introduction to power...

1

Introduction to Power Electronics

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes

page 1

2005222

Filename: :\ ()\PE-01..ppt

D SPPower Electronics IC Design & DSP Control Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

http://powerlab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/

POWERLABNCTU

DSPPower Electronics IC Design & DSP Control Lab.

page 2

Course Planning

DSPPower El ect ronics IC Design & DSP Control Lab.

Power Electronics IC Design and DSP Control Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

page 3

PWMSoft PWM

EMI/EMC

20%60% 20%

page 4

Course Contents

1. (Introduction) 32. (Basic Principles) 33. (Topologies of Power Converters) 35. ISPICE 36. /-I (AC/DC Converters) 37. /-II (AC/DC Converters) 38. / (AC/AC Converters) 39. / (DC/DC Converters) 310. /-I (DC/AC Converters) 311. /-II (DC/AC Converters) 312. (Resonant Converters) 313. (SPS) 314. (UPS) 315. (Motor Drives) 316. 3

page 5

Text Book

This book uniquel y caters to the need of the uni versity curriculum. There is har dl y any book in power elec tronics that can compete wi th it. T he large, 802-page second edition of the book is essenti ally an enhanced and enlarged version of the first edi tion, which was published in 1989. It offers comprehensi ve coverage of traditi onal and state-of the- art converter technologies , and a wide review of power semiconductor devices .

The book is divi ded i nto seven parts and 30 chapters. It starts wi th a review of basic power el ectronic systems and applications, and after a brief i ntroducti on of the power devices, el ectric and magnetic circuits, and computer simul ation principles , it deals with generic power elec tronic circuits, which include diode rectifiers, phase-contr olled converters, switching mode power supplies, self-commutated inverters, and resonant li nk converters. Then it gives a brief and introduc tor y treatment of DC and AC motor drives. After revi ewing some applications of power electronics, theor y of power devices, such as power diode, BJT, power MOSFET, thyristor, GT O, and IGBT, it ends with a discussion of converter design consider ations.

Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and DesignN. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins,John Wiley & Sons, 2002.

page 6

Extended Readings

1. N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition, 2003.

2. R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Chapman & Hall, 2nd Edition, 2001.

3. J. G. Kassakian, M. F. Schlecht, and G. C. Verghese, Principle of Power Electronics, Addison-Wesley, 1991.

2



page 7

Introduction



page 8


1. Introduction 2. Linear vs. Switching Power Supply 3. Power Conversion Process4. Unique Aspects of Power Electronics5. Power Semiconductor Devices6. Applications7. Power Converters for Power Supplies8. Power Converters for Motor Drives9. Future Development of Power Electronics

page 9

Foundations of Modern Civilization

()

(power electronics)

1956 General Electric, SCR

(energy processing)

(microelectronics)

1971 INTEL, 4004 Microprocessor

(information processing)

Power ProcessingSignal Processing

page 10

What is Power Electronics?

Power electronics can be defined as technology in application ofelectronics to power processing.Power electronics is a branch of electrical engineering that is concerned with the conversion and control of electrical power for various applications, such as heating and lighting control, electrochemical processes, dc and ac regulated power supplies, induction heating, dc and ac electrical machine drives, electrical welding, active power line filtering, static VAR compensation, and many more.

page 11

Characteristics of Power Electronics

Power Electronics is a Synergy Technology Power Electronics is an Enabling TechnologyPower Electronics technology inherently integrates signal (analog & digital) processing technology. Power Electronics = Efficient Power Conversion + Robust Power Control

page 12

(synergy technology)

CircuitTheory

ConverterCircuits

ElectricalMachines

Control

Electronics

PowerElectronics

Solid-StatePhysics

P/DSP

ComputerSimulati on

EMI/EMC

Safety

Reliability

Magnetics

ThermalDesign

PackageDesign

3



page 13

Approaches to Advanced Power Electronics Technology

PowerElectronics

Theory PracticeSimulation

page 14

Power Electronics Technologies and Applications

Domest ic Robots

ASDHVA CCust om P owerFACTs

SIC

Bipolar Trans istor

Power MO SFET

8-b it Micr oproc ess or

IGBT

III-N

ASD

IGCT

1960 1970 1980 1990 20002010

2020

Silicon Transistor

GTO

Integrated Circuit

SIT

Wide Spr ead Use of Superc onductors

Artificia l Limbs

MCTIPEM

Trans portation Hybrid & Electric Vehic les

Thyrist or

page 15

Power Electronics in Modern Life

Power electronics plays a key role in all these products for energy saving, high power density, and quite operation requirements!

page 16

Applications of Power Electronics

Power Electronics

Power Supply

Motor Drive

SPS for C&CDC-DC ConvertersVRM/LDOChargerAdaptorBallastUPS, AVR, Pow er SourcePV Inverter, Fuel-Cell InverterEDM/Sputter/Wielding

InverterServo DriveFAN DriveInformation Appliance DriveWhite Goods DriveToy DriveE-Bike/Sport DriveSport/Rehabilitation DriveAutomobile/EV/HEV Drive

page 17

The Worldwide Electronics Marketplace (1997)

PowerElectronics

is an EnablingTechnology

Equipment Sales: $60B

Hardware Electronics$1000B

Total Electronics Market $2,000B

Power Semiconductor Devices $8B

Source: EPRI, USA.page 18

Energy and Power Electronics

Motor55%

Other20%

Lighting21%

Computers4%

1997: 40%2010: 80%

Total Energy

ElectricalEnergy

20181614121086420

1800 1900 2000 2100Year

20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80

Elect rical Energ y

Total Energ y

30% savings with improved power electronics

*Output of 840 power plants

Electrical Energy

Source: EPRI, USA.

4



page 19

1997

361012 KWH

23%

16%

81

page 20

(PEBB)

page 21

/

/

/

page 22

page 23

page 24

Power Electronic for Efficient Energy Conservation

(a) Conventional constant-speed drive without PFC control

(b) Modern adjustable-speed drive with PFC control

MotorLine input

Output

InputPump

Throttli ngv alve

Line input

Output

InputPump

Adj ustable-speed driv e

A 30% energy conservation by using advanced power electronics and motor drive technologies.

5



page 25

Power Semiconductor Application Functions

STATIC SWI TCHINGSolid-state relays, contactors, and circuit breakersLogic systemsCircuit protectors---crowbars, limit activated interrupters

AC PHASE CONTROLLight dimmersMotor speed controlsVoltage regulatorsVAR regulators

PHASE-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER/INVERTERdc motor drivesRegulated dc power suppliesHVDCWind generator converters

CYCLOCONVERTERAircraft VSCF systemsVariable-frequency ac motor drivesFrequency multiplierInduction-heating suppliesHigh-frequency lighting

TRANSIS TOR LINEAR AMPLI FIERdc-dc buck, boost, and buck-boost convertersHigh-performance regulated power supplies

THYRIS TOR CHOPPERElectric transportation propulsion controlGenerator excitersHigh-performance, high-power regulated supplies

INVERTERAircraft and space power suppliesUninterruptible power supplies page 26

Historic Review of Power Electronics Development

1897 DEVELOPMENT OF GRAETZ CIRCUIT1901 COOPER HEWITT PATENT ON MERCURY-ARC RECTIFIER1913 DISCOVER OF GRID CONTROL1923 DEVELOPMENT OF COOL-CATHODE THYRATRON1926 DEVEI OPMENT OF HOT-CATHODE THYRATRON1931 CYCLOCONVERTER INTRODUCED FOR RAILWAY SERVICE1933 DISCORY OF IGNITION PRINCIPLE1936 HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE INTRODUCED1942 FREQUENCY CHANGER FOR 25/60Hz, 20MW1948 INVENTION OF TRANSISTOR (Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley, Bell Lab.)1956 INVENTION OF PNPN TRANSISTOR (Bell Lab.)1958 GE Commercialize the FIRST THYRISTOR1970 500V,20A SILICON TRANSISTOR

page 27

Historic Review of Power Electronics Development ..

1971 8008 MICROPROCESSOR ANNOUNCED BY INTEL1972 FIELD-ORIENTED VECTOR CONTROL PRINCIPLE1975 300V, 400A TOSHIBA GIANT TRANSISTOR1978 100V, 25A POWER MOSFET BY INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER1980 2500V, 1000A GTO (HITACHI, MITSUBISHI, AND TOSHIBA)1982 400V, 20A GE IGBT1986 1000V, 200A TOSHIBA IGBT1988 600V, 50A GE MCT1997 Development of Low-Cost Single-Chip DSP Controller (TMS320C240)2001 VPEC Development of Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB)2002 Development of VRM for Advanced Microprocessors (Pentium IV)2004 Digital PWM Control IC and Digital Pow er Management ICs

page 28

Summary of Chronology of Electronic Power Conversion

Dates Device or Technology Conversion Technologies

1880s Transformer, M-G sets

Vacuum diodes

Mercury-arc tubes

Selenium rectifiers, grid control

Magnetic amplifiers

Semiconductors

Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCRs)

Power bipolar transistors

IGBT

Electromechanical units for ac-dc conversion, voltage level shifting for ac.

Development of major applications.

Electronic rectification. Electronic circuits for ac-dc and dc-ac conversion. Basic techniques worked out for ac-ac conversion.

Semiconductor rectifier technologies in regular production.

High-power semiconductor devices. These quickly replaced gas tubes, and made controllable ac-dc converters practical and cheap.

Nearly any application now possible. Emphasis on the best alternative for a given application.

New methods for dc-dc conversion. The influence of device properties on power electronics begins to wane. Rapid expansion of markets for miniature power supplies.

Substantial simplification of dc-ac and dc-dc conversion techniques. Emergence of power electronics as a separate discipline.

Inception of electronic conversion for high-voltage dc power transmission. Growing need for small power supplies for electronic gear.

Electronic power amplifiers. Further advances in electronic conversion.

1900s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Power field-effect transistors

page 29

Smaller! Smaller! Smaller! Smaller! Smal ler! The Biggest Biggest Biggest Challenges!

page 30

6



page 31

(battery)

(ultracapacitor)

MOS (MOS-controlled thyristor, MCT)

(intelligent power module, IPM)

(digital signal processor, DSP)

page 32

Driving Forces for Modern Power Electronics

(SPS)

(UPS)

HVDC

Micro Turbine

page 33

Research Thrusts

Adjustable Speed AC Drives Resonant Power ConvertersAutomotive Power ElectronicsElectronic AutomobilesHigh-Speed Electric RailwaysHVDC Power TransmissionEnergy Storage FEM Analysis of Electrical MachinesActive Power Factor CorrectionPower Electronics Control ICsIntelligent Control Strategies Using DSP/PsIntelligent Power Devices/ModulesSuperconducting Power Electronics

page 34

SPSUPS

HVDC

page 35

Linear vs. Switching Power Supply

Power El ect ronics Lab., NCT U, Taiwan


page 36

7



page 37

Linear DC Power Supply

vd

+

Rload

+

Vo

Vo, ret

Controller

Line-frequencytransformer

Utilitysupply

Rectifier Filter-capacitor

vd(t)

0 t

Vo

vd range

vd min

page 38

B

C E

iC

iB

transistor

iC

vCE

ACTIVE

i h iC FE B=

CUT-OFF, iC 0

SATURATI ON, vCE = 0

page 39

60 Hztransformer

basedriver

OP

unregulated DC

Vref

ACinput

load

load

equiv alent circuit

outputinput

ACinput

DC output

page 40

+5V

++

AC 125V400mA

AC 100V

8V 2A

3900 F/16V

50V 1.5A

0.1 F/50V

47 F/16V

GND

5V, 1A

7805 (5V 1.0A)

+

~

~

3-terminal regulator

page 41

page 42

Switch-Mode DC Power Supply

+

Power processor

High frequ encytran sformer

Rectifier Low-passfilter

Power processor

Rectifier Filtercap acito r

Utilitysupply

+

Vd

VoController Controller

vd

Vo

+

RloadVo

+

Rload

Vo, retVo, ret(a) (b)

8



page 43

+

vd

+

Rload

+

vovoi

a

b

toffton

ss f

T 1=

voi

Voi0 t

0 t

vripple(t)

rmshoiV )(

Harmonich0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

C

L

page 44

"" (Switch) "" (Saturation Region) "" (Cut-Off Region)

"" (CLOSED)"" (OPEN)

()

page 45

10

LPS

SPS

?W

Cos

t(Dol

lars

per

Wst

t)

20KHz SPS versus Linear Performance

Parameter SPS LPS

EfficiencySizeWeightLine Load RegulationOutput Ripple VNoise VTransient ResponseHold-Up Time

75 2.0W/in40 W/lb

0.1 50 mV

100 mV500 S20 mS

30 0.5W/in 10 W/lb

0.1 5 mV------20 S1mS

cost comparison

Power

page 46

Power Conversion Process



page 47

Basis in Power Electronics

Requirements (Specifications)High Efficiency (>90%)High Power Density (> 100W/in3)High Reliability (MTBF > 105 Hrs)Low Cost (< 0.1-0.5 US/Watt)EMC Regulations (FCC Class B)Safety Regulations (UL)

Modern Power DevicesPower MOSFETInsulated Gated Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)Static Induction Thyristor (SIT)MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT)Insulated Gated Control Thyristor (IGCT)Injection Enhanced Gate Thyristor (IEGT)

Power Switching TechniquesPulse Width Modulation (PWM)Resonant SwitchingQuasi-Resonant SwitchingSoft PWM SwitchingPhase Shift PWM

Basic Power ConvertersAC/DC Converter (Rectifier)DC/DC Converter (Chopper)DC/AC Converter (Inverter)AC/ AC Converter (Cycloconverter)

page 48

Power Conversion Process

Input Power Power Conversion Output Power

Passive Power ComponentsControl and Sensing Devices

Active Power Devices

battery

mains

Photo

voltaic

DCAC

9



page 49

Power Electronic Systems

LOADINPUTPOW ER

What are the applications?What is the power source?

Specs. Specs.

OUTPUTPOW ER

What is the power requirement?

POW ERCONVERTER

EfficiencyPower Density

CONTROLLER

RegulationDynamics

Power Supply Design

Power Electronics = Efficient Power Conversion + Robust Power Controlpage 50

Control of Power Electronic Systems

ControllingSystem Digital Circuit Power Circuits

Controll edSystem

Power Input

(feedback sensing)(loop gain shaping)(realization)

page 51

(synergy technology)

Input Power Power C onversion Output Power

batter y

mai ns

PV

DCAC

CircuitTheory

Electronics ElectricalMachinesFeedback

Control

ConverterCircuits

SemiconductorDevices P/DSP

ComputerSimulati on

Safety

Reliability

PackageDesign

Magnetics EMI/EMC ThermalDesign

FPGADesign

IC & SoCDesign

page 52

Power MOSFET

IGBT

page 53

500V, 3000A GTO

6000V, 2500A Light Triggered SCR

1000V, 400A BJT

400V, 20A and 50V, 100A Power MOSFET

500V, 400A and 1000V, 300A IGBT

SIT and SITH (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor)

MCT (MOS Controlled Thyristor)

IGCT (Insulated Gate Controlled Thyristor)

IEGT (Injection Enhanced Gate Thyristor)page 54

Unique Aspects of Power Electronics

Switching Losses Analysis Switching of Power DevicesPower Semiconductor Device Characteristics

10



page 55

Assumed Transistor Switching Waveforms

i(t)

(a)

v(t)

E

+

(c)

(Time to switch)

t0

Leakage Saturated drop

(b)

v(t) i(t)

t

offdissipation

ondissipation

0

p(t) = v(t) i(t)

TSW

E I

page 56

Switching Loss Analysis

The instantaneous power dissipated during the switching interval can be expressed as

PT

v t i t dtT SWSW

TSW=

10

( ) ( )

ttTTEI

TtI

TtTEtitvP SW

SWSWSW

SWT )()(

]][)([)()( 2 =

==

In the expressions for v(t) and i(t), the beginning of the switching interval is assumed to be t=0. Also, the saturated voltage drop and collect leakage current are both assumed to be negligible.

page 57

Average Switching Loss

6]

3)(

2)([

)()(

)(

33

0 33EITT

TEItdttT

TEIP SWSW

T

SWSW

SWTSW

SW ===

The total average dissipation in a switching element is obtained by adding the on-state, off-state, and switching losses. For example, with a switching period of T, assuming linear switching with a switching times of TSW for both turn-on and turn-off and an on-time and off-time of TON and TOFF respectively.

The average power dissipated during a switching interval is important since it determines the maximum number of switchings possible in a given time interval. The average dissipation during the interval TSW is given by

page 58

Total Device Losses

PEI T V I T EI T

TTSW CE SAT ON leakage OFF

+ +2 6( ) ( ) ( )( )

Total device average dissipation = PT

If VCE(SAT) and Ileakage can be neglected, then

TTEIP SWT 3

page 59

Switching of Power Devices

Commutation of Thyristor

Gating of Power Transistor/MOSFET

Switching Technique

PWM Control Strategy

Thermal Effect

EMI/EMS

page 60

Power Semiconductor Devices Characteristics

Temperature Effect

Voltage and Current Rating

dv/dt and di/dt Effect

Forward and Reverse Recovery

Secondary Breakdown

FBSOA and RBSOA

11



page 61

Basic Types of Power Converters

AC

DC

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

AC

DC

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

AC/DC Converter (Rectifier)DC/DC Converter (Chopper)DC/AC Converter (Inverter)AC/AC Converter (Cycloconverter)

page 62

Basic Power Converters

AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)

DC-DC Converter (Chopper)

DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

AC-AC Converter (Cycloconverter)

page 63

The Core of Power Electronics is Power Converter

Input Power Power Conversion Output Power

batter y

mai ns

PV

DCAC

DC-DC vs. DC-AC ConvertersSingle-Quadrant vs. Multiple-Quadrant ConvertersSingle-Phase vs. Multiple-Phase Converters Hard-Switching vs. Soft-Switching ConvertersUni-Directional vs. Bi-Directional Converters

page 64

Basic Components in a Switching Power Supply

Inductor Capacitor MOSFET Diode PWM Control IC

page 65

Power Conversion in V-I Plane (Four-Quadrant)

1Inverter

2Rectifier

3Inverter 4

Rectifier

0

si

sv

14 32

DC-AC Converter Load

page 66

Basic PWM Converter Topologies

Single-Ended Half-Bridge Full-Bridge

Three-Phase Multi-Phase Multi-Level

12



page 67

Bidirectional AC-to-DC Converters

CONVERTER

Rectifier Mode

Inverter Mode

AC DC

1dcV

Input180-260V50/60Hz

AC input (hot)

AC input(neutral)

2dcV

1C

2C

1L

LR ov1Li

1C

si

svQ2

Q1

GD

GD

0

si

sv

2

34

0

oi

ov

11Inverter

3Inverter

2Rectifier

4Rectifier

14 32

page 68

Common-Neutral Bidirectional AC-to-AC Converters

1dcV

Input180-260V50/60Hz

AC input (hot)

AC input(neutral)

2dcV

1C

2C

1L oL

oC LR ov

oi1Li Loi

1C

si

svQ2

Q1 Q3

Q4

GD

GD

GD

GD

1Inverter2

Rectifier

3Inverter

4Rectifier

0

i o

v o

14 32

1Inverter

2Rectifier

3Inverter 4

Rectifier

0

si

sv

14 32

Inherent bi-directionalUniversal power converterDC-link capacitor as energy bufferComplex dynamic controlCritical traces

page 69

Block Diagram of an AC Drive

+

Power Processor

Utility

ac ac ac motorDC CConverter 1 Converter 2

page 70

Control of Power Converters and Motor Drives

uud

Power Factor Control

Regenerative Braking Control

DC-Link Voltage Regulation

DC-Link Cap. Minimization

Cd

to switches

Inputconvert er

Outputconvert er

ud

to switches

u1u2u3

N S

PWM Control Inverter Control DTC Vector Control Sensorless Control Servo Control Auto-Tuning

page 71

Multi-Level Bi-Directional High-Power Induction Motor Drives

Direct Digital Control Circuit

Direct Digital Control Circuit

FPGA/DSP-Based Controller

Five-Level Rectifier

A/D Converter3/2 3/2

IM

c

L Five-Level Rectifier

c

c

c

P1

N1

N2

vi

wi

vv

wV

bi

ci

aV

bv

cVEncoder

page 72

Control Scheme for a 5-Level Double-Converter Induction Drive

IM

MHCMHC

MHC

PI

MHC

MHC

MHC

PI

PI

aV

bVcV

ia

ibic

+

++ i

Voa

Vdc*

Vou Vov Vow

Vdc

iwiviu

*iu

*iv

*iw

1aS

2aS

3aS4aS

5aS

6aS

7aS8aS

1bS2bS

3bS4bS

5bS

6bS

7bS8bS

1cS2cS

3cS4cS

5cS

6cS

7cS8cS

1uS2uS

3uS4uS

5uS

6uS

7uS8uS

1vS2vS

3vS4vS

5vS

6vS

7vS8vS

1wS2wS

3wS4wS

5wS

6wS

7wS8wS

13



page 73

Matrix Converter as a Power Processor

(a) matrix converter (b) voltage source

Power Processor

InputsOutputs

Utility source

Voltage source

. . .

.

.

.

page 74

Power Switch is the Core of Power Converter

Power Converter

InputsOutputs . . .

.

.

.

page 75

Matrix Converter Motor (MCM)

SMPS

IM3~

Auxiliary ci rcuit supply unit(gate-d rivers, tran sducers, cont rol)

ab

c

A B C

Clamp circuit

Inpu

t filt

er

line

Cclamp

motor

Mat

rix C

onve

rter

Powe

r St

age

page 76

Electronics-Controlled Integral Motor

CONTROL

COMMUNICATION POWER CONVERSION

MOTOR DESIGN

SYSTEM INTEGRATION

IPEM

Curren ts

Control

++

& i

Est LPF

HFP

- Proc essor

IPE

MC

ontro

l

SYSTEM DESIGNPOWER ELECTRONICSCONTROL FIRM/SOFTWAREDIGITAL IC DESIGNANALOG IC DESIGNPOWER IC DESIGN

EMBEDDED SOFTW ARE

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

AN ALOG SIGN AL PROCESSING

POWER PROCESSING

page 77

Power Semiconductor Devices

3200V, 3000A GTO

6000V, 2500A Light Triggered SCR

12000V, 400A BJT

400V, 20A and 50V, 100A Power MOSFET

600V, 400A and 1200V, 300A IGBT

SIT and SITH (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor)

MCT (MOS Controlled Thyristor)

IGCT (Insulated Gate Controlled Thyristor)

IEGT (Injection Enhanced Gate Thyristor)page 78

Switching trajectories of the power transistor with inductive load

VCC0

load line

turn off

turn on

Switch with inductiv e load

current sensing

VCC+

switch

Measurement of load line

vCE

vCE

iC

iC

VCC0

turn off

turn on

VCC0

turn off

turn on

Switch with induc tiv e load shunted by a diode

Switch with induc tiv e load shunted by a diode

and capacitor

14



page 79

Classification of Converters by Switching

Line Frequency (naturally commutated) Converters

Switching (forced-commutated) Converters

Pulse Width Modulated Converters

Resonant/Quasi/Multi-Resonant Converters

Soft Switching Converters

Phase Shift PWM Converters

page 80

Basic Switches

Time constants: 1-100 ns(Determined by parasitics, i.e. not by the power conversion functionality.)

Variables: ON/OFF, Fault(Binary amp litude, continuous timing of transition instants, i.e. analog.)

A switch is NOT an elementary control cell !

SingleQuadrant

VoltageUnidirectional

CurrentUnidirectional

FourQuadrant

SeriesParallel

page 81

Functional Switch Assemblies: Full-Bridge Example



+

AC

DC+

AC

+DC

+

+ +Voltage

Unidirectional

Tw oSignal-Pole

Double-Throw

Sw itches


Tw oSignal-Pole

Double-Throw

Sw itches

Topological Restrictions: No shorted voltage sources (capacitors)No open current sources (inductors) page 82

Singe-Pole Multiple-Throw Switch: An Elementary Control Cell

Faults: Can and MUST be Handled at SPMT Level(Catastrophic faults: shorted capacitors and opened inductors.)

Time Constants: 1-10 s(Determined by outside components, i.e. converter filtering functions.)

Control Variables: Switch Position, Pulse Widths(Digital amplitude, updated every switching period, i.e. digital & discrete.)

Controlled Variables: Pole Current, Throw Voltages(Either input sources or state variables; can be sampled and digitized.)

Models: Switching and Average Models Well Defined(Power conversion function is completely described by SPMT operation.)



FourQuadrant

page 83

Intelligent Unidirectional Single-Pole Double-Throw Switch

Serial Communications Link & Control Power Supply

PWMGenerator

Fault & ErrorLogic

CommunicationControl

Current &TemperatureMeasurement

OpticalIsolati on

OpticalIsolati on

GateDrive

GateDrive

FloatingPower

Supplies

Snubber

Snubber

CurrentSensor

AC

+

T

V

page 84

PES-Net: Daisy Chained Fiber Optic Control Network

PEBB & Hardware Manager=

Smart, Digitally InterfacedSingle-Pole Multiple-Throw Switch

Single Fiber Bus

Univ ersalController

(AM)Communication

Interf ace & PWM

GateDriv es

M

PEBB& HM

PEBB& HM

Higher

Level

BUS

AV

T

Signal Processing

PEBB & HM

15



page 85

Signal Communication in PES-Net

POF-based, 125 Mb/s, Master/Slave protocol

Based on (for motion control)

Faster than Better synchronization than MACRO or SERCOS

Data Packages Include: Node address PWM duty cycles and commands Feed-back signals: voltage,

current, temperature and fault

Data PackagesPWM data in

A/D data out

Active Slavenode

Slavenode

SlavenodeNode to node propagation delay: 468 ns

Max. switching frequency: 100 kHzMax. synchronization litter: 40 us

PEBB(1)

PEBB(2)

PEBB(3)

page 86

Network-Controlled Power Converting System

Universal Controller/ Application Manager

Soft-Switched, SPDT Voltage Unidirectional PEBBs

page 87

Power Conversion Measured in Time

Power In

0.1s 1s 10s 100s

System Acti on

1ms

ANALOG DIGITAL10ms

PowerFilter

PowerModul e

PowerFilter

Sensors

GateDriver

Sensors

Sensors

InnerLoop

LoadControll er

SystemLevel

Controll erModul ator

A to DConv.

A to DConv.

A to DConv.

page 88

Power Conversion Measured in Watts

H2000: 1 GOPS, 10MB DRAM, 100MB Flash

H2010: 100 GOPS, 1GB DRAM, 10GB Flash/Ferro

( Electricity is 25% of running costs )

16



page 91

Development Status of Switching Power Supplies

Changes in technology are APPLICATION driven Distributed Power Supplies

50V, 100A

withPFC

PRE-REGULATORS

Power Factor Correction

High power densityon board converters

Soft switching techniquesLow voltage converters (1V)Planar magnetics

page 92

Power Supplying for Microprocessor

Development of MicroprocessorsPower Dissipation Inside CPUCPU Power Losses Reduction SchemesPower Supply Voltage for Advanced MicroprocessorsRoadmap for Semiconductor Technology Developmentdi/dt Decoupling in Power Supplying for High-Speed PsDRAM Power Supply Development TrendSwitching Frequencies Roadmap of SPSPossible Power Supply for Future (2010) MicroprocessorsTechnology Roadmap for Advanced SPS

page 93

Powering Advanced Microprocessors

Pentium IV: 5,500 , .13 m3.2GHz, 1.7VRated: 92W, Peak: 110W

New specs demand new power solutions!

Intel Pentium IV

page 94

VRM for Advanced Microprocessors

Custom processor power100W - 56Vin1.2 - 2.0 4 bit programmable55 Amps

Standard processor powerTitania Divisionup to 30AParallelableOutput 5 bit VID programmable

page 95

Distributed Power Systems & Architecture

Pre-regulator

PowerFactor

Correction

High Volt VRM

On-boardConverter

ConverterOn-board

Low Volt VRM

Testbed Partners: Intel IBM Artesyn Technologies Celestica

60HzAC

Voltage Regulator Module (VRM)

Processorpage 96

Realization of Distributed Power Architecture

17



page 97

Possible Power Supply for Future (2010) Microprocessors

Possible Specs:Distributed power supply within the chip packageDC input range: 0.5VMaximum Current: 250AInput Voltage: 48VDC or 12VDCEfficiency > 90%Size: 0.1x044x0.1 inchPower Density: 1000W/in3

DC-DCConverter

Multiple SystemsONA Chi p

FilterCapacitor

page 98

Power Supplies for Portable Information Appliances

LCD-Display

PDA

CPU:~1~2WLCD:~1WCCD:~1W~3W

CPU:10~15W:~10WLCD:~3W:3~6W

CPU:~1~4W:~2WLCD:~1W:~1W

CPU:~1WT/R:~1W

CPU:~1~2WLCD:~1W CCD:~1W

CPU:~1~2WLCD:~1W :~6W:5~10W

CPU:~1~2W:5~10W

page 99

Human Energy Generation

Ppeak 10 mW

1 mW

Piezoceramics: PZTEfficiency: 50 %

Piezoceramics: PZTEfficiency: 50 %

Piezopolimers:PVDF (Polifluor uro de Vinilideno)

Efficiency ( 25%)More fl exible (embedded sys tems)

Piezopolimers:PVDF (Polifluor uro de Vinilideno)

Efficiency ( 25%)More fl exible (embedded sys tems)

SoleSole

Ppeak 50 mW

10 mW

MIT Media LabMIT Media LabMIT Media Lab

IBMIBMIBM UPCUPCUPC

HeelHeel

page 100

Power Supplying for Mobile Phones

Battery Charger

DC-DC

Display

Audio

Vibrator

P/DSPcore

D/A

A/DI/O

Antenna

2.5V 2.5V

2.7- 5.5V

3.6V 2.5V1.5V

Baseb and dig ital

Power distribution: Vg = 2.85.5V

1-3.6V

Analog/RF

LO

2.5V

Buck SMPSregulators

PA

LNA

DC-DC

DC-DC

DC-DC DC-DC

DC-DCDC-DC

DC-DC

3.6V

DC-DC

page 101

Standard Module Platforms

1W to 330W: over 500 codes

Filter Modules

Flat Open Frame

Surface Mount

1/4 & 1/2 Brick

DIP Non Isolated

SIP Non Isolated

Processors

Full Brick

Source:Locent 2003page 102

Technology Direction

Technology direction:

Open frame Surface mountThrough hole

From Power Electronics to Power IC Design

18



page 103

Power Supply for Data Centers



page 104

page 105

UPS for Servers

page 106

DRUPS: Dynamic Rotary UPS

The f ly wheel (center) mounted between the motor and generator in the dy namic energy storage sy stem conv erts stored rotational energy into DC bus v oltage. The dy namic energy storage sy stem may be used to either replace or supplement the lead-acid batteries of any conv entional static or rotary UPS. (Courtesy of International Computer Power Co.)

page 107

Power Supply for Green Energy



page 108

PV Inverter for Green House

The End of Cheap OilA Grid-Connected PV SystemWorld PV Module ShipmentsThe USA National PV Program Plan for 2000-2004Million Solar Roofs

19



page 109

The End of Cheap Oil

C. Campb ell and J. L aherrere, Th e end of ch eap o il, Scien ce American, vol. 278, pp. 7883, Mar. 1998.

GLOBAL PR ODUCTION OF OIL both conventional and unconventi onal (red), recover ed after falling in 1973 and 11979. But a mor e permanent decline is less than 10 years away, according to the authors model, based in part on multiple Hubbertcurves (lighter lines). U.S. and Canadian oil ( brown) topped out in 1972; production in the for mer Soviet Union ( yellow) has fallen 45 percent since 1987. A crest i n the oil produced outside the Persian Gulf r egion (purple) now appears immi nent. A

NN

UA

L O

IL P

RO

DU

CTI

ON

(BIL

LIO

N O

F B

AR

RO

ER

S)

2004

page 110

World PV Module Shipments 19882000 (in megawatts)

S. R. Bull, "Renewable energy toda y and tomorrow," Proceedings of the IEEE, v ol. 89, no. 8, pp. 1216-1226, Aug. 2001.

page 111

The USA National Photovoltaics Program Plan for 2000-2004

page 112

Million Solar Roofs

Sussex Central Middle SchoolDelaware, USA

State Capitol, Helena, Montana, USA

Portland Pioneer Square, Portland, USA

Private house, Almero, Netherlands

Announced i n June 1997, Million Solar R oofs (MSRI) is an initiati ve to install sol ar energ y systems on one million U.S. buildings by 2010. T he ini tiati ve includes two types of solar technol ogy: solar electric systems (orphotovoltaics) that produce el ectricity fr om sunlight and solar ther mal systems that produce heat for domestic hot water, space heati ng, or heating swi mmi ng pools. http://www/million solarroofs.com/

page 113

Residential Power Generation System

DCAC

DCAC

DCAC

DCAC

Power Conditioner

Battery Bank

ControlPanel

page 114

A Grid-Connected PV System

Full-Bridge Inv erter

DSP Controller

load

InverterGate Drive

RelayGate Drive

FeedbackSensing Circuit

Meter

DC Side isolation switch

To high efficiency AC

appliances

inverter

PV Array(usually building mounted)

AC mains supplyMain fuse box

PV Panel

DC ACACDC

PV Inverter

ElectricalDistribution

System

20



page 115

Single-Phase Three-Wire PV Inverter

A

NB

P

+

+

N

PV Module

Q3 Q5

Q4 Q6

Q1

Q2

Digital Signal Processor

DSP

Optional Front Panel Controller

RS 232 or 422

Grid Voltage Feedback

Inverter Current Feedback

Grid Voltage FeedbackGround

Current Feedback

Control interface for system integration

AC220VLoad

AC110VLoad

AC110VLoad

NFB3P220V

page 116

19.5 (2003/3/24)

2003/03/24 BP19.520021018.5HIT41200W HIT

200W HIT200W123HIT17152450kWh/200W3530kWh/4420200W4795kWh/3kW210kg90kg

page 117

25

By far the largest share of sola r cells produced world-wide is based on monocrystalline or multicrystalline silicon wafers. In o rder to remain competitive in futu re against thin -film technology, one cost facto r in particularmust be reduc ed fu rther: t he silicon wafer itself. It accounts fo r 40 50 % of the module costs. Apart f rom effo rts to reduce c osts in growing the silicon crystals, the major focus is on the thickness of the wafer.

Wafers with a thickness of about 330 m are still used in most industrial p rocesses today. The breakage probability is low and the yield is correspondingly high. Thin flex ible wafer, with a thickness o f only 25 m, for which we are developing highly efficient sola r cell structu res.

Source: ISE (Institute of SolarEnerg y), Achievements and R esults Annual R eport 2002

(a) (b)

page 118

page 119

page 120

21



page 121

page 122

2003/06/30 BP 1412030 /1.332/2003102 2m/s

2/ms

12/ms

10/ms

9/ms

8/ms

7/ms

4/ms

1800W

1400W730W320W

1060W800W430W190W

770W580W310W140W

550W410W220W97W

370W280W150W66W

67W51W26W12W

8W6W3W1.5W

2.0m2.0m2.0m0.9m4.0m3.0m1.6m1.6m

WG40-20

WG30-20

WG16-20

WG16-09

14

page 123

(2003/4/18)

2003/04/18 BP

26394021.06kwh6.24kwh/14.82kwh/371030t

page 124

Power Electronics for Transportation



page 125

Convert your existin g bicycle into an ELECTRIC BICYCLE.

Top Speed = 23 kph Range = 13-16 km Weight = 12.5 lbs Rech arge = 10-12 hours

PEDAL WITHOUT OR WITH ELECTRIC ASSIST TO BOOST RANGE AND SPEED

COMPLETE CONVERSION K IT INCLUDING CHARGER & BATTERY $199 U.S. + Shipping & Handlin g($18.00)

Allow 3 to 4 weeks for deli very.

OPTIONS: SOLAR PANEL $50 BATTERY MONITOR $32 EXTRA BATTERY $40

EARTH MIND INC.Suite 310300 Earl Grey DriveKanata, OntarioCanada, K2T 1C1

page 126

HONDA

HONDA

Segway SegwayHT IEEE Spectrum, February 2005.

22



page 127

page 128

1992

page 129

Electric Vehicle & Hybrid Electric Vehicle

EV1 (Electric Vehicle No. 1)

Insight, HOND A, 2000

page 130

On Oct. 23, 1997, Solectria Sunrise completes its 339.4 km journey from Boston to New York on one charge! The car runs at an av erage speed of 90 km/h and top speed is 120 km/h. The adopted nickel/metal-hy dride battery has a power density of 77 Wh/kg. The battery had a total capacity of 150 Ah and an av erage v oltage of 221 V.

page 131

page 132

2 0 0 2 / 0 6 / 0 7 BP DaimlerChr ysl erNECAR5520166432635250km(CaFCP600965kmN ECAR 5300483km38.461.8km

20 02 /0 4/ 18 BP H PowerHannover F air 2002 H ydrogen+Fuel Cells95km/h200km300km5.5kW4858980L3001.21.6

23



page 133

20052005 IMTSFCHV

IMTS IMTSH SSTLini mo2005IMTSHSST

IMTSCNG3

page 134

&

risiqss

idse

iqse

de

qe

ds

qs

e

e r

Rot or ax is

sl

idss

*emT

*s

*sfqsi

*sfdsi

rfje

*sqsi

*sdsi

CurrentRegulatedAmplifier

sf

Inducti onMotor

emTrr ,

Torque&

FluxRegulator

sqds Anti-Alias

Filters

Stator FluxMagni tude &

Angle Calculator

sqssds

Stator Flux

Sensing

page 135

ias

ics

ibs

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

3-P has ePowerSupply

o n

stator rotor

vasvcs

vbs

Vdc

t

i tas( ) i tbs( ) i tcs( )

a s

a s'

b s'

b s

c s

c s'

t=t1t=t1

a r

a r'

brb r'

cr

c r'

a s

a s'

b s

b s'

cs

cs'

N S CW

N

S

N

S

N

S

A

C

B

page 136

System Integration of Motor, Power, Motion Control, and MMI

New Solutions of Motion Control Problems Using Advanced Technology!

DSP-Based Software Control Techniques

Power C onverterDigital Controll er Motor Load

Four-QuadrantVoltage/AmpereControl

Four-QuadrantTorque/SpeedControl

Closed-LoopSpeed/PositionControl

CoordinatedMoti on ProfileControl

X

Y

Motion Profile

III

III IVtorque

speed

Motor Traj ector y

amperes

volts RBSOA/FBSOA

Converter Traj ector y

x2

x1

Control Trajector yDSP

Inside

page 137

Power Supply for LCD Display



page 138

Power Supply for a 42-inch Plasma Display Panel (PDP)

Power Supply for PDPMains

rectifierDC-DC HF

Generator

Power Supply Configuration

24



page 139

PDP Power Supply

Main PFC Rectifier DC-DC Converter HF Generator

L D

TC R

IL

Ui Uo

T

D

L

CR

a, T=1/f

Uin Ud Uout

IL Io

UinUd

Uout =Uin a

ILIo=Uout/ R

0

0

T

TaT

aT

T D

1

0.5

0

-0.5

-1

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

recover y oper ation ( nor malis ed)

0.5

11(t)

-12(t)UP(t)

I1

I2Ip

UoD1 L1

D2 L2

T11

T12cs >>cp

T2 T4

T1 T3

off

on

Cp

Up

20U

Mains rectifier DC-DC

HF generator

page 140

Power Electronics for Power Generation



page 141

Future Power Generation

Microelectronics Power Electronics Electric Power

Moores Law: Every 1.5 years the cost of a bit

drops 50%.

Between 1920 - 1970, every 1.5 years the cost

of kWh dropped 5%.Since then it is constant.

Future?Power electronics is the

enabling technology driving to the future!

page 142

Intelligent Distributed Power Generation

page 143

page 144

The Power Electronics Revolution

Source: EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, USA)

25



page 145

Homework Assignment

A4

(10%)(20%)(40%)(20%) (10%)

page 146

(1)

1. (VRM)

2. IC

3. (mobile phone)4. IC

5. DC-DCPower MOSFET

6. IGBT7. PC

8. PWMIC

9. (sy nchronous rectif ier)10. DC-DC(multiphase dc-dc conv erter)

11.

12. IC13. PFCIC

14. (single-stage single-switch)PFC

15. PFCEMI

16. PFC

page 147

(2)

17. IC

18. IC

19. 20. (Space Vector PWM)

21. (multi-lev el)(inv erter)

22. LCDIC23.

24. LED

25. (UPS)26.

27.

28. UPS

29. 30.

31.

32. (PV inv erter)page 148

(3)

33. Class-D Amplif ier

34. Class-E Amplif ier

35. 36. EMI

37. (ultracapacitor capacitor)

38. 39. IC

40. (distributed power generation sy stem)

41. 42.

43.

44.

45. (Green Energy )46. (Department of Energy )

47. (Center of Power Electronics, CPES)

48. (Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI)

page 149

References (1)

[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbi ns, Po wer Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition, 2003.

[2] R. W. Erickson and D. M aksi movic, Fundamentals of Po wer Electronics, Chapman & H all, 1998.[3] J. G. Kassaki an, M. F. Schl echt, and G. C. Verghese, Princip le of Po wer Electronics, Addison-Wesley,

1991.[4] IEEE Pr oc., Special Issue on Power El ectronics T echnol ogy: Present Trends & F uture Developments, June

2001.[5] IEEE Pr oc., Special Issue on Low Power Systems, Oc t. 2000.[6] V. Raj agopalan (Guest Editor), Special Issue on C omputers i n Power Electr onics, IEEE Trans . on Power

Electronics, vol. 12, no. 3, May 1997. [7] IEEE Pr oc., Special Issue on Power El ectronics and Moti on Control, Augus t 1994. [8] IEEE Pr oc., Special Issue on Power El ectronics, April 1988.[9] B. K. Bose (Editor), Chap. 1: Introduction to Power E lectronics of Modern Po wer Electronics - Evolution,

Technolog y, and Application s, IEEE Pr ess, 1992.[10] B. K. Bose, Power electr onics - a technology review, Proc . of IEEE, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 1303-1334, Aug.

1992.[11] E. Ohno, T he semiconductor evoluti on i n Japan - a four decade l ong maturity thri ving to an indispensable

social standing, Proceedi ng of the International Pow er Elec tronics Confer ence, vol. 1, pp. 1-10, Tokyo, 1990.

[12] M. Nishihara, Power el ectronics di versity, Proceedi ng of the Internati onal Pow er Electronics Conference, vol. 1, pp. 21-28, Tokyo, 1990.

page 150

References (2)

[13] Keith Billings, Switchmode Power Suppl y H andbook, McGr wa-Hill Inc., 1999.[14] Marty Brown, Power Suppl y Cookbook, Butter worth-Heinemann, 1994.[15] Marian K. Kazi mierczuk and D ariusz Czar kowski, R esonsnt Power Converters , John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

1995.[16] Andre'S. Kislovski, Richard R edl and Nathan O. Sokal, D ynamic Anal ysis of Switching-Mode DC/DC

Converters, Van N ostrand R einhol d, New yor k, 1991.[17] Abraham l. Pressman, Switching Power Suppl y Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc ., 1998.[18] B. K. Bose, Power Elec tronics and AC Dri ves, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1986.[19] B. K. Bose, Moder n Power Electr onics and AC Drives, Prentice-H all, Inc., 2001.[20] B. K. Bose, Power Elec tronics and Variable Frequency Dri ves , IEEE Pr ess, 1997.[21] Yasuhi ko Dote, Servo Motor and Motion Control Using Digital Signal Processors, Prentice Hall, Inc. ,1990.[22] A. E. Fitzgeral d, C. Kingsley, JR., and S. D. U mans, Elec tric Machi ner y, McGraw-Hill, Inc .,1992.[23] D. W. Novotny and T. A. Lipo, Vector Control and D ynamics of AC Drives, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996.[24] W. Leonhar d, C ontr ol of Electrical Dri ves, Varlag Berlin, Hei delberg, 1985.[25] S. J. Chapman, Elec tric Machi ner y F undamentals, McGraw-Hill, Inc. , 1991.

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