Introduction to Training

Factors Determining Human Performance

P = M x KSA x E

ENVIRONMENT (E) KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND

ATTITUDES (KAS) MOTIVATION (M)

PERFORMANCE (P)

Behaviorist Model of Learning 

 

   

Stimulus Response Consequence

Illustration of Expectancy Theory

(.5)

(.9)

(.3)

(.6)

(.6)

(1.0)

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EXPECTANCY 1 EXPECTANCY 2 CONSEQUENCES VALENCE

EFFORT 

Stay on the job and meet work load requirements    SuccessfullyComplete seminar

Skills Seen as inadequate Feel pride and accomplishment Recommended for promotion 

Skills seen as complete Fall behind at work; feel overloaded, depressed, etc. 

1   7 

10 

 7 

1 

Gagne’s Unusual Approach

Until Gagne’ began to write about the application of learning theory in 1965, educators had to make forced choices between learning theories.

He gave 8 methods of learning that can be used together and with one another.

Gagné’s Eight Learning TypesLearning Type Description

1.Signal learning Learning a general response to a specific signal.

Pavlov’s classical conditioning falls into this category.

2.Stimulus–response (S–R)

Learning a single response to a stimulus situation.

Basic forms of operant conditioning fall into this category.

3.Shaping Chaining together of two or more S–R associations.

Originally termed chaining by Gagné, its also called shaping to avoid confusion.

Gagné’s Eight Learning Types

Learning Type Description

4. Verbal association A chain of two or more verbal associations.

Basically the  same as shaping, but the application to language makes this a special case.

5. Multiple discrimination

Making different but appropriate responses to stimuli that differ to greater or lesser degrees.

Gagné’s Eight Learning Types

Learning Type Description

7. Principle learning Learning to chain two or more concepts by developing a formal, logical relation between the concepts (e.g., “if A then B” formulation).

6. Concept learning Typically called generalization learning.

Learning to make a common response to a group of stimuli having common characteristics or relationships but otherwise differing to greater or lesser degrees.

Gagné’s Eight Learning Types

Learning Type Description

8. Problem solving Learning to combine two or more previously learned principles to produce a novel (to the learner) capability reflecting a higher-order principle.

Supervisor Behavior Patterns Recommended for Two Levels of Two

Environmental Stimuli

Subordinate Need for Independence

Task Structure High Low

High

Low

Low initiating structure High participation

Low initiating structure Low participation

High initiating structure High participation

High initiating structure Low participation

Orientation Day

• Employee orientation provides new employees with basic background information

• Programs may range from brief, informal introductions to lengthy, formal courses

Sample orientation day checklist

Why Orientation Is Important

• Orientation explains basics – often provided in an employee handbook

• Rules and policies are often discussed• Makes new employee feel at ease• Describes the organization – the big picture• Defines expected work behavior• Socializes new employee in company’s ways

Learning the Ropes

• Realistic Orientation Programs for new Employees’ Stress (ROPES)

• Warn about disappointments

• How to cope is key

• Supervisors should monitor newcomers

Training 101

• Teaching new employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs

• The hallmark of a good manager

• Lack of productivity

Definition

Definition

5 Step Training and Development Process

Needs analysis

Instructionaldesign

Validation

Implement

Evaluation &follow-up

Training Is LearningMake It Meaningful

• A bird’s-eye view of the material

• Familiar examples

• Organize the information

• Use familiar terms and concepts

• Use many visual aids

Motivate the Learner

• Learn by doing

• Reinforce correct responses

• Trainees learn best at their own pace

• Create a perceived training need

• Scheduling is important

Well done