold-Up Time

75 2.0W/in40 W/lb

0.1 50 mV

100 mV500 S20 mS

30 0.5W/in 10 W/lb

0.1 5 mV------

20 S1mS

cost comparison

Power

page 41

Power Conversion Process



page 42

Basis in Power Electronics

Requirements (Specifications)

High Efficiency (>90%)High Power Density (> 100W/in3)High Reliability (MTBF > 105 Hrs)Low Cost (< 0.1-0.5 US/Watt)EMC Regulations (FCC Class B)Safety Regulations (UL)

Modern Power DevicesPower MOSFETInsulated Gated Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)Static Induction Thyristor (SIT)MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT)Insulated Gated Control Thyristor (IGCT)Injection Enhanced Gate Thyristor (IEGT)

Power Switching Techniques

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)Resonant SwitchingQuasi-Resonant SwitchingSoft PWM SwitchingPhase Shift PWM

Basic Power ConvertersAC/DC Converter (Rectifier)DC/DC Converter (Chopper)DC/AC Converter (Inverter)AC/AC Converter (Cycloconverter)

15



page 43

Power Conversion Process

Input Power Power Conversion Output Power

Passive Power ComponentsControl and Sensing Devices

Active Power Devices

battery

mains

Photo

voltaic

DCAC

page 44

Power Electronic Systems

LOADINPUTPOWER

What are the applications?What is the power source?

Specs. Specs.

OUTPUTPOWER

What is the power requirement?

POWERCONVERTER

EfficiencyPower Density

CONTROLLER

RegulationDynamics

Power Supply Design

Power Electronics = Efficient Power Conversion + Robust Power Control

page 45

Control of Power Electronic Systems

ControllingSy stem Digital Circuit Power Circuits

ControlledSy stem

Power Input

(feedback sensing)(loop gain shaping)(realization)

16



page 46

Power MOSFET

IGBT

page 47

500V, 3000A GTO

6000V, 2500A Light Triggered SCR

1000V, 400A BJT

400V, 20A and 50V, 100A Power MOSFET

500V, 400A and 1000V, 300A IGBT

SIT and SITH (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor)

MCT (MOS Controlled Thyristor)

IGCT (Insulated Gate Controlled Thyristor)

IEGT (Injection Enhanced Gate Thyristor)

page 48

Unique Aspects of Power Electronics

Switching Losses Analysis Switching of Power DevicesPower Semiconductor Device Characteristics

17



page 49

Assumed Transistor Switching Waveforms

i(t)

(a)

v(t)

E

+

(c)

(Time to switch)

t0

Leakage Saturated drop

(b)

v(t) i(t)

t

offdissipation

ondissipation

0

p(t) = v(t) i(t)

TSW

E I

page 50

Switching Loss Analysis

The instantaneous power dissipated during the switching interval can be expressed as

PT

v t i t dtTSWSW

TSW=

10

( ) ( )

ttTTEI

TtI

TtTEtitvP SW

SWSWSW

SWT )()(

]][)([)()( 2 ===

In the expressions for v(t) and i(t), the beginning of the switching interval is assumed to be t=0. Also, the saturated voltage drop and collect leakage current are both assumed to be negligible.

page 51

Average Switching Loss

6]

3)(

2)([

)()(

)(

33

0 33EITT

TEItdttT

TEIP SWSW

T

SWSW

SWTSW

SW===

The total average dissipation in a switching element is obtained by adding the on-state, off-state, and switching losses. For example, with a switching period of T, assuming linear switching with a switching times of TSW for both turn-on and turn-off and an on-time and off-time of TON and TOFF respectively.

The average power dissipated during a switching interval is important since it determines the maximum number of switchings possible in a given time interval. The average dissipation during the interval TSW is given by

18



page 52

Total Device Losses

PEI T V I T EI T

TTSW CE SAT ON leakage OFF

+ +2 6( ) ( ) ( )( )

Total device average dissipation = PT

If VCE(S AT) and Ileakage can be neglected, then

TTEIP SWT 3

page 53

Switching of Power Devices

Commutation of Thyristor

Gating of Power Transistor/MOSFET

Switching Technique

PWM Control Strategy

Thermal Effect

EMI/EMS

page 54

Power Semiconductor Devices Characteristics

Temperature Effect

Voltage and Current Rating

dv/dt and di/dt Effect

Forward and Reverse Recovery

Secondary Breakdown

FBSOA and RBSOA

19



page 55

Basic Types of Power Converters

AC

DC

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

AC

DC

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

AC/DC Converter (Rectifier)DC/DC Converter (Chopper)DC/AC Converter (Inverter)AC/AC Converter (Cycloconverter)

page 56

Basic Power Converters

AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)

DC-DC Converter (Chopper)

DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

AC-AC Converter (Cycloconverter)

page 57

The Core of Power Electronics is Power Converter

Input Power Power Conversion Output Power

battery

mains

PV

DCAC

DC-DC vs. DC-AC ConvertersSingle-Quadrant vs. Multiple-Quadrant ConvertersSingle-Phase vs. Multiple-Phase Converters Hard-Switching vs. Soft-Switching ConvertersUni-Directional vs. Bi-Directional Converters

20



page 58

Basic Components in a Switching Power Supply

Inductor Capacitor MOSFET Diode PWM Control IC

page 59

Power Conversion in V-I Plane (Four-Quadrant)

1Inverter

2Rectifier

3Inverter 4Rectifier

0

si

sv

14 32

DC-AC Converter Load

page 60

Basic PWM Converter Topologies

Single-Ended Half-Bridge Full-Bridge

Three-Phase Multi-Phase Multi-Level

21



page 61

Bidirectional AC-to-DC Converters

CONV ERTER

Rectifier Mode

Inverter Mode

AC DC

1dcV

Input180-260V50/60Hz

AC input (hot)

AC input(neutr al)

2dcV

1C

2C

1L

LR ov

1Li

1C

si

svQ2

Q1

GD

GD

0

si

sv

2

3 40

oi

ov

11Inverter

3Inverter

2Rectifier

4Rectifier

14 32

page 62

Common-Neutral Bidirectional AC-to-AC Converters

1dcV

Input180-260V50/60Hz

AC input (hot)

AC input(neutr al)

2dcV

1C

2C

1L oL

oC LR ov

oi1Li Loi

1C

si

svQ2

Q1 Q3

Q4

GD

GD

GD

GD

1Inverter2

Rectifier

3Inverter

4Rectifier

0

i o

v o

14 32

1Inverter

2Rectifier

3Inverter 4

Rectifier

0

si

sv

14 32

Inherent bi-directionalUniversal power converterDC-link capacitor as energy bufferComplex dynamic controlCritical traces

page 63

Block Diagram of an AC Drive

+

Power Processor

Utility

ac ac ac motorDC CConverter 1 Converter 2

22



page 64

Control of Power Converters and Motor Drives

uud

Power Factor Control

Regenerativ e Braking Control

DC-Link Voltage Regulation

DC-Link Cap. Minimization

Cd

to switches

Inputconv erter

Outputconv erter

ud

to switches

u1u2u3

N S

PWM Control Inv erter Control DTC Vector Control Sensorless Control Serv o Control Auto-Tuning

page 65

Multi-Level Bi-Directional High-Power Induction Motor Drives

Direct Digital Control Circuit

Direct Digital Control Circuit

FPGA/DSP-Based Controller

Five -Le vel Rectifier

A/D Converter3/2 3/2

IM

c

L Five -Le vel Rectifier

cc

c

P1

N1

N2

vi

wi

vv

wV

bi

ci

aV

bv

cVEncoder

page 66

Control Scheme for a 5-Level Double-Converter Induction Drive

IM

MHC

MHCMHC

PI

MHC

MHC

MHC

PI

PI

aV

bVcV

iaib

ic

+

+

+ i

Voa

Vdc*

Vou Vov Vow

Vdc

iwiviu

*iu

*iv

*iw

1aS

2aS

3aS

4aS

5aS

6aS

7aS

8aS

1bS2bS

3bS4bS

5bS

6bS

7bS

8bS

1cS2cS

3cS4cS

5cS

6cS

7cS

8cS

1uS2uS

3uS4uS

5uS

6uS

7uS

8uS

1vS2vS

3vS4vS

5vS

6vS

7vS

8vS

1wS2wS

3wS4wS

5wS

6wS

7wS

8wS

23



page 67

Matrix Converter as a Power Processor

(a) matrix converter (b) voltage source

Power Processor

InputsOutputs

Utility source

Voltage source

. . .

.

.

.

page 68

Power Switch is the Core of Power Converter

Power Converter

InputsOutputs . . .

.

.

.

page 69

Power Semiconductor Devices

3200V, 3000A GTO

6000V, 2500A Light Triggered SCR

12000V, 400A BJT

400V, 20A and 50V, 100A Power MOSFET

600V, 400A and 1200V, 300A IGBT

SIT and SITH (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor)

MCT (MOS Controlled Thyristor)

IGCT (Insulated Gate Controlled Thyristor)

IEGT (Injection Enhanced Gate Thyristor)

24



page 70

Switching trajectories of the power transistor with inductive load

VCC0

load line

turn off

turn on

Switch wi th induc tiv e loa d

current sensing

VCC+

switch

Measurement of load line

vCE

vCE

iC

iC

VCC0

turn off

turn on

VCC0

turn off

turn on

Switch wi th inductiv e loa d shunted by a di ode

Switch wi th inductiv e load shunte d by a diode

and capacitor

page 71

Classification of Converters by Switching

Line Frequency (naturally commutated) Converters

Switching (forced-commutated) Converters

Pulse Width Modulated Converters

Resonant/Quasi/Multi-Resonant Converters

Soft Switching Converters

Phase Shift PWM Converters

page 72

Basic Switches

Time constants: 1-100 ns(Determined by parasitics, i.e. not by the power conversion functionality.)

Variables: ON/OFF, Fault(Binary amplitude, continuous timing of transition instants, i.e. analog.)

A switch is NOT an elementary control cell !

SingleQuadrant

VoltageUnidirectional

CurrentUnidirectional

FourQuadrant

SeriesParallel

25



page 73

Functional Switch Assemblies: Full-Bridge Example



+

AC

DC+

AC

+DC

+

+ +Voltage

Unidirectional

Tw oSignal-Pole

Double-Throw

Sw itches


Tw oSignal-Pole

Double-Throw

Sw itches

Topological Restrictions: No shorted voltage sources (capacitors)No open current sources (inductors)

page 74

Singe-Pole Multiple-Throw Switch: An Elementary Control Cell

Faults: Can and MUST be Handled at SPMT Level(Catastrophic faults: shorted capacitors and opened inductors.)

Time Constants: 1-10 s(Determined by outside components, i.e. converter filtering functions.)

Control Variables: Sw itch Position, Pulse Widths(Digital amplitude, updated every switching period, i.e. digital & discrete.)

Controlled Variables: Pole Current, Throw Voltages(Either input sources or state variables; can be sampled and digitized.)

Models: Switching and Average Models Well Defined(Power conversion function is completely described by SPMT operation.)



FourQuadrant

page 75

Intelligent Unidirectional Single-Pole Double-Throw Switch

Serial Communications Link & Control Power Supply

PWMGenerator

Fault & ErrorLogic

CommunicationControl

Current &TemperatureMeasurement

OpticalIsolation

OpticalIsolation

GateDrive

GateDrive

FloatingPower

Supplies

Snubber

Snubber

CurrentSensor

AC

+

T

V

26



page 76

PES-Net: Daisy Chained Fiber Optic Control Network

PEBB & Hardware Manager=

Smart, Digitally InterfacedSingle-Pole Multiple-Throw Switch

Single Fiber Bus

UniversalController

(AM)Communication

Interface & PWM

GateDrives

M

PEBB& HM

PEBB& HM

Higher

Level

BUS

A

V

T

Signal Processing

PEBB & HM

page 77

Signal Communication in PES-Net

page 78

Network-Controlled Power Converting System

Universal Controller/ Application Manager

Soft-Switched, SPDT Voltage Unidirectional PEBBs

27



page 79

Power Conversion Measured in Time

page 80

Power Conversion Measured in Watts

H2000: 1 GOPS, 10MB DRAM, 100MB Flash

H2010: 100 GOPS, 1GB DRAM, 10GB Flash/Ferro

( Electr icity is 25% of running costs )

28



page 82

Powering PC

PowerSupplyPowerSupply

VRM

VRM

AGP

PCI

Memory

CPU

SystemSystem

ACAC 5V5V

12V12V

3.3V3.3V

3.3V

12V 1.7V

2.5V12V

12V3.3V

5V

Processor PowerDelivery

page 83

Development Status of Switching Power Supplies

Changes in technology are APPLICATION driven Distributed Power Supplies

50V, 100A

withPFC

PRE-REGULATO RS

Power Factor Correction

High power densityon board converters

Soft switching techniquesLow voltage converters (1V)Planar magnetics

page 84

Power Supplying for Microprocessor

Development of MicroprocessorsPower Dissipation Inside CPUCPU Power Losses Reduction SchemesPower Supply Voltage for Advanced MicroprocessorsRoadmap for Semiconductor Technology Developmentdi/dt Decoupling in Power Supplying for High-Speed PsDRAM Power Supply Development TrendSwitching Frequencies Roadmap of SPSPossible Power Supply for Future (2010) MicroprocessorsTechnology Roadmap for Advanced SPS

29



page 85

Powering Advanced Microprocessors

Pentium IV: 5,500 , .13 m3.2GHz, 1.7VRated: 92W, Peak: 110W

New specs demand new power solutions!

Inte l Pentium IV

page 86

VRM for Advanced Microprocessors

Custom processor power100W - 56Vin1.2 - 2 .0 4 bit programmable55 Amps

Standard processor powerTitania Divisionup to 30AParallelableOutput 5 bit VID programmable

page 87

Distributed Power Systems & Architecture

Pre-regulator

PowerFactor

Correction

High Volt VRM

On-boardConverter

ConverterOn-board

Low Volt VRM

Testbed Partners: Intel IBM Artesyn Technologies Celestica

60HzAC

Voltage Regulator Module (VRM)

Processor

30



page 88

Realization of Distributed Power Architecture

page 89

Possible Power Supply for Future (2010) Microprocessors

Possible Specs:Distributed power supply within the chip packageDC input range: 0.5VMaximum Current: 250AInput Voltage: 48VDC or 12VDCEfficiency > 90%Size: 0.1x044x0.1 inchPower Density: 1000W/in3

DC-DCConverter

Multiple SystemsONA Chip

FilterCapacitor

page 90

Power Supplies for Portable Information Appliances

LCD-Display

PDA

CPU:~1~2WLCD:~1WCCD:~1W ~3W

CPU:10~15W :~10WLCD:~3W :3~6W

CPU:~1~4W :~2WLCD:~1W :~1W

CPU:~1WT/R:~1W

CPU:~1~2WLCD:~1W CCD:~1W

CPU:~1~2WLCD:~1W :~6W:5~10W

CPU:~1~2W:5~10W

31



page 91

Human Energy Generation

Ppeak 10 mW

1 mW

Piezoceramics: PZTEfficiency: 50 %

Piezoceramics: PZTEfficiency: 50 %

Piezopolimers:PVDF (Polifluoruro de Vinilideno)

Efficiency (25%)More flexible (embedded systems)

Piezopolimers:PVDF (Polifluoruro de Vinilideno)

Efficiency (25%)More flexible (embedded systems)

SoleSole

Ppeak 50 mW

10 mW

MIT Media LabMIT Media LabMIT Media Lab

IBMIBMIBM UPCUPCUPC

HeelHeel

page 92

Power Supplying for Mobile Phones

Battery Charger

DC-DC

Display

Audio

Vibrator

P/DSPcore

D/A

A/DI/O

Antenna

2.5V 2.5V

2.7-5.5V

3.6V 2.5V1.5V

Baseband digital

Power distribution: Vg = 2.85.5V

1-3.6V

Analog/RF

LO

2.5V

Buck SMPSregulators

PA

LNA

DC-DC

DC-DC

DC-DC DC-DC

DC-DCDC-DC

DC-DC

3.6V

DC-DC

page 93

Standard Module Platforms

1W to 330W: over 500 codes

Filter Modules

Flat Open Frame

Surface Mount

1/4 & 1/2 Brick

DIP Non Isolated

SIP Non Isolated

Processors

Full Brick

Source: Locent 2003

32



page 94

Technology Direction

Technology direction:

Open frame Surface mountThrough hole

From Power Electronics to Power IC Design

page 95

Power Supply for Data Centers



page 96

33



page 97

UPS for Servers

page 98

UPS

The flywheel (center) mounted between the motor and generator in the dynamic energy storage system converts stored rotational energy into DC bus voltage. The dynamic energy storage system may be used to either replace or supplement the lead-acid batteries of any conventional static or rotary UPS. (Courtesy of International Computer Power Co.)

DRUPS: Dynamic Rotary UPS

page 99

Power Supply for Green Energy



34



page 100

PV Inverter for Green House

The End of Cheap OilA Grid-Connected PV SystemWorld PV Module ShipmentsThe USA National PV Program Plan for 2000-2004Million Solar Roofs

page 101

The End of Cheap Oil

C. Campbell and J. Laherrere, The end of cheap oil, Science American, vol. 278, pp. 7883, Mar. 1998.

GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF OIL both conventional and unconventional (red), recovered after falling in 1973 and 11979. But a more permanent decline is less than 10 y ears away , according to the authors model, based in part on multiple Hubbertcurves (lighter lines). U.S. and Canadian oil (brown) topped out in 1972; production in the f ormer Sov iet Union (yellow) has fallen 45 percent since 1987. A crest in the oil produced outside the Persian Gulf region (purple) now appears imminent. AN

NU

AL

OIL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N (

BIL

LIO

N O

F B

AR

RO

ER

S)

2004

page 102

World PV Module Shipments 19882000 ( in megaw atts)

S. R. Bull, "Re ne wa ble e ner gy toda y a nd tomorrow, " Proc eedi ngs of the IEEE, v ol. 89, no. 8, pp. 1216 -1226, Aug. 2 001.

35



page 103

The USA National Photovoltaics Program Plan for 2000-2004

page 104

Million Solar Roofs

Sussex Central M iddle Sc hoolDelaw are, USA

State Capit ol, Hel ena, Montana, USA

Portl and Pi oneer Square, Portl and, USA

Private house, Almero, Net herlands

Announced in June 1997, Million Solar Roofs (MSRI) is an initiative to install solar energy systems on one million U.S. buildings by 2010. The initiative includes two types of solar technology: solar electric systems (orphotovoltaics) that produce electricity from sunlight and solar thermal systems that produce heat f or domestic hot water, space heating, or heating swimming pools. http://www/millionsolarroofs.com/

page 105

A Grid-Connected PV System

Full -Bri dge I nv erter

DSP Controller

load

InverterGate Drive

RelayGate Drive

FeedbackSensing Circuit

Meter

DC Side isolation switch

To high efficiency AC

appliances

inverter

PV Array(usually building mounted)

AC mains supply

Main fuse box

PV Panel

DC ACACDC

PV Inv erter

ElectricalDistribution

Sy stem

36



page 106

19.5 (2003/3/24)

2003/03/24 BP19.520021018.5HIT41200W HIT

200W HIT200W123HIT17152450kWh/200W3530kWh/4420200W4795kWh/3kW210kg90kg

page 107

Single-Phase Three-Wire PV Inverter

A

NB

P

+

+

N

PV Module

Q3 Q5

Q4 Q6

Q1

Q2

Digital Signal Processor

DSP

Optional Front Panel Controller

RS 232 or 422

Grid Voltage Feedback

Inverter Current Feedback

Grid Voltage FeedbackGround

Current Feedback

Control interface for system integration

AC220VLoad

AC110VLoad

AC110VLoad

NFB3P220V

page 108

37



page 109

page 110

page 111

38



page 112

2003/06/30 BP 1412030/1.332/2003102 2m/s

2/ms

12/ms

10/ms

9/ms

8/ms

7/ms

4/ms

1800W

1400W730W320W

1060W800W430W190W

770W580W310W140W

550W410W220W97W

370W280W150W66W

67W51W26W12W

8W6W3W1.5W

2.0m2.0m2.0m0.9m 4.0m3.0m1.6m1.6m

WG40-20

WG30-20

WG16-20

WG16-09

14

page 113

(2003/4/18)

2003/04/18 BP

26394021.06kwh6.24kwh/14.82kwh/371030t

page 114

Power Electronics for Transportation



39



page 115

Convert your existing bicycle into an ELECTRIC BICYCLE.

Top Speed = 23 kph Range = 13-16 km Weight = 12.5 lbs Recharge = 10-12 hours

PEDAL WITHOUT OR WITH ELECTRIC ASSIST TO BOOST RANGE AND SPEED

COMPLETE CONVERSION KIT INCLUDING CHARGER & BATTERY $199 U.S. + Shipping & Handling($18.00)

Allow 3 to 4 weeks for delivery.

OPTIONS: SOLAR PANEL $50 BATTERY MONITOR $32 EXTRA BATTERY $40

EARTHMIND INC.Suite 310300 Earl Grey DriveKanata, OntarioCanada, K2T 1C1

page 116

HONDA

HONDA

SegwaySegway HT

page 117

40



page 118

1992

page 119

Electric Vehicle & Hybrid Electric Vehicle

EV1 (Electric Vehicle No. 1)

Insight, HONDA, 2000

page 120

On Oct. 23, 1997, Solectria Sunrise completes its 339.4 km journey from Boston to New York on one charge! The car runs at an average speed of 90 km/h and top speed is 120 km/h. The adopted nickel/metal-hydride battery has a power density of 77 Wh/kg. The battery had a total capacity of 150 Ah and an average voltage of 221 V.

41



page 121

page 122

2 0 02/ 0 6/ 0 7 BP DaimlerChryslerNECAR5520166432635250km(CaFCP600965kmNECAR5300483km38.461.8km

2002/ 04/ 18 BP H PowerHannover Fair 2002 Hydrogen+Fuel Cells95km/h200km300km5.5kW4858980L3001.21.6

page 123

20052005IMTSFCHV

IMTSIMTSHSSTLinimo2005IMTSHSST

IMTSCNG3

42



page 124

&

risiqss

idse

iqse

de

qe

ds

qs

e

er

Rotor axis

sl

idss

*emT

*s

*sfqsi

*sfdsi

rfje

*sqsi

*sdsi

Curre ntRegula tedAmplifi er

sf

InductionMotor

emTrr ,

Tor que&

FluxRegula tor

sqds Anti-Alias

Filter s

Stator Fl uxMa gnitude &

Angle Calcul ator

sqssds

Stator Flux

Sensing

page 125

ias

ics

ibs

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

3-PhasePowerSupply

o n

stator rotor

vasvcs

vbs

Vdc

t

i tas ( ) i tbs ( ) i tcs( )

a s

as'

bs'

bs

c s

c s'

t=t1t=t1

ar

ar'

brb r'

cr

c r'

a s

a s'bs

bs'

cs

cs'

N S CW

N

S

N

S

N

S

A

C

B

page 126

System Integration of Motor, Power, Motion Control, and MMI

New Solutions of M otion Control Problems Using Advanced Technology!

DSP-Based Software Control Techniques

Power ConverterDigital Controller Motor Load

Four-Quadra ntVolta ge/AmpereContr ol

Four-Quadra ntTor que/S pee dContr ol

Close d-LoopSpee d/Posi ti onContr ol

Coordi natedMoti on ProfileContr ol

X

Y

Motion Prof ile

III

III IVtorque

speed

Motor Trajectory

amperes

volts RBSOA/FBSOA

Converter Trajectory

x2

x1

Control TrajectoryDSP

Inside

43



page 127

Power Supply for LCD Display



page 128

Power Supply for a 42-inch Plasma Display Panel (PDP)

Power Supply for PDPMains

rectifierDC- DC HF

Gener ator

Power Supply Configuration

page 129

PDP Power Supply

Main PFC Rectifier DC-DC Conv erter HF Generator

L D

TC R

IL

Ui Uo

T

D

L

CR

a, T=1/f

Uin Ud Uout

IL Io

UinUd

Uout =Ui n a

IL Io=Uout/R

0

0

T

TaT

aT

T D

1

0.5

0

-0.5

-1

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

recovery operation (normalised)

0.511(t)-12(t)UP(t)

I1

I2Ip

UoD1 L1

D2 L2

T11

T12cs >>cp

T2 T4

T1 T3off

on

Cp

Up

20U

Mains rectif ier DC-DC

HF generator

44



page 130

Power Electronics for Power Generation



page 131

Future Power Generation

Microelectronics Power Electronics Electric Power

Moores Law: Every 1.5 years the cost of a bit

drops 50%.

Between 1920 - 1970, every 1.5 years the cost

of kWh dropped 5%.Since then it is constant.

Future?Power electronics is the

enabling technology driving to the future!

page 132

45



page 133

page 134

The Power Electronics Revolution

Source: EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, USA)

page 135

Homework Assignment

A4

(10%)(20%)(40%)(20%) (10%)

46



page 136

(1)

1. (VRM)2. IC3. (mobile phone)4. IC5. DC-DCPower MOSFET6. IGBT7. PC8. PWMIC9. (synchronous rectifier)10. DC-DC(multiphase dc-dc converter)11. 12. IC13. PFCIC14. (single-stage single-switch)PFC15. PFCEMI16. PFC

page 137

(2)

17. IC18. IC19. 20. (Space Vector PWM)21. (multi-level)(inverter)22. LCDIC23. 24. LED25. (UPS)26. 27. 28. UPS29. 30. 31. 32. (PV inverter)

page 138

(3)

33. Class-D Amplifier34. Class-E Amplifier35. 36. EMI37. (double-layer capacitor)38. 39. IC40. (distributed power generation system)41. 42. 43. 44. 45. (Green Energy)46. (Department of Energy)47. (Center of Power Electronics, CPES)48. (Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI)

47



page 139

References (1)

[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition, 2003.

[2] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimov ic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Chapman & Hall, 1998.[3] J. G. Kassakian, M. F. Schlecht, and G. C. Verghese, Principle of Power Electronics, Addison-Wesley,

1991.[4] IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Power Electronics Technology: Present Trends & Future Dev elopments, June

2001.[5] IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Low Power Systems, Oct. 2000.[6] V. Rajagopalan (Guest Editor), Special Issue on Computers in Power Electronics, IEEE Trans. on Power

Electronics, vol. 12, no. 3, May 1997. [7] IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Power Electronics and Motion Control, August 1994. [8] IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Power Electronics, April 1988.[9] B. K. Bose (Editor), Chap. 1: Introduction to Power Electronics of Modern Power Electronics - Evolution,

Technology, and Applications, IEEE Press, 1992.[10] B. K. Bose, Power electronics - a technology rev iew, Proc. of IEEE, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 1303-1334, Aug.

1992.[11] E. Ohno, The semiconductor evolution in Japan - a four decade long maturity thriving to an indispensable

social standing, Proceeding of the International Power Electronics Conference, v ol. 1, pp. 1-10, Toky o, 1990.

[12] M. Nishihara, Power electronics diversity, Proceeding of the International Power Electronics Conference, vol. 1, pp. 21-28, Tokyo, 1990.

page 140

References (2)

[13] Keith Billings, Switchmode Power Supply Handbook, McGrwa-Hill Inc., 1999.[14] Marty Brown, Power Supply Cookbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994.[15] Marian K. Kazimierczuk and Dariusz Czarkowski, Resonsnt Power Conv erters, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

1995.[16] Andre'S. Kislovski, Richard Redl and Nathan O. Sokal, Dy namic Analysis of Switching-Mode DC/DC

Converters, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New york, 1991.[17] Abraham l. Pressman, Switching Power Supply Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1998.[18] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1986.[19] B. K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001.[20] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives, IEEE Press, 1997.[21] Yasuhiko Dote, Servo Motor and Motion Control Using Digital Signal Processors, Prentice Hall, Inc.,1990.[22] A. E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, JR., and S. D. Umans, Electric Machinery, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,1992.[23] D. W. Nov otny and T. A. Lipo, Vector Control and Dy namics of AC Driv es, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996.[24] W. Leonhard, Control of Electrical Drives, Varlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 1985.[25] S. J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991.

page 141

References (3)

[26] N. G. Hingorani, Flexible AC transmission, IEEE Spectrum, pp. 40-45, April 1993.[27] T. Yamada, G. Majumdar, S. Mori, H. Hagino, H. Kondoh, and T. Hirao, "Next generation power module,"

IEEE ISPSD Conf. Rec., pp. 3-8, 1994.[28] N. Mohan, Power electronics circuits: an overview, IEEE IECON Conf. Rec., vol. 3, pp. 525-527, 1988.[29] N. Mohan and R. J. Ferraro, Techniques for energy conservation in AC motor driv en system, Electric

Power Research Institute Final Report EM-2037, Project 1201-1213, Sept. 1981.[30] P. L. Hower, "Power semiconductor devices: an overview," IEEE Proc., vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 335-342, April

1988.

introduction to power...

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