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Investeşte în oameni ! FONDUL SOCIAL EUROPEAN
Programul Operaţional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013
Axa prioritară 1 „ Educaţie şi formare profesională în sprijinul creşterii economice şi dezvoltării societăţii bazate pe cunoaştere „
Domeniul major de intervenţie 1.5 ‚Programe doctorale şi post-doctorale în sprijinul cercetării „
Titlul proiectului: Perfecţionarea şi Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane pentru Cercetare şi Inovare prin Şcoala Doctorală
Contract POSDRU/CPP107/DMI1.5/S/77222
UNIVERSITATEA DE ȘTIINȚE AGRICOLE ȘI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ ”ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD”, DIN IAȘI
Gheorghe SOLCAN (coordonator)
LUCRĂRILE SIMPOZIONULUI
“AGRICULTURA MODERNĂ, DEZVOLTAREA
DURABILĂ, PROTECȚIA MEDIULUI ȘI A
BIODIVERSITĂȚII”
SCIENTIFIC WORKS of SYMPOSIUM
„MODERN AGRICULTURE, DURABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT AND
BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION”
A13 Proiect POSDRU/CPP107/DMI1.5/S/77222
EDITURA”ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD”
Iași, 2013
ISBN: 978-973-147-127-3
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COMITET ȘTIINȚIFIC
Prof. Dr. Vasile VÎNTU
Prof. Dr. Gerard JITĂREANU
Prof dr N. MUNTEANU
Prof. Dr. Constantin. LEONTE
Prof. Dr. Ioan Mircea POP
Prof. Dr. Vasile VULPE
Prof. Dr. Teodor ROBU
Prof. Dr. Gică GRADINARIU
Prof. Dr. Liviu Dan MIRON
Prof. Dr. Benone PĂSĂRIN
Prof. Dr. Liliana ROTARU
Prof. Dr. Constantin PASCAL
Conf. Dr. Costel SAMUIL
Prof. Dr. GheorgheSOLCAN
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CUPRINS
EVALUATION OF THE CONTENT OF LEAD, CADMIUM, MERCURY, ARSENIC, TIN, COPPER AND
ZINC DURING THE PRODUCTION PROCESS FLOW OF CANNED GREEN PEAS BEANS IN BRINE . 7
ANDREI CORINA, ŢÂRCĂ FELICIA, BÂETU ALINA LOREDANA
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND REMAINING EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
UPON THE NUMBER OF SPIKES ON EAR OF WINTER WHEAT ................................................ 13
ANDRIEŞ IULIANA, CIURUŞNIUC ANA-MARIA
EFFECT OF TERMIC TREATMENT ON PROCESSING APLLES FRUITS ......................................... 18
BARCAN (BĂETU) ALINA LOREDANA, PATRAŞ ANTOANELA
ANDREI CORINA, BĂETU M
STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF CULTIVATED SPECIES OF THE GENUS MONARDA L. IN
SUCEAVA COUNTY, TO INTRODUCE THEM IN CULTIVATION AS MEDICINAL, AROMATIC AND
DECORATIVE PLANTS ............................................................................................................ 23
CIURUȘNIUC ANA-MARIA, ROBU T., ANDRIEȘ IULIANA
ASPECTS REGARDING THE PLANT HEIGHT FOR SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS MONARDA L.
CULTIVATED IN PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF MOLDOVA ................................................ 27
CIURUȘNIUC ANA-MARIA, ROBU T.
EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIN (GA3) APPLICATION ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY PARAMETERS
OF TABLE GRAPE VARIETY COARNA NEAGRA (VITIS VINIFERA L.) ......................................... 32
ROXANA COŢOVANU, LILIANA ROTARU, RĂZVAN FILIMON
OBTAINED RESULTS IN THE BREEDING OF THE CHERRY ASSORTMENT WITH EXTRA EARLY
AND EARLY MATURATION AT S.C.D.P. IASI ........................................................................... 39
IUREA ELENA, GRĂDINARIU GICĂ
CORNEANU GELU, SÎRBU SORINA
MONITORING LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS SPECIES REPORTED AND CAPTURE IN THE APPLE
ORCHARD OF THE S.C.D.P. FĂLTICENI ................................................................................... 44
LOGHINOAEI A.1, TĂLMACIU M.
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MUTAGEN AGENTS ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS TO
CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. IN M1 GENERATION ................................................................... 49
LUPU ELENA-ANCUŢA, LEONTE C., SPÂNU (MÎRZAN) OANA
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THE DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC RESULTS FOR THE MAIN ENTERPRISES FROM BAKERY SECTOR
(CASE STUDY FOR IAŞI COUNTY) ........................................................................................... 55
ȘTEFAN VIZITEU, MĂDĂLINA-OANA VASILIU (CĂS. APETRE)
ADRIANA SPÎNACHE (CĂS. MĂGUREANU)
STUDIES REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR OF SOME WILD SPECIES INTRODUCED IN CULTURE IN
PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS FROM THE IAŞI ........................................................................ 65
ZAHARIA ALINA, CÂRSTEA OANA MARIANA
HEAVY METAL AND PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION OF MAIZE SILAGE DERIVED FROM TWO
DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC) .................................. 72
NADIA MIRELA AIOANEI, IOAN MIRCEA POP
HEAVY METALS CONTENT OF MIXED FEED USED IN LAYING HENS FEEDING IN DIFFERENT
SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTION (CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC) ............................................... 74
MARIA BOLOGA, I.M. POP, AIDA ALBU
IEF TECHNIQUE IN ORDER TO GENOTYPE A HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN NUCLEUS EXPLOITED IN THE
NORTH-EAST OF ROMANIA................................................................................................... 78
T. BUGEAC, V.A. BÂLTEANU, ŞT. CREANGĂ, E. PIASENTIER, M.M. CIOBANU
ELECTRICAL STUNNING VOLTAGE ON BLEED OUT, SENSORY AND COLOR PARAMETERS IN
CHICKEN MEAT QUALITY ...................................................................................................... 84
M.M. CIOBANU, P.C. BOIŞTEANU, ROXANA LAZĂR, NARCISA ALINA POSTOLACHE
T. BUGEAC, CASIANA APETROAEI (PETRESCU), NICOLETA GĂINĂ (DIACONU), E.
PIASENTIER
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET AND GROWTH CONDITIONS ON BODY WEIGHT IN TURKEY HYBRIDS
BIG BUT 6 AND CONVERTER ................................................................................................. 88
CASIANA AGATHA APETROAEI (PETRESCU), PAUL CORNELIU BOIŞTEANU, ROXANA
LAZĂR, MARIUS MIHAI CIOBANU, ALEXANDRU USTUROI
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMOCLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CORONAVIROSIS AT
PIGLETS................................................................................................................................. 92
CHRISTINE RADU, ELENA VELESCU
GLYCAEMIC CURVE ASSESSMENT, A MONITORING TOOL FOR ADEQUATE INSULIN THERAPY
FOR DIABETES MELLITUS IN CATS ......................................................................................... 98
MADALINA ROSCA, LUMINITA DIANA HRITCU, G. SOLCAN
PROGRAM OF HERD HEALTH AND PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY COW FARMS ... 104
GH. SOLCAN, V. MACIUC, D. CREŢU, ALINA ANTON
EVOLUTION OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETRES OF POULTRY MEAT STORED
UNDER REFRIGERATION CONDITIONS IN VARIOUS TYPE OF PACKAGING ........................... 111
ELENA SURMEI, M. G. USTUROI, M. NICULAUA, AIDA ALBU
DNA FRAGMENTATION INDUCTION USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ..................................... 117
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A COMPARATIVE IN VITRO STUDY ON SEMEN FROM DAIRY AND BEEF BULL...................... 117
SABINA VALEANU, DRUGOCIU DAN , PETRU ROSCA
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SECTION I
AGRICULTURE
HORTICULTURE
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SECTION I.
AGRICULTURE/HORTICULTURE
EVALUATION OF THE CONTENT OF LEAD, CADMIUM,
MERCURY, ARSENIC, TIN, COPPER AND ZINC DURING THE
PRODUCTION PROCESS FLOW OF CANNED GREEN PEAS
BEANS IN BRINE
ANDREI CORINA1, ŢÂRCĂ FELICIA2, BÂETU ALINA LOREDANA1
1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi
2A.N.S.V.S.A. Iaşi
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of industrial processing,
including washing, blanching, sorting, and sterilization on the concentration of lead, cadmium,
tin, mercury, arsenic, copper and zinc in samples of green peas. For the determination of
essential elements and/or potentially toxic was use atomic absorption spectrometry. Cadmium
and Pb was analyzed on Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, As and Hg
on Atomic Absorption with Hydride Generation and Cu, Zn and Sn by Flame Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results obtained in green peas collected of the
technological flow indicates the presence of investigated elements Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, with a level
of concentration that has decreased during its processing. Green peas samples analyzed for Hg
and As content have yielded values below the detection limit.
Keywords:essential elements and/or potentially toxic, industrial processing, green peas
REZUMAT
Obiectivul principal al acestui studiu a fost de a cuantifica efectul de prelucrare
industrială, incluzând, spălarea, blanșarea, sortarea și sterilizarea asupra concentrației de plumb, cadmiu, staniu, mercur, arsenic, cupru și zinc din eșantioanele de mazăre verde. Pentru determinarea elementelor esențiale și/sau potențial toxice a fost utilizată spectrometria de absorbție atomică. Cadmiul și Pb a fost analizat pe spectrofotometru de absorbție atomică pe cuptor de grafit, As și Hg pe absorbție atomică cu generator de hidruri și Cu, Zn si Sn prin spectrofotometrie de absorbție atomică pe flacară. Rezultatele obținute la mazărea verde prelevată de pe fluxul tehnologic semnalează prezența elementelor investigate Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn,
cu un nivel al concentrațiilor ce a scăzut pe parcursul prelucrării acesteia. Probele de mazăre verde analizate pentru determinarea conținutul în Hg și As au dus la obținerea unor valori sub limita detecției.
Cuvinte cheie: elemente esențiale și/sau potențial toxice, prelucrare industrială, mazăre verde
INTRODUCTION
The release of hazardous pollutants into the environment persistently increases
metal concentrations, thus contaminating the food supply (Nasreddine L., Parent-
Massin D., 2002).
Heavy metals reach the soil environment through both pedogenic (or geogenic)
and anthropogenic processes. Most metals occur naturally in soil parent materials,
chiefly in forms that are not available for plant uptake. Often the concentrations of
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metals released into the soil system by the natural pedogenic (or weathering) processes
are largely related to the origin and nature of the parent material. Unlike pedogenic
inputs, metals added through anthropogenic activities typically have high
bioavailability. Anthropogenic activities, primarily associated with industrial
processes, manufacturing and the disposal of domestic, agricultural and industrial
waste materials are the major source of metal enrichment in soils. Atmospheric
pollution from Pb-based petrol is a major issue in many developed and developing
countries where there has been no constraint on the usage of leaded gasoline. Fertilizer,
manure and organic amendments addition to agricultural soils is considered to be the
major source of most minor elements including metal(loid)s that are essential for plant
growth.
The term „heavy metals” in general includes elements (both metals and metalloids) with an atomic density greater than 6g cm−3 [with the exception of arsenic (As), boron (B) and selenium (Se)]. This group includes both biologically essential
[e.g., cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn)] and
non-essential [e.g., cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg)] elements. The essential
elements (for plant, animal or human nutrition) are required in low concentrations and
hence are known as „trace elements” or „micro nutrients”. The non-essential metals are
phytotoxic and/or zootoxic and are widely known as „toxic elements”. Both groups are toxic to plants, animals and/or humans at exorbitant concentrations (Jin Hee Park, et
al., 2011).
Fruits and vegetables are an important component of diet after cereals. The
main sources of heavy metals to vegetable crops are their growth media (soil, air,
nutrient solutions) from which these are taken up by the roots or foliage (Debopam
Banerjee, et al., 2010). Toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Hg) are chemical elements very stable,
not heat or chemically degrade, but depending on how they can link to migrate. Typical
stages used in processing fruits and vegetables, such as washing, peeling, blanching
and sterilization may change the composition of essential elements (therefore toxic
elements). Also, washing vegetables allows the diffusion of ions in the apoplast.
This paper was designed to quantify the stage effects of washing, blanching,
final sorting and sterilization of lead, cadmium, tin, mercury, arsenic, copper and zinc
in green peas being taken on the technological process of obtaining canned green peas
bean in brine.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
In general, production procedures canned green peas bean include four steps,
washing, blanching, sorting and final sterilization. In the current study, green peas was
analyzed in five stages (green peas - unprocessed, washing, blanching, sorting and final
sterilization) and taken to determine and investigate the variation in the content of
pesticide residues during processing. Each processing step (see below) was considered
a point of sampling for residue analysis.
(i) Washing: Green peas was subjected to washing steps (four washes) with
sorting has been done in pre-sorted and hydraulic conveyor.
(ii) Blanching: Stage of scalding (blanching) was carried out in continuous
scalding machine at a temperature of 98°C for 3 minutes.
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(iii) Final sort: After blanching was carried out in a rapid cooling to a
temperature of 30°C for 1 minute; at the same time there was a further washing. After cooling was achieved a final sorting conveyor belts.
(iv) Sterilization has been carried out in an autoclave at a temperature of 120°C for 15-35 minutes, followed by cooling of the vessels (jar) on the outside, cooling is
provided at 40 minutes, during which time the product is brought to a temperature of
40°C. Immediately after removal of the unit of processing fruit and vegetables, samples were placed in plastic bags and stored at -20°C until analysis, and analyzed as such.
For the determination of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Sn, Cu and Zn in green peas applied
standard SR EN 14082:2003-food. Determination of trace elements. Determination of
heavy metals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in roasting. For the
determination of essential elements and/or potentially toxic was use atomic absorption
spectrometry. Cadmium and Pb was analyzed on Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer, As and Hg on Atomic Absorption with Hydride Generation and
Cu, Zn and Sn by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.
To report levels of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Sn, Cu and Zn were using two parameters:
mean value and standard deviation (s) from three identical samples for each sampling
point, expressed in mg/kg. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Heavy metals are of great significance in ecochemistry and ecotoxicology
because of their toxicity at low levels and tendency to accumulate in human organs. Table 1
Permissible limits (Order no. 975/1998 and JECFA 2005) of the metals (mg kg-1
)
Permissible limits Pb Cd Hg As Sn Cu Zn
Fresh or frozen vegetables
except leafy vegetables
0,5 0,1 0,05 0,5 - 5,0 15
Canned vegetables in water 0,5 0,1 0,05 0,5 150 5,0 15
The content of elements is governed by national law and thus according to
Order no. 975/1998 approving the Rules sanitary food and JECFA 2005 sets maximum
levels for arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, mercury and tin in food and raw
materials used in the preparation and production (table 1).
The concentration of lead if exceeding the maximum permissible limits (0.5 mg
kg-1) in human, affect nervous system, bones, liver, pancreases, teeth and gum and
causes blood diseases. The dietary limit in fresh vegetables and canned vegetables in
water for cadmium is 0.1 mg kg-1 (Table 1). High concentration of cadmium exerts
detrimental effects on human health and causes severe diseases such as tubular growth,
kidney damage, cancer, diarrhea and incurable vomiting.
The results obtained of lead and cadmium are given in Table 2.
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Table 2
Concentration of toxic elements and essential elements of green peas during
processing
(mg kg-1
) (N=4)
Element Pb* Cd* Sn* Cu* Zn*
Unprocessed green peas 0,235
±0,017
0,018
±0,004
0,100
±0,082
4,478
±0,004
14,240
±1,230
Whasing 0,225
±0,006
0,012
±0,001
0,100
±0,141
4,410
±0,202
12,628
±1,183
Blanching 0,165
±0,017
0,014
±0,002
2,275
±0,126
3,718
±0,362
12,080
±0,616
Final sorting 0,188
±0,009
0,013
±0,001
2,050
±0,173
3,990
±0,356
12,128
±0,693
Sterilization (finished
product) - green peas
0,170
±0,020
0,011
±0,001
2,000
±0,141
4,050
±0,139
10,858
±0,265
Sterilization (finished
product) - brine
0,118
±0,026
0,003
±0,001
0,068
±0,049
2,720
±0,379
4,888
±0,349
*Mean±SD
The results obtained from determining the concentrations of cadmium and lead
from samples taken from the flow green peas technology in all the samples indicate the
presence of a level of concentrations of Cd and Pb has decreased during the processing
of green peas
The average concentration of lead in the samples of green peas before
processing has an average value of 0.235±0.017 mg kg-1. Through thewashing and
blanching process of the lead reduced some residual lead with 4.2% from 0.235±0.017 mg kg
-1to 0.225±0.006 mg kg-1
, and with 26.7%, which corresponds to a percentage
value of 0.165±0.017 mg kg-1. Samples blanched peas registered a growth
concentration through stage sorting by 13.9% to 0.188±0.009 mg kg-1
, concentration
which subsequently decreased due to process of sterilization by 9.6% up the value of
0.170±0.020 mg kg-1. Brine analyzed for lead content showed a mean value of
0.118±0.026 mg kg-1
.
The average level of residual cadmium initially had an average concentration of
0.018±0.004 mg kg-1 in the samples of green peas was reduced after the washing by
33%, up to 0.012±0.001 mg kg-1.After blanching stage, the average concentration of
cadmium increased by 16.6% up to the value of 0.014±0.002 mg kg-1
, the
concentration subsequently decreased by 7.15% due to the stage of sorting plant
remains obtained from blanching green peas, to 0.013±0.001 mg kg-1
.Sterilization of
canned peas green beans, resulted to reduction by 8.33% in the level of residual
cadmium to green pea beans blanched and sorted.The results obtained concerning the
analysis of cadmium residue in brine collected from canned green pea beans showed an
average of 0.003±0.001 mg kg-1
.
Mercury is more toxic than Cd and Pb. The concentration of mercury
exceeding the maximum permissible limit (0.05 mg kg-1
) in fresh vegetables and
canned vegetables in watercause serious health problems such as loss ofvision, hearing
and metal retardation and finally death occurs.
Arsenic is extremely toxic. The concentration of arsenic exceeding the
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maximum permissible limit (0.5mg kg-1
) in fresh vegetables and canned vegetables in
water cause short term (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, loss ofappetite, cough
and headache) and long term (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and vasculardiseases)
health effects.
Green peas and brine samples analyzed for Hg and As content have yielded
values below the detection limit.
Tin can enterfoods either from natural sources, environmental
pollution,packaging material or pesticides(Loic Perring, Marija Basic-Dvorzak,
2002).According to Food and Agriculture Organizationof the UN/World Health
Organization (FAO/WHO)the maximum limit for tin in canned foods is 250 mg kg−1
.
On the other hand, there is some evidence suggestingthat consumption of food or
beverages containing tin above200 mg kg−1
has caused gastrointestinal effects.
Moreover,when the contamination reaches at this level the organolepticproperties of
the food can be seriously affected. Consequently,the determination of tin in canned
products is veryimportant(Jamshid L. Manzoori, et al., 2006).
The results obtained in the analysis carried out for the concentration of Sn, is
characterized by its stability in samples of green peas washed, the concentration of
which was equal to that of the unprocessed green peas, the average amount of 0,100
mgkg-1.Blanching stage led to the tin content increases to $ 2,275±0,126 mg kg
-1. After
the sorting stage, the tin content reduced to 9.9% from 2.275±0.126 mg kg-1to
2.050±0.173mg kg-1
. The green peas samples collected from canned, tin concentration
decreased to 2.43% after sterilization from 2,050±0,173 mg kg-1
to 2.000±0.141 mg kg-
1.In the analysis of brine for the identification of the tin concentration, the average
obtained was reduced to 0.068±0.049 mg kg-1.The presence of tin in fresh food of both
vegetable and animal origin is highly dependent on theconcentration of tin in the soil of
the area in which the food is produced.
Copper is an absolutely necessary element for plants and animals, but can
become toxic at high levels of exposure were when in combination with other
biochemical metals. Copper intoxications in humans are very rare, but in certain
circumstances (above the maximum permissible limit of 0,5 mg kg-1
)show their
harmful effects, which makes continuously be assessed and monitored.
Mean concentrations recorded for copper to raw material has been reduced by
the first stage of the process (washing) with 1.5% until 4.410±0.202 mg kg-1 and with
15.7% in the samples of peas blanched, which corresponds to value of 3.718±0.362 mg kg-1. By comparing between samples blanched peas with pea sorted samples, there
was an increase by 25.5%, the concentration of Cu, up to 3.990±0.356 mg kg-1. The
concentration of copper in the brine, registered a value of 2.720±0.379 mg kg-1.
The content average in Zn in the samples of green peas presented values
delimited in the range 10,858±0,265 (canned green peas beans)÷14.240±1.230 mg kg-1
(green peas). Comparative between samples taken from the technological peas, peas
having been subjected to washing showed a inferior content of 12.628±1.183 mg kg-1
against samples peas before processing, the concentration of wich was 14.240±1.230 mg kg-1. For the samples of blanched peas, the concentration of zinc decreased by
4.33% over the washed peas up to 12,080±0,265 mg kg-1 recorded then the growth in
samples of peas blanched and sorted by the value of 12,128±0,693 mg kg-1.
Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Sn, Cu and Zn obtained at green peas, are below the
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maximum permitted by processing it all the samples on the technological stages
studied, values which show positive the quality of canned green peas beans in brine for
consumption.
CONCLUSIONS
From the above results, it is clear that the advantages ofthe application of
pesticides in agriculture in producingbetter crops and the disadvantage of
environmental pollution must be weighed against the possible healthhazard arising
from the toxic metals residues in food.
Although higher residue of Cu and Zn was observed in green peas unprocessed
close to limit permitted their levels has significantly decreased by washing and
blanching.
Washingwith water and blanching is also necessary to decrease the intake of
lead.
Sterilization of canned green peas beans in brine helps to eliminatemost of the
elements (excepting copper).
Further studies on the degradativebehavior of Sn and Cu during thermal
processingare needed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was carried out with the financial support of the Sectoral
Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007 - 2013 under the project
„Improvement and Development of Human Resources for Research and Innovation in
Graduate School”, POSDRU/CPP107/DMI1.5/S/77222.
REFERENCES 1. Jin Hee Park, Dane Lamb, Periyasamy Paneerselvam, Girish Choppala,
Nanthi Bolan, Jae-Woo Chung, 2011- Role of organic amendments on enhanced
bioremediation of heavy metal(loid)contaminated soils, Journal of Hazardous Materials 185, pp
549 – 573
2. Debopam Banerjee, Himadri Bairagi, Sibabrata Mukhopadhyay, Anju Pal,
Debabrata Bera, Lalitagauri Ray, 2010 - Heavy metal contamination in fruits and vegetables in
two districts of west Bengal, India; Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food
Chemisty, 9 (9), pp 1423 – 1432
3. Jamshid L. Manzoori, Mohammad Amjadi, Djafar Abolhasani, 2006 -
Spectrofluorimetric determination of tin in canned foods, Journal of Hazardous Materials B137,
pp 1631–1635;
4. Loic Perring, Marija Basic-Dvorzak, 2002 - Determination of total tin in
canned food using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Anal Bioanal
Chem, 374 pp 235–243.
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THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND REMAINING
EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS UPON THE NUMBER OF
SPIKES ON EAR OF WINTER WHEAT
ANDRIEŞ IULIANA, CIURUŞNIUC ANA -MARIA
U.Ş.A.M.V. Iaşi – Facultatea de Agricultură
ABSTRACT
In bifactorial experience placed after the method of subdivided plots at Ezăreni station, Iaşi has watched the effect of nitrogen fertilizers (N0, N40, N80, N120, N160) applied on the
next agrofunds: P64K64 ; manure 30 t/ha applied on pre-plant (sugar beet) and chaff 5 t/ha +
the rest from sugar beet applied to winter wheat. It was found thatthe variants fertilizedwith
chemical fertilizersandchopped strawP64K64obtainedhigher values ofspikes/ earto
thosefertilizedwith manure. With theincrease ofthe dose ofnitrogenincreased the number
ofspikes/ ear. Interaction ofphosphorusand potassiumfertilizersandN160achievedthe highest
numberofspikes/ ear15.3.
Key words: wheat, fertilizer,spikes, ear.
REZUMAT
Într-o experienţă bifactorială, organizată în parcele subdivizate la ferma Ezăreni-Iaşi, s-a urmărit efectul îngrăşămintelor cu azot (N0, N40, N80, N120, N160) aplicate pe grofondurile P64K64, gunoi de grajd 30 t/ha aplicat la planta premergătoare (sfeclă pentru zahăr) şi paie tocate 5 t/ha + coletele de sfeclă aplicate la grâul de toamnă. S-a constatat că variantele fertilizate cu îngrăşăminte chimice P64K64 şi paie tocate au obţinut valori mai mari
ale spiculeţelor/spic faţă de cele fertilizate cu gunoi de grajd. Odată cu mărirea dozei de azot a crescut numărul de spiculeţe/spic. Interacţiunea dintre îngrăşămintele chimice de fosfor şi potasiu şi N160 a realizat cel mai mare număr de spiculeţe/spic de 15,3.
Cuvinte cheie: grâu, fertilizare, spiculeţe, spic.
INTRODUCERE
Din cercetările efectuate până în prezent, atât în România, cât şi în străinătate, reiese faptul că azotul are o influenţă primordiară asupra randamentului la grâul de toamnă (Hera Cr. şi colab., 1984, Mihăilă V. şi colab.,1992, 1980). De asemenea, s-a
demonstrat că aplicarea îngrăşămintelor cu azot împreună cu cele de fosfor cresc indicii de productivitate (Hera Cr. şi colab., 1971, Toncea I., 1985).
Cel mai important factor care determină creşterea şi calitatea cariopselor la grâul de toamnă este fertilizarea şi în special cu azot (Dorneanu A., 1976, Hera Cr., 1984).
Fertilizarea fracţionată toamna şi primăvara determină o creştere a coeficientului de utilizare a îngrăşămintelor cu 8-9%. Influenţa cea mai mare a creşterii producţiei de grâu o are efectul cumulat al azotului şi fosforului (Burlacu Gh. şi colab., 2007).
Absorbţia azotului în perioada post-înflorire poate contribui la conţinutul total al azotului din grâu.(Bauer şi colab., 1987; Bashir şi colab., 1997). Factorii externi, cum ar fi umiditatea solului, temperatura solului şi a aerului, influenţează absorbţia azotului în timpul umplerii cariopselor (Harper şi colab. 1987). Cu toate acestea, atât producţia cerealelor cât şi conţinutu de proteine depinde în mare parte de acumularea azotului din perioade dinaintea înfloririi (Dalling, 1985; Sarandon şi colab., 1997).
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Momentul aplicării îngrăşămintelor cu azot poate fi o strategie adecvată pentru asigurarea cerinţelor plantelor pentru azot. În general îngrăşămintele cu azot aplicate la pregătirea patului germinativ influenţează în mod pozitiv dezvoltarea plantelor de grâu, iar o aplicare mai târzie măreşte cantitatea de proteine din cariopse (Fowler şi Brydon, 1989).
Scopul acestei lucrări este acela de a cuantifica efectul îngrăşămintelor chimice şi remanenţei celor organice asupra numărului de spiculeţe pe spic în anul agricol 2010-2011.
MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ
Experienţa a fost înfiinţată în toamna anului 2010, în cadrul fermei Ezăreni-Iaşi, după metoda parcelelor subdivizate în trei repetiţii.
Factorii experimentali au fost următorii: Factorul A – Îngrăşămintele organice şi chimice de fosfor şi potasiu cu trei
graduări: a1 – gunoi de grajd 30 t/ha aplicat la planta premergătoare (sfecla pentru zahăr)
+ P64K64;
a2 – paie tocate 5 t/ha la planta premergătoare + frunzele şi coletele de sfeclă la grâu + P64K64;
a3 – P64K64.
Factorul B – Fertilizarea chimică cu azot, fosfor şi potasiu: b1 – N0P0K0
b2 – N40P64K64
b3 – N80P64K64
b4 – N120P64K64
b5 – N160P64K64
Cele 64 kg/ha s.a. fosfor şi potasiu au fost încorporate sub arătura de toamnă. În agrofondul C, îngrăşămintele cu azot s-au aplicat fracţionat, prima repriză
(40 kg N/ha) în variantele 2 şi 3, şi 80 kgN/ha în variantele 4 şi 5, la semănat, a doua repriză de 40 kg N/ha în variantele 3, 4, şi 5, la desprimăvărare, iar a treia repriză (tot 40 kg N/ha) în varianta a 5-a aplicat în faza de burduf.
S-a experimentat pe un sol cernoziom cambic, cu o fertilitate mijlocie – bună, cu un conţinut moderat – normal în fosfor şi potasiu, cu valorile pH – ului
caracteristice reacţiei slab acide spre neutră şi textură luto – nisipoasă. S-a folosit soiul Glosa creat de ICCPT Fundulea.
REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII
Condiţiile climatice ale anului agricol 2010 – 2011 au fost favorabile grâului de toamnă. Temperatura medie anuală din cadrul fermei Ezăreni este de 9,6 0C (tabelul 1). Temperatura medie a lunii celei mai reci (ianuarie) este de -3,6 0C, iar a lunii cele
mai calde (iulie) de 21,3 0C.
Temperature medie lunară înregistrată în 2011 - 2012, a fost cu 0,8 °C mai mare decât media multianuală.
Media multianuală a precipitaţiilor de la staţia meteo AgroExpert – Miroslava
este de 517,8 mm. Valoarea medie a precipitaţiilor anuale cu asigurarea de 80% este de
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peste 380 – 480 mm, iar în 50% din cazuri cantitatea anuală de precipitaţii depaşeşte 500 mm.
În cadrul experienţei s-a analizat atât influenţa îngrăşămintelor chimice, cât şi remanenţa celor organice asupra numărului de spiculeţe pe spic în anul agricol 2010 –
2011.
Numărul de spiculeţe/spic constitue un element important ce influenţează producţia de grâu. Acesta a fost influenţat atât de către fertilizarea chimică cât şi de remanenţa îngrăşămintelor organice. Cel mai mare număr de spiculeţe/spic, de 14,4 spiculeţe/spic s-a obţinut pe agrofondul fertilizat cu îngrăşăminte chimice (tab.1).
Agrofondurile îngrăşăminte chimice P64K64 şi paie tocate 5 t/ha + coletele şi frunzele de la sfecla pentru zahăr, comparate cu martorul au realizat un număr mai mare de spiculeţe/spic, diferenţele faţă de acesta, de 1,9 şi respectiv 1,2 fiind foarte
semnificative.
Tabelul 1
Influenţa agrofondului asupra numărului de spiculeţe/spic în anul agricol 2010-
2011
Agrofondul Numărul de
spiculeţe/spic
% faţă de martor
Diferenţe Semnificaţia
Îngrăşăminte chimice N64K64
14,4 115,20 1,9 ***
Paie 5 t/ha +
colete sfeclă + P64K64
13,7 109,60 1,2 ***
Gunoi 30 t/ha +
P64K64 12,5 100,00 mt. -
Dl 5% 0,2 Dl 1% 0,3 Dl 0,1% 0,6
Mărind dozele de azot s-a observant că a crescut şi numărul de spiculeţe/spic, demonstând astfel că azotul are o importanţă primordială în randamentul grâului de toamnă (tab. 2). La aplicarea dozei de 160 kg N/ha numărul de spiculeţe/spic a fost de 14,9 şi a scăzut la 12,3 atunci când nu s-a mai aplicat îngrăşăminte chimice. Variantele
fertilizate cu 80, 120 şi 160 kg N/ha au obţinut diferenţe faţă de martor foarte semnificative, iar cea cu 40 kg N/ha a realizat cu 0,6 spiculeţe/spic mai mult decât martorul, fiind distinct semnificativă.
La interacţiunea dintre îngrăşămintele chimice cu remanenţa celor organice asupra numărului de spiculeţe/spic s-au obţinut diferenţe foarte semnificative la majoritatea variantelor, cu excepţia interacţiunii dintre gunoi de grajd 30 t/ha x N40, unde s-au obţinut 11,4 spiculeţe/spic, cu 2,7% mai mult decât varianta martor, dar neasigurată statistic (tab. 3).
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Tabelul 2
Influenţa dozei de azot asupra numărului de spiculeţe/spic în anul agricol 2010-
2011
Doza de azot Numărul de
spiculeţe/spic % faţă de
martor Diferenţe Semnificaţia
N160 14,9 121,14 2,6 ***
N120 14,2 115,45 1,9 ***
N80 13,5 109,76 1,2 ***
N40 12,9 104,88 0,6 **
N0 12,3 100,00 mt. -
Dl 5% 0,4 Dl 1% 0,5 Dl 0,1% 0,7
Tabelul 3
Influenţa interacţiunii ingrăşămintelor chimice şi remanenţa celor organice cu
doza de azot aplicată asupra numărului de spiculeţe/spic în 2010 - 2011
Agrofondul Doza de
azot
Numărul de spiculeţe/spic
%faţă de martor
Diferenţa Semnificaţia
Gunoi 30 t/ha*
+
P64K64
N0 11,1 100,00 mt. -
N40 11,4 102,70 0,3 -
N80 12,6 113,51 1,5 ***
N120 12,8 115,32 1,7 ***
N160 14,7 132,43 3,6 ***
Paie tocate**
5 t/ha
+ Colete şi Frunze***
+ P64K64
N0 12,4 111,71 1,3 ***
N40 13,1 118,02 2,0 ***
N80 13,7 123,42 2,6 ***
N120 14,5 130,63 3,4 ***
N160 14,7 132,43 3,6 ***
Îngrăşăminte chimice
P64K64
N0 13,5 121,62 2,4 ***
N40 14,1 127,03 3,0 ***
N80 14,1 127,03 3,0 ***
N120 15,2 136,94 4,1 ***
N160 15,3 137,84 4,2 ***
Dl 5% 0,7 Dl 1% 0,9 Dl 0,1% 1,2
Interacţiunea dintre îngrăşămintele chimice de fosfor şi potasiu cu varianta fertilizată cu 160 kg N/ha a realizat cel mai mare număr de spiculeţe/spic de 15,3.
CONCLUZII
Agrofondurile pe care s-au administrat îngrăşăminte chimice P64K64 şi paie tocate 5 t/ha au realizat cele mai mari valori ale numărului de spiculeţe/spic de 14,4 şi respectiv 13,7.
Odată cu mărirea dozei de azot a crescut şi numărul de spiculeţe pe spic de la 12,3 spiculeţe/spic la N0 până la 14,9 spiculeţe/spic la N160.
La interacţiunea dintre îngrăşămintele chimice şi remanenţa celor organice, toate variantele de pe cele trei agrofonduri, cu excepţia interacţiunii dintre gunoi de grajd 30 t/ha x N40, au realizate diferenţe faţă de martor foarte semnificative.
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La interacţiunea dintre îngrăşămintele chimice şi remanenţa celor organice asupra numărului de spiculeţe/spic s-a clasat pe primul loc cu 15,3 spiculeţe/spic varianta pe care s-a administrat îngrăşăminte chimice P64K64 şi 160 kg N/ha.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
This study was supported from the European Social Fund through Sectoral
Operational Programme Human Resources Devolepment 2007-2013, project number
POSDRU/ CPP107/DMI1/5/S/77222.
REFERENCES Burlacu Gh., Popescu Ana, Maravela Veronica, 2007 - Rezultate ale cercetărilor în
domeniul folosirii raţionale a îngrăşămintelor, An. I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea, vol. LXXV, volum jubiliar
Dorneanu A., 1976 - Dirijarea fertilităţii solului, Ed. Ceres, Bucureşti. Fowler D.B., Brydon J., 1989 – No – till winter wheat production on the Canadian
Praires: Timing of nitrogen fertilization, Agronomy Journals, vol. 81, p. 817 – 825.
Hera Cr. şi colab., 1971.- Studiul interacţiunii îngrăşămintelor cu azot şi fosfor la grâul cultivat în sud-estul ţării, Analele ICCPT Fundulea, 37, seria B.
Hera Cr., Mihăilă V., Crăciun V., 1984 – Folosirea îngrăşămintelor pentru realizarea unor producţii mari şi constant, Cereale şi plante tehnice, nr. 11, p. 8-12.
Mihăilă V., Hera Cr., Burlacu Gh., 1980.- Efectul îngrăşămintelor cu azot şi fosfor asupra producţiei de grâu pe cernoziomurile din sudul României, Analele ICCPT Fundulea , vol. XLV, p. 127-136.
Mihăilă V., Hera Cr., Crăciun V., 1992.- Prognoza producţiei de grâu şi porumb, în funcţie de nivelul de fertilizare, Probleme de agrofitotehnie teoretică şi aplicată, vol. XIV, nr. 1-
2, p.89-104.
Toncea I., 1985.- Creşterea coeficientului de utilizare a îngrăşămintelor cu fosfor, Producţia vegetală, Cereale şi plante tehnice.
Bauer A., Frank A.B., Black A.L. 1987- Aerial parts of hard red spring wheat: III.
Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and content in kernels, anthesis to ripe stage. Agronomy
Journals, vol. 79, p. 859–864.
Bashir, R., Norman R.J., Bacon R.K., Wells B.R., 1997- Accumulation and
redistribution of fertilizer nitrogen-15 in soft red winter wheat. Soil Sci. Soc. Agronomy
Journals, vol. 61, p.1407–1412.
Harper, L.A., R.R. Sharpe, G.W. Langdale, J.E. Evans, 1987- Nitrogen cycling in a
wheat crop: soil, plant, and aerial nitrogen transport. Agron. J. vol. 79, p. 965-973.
Dalling, M.J. ,1985.- The physiological basis of nitrogen redistribution during grain
filling in cereals. Exploitation of physiological and genetic variability to enhance crop
productivity. Am. Soc. of Plant Physiol.,Rockville, MD. p. 55–71.
Sarandon, S.J., Golik S., Chidichimo H.O.. 1997- Acumulaciony particion del
nitrogeno en dos cultivares de trigo pan ante la fertilizacion nitrogenada en siembra directa y
labranza convencional, In Spanish, Rev. Fac. Agron., Univ.Nac. La Plata, vol 102, p.175–186.
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EFFECT OFTERMIC TREATMENT ONPROCESSING APLLES
FRUITS
BARCAN (BĂETU) ALINA LOREDANA 1, PATRAŞ ANTOANELA 1,
ANDREI CORINA1, BĂETU M1
1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi,
Romania
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Vitamin C is one of the most important antioxidant supplied by fruits and vegetables.
Therefore a reliable and easy method is needed for its determination. In this work, two methods
for the determination of ascorbic acid were validated and compared in apples.The purpose of
this study is to monitor the dynamics of ascorbic acid, enzyme activity, pH, acidity, soluble and
total dry matter and humidity during the technological flow. Samples were taken at various
stages of cherry compote process: raw material, washing stage, blanching stage and finished
product.In the analysis performed, it was observed that the thermic treatment had a decisive
effect on the studied parameters.
Key words: ascorbic acid, ascorbat oxidase, superoxide dismutase, pH
REZUMAT
Acidul ascorbic este unul dintre cei mai importanti antioxidanţi furnizaţi de către fructe şi legume. Prin urmare, este nevoie de o metodă sigură și uşoară pentru determinarea acestui compus. În această lucrare, au fost validate și comparate două metode pentru determinarea acidului ascorbic la mere. Scopul acestui studiu este de a monitoriza dinamica
acidului ascorbic, activitatea enzimelor, pH-ul, aciditatea, substanţa uscată solubilă şi totală şi umiditatea pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic. Probele au fost prelevate din diferite etape ale
procesului tehnologic de obţinere a produsului “mere rase pentru plăcintă” materie primă, etapa de spalare, etapa de blanşare şi produsul finit.
Cuvinte cheie: acid ascorbic, ascorbat oxidază, superoxid dismutaza, pH
INTRODUCERE
Sterilizarea este metoda de conservare care asigură distrugerea completă a formelor vegetative şi sporulate ale microorganismelor, asigurând sterilitatea produsului alimentar o perioadă îndelungată de timp. (Cuciureanu Rodica, 2002)
Sterilizarea modifică, în general proprietăţile organoleptice ale produselor supuse tratamentelor termice. Metodele de conservare bazate pe utilizarea
temperaturilor de 100˚C provoacă modificări în compoziţia chimică a alimentelor supuse conservării şi uneori scăderea valorii nutritive. (Beceanu Dumitru, 2010)
Vitamina C se oxidează la temperaturi ridicate, în prezenţa oxigenului. Procesul propriu-zis de sterilizare provoacă pierderi variabile ale conţinutului în acid ascorbic. Acestea sunt de 20-50% dacă se raporteză la conţinutul total al recipientului în care se realizează sterilizarea şi de 50-70% dacă se ţine cont numai de conţinutul solid al recipientului.
Prin păstrarea conservelor sterilizate, pierderile în vitamina C depind foarte mult de temperatura de păstrare decât de durata păstrării. Pierderile au loc mai ales în primele zile de păstrare şi se datorează oxidării acesteia de către oxigenul din aerul rezidual din recipient. Recipientele metalice cositorite protejează acidul ascorbic. (Cuciureanu Rodica, 2010)
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MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ
Materialul biologic analizat a fost prelevat de la unitatea de procesare S.C.
Contec Foods S.R.L. Tecuci.
Au fost analizate următoarele probe: - materia primă; - etapa de spălare a fructelor; - etapa de curăţare;
- etapa de divizare;
- etapa de blanşare; - produsul finit.
De asemenea, s-a analizat şi produsul finit după o depozitare de 3 luni la temperaturi diferite.
Probele prelevate au fost transportate în pungi de polietilenă şi la temperatură scăzută, apoi depozitate în frigider la 2 ÷ 4°C până la efectuarea analizelor.
Figura 1. Materialul biologic analizat
Procesul tehnologic de obţinere a “merelor rase pentru plăcinte" include următoarele faze: recepţia, spălarea, sortarea, curăţarea, divizarea, blanşarea, pregătirea recipienţilor (vaselor de conservare), introducerea produsului de conservat în vase, închiderea recipientelor, sterilizarea, condiţionarea, depozitarea şi livrarea produsului finit.
În elaborarea acestui studiu au fost utilizate următoarele metode: pentru calcularea conţinutului în acid ascorbic s-a utilizat standardul ISO 6557-
1:1986, ISO 6557-2:1984 şi metoda reflectometrică utilizând aparatul pentru
determinare numit Reflectoquant;
pentru determinarea activităţii ascorbat oxidazei, superoxid dismutazei şi catalazei s-au utilizat metodele spectofotometrice de determinare; (Artenie V. şi colab, 2008)
pH-ul a fost stabilit folosind pH-metru conform SR EN 1132;
REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII
Determinarea vitaminei C
După determinarea acidului ascorbic prin metoda titrimetrică conform STAS s-
au obţinut următoarele valori: Conţinutul în acid ascorbic la merele, materie primă, înregistrează în momentul
intrării pe flux, un conţinut de 9,16 mg/100 g produs înregistrat la ambele determinări; Pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic se observă o scădere foarte semnificativă după
etapa de blanşare, moment în care conţinutul în acid ascorbic scade până la valoarea de
1,51 mg/100 g mere blanşate, iar prin determinarea cu metoda reflectometrică se
- 20 -
înregistrează valoarea de 1,56 mg/100 g mere blanşate; La finalul procesului tehnologic merele rase pentru plăcintă au un conţinut în
acid ascorbic de 0,23 respectiv 0,24 mg/100 g mere.
Figura 2. Variaţia acidului ascorbic pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic
Figura 3. Variaţia acidului ascorbic pe parcursul perioadei de depozitare
Pe parcursul depozitării apar modificări ale conţinutului în acid ascorbic, în cazul depozitării la 10˚C timp de 3 luni pierderile sunt mai mici decât în cazul păstrării la 25˚C aceeaşi perioadă de timp.
Dinamica conţinutului în acid ascorbic este reprezentat grafic în figura 3.
Determinarea activităţii enzimelor În fig. 4. este reprezentată activitatea ascorbat oxidazei pe parcursul procesării
pentru obţinerea a produsului „Mere rase pentru plăcinte”. Pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic se evidenţiază o scădere a activităţii acestei enzime. La materia primă se înregistrează valoarea maximă a activităţii acestei enzime ca şi în cazul celorlalte produse studiate, dar cu cât materia primă suferă modificări pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic cu atât activitatea acestei enzime devine mai scăzută, după operaţia tehnologică de blanşare se observă o inactivare parţială a activităţii până la valoarea de 0,13 μM/g/min, iar la sfârşitul procesului tehnologic această enzimă este inactivată.
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Figura 4. Variaţia activităţii ascorbat oxidazei
pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic
În cazul enzimei superoxid dismutazei se observă că urmează acelaşi trend ca şi ascorbat oxidaza.
Figura 5. Variaţia activităţii superoxid dismutazei
pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic
În fig. 5 este reprezentată activitatea superoxid dismutazei, gradul de inhibiţie cel mai ridicat se regăseşte la materia primă, dar pe parcursul procesului tehnologic această enzimă este inactivată parţial după operaţia de blanşare, iar la sfârşitul procesului tehnologic în urma analizelor efectuate se observă ca aceasta a fost total inactivată.
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Figura 6. Variaţia activităţii catalazei pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic
În figura 6 sunt reprezentate grafic etapele în care catalaza se găseşte în cea mai mare cantitate (materia primă), dar şi cele două etape in care această enzimă este inactivată. O diminuare semnificativă se întâlneşte în etapa de blanşare (tratament termic 80˚C, timp de 3 minute) urmând a fi complet inactivată pe parcursul sterilizării.
Analiza organoleptică: Materia primă: mere întregi, cu nuanţe de roşu deschis, galben şi verde
specifice soiului, nu prezintă stadii de alterare sau mucegai; după operaţia de spălare nu prezintă corpuri stăine; mirosul şi gustul sunt caracteristice, nu prezintă miros şi gust străin.
Produsul finit: recipientul este ermetic închis, nu este bombat, nu prezintă pete de rugină sau crăpături; merele divizate sub formă de tăieţei, uşor brunificate; gustul este plăcut, dulceag, caracteristic fructelor, fără miros şi gust străin.
Determinarea caracteristicilor fizico-chimice
Pe lângă determinările efectuate pentru determinarea cantitativă a acidului ascorbic şi determinarea activităţii enzimelor s-au efectuat analize de laborator pentru a
urmări modificările survenite pe parcursul procesului tehnologic, rezultatele fiind notate în tabelul 1.
În ceea ce priveşte parametrii analizaţi, aceştia prezintă următorul comportament:
- aciditatea – se menţine constantă pe parcursul prelucrării, la etapa de blanşare creşte acest parametru datorită adaosului de acid citric pentru prevenirea oxidării;
- substanţa uscată solubilă – se observă că pe parcursul fluxului tehnologic îşi menţine trendul descrescător, la produsul finit înregistrându-se 10,3°Bx;
- substanţa uscată totală – are aceeaşi tendinţă ca şi la substanţa uscată solubilă, înregistrându-se 14,08% la materia primă, iar la produsul finit s-a obţinut valoarea de 12,29%;
- umiditatea – pe parcursul procesării umiditatea înregistrează o tendinţă crescătoare.
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Tabel 1.
Caracteristici fizico – chimice ale merelor
Produs analizat Aciditatea
(ml NaOH) SUS
(°Bx) SUT
(%) Umiditatea
(%)
Măr – materie primă 1,6 11,7 14,08 85,92
Măr – curăţare 1,5 11,7 14,07 85,93
Măr – spălare 1,4 11,5 13,99 86,01
Măr – divizare 1,4 11,5 13,97 86,03
Măr – blanşare 1,3 10,2 12,5 87,50
Măr – produs finit 1,5 10,3 12,29 87,71
CONCLUZII
În urma determinărilor s-a constat că procesul tehnologic are o mare influenţă asupra tuturor compuşilor chimici bioactivi dar şi a celorlalţi parametri analizaţi.
S-a observat că, în urma aplicării tratamentului termic enzimele studiate au fost complet inactivate, conducând la un produs finit uniform din punct de vedere vizual.
Conţinutul în acid ascorbic a înregistrat o scădere foarte mare datorită combinaţiei dintre mai mulţi factori. Cel mai important fiind contactul cu oxigenul şi cuţitele aparatului de divizare. Alţi factori importanţi ar fi operaţia de blanşare şi operaţia de sterilizare a produsului finit.
De asemenea, au avut schimbări semnificative şi caracteristicile fizico-chimice.
Toate aceste modificări conduc la un produs sigur pentru consumator, singurul
inconvenient fiind pierderea conţinutului în acid ascorbic.
BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Artenie Vlad, Ungureanu E., Negura Anca Mihaela, 2008 – Metode de
investigare a metabolismului lipidic si glucidic, Editura Pim, Iasi;
2. Beceanu Dumitru, 2010 – Tehnologia prelucrării legumelor şi fructelor,
Editura PIM, Iaşi; 3. Cuciureanu Rodica, 2010 – Igiena alimentului, Editura Performantica, Iaşi; 4. Cuciureanu Rodica, 2002 – Elemente de igiena mediului şi a alimentaţei,
Editura Junimea, Iaşi.
STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF CULTIVATED SPECIES OF THE
GENUS MONARDA L. IN SUCEAVA COUNTY, TO INTRODUCE
THEM IN CULTIVATION AS MEDICINAL, AROMATIC AND
DECORATIVE PLANTS
CIURUȘNIUC ANA-MARIA, ROBU T., ANDRIEȘ IULIANA 1
1USAMV Iași e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Genus Monarda L. comprises about 30 species of annual and perennial medicinal,
aromatic and ornamental plants, belonging to family Lamiaceae. The gender is originating in
the USA, Canada and Mexico and is grown in Europe, Asia.
This paper aims monarda behavior of three species, M. didyma L., M. citriodora Cerv.
- 24 -
ex Lag. and M. fistulosa L. in the climatic conditions in Pojorîta, Suceava county, to introduce their culture. The experience has been established both by direct seeding in the experimental
field and the seedling, being made biometric measurements and observations to plant. The
importance of this study is to determine which of the three species of the genus Monarda L. is
most suitable to be cultivated in the climatic conditions of Pojorîta, Suceava county, identifying medicinal qualities, aromatic and ornamental.
Key words: Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag., Monarda didyma L., Monarda fistulosa
L., seeds.
REZUMAT
Genul Monarda L. cuprinde în jur de 30 specii de plante anuale și perene medicinale, aromatice și ornamentale, care aparțin familiei Lamiaceae. Genul este originar din SUA, Canada și Mexic, fiind cultivat și în Europa, Asia.
Lucrarea urmărește comportarea a trei specii de monarda, M. didyma L., M.
citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. și M. fistulosa L. în condițiile pedo-climatice din județul Vaslui, în vederea întroducerii lor în cultură. Experiența a fost înființată atât prin semănat direct în câmpul experimental, cât și prin răsad, fiind efectuate asupra plantelor observații și măsurători biometrice. Importanța acestui studiu este de a stabili care din cele trei specii ale genului Monarda L. se pretează cel mai bine pentru a fi cultivată în condițiile pedo-climatice ale
județului Suceava, localitatea Pojorîta, cu evidențierea calităților medicinale, aromatice și ornamentale.
Cuvinte cheie: Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag., Monarda didyma L., Monarda
fistulosa L., semințe.
INTRODUCERE
Genul Monarda L., aparținând familiei botanice Lamiaceae, cuprinde plante
cunoscute şi sub denumirile populare de bergamotă, mentă decorativă, mentă indiană, bee balm, Oswego Tea.
În literatura de specialitate numărul speciilor genului Monarda L. variază de la 12 (Guşuleac M., 1961) la 30 de specii (Şelaru Elena, 2007), fiind descrise drept plante erbacee perene și anuale.
Speciile genului Monarda L. sunt plante rezistente la condiţii mai puţin favorabile (Selaru Elena, 2007), preferând spațiile deschise.
Plantele genului sunt heliofile, necesitând intensitate ridicată a luminii, condiţiile de zi lungă determinând dezvoltarea florilor, dar se pot cultiva şi la semiumbră (Teuscher E. şi colab., 2005).
MATERIAL ȘI METODĂ
Experiența a fost amplasată în parcele subdivizate, în trei repetiții. Cultura a
fost înființată în primăvara anului 2011, prin semințe și prin răsad, obținut în sera disciplinei de Floricultură, din cadrul USAMV Iași
Materialul biologic folosit la înființarea câmpului experimental este reprezentat de trei specii ale genului Monarda L.două specii perene, Monarda didyma L. și Monarda fistulosa L. și una anuală, Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.
- 25 -
REZULTATE ȘI DISCUȚII
În câmpul experimental înființat în Pojorâta (tab. 1) variantele realizate prin semănat direct în câmp, ale celor trei specii luate în studiu, au fost înființate în data de 27 mai 2011, în aceeași zi realizându-se și plantarea răsadului celor trei specii.
Tabelul 1
Observații fenologice efectuate la cele trei specii ale genului Monarda L. din variantele înființate prin semințe în Pojorâta, în anul 2011
Caractere M. citriodora Cerv.
ex Lag
M. didyma L. M. fistulosa
L. Data semănatului câmp 27.05.2011 27.05.2011 27.05.2011
Data răsăririi câmp 14.06.2011 18.06.2011 18.06.2011
Durata semănat-răsărire în câmp – nr.zile
18 22 22
Data repicatului 19.07 19.07 19.07
Data înfloritului 15.09 - -
Durata răsăririi în câmp a fost mai mare în acestă zonă decât în celelate două zone de cercetare, fiind de 18 zile pentru specia M. citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. și 22 de zile pentru speciile M. didyma L. și M. fistulosa L. Repicarea plantelor a avut loc în data de 19 iulie la toate cele trei specii.
Plantele de M. citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. din variantele înființate prin răsad au înflorit în data de 18 iunie 2011, iar cele din variantele înființate prin semințe pe 15
septembrie 2011 (tab. 2). Tabelul 2
Observații fenologice efectuate la cele trei specii ale genului Monarda L. din
variantele înființate prin răsad în Pojorâta, în anul 2011 Caractere M. citriodora Cerv.
ex Lag
M. didyma L. M. fistulosa L.
Data semănatului răsadniță 14.02 14.02 17.03
Data răsăririi răsadniță 19.02 19.02 22.03
Durata semănat-răsărire în răsadniță – nr. zile
5 5 5
Data repicatului 21.03 21.03 23.04
Data plantatului în câmp 27.05 27.05 27.05
Data înfloritului 18.06 - -
Tabelul 3
Măsurători biometrice la specia Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. în anul 2011, cultivată în Pojorîta, jud. Suceava
Caractere Variante înființate
prin semințe
Variante înființate prin răsad
Înălțimea înainte de înflorire - cm 32,73 46,75
Înălțimea la înflorirea deplină - cm 75,3 68,2
Nr. ramificații/tulpină 14,85 16
Nr. verticile/inflorescență 3,88 5,4
- 26 -
Plantele de Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. din variantele înființate prin semințe au atins înălțimea de 32,73 cm înainte de înflorire și de 75,3 cm la înflorirea deplină.Cele din variantele înființate prin răsad, au înregistrat valori mai mari ale înălțimii înainte de înflorirea plantelor, de 46,75 cm, și mai mici decât cele din variantele înființate prin semințe, la fenofaza de înflorire deplină, de 68,2 cm. Numărul de verticile/inflorescență a variat de la 3,88 verticile/inflorescență la plantele din variantele înființate prin semințe, la 5,4 verticile/inflorescență la cele din variantele
înființate prin răsad în localitatea Pojorîta (tab. 3). Măsurătorile biometrice efectuate la cele două specii de plante perene, au arătat
că, în zona Pojorîtei, înălțimea măsurată la plantele din variantele înființate prin semințe a variat de la 16,53 cm la Monarda fistulosa L. la 17,1 cm la Monarda didyma
L. (fig. 1). Monarda didyma L. din variantele înființate prin răsad a atins înălțimea de 27,37 cm, în timp ce Monarda fistulosa L. a măsurat o înălțime medie de 34,18 cm.
Figura 1. Măsurători biometrice la speciile Monarda didyma L. și Monarda fistulosa L.
cultivate în Pojorîta, jud. Suceava, în anul 1 de vegetație
CONCLUZII
1. Plantele de Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. cultivate în Pojorîta, din variantele înființate prin răsad au înregistrat valori mai mari ale înălțimii înainte de înflorirea plantelor cu 14,02 cm față de cele din variantele înființate prin semințe. În schimb, înălțimea la înflorirea deplină a plantelor a fost mai mare la cele cultivate în variantele înființate prin semințe cu 7,1 cm față de plantele din variantele înființate prin răsad.
2. Toate cele trei specii luate în studiu, în urma observațiilor și a determinărilor efectuate, au arătat un grad ridicat de adaptabilitate în condițiile județului Suceava, putând fi promovate cu succes în zona Moldovei, și nu numai, ca plante care pot fi utilizate atât ca plante medicinale și aromatice, cât și ca plante decorative.
3. Deși umiditatea a fost suficientă, în variantele înființate prin semințe, unde atmosfera nu a fost controlată, răsărirea lor a fost mai grea.
Pe suprafețe mici de teren se recomandă înființarea culturii prin răsad, și nu prin semințe, deoarece acestea au dimensiunea foarte mică, durata de răsărire mai mare, o creștere lentă etc.
MULȚUMIRI: Acest studiu a fost susținut de Fondul Social European, prin Programul
05
101520253035
Monarda didyma
Monarda fistulosa
17,1 16,53
27,3734,18
seminte rasad
- 27 -
Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007-2013, proiect POSDRU /
CPP107/DMI1/5/S/77222.
BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Guşuleac M., 1961-Gen Monarda L. în Săvulescu Tr., (Edit.), Flora R.P.R.,
vol. VIII, p. 273-274.
2. Şelaru Elena, 2007-Cultura florilor de grădină, Edit. Ceres, Bucureşti. 3. Teuscher E., Anton R., Lobstein Annelise, 2005-Plantes aromatiques-Epices,
aromates, condiments et huille essentielles, Edit. Tec & Doc.
ASPECTS REGARDING THE PLANT HEIGHT FOR SOME
SPECIES OF THE GENUS MONARDA L. CULTIVATED IN
PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF MOLDOVA
CIURUȘNIUC ANA-MARIA1, ROBU T.
1
1USAMV Iași e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The study follows the influence of the cultivated species, the area of culture and the
culture establishing manner on the plants height for three species of the genus Monarda L.:
Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag., Monarda didyma L. and Monarda fistulosa L. The
experience was conducted in 2012, placed in subdivided plots, in three repetitions, in three
locations of Moldova: Iasi, Vaslui and Pojorâta (Sv), including variants established by seed and variants established by seedling.
The highest average values of measured height in the phenophase of the plenary height
were reached for the plants of Monarda fistulosa L. from the variants established by seedling in
Pojorâta. Key words: Monarda, seeds, seedling.
REZUMAT
Studiul urmărește influența speciei cultivate, a zonei de cultură și a modului de înființare a culturii asupra taliei plantelor a trei specii ale genului Monarda L.: Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag., Monarda didyma L. și Monarda fistulosa L. Experiența a fost fost amplasată în anul 2012, în parcele subdivizate, în 3 repetiții, în 3 zone ale Moldovei: Iași, Vaslui și Pojorâta (Sv), cuprinzând variante înființate prin semințe și variante înființate prin răsad.
Cele mai mari valori medii ale înălțimii măsurate în fenofaza înălțimii depline au fost atinse de plantele de Monarda fistulosa L. din variantele înființate prin răsad în Pojorâta.
Cuvinte cheie: Monarda, semințe, răsad
INTRODUCERE
Genul Monarda L. aparține familiei botanice Lamiaceae, fiind originar din America de Nord. Cuprinde plante cunoscute sub denumirea populară de bergamotă, mentă decorativă, mentă indiană (Teuscher E. şi colab., 2005).
În literatura de specialitate numărul speciilor genului Monarda L. variază de la 12 specii (Guşuleac M., 1961), 12-20 specii (Preda M., 1989), 15 specii (Brickell C.,
2004), până la 30 de specii (Şelaru Elena, 2007).
- 28 -
Plantele genului sunt erbacee anuale și perene, cu tulpini simple sau ramificate,
tetramuchiate, pubescente sau glabre. Frunzele sunt opuse, ovate, alungite, sesile sau
pețiolate (McClintock Elizabeth, Epling, 1942). Florile sunt grupate în verticile capituliforme terminale, cu bractee colorate, caliciu tubular, din 5 lobi, corolla
bilabiată, cu tub lung, îngust, cu labiul superior drept sau slab încovoiat, și cel inferior mai scurt, format din 3 lobi (Grisvard P., Chaudun V., 1964).
MATERIAL ȘI METODĂ
Experiențele au fost realizate în trei zone pedo-climatice ale Moldovei: câmpul experimental al Disciplinei de Fitotehnie, din cadrul USAMV Iași, câmpul experimental din comuna Văleni, județul Vaslui și câmpul experimental al Stațiunii de Cercetare-Dezvoltare Agricolă Suceava-centrul Pojorîta.
Experiențele au fost înființate în primăvara anilor 2011 și 2012, amplasate în parcele subdivizate, în trei repetiții, având variante înființate prin semințe și variante înființate prin răsad obținut în sera Stațiunii Didactice USAMV Iași.
Factorii experimentali cercetați au fost: Factorul A – Zona, cu trei graduări: a1- zona Pojorîta, a2- zona Iași a3- zona Vaslui
Factorul B – Specia, cu trei graduări: b1- M. citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.
b2- M. didyma L.
b3- M. fistulosa L.
Factorul C – Modul de înființare a culturii, cu două graduări: c1- prin semințe
c2- prin răsad. Semănatul s-a realizat în toate cele trei localități în luna mai iar răsărirea
plantelor a avut loc în circa 3 săptămâni. Răsadul s-a plantat în aceeași lună, având înălțimea de 14 cm, la distanța de 40 cm între plante pe rând și 50 cm între rânduri.
Măsurătorile biometrice au fost efectuate în fenofaza înfloririi depline a celor trei specii de plante.
REZULTATE ȘI DISCUȚII
Măsurătorile efectuate asupra înălțimii la înflorirea deplină arată că s-au obținut diferențe foarte semnificative la variantele cultivate cu Monarda fistulosa L., cu 12,52
cm mai mare decât valoarea martorului (tab. 1). Speciile Monarda didyma L și Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. au obținut diferențe distinct semnificative și foarte semnificative în minus, având înălțimea medie de 53,23 cm și respectiv 56,67 cm.
- 29 -
Tabelul 1
Influența speciei asupra înălțimii la înflorirea deplină a celor trei specii în anul 2012
Specia Înălțimea
(cm)
% față de martor
Diferența (cm)
Semnificația
Monarda fistulosa 73,73 120,45 12,52 ***
Monarda didyma 53,23 86,96 -7,98 000
Monarda citriodora 56,67 92,58 -4,54 00
Media 61,21 100 martor -
DL 5% 2,5 cm DL1% 4,1 cm DL 0,1% 7,7 cm
Referitor la influența zonei asupra înălțimii la înflorirea deplină, variantele cultivate în Pojorîta au înregistrat o valoare mai mare cu 8,31 cm decât valoarea martorului, aceasta fiind foarte semnificativă (tab. 2). Variantele cu plante cultivate în Iași și Vaslui au obținut diferențe negative față de valoarea martorului. Cea mai mică valoare medie a înălțimii la înflorirea deplină, 88,84 cm, s-a înregistrat la plantele cultivate în zona Vaslui.
Tabelul 2
Influența zonei asupra înălțimii la înflorirea deplină a celor trei specii în anul 2012
Zona Înălțimea (cm) % față de martor
Diferența (cm) Semnificația
Iași 59,74 97,60 -1,47 0
Vaslui 54,38 88,84 -6,83 000
Pojorîta 69,52 113,58 8,31 ***
Media 61,21 100 martor -
DL 5% 1,3 cm DL 1% 1,8 cm DL 0,1% 2,5 cm
Modul de înființare a culturii a influențat pozitiv și negativ înălțimea la înflorirea deplină a plantelor, obținându-se diferențe foarte semnificative pentru variantele înființate prin răsad, și foarte semnificative negativ la cele înființate prin semințe (tab. 3).
Tabelul 3
Influența modului de înființare a culturii asupra înălțimii la înflorirea deplină a celor trei specii în anul 2012
Mod de
înființare
Înălțimea (cm) % față de martor
Diferența (cm) Semnificația
Prin semințe 57,77 94,38 -3,44 000
Prin răsad 64,65 105,62 3,44 ***
Media 61,21 100,00 martor -
DL 5% 0,7 cm DL 1% 1,0 cm DL 0,1% 1,4 cm
- 30 -
Tabelul 4
Influența interacțiunii dintre specie, zonă și modul de înființare a culturii asupra înălțimii la înflorirea deplină a celor trei specii de plante
Specia Zona Mod
de înm
Înălțime cm
% față de
martor
1
Dif.
(cm)
Semn. % față de
martor
2
Dif.
(cm)
Semn.
M.
citriodora
Cerv. ex
Lag.
Iași prin
semințe
50,44 82,40 -10,77 000 91,28 -4,82 0
prin
răsad
55,26 90,28 -5,95 0 100,00 martor -
Vaslui prin
semințe
46,82 76,49 -14,39 000 84,73 -8,44 00
prin
răsad
58,96 96,32 -2,25 - 106,70 3,70 -
Pojorîta prin
semințe
62,4 101,94 1,19 - 112,92 7,14 *
prin
răsad
66,13 108,04 4,92 * 119,67 10,87 **
M. didyma
L.
Iași prin
semințe
49,76 81,29 -11,45 000 90,05 -5,50 0
prin
răsad
56,1 91,65 -5,11 0 101,52 0,84 -
Vaslui prin
semințe
46,16 75,41 -15,05 000 83,53 -9,10 00
prin
răsad
54,44 88,94 -6,77 00 98,52 -0,82 -
Pojorîta prin
semințe
53,13 86,80 -8,08 00 96,15 -2,13 -
prin
răsad
59,84 97,76 -1,37 - 108,29 4,58 -
M.
fistulosa L.
Iași prin
semințe
69,93 114,25 8,72 ** 126,55 14,67 ***
prin
răsad
76,94 125,70 15,73 *** 139,23 21,68 ***
Vaslui prin
semințe
57,66 94,20 -3,55 - 104,34 2,40 -
prin
răsad
62,26 101,72 1,05 - 112,67 7,00 *
Pojorîta prin
semințe
83,63 136,63 22,42 *** 151,34 28,37 ***
prin
răsad
91,96 150,24 30,75 *** 166,41 36,70 ***
Media 61,21 100 martor - - -
DL 5% 4,1 cm 4,8 cm
DL 1% 6,0 cm 7,2 cm
DL 0,1% 9,3 cm 11,8 cm
Cea mai mare valoare medie a înălțimii în fenofaza de înflorire deplină, 91,96 cm, a fost înregistrată de plantele de Monarda fistulosa L. din variantele înființate prin răsad, din zona Pojorîta, diferența față de ambii martori fiind foarte semnificativă. Diferențe foarte semnificative față de martori au fost obținute de aceeași specie, cultivată în toate cele trei locații, prin ambele moduri de înființare a culturii. Monarda
- 31 -
didyma L. și Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. din variantele înființate prin semințe, cultivate în Iași și Vaslui, au măsurat în medie înălțimi la fenofaza infloririi depline mai mici decât valoarea martorului, diferențele find distinct și foarte semnificativ negative. Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. din variantele înființate prin semințe în Pojorîta a înregistrat valoarea medie a înălțimii mai mare cu 1,19 cm față de valoarea martorului 1, diferența nefiind asigurată statistic, și cu 7,14 cm față de martorul al doilea, Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag., din variantele înființate prin răsad în Iași, obținându-se o diferență semnificativă (tab. 4).
Plantele de Monarda didyma L. din variantele înființate prin semințe în toate cele trei zone de cultură, și din variantele înființate prin răsad în Pojorîta au determinat diferențe foarte mici față de martorul 2, ele nefiind asigurate statistic.
CONCLUZII
Plantele speciilor de monarda cultivate în Pojorîta au avut cea mai mare valoare medie a înălțimii, de 69,52 cm, cu o diferență foarte semnificativă față de media experienței, de 8,31 cm.
Plantele cultivate în variantele înființate prin răsad au înregistrat cea mai mare valoare a înălțimii, de 64,65 cm, diferența față de media experienței fiind foarte semnificativă.
Specia Monarda fistulosa L. din variantele înființate prin răsad, cultivate în
Pojorîta, a măsurat cea mai mare înălțime medie a plantelor aflate în fenofaza înfloririi depline, de 91,96 cm, cu o diferență de 30,75 cm față de media experienței, și de 36,70 cm față de martorul 2 al experienței, reprezentat de specia Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex
Lag., din variantele înființate prin răsad în Iași.
MULȚUMIRI: Acest studiu a fost susținut de Fondul Social European, prin Programul
Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007-2013, proiect POSDRU /
CPP107/DMI1/5/S/77222.
BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Brickell, C., Cathey M., 2004 - The American Horticultural Society - A-Z
encyclopedia of Garden Plants, Edit. DK Publishing, p. 680-681.
2. Grisvard, P., Chaudun, V., 1964 - Le bon jardinière, vol. 2, Encyclopedie Horticole, Edit. La maison rustique.
3. Guşuleac, M., 1961 - Gen Monarda L. în Săvulescu Tr., (Edit.), Flora R.P.R., vol. VIII, p. 273-274.
4. McClintock ,Elizabeth, Epling, C., 1942 - A rewiew of the genus Monarda
(Labiatae), Univ. of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, p. 147-194.
5. Preda, M., 1989 - Dicţionar dendro-floricol, Edit. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, p. 358-359.
6. Şelaru, Elena, 2007 - Cultura florilor de grădină, Edit. Ceres, Bucureşti 7. Teuscher, E., Anton, R., Lobstein, Annelise, 2005 - Plantes aromatiques-
Epices, aromates, condiments et huille essentielles, Edit. Tec & Doc.
- 32 -
EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIN (GA3) APPLICATION ON
PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF TABLE
GRAPE VARIETY COARNA NEAGRA (VITIS VINIFERA L.)
ROXANA COŢOVANU1, LILIANA ROTARU
1, RĂZVAN FILIMON1
1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Introducing in the growing technology of vine varieties for table grapes of the
hormonal biostimulating treatments can assured remarkable production increases and an
improvement of the parameters that contribute to the growth of marketed production quality.
This study aim to determine the optimal dose of gibberelline that can be applied to achieve a
high production yield and a harmonization of quality indicators at vine variety for table grapes
Coarna neagra grown in the areal of Iasi vineyard, Romania. Treatments were performed using
the product of synthesis gibberellic acid (GA3) in concentrations of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100
ppm. In terms of experience, we found that at Coarna neagra the optimal dose of gibberelline
applied was 50 ppm GA3, resulting in achieving a higher production qualitatively in
comparison to control variant, the variety developing a tolerance at high concentrations of
GA3. The treatment applied to inflorescences provided an increasing of production exceeding
18% and an increase in marketed production up to 80%, the option that presented the most
important values of productivity and fertility characteristics was 25 ppm. It is noted that the
number of seeds in berry remained constant and the concentration of antocyanin compounds
was over 20% higher compared with untreated variant.
Key words: gibberellins, table grapes, Vitis vinifera L.
REZUMAT
Introducerea tratamentelor hormonale biostimulatoare în cadrul tehnologiilor de cultură la soiurile de viţa de vie pentru struguri de masă poate asigura sporuri de producţie remarcabile precum şi îmbunătăţirea parametrilor ce contribuie la creşterea calitativă a producţiei marfă. Lucrarea are ca scop stabilirea dozelor optime de gibereline care pot fi
aplicate în vederea obţinerii unui randament crescut al producţiei şi armonizării indicilor de calitate ai soiului de viţă de vie pentru struguri de masă Coarnă neagră, cultivat în arealul podgoriei Iaşi, Romania. Tratamentele au fost efectuate utilizând produsul de sinteză acid giberelic (AG3) în concentraţii de 25 ppm, 50 ppm şi 100 ppm. În condiţiile experienţei, s-a putut
constata faptul că la soiul Coarnă neagră doza optimă de giberelină aplicată a fost de 50 ppm AG3, având ca rezultat obţinerea unor producţii superioare calitativ variantei martor, soiul dezvoltând toleranţă faţă de concentraţiile ridicate de AG3. Tratamentul aplicat
inflorescenţelor a asigurat un spor de producţie de peste 18% şi o creştere a producţiei marfă de până la 80%, varianta tratată cu 25 ppm acid giberelic prezentând cele mai importante valori ale însuşirilor de productivitate şi fertilitate. Se remarcă faptul că numărul de seminţe în bob a rămas constant, iar conţinutul de antociani a fost cu peste 20% mai ridicat comparativ cu
varianta netratată. Cuvinte cheie: acid giberelinic, struguri de masă, Vitis vinifera L.
INTRODUCTION
Plant growth and development is controlled outside of genetic factors by
certain endogenous substances belongingto plant hormones group (Davies, 2004).
Phytohormones are a class of organic substances that at low concentrations affect
physiological processes of growth, differentiation and development of plants
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GA3 applied to table grape varieties leads to a higher accumulation of sugars
and a decrease of total acidity in berries (Rusjan, 2010). Grapes appearance is also
improved by the existence of larger and more uniform colored berries once with the
stimulation of anthocyanins biosynthesis (Peacock, 1999).
Implementation of some less expensive cultivation technology that provide
benefits both to producers and recipients, and the presence on the market of quality
vine products in adequate quantities and at reasonable prices for the final consumer
remains an actual problem for Romania.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Experimental researches were focused on variety Coarna neagra grown in Iasi
vineyard area, Ampelographic Collection of Faculty of Horticulture, the University of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iasi,
Romania.
Coarna neagra is a variety with functional femele hermaphrodite flowers, with
recurbed stamins, steril pollen, the variety being steril. Grapes are large (250-350 g),
conicals or cylindrical. Berries are big, ovoid, with thin skin, red-black colored and
covered with pruine. Berries pulp is fleshy, crisp and specific taste, herbaceous. Grapes
have a long conserv on the stock until the end of October, and berries color is uneven
(Ţârdea and Rotaru, 2003).
The variety has long vegetation period (185-200 days), strong vegetative
growth and good fertility (68% of shoots are fertile). In plantations, being necessary to
provide pollinators, is cultivatet near Băbească neagră, Tamina, Muscat de Hamburg. Rootstock used was Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5 BB. Planting distances were
2.2/1.2 m, half-high leading form, bilateral cord with cutting in fructification rings.
Soil maintenance was “black field” and maintenance operations of vines were specific to industrial vineyard ecosystem.
To perform the treatments was used gibberellic acid GA3 (purity 99%) (Merck,
Germany). The observations were conducted in 2011 and 2012. Scheme of experience
was the following: control sample Vm-H2O, V1-25 ppm GA3, V2-50 ppm GA3, V3-
100 ppm GA3. The experience was organized in three repetitions, with five stocks in
each plot. Applying of GA3 was performed by spraying the inflorescences in the
flowering phenophase, when 70% of corollas were fallen.
Research aimed to highlight the influence of biostimulating treatments on some
physical (berries weight, weight grapes) and chemical (sugar, acidity, anthocyanins,
phenolic compounds) parameters of vines varieties.
Physical measurements were made immediately after grape harvesting and
followed by achieving the alcoholic extracts used for the determination of
anthocyanins in skins and total phenolic content of berries. Extraction of phenolic
compounds was performed with the EtOH-HCl-H2O (96:1:3) (pH 1.5). Plant material
and solvent ratio was 1:30 (2 g skin/60 mL extraction solution). The containers were
stored in the dark at room temperature (18±2°C), overnight (14 hours). After filtration, the extracts obtained were stored at -20° C until used (Filimon et al., 2010).
For determining the total amount of anthocyanins was used pH differential
method:
A (absorbance) = (A520nm-A700nm) pH 0.68 - (A520nm-A700nm) pH 3.5.
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Variation of extract color between the two pH values is proportional to the total
amount of anthocyanins in the sample (Wrolstad, 2001). Results were expressed in
mg/100 g skins, based on a standard solution of anthocyanins.
Total phenolics were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, method OIV-
MA-AS2-10, by spectrometry at λ = 750 nm, according to Compendium of International Methods of Analysis of the OIV, 2012. Results were expressed as gallic
acid equivalent (g GAE/100 g).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
At Coarna neagra variety the increase of grapes amount on the vine stock was
inversely corelated to the concentration of the biostimulating substance applied, this
trend being similar in both years of study. Therefore, at high doses of gibberellin (50
and 100 ppm) production was lower than at the variant treated with low concentrations
(25 ppm). At the same time, the number of normal developed berries in clusters was
almost similar at all treated variants (40), almost similar to the control variant (tab. 1).
During the two years of performing experimental observations, berries index
values were slightly higher in 2012 compared with 2011, indicating a smaller mass of
berries compared to the first year of study.
Unlike literature citations referring to the reduction of seeds number in berries
under the influence of gibberellins (Nicolaescu et al., 2008), at Coarna neagra variety
cultivated in Iasi vineyard was not induced the seedless phenomenon in berries. In
generally, number of seeds and their weight average presenting similar values,
whatever it was the concentration of gibberellic acid applied on inflorescences (tab. 1).
In 2012 the number of inflorescences per vine stock was under 14, lower that in
2011, for all treated variants, leading to a lower grape production and there by
influencing negatively the productivity index (tab. 1).
Under the influence of giberelinic acid was observed that the mass of grapes
and production on the stock (6.56 kg) had maximum values at V1, treated with 25 ppm,
being established correlation between low concentrations of GA3 applied to the
inflorescence and increased productivity of variety (tab. 1).
At most all characteristics of fertility and productivity could be noticed the
positive influence of biostimulating treatments, the control sample presenting lower
values compared to the variants treated.
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Table 1
Physical and structural characteristics of Coarna neagra grapes under the influence of
GA3
No. Characteri
stics
Coarnă neagră
Vm V1 V2 V3
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
1 Number of
grapes/
wine stock
16,00 12,00 20,00 14,00 18,00 14,00 19,00 13,00
2 Grape
weight (g) 283,61 305,56 328,11 336,49 293,48 320,92 295,59 324,18
3 Number of
berries/rach
is
42,00 64,00 45,00 53,00 42,00 55,00 31,00 60,00
4 Berry
weigh (g) 4,82 3,68 5,93 5,00 4,99 4,88 6,14 5,37
5 100 berries
weigh (g) 443,56 372,74 554,5 500,41 450,03 416,87 594,69 513,26
6 Rachis
weight (g) 5,97 5,90 5,71 5,32 5,09 5,77 5,52 5,57
7 Number of
seeds/berry 3,00 2,00 4,50 3,00 3,20 3,00 4,00 3,00
8 Skin
weight (g) 0,33 0,30 0,48 0,47 0,40 0,41 0,61 0,46
9 Pulp
weight (g) 4,39 3,26 4,72 4,40 3,79 4,31 5,38 4,78
10 Seeds
weight (g) 0,13 0,12 0,17 0,13 0,15 0,16 0,16 0,13
11 Structure
index 47,50 50,79 57,46 62,25 57,65 54,62 53,54 57,20
12 Berry
index 20,74 27,17 16,86 20,00 20,04 20,49 16,28 18,62
13 Compoziti
on index 10,31 8,76 8,54 8,33 7,89 8,56 7,15 9,10
14 Production/
vine stock
(kg)
4,53 3,66 6,56 4,71 5,28 4,49 5,61 4,21
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Table 2
Fertility and productivity characteristics of Coarna neagra under the influence of GA3
No. Characteristics
Coarnă neagră
Vm V1 V2 V3
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
1 Merchandise production
percentage (%) 78,00 80,00 80,00 80,00 82,00 83,50 80,00 81,00
2 Percentage of fertile shoots
(%) 48,48 46,15 57,6 46,43 51,5 48,28 54 48,15
3 Coefficient of relative
fertility 0,48 0,46 0,60 0,50 0,54 0,48 0,57 0,48
4 Coefficient of absolute
fertility 1,00 1,00 1,05 1,08 1,05 1,00 1,05 1,00
5 Relative productivity index 136,1
3
141,0
3
196,8
6
168,2
5
158,4
7
154,9
3
168,4
8
156,0
9
6 Absolute productivity
index
283,6
1
305,5
6
344,5
1
362,3
7
308,1
5
320,9
2
310,3
6
324,1
8
7 Number of
inflorescences/vine stock 16,00 12,00 20,00 14,00 18,00 14,00 19,00 13,00
8 Average production/hectare
(t/ha) 13,59 10,98 19,68 14,13 15,84 13,47 16,83 12,63
Following the conducting of treatments with low doses of stimulator (V1-25
ppm) was observed an increase of calculated production (19.68 t/ha, in 2011) and in
the percentage of merchandise production (over 80%) correlated with an increase in the
number of inflorescences per vine stock and the percentage of fertile shoots (20
inflorescences and 57.6%, in 2011) (tab 2.).
Soluble sugars content of the grapes were inversely corelated with the
increasing of GA3 concentrations, reaching 171.00 g/L in 2011, at the variant V1-25
ppm. In 2012, the trend was similar to the previous year, changes occurring being
attributable to the specific climatic conditions of the harvest year.
Titratable acidity of grapes was negatively influenced by stimulating
treatments, the values of treated grapes were lower than those of the control variant
(6.72 g tartaric acid /L în 2011), except V2 variant (tab. 3).
Table 3
Sugar content and acidity of Coarna neagra grapes under the influence of GA3
No. Characteristics Vm V1 V2 V3
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
1 Sugars(g/L) 168,00 170,00 171,00 207,00 166,00 173,00 165,00 171,00
2 Titratable acidity (g tartaric acid
/L) 6,72 4,92 6,15 4,35 6,40 5,82 5,82 4,43
Anthocyanin content of grape variety Coarna neagra recorded maximum value
at the variant treated with 50 ppm giberellic acid (573.99 mg/100 g skin), with
approximately 20 mg higher than Vm, there by completing high productivity of plants
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under the influence of biostimulator treatment of low and medium concentrations
(fig.1.).
Fig. 1.Anthocyanin content of Coarna neagra grapes under the influence of GA3
Same trend of accumulation at medium concentrations of gibberellin was
observed for phenolic compounds. The most important total quantity of phenolic
compounds was recorded at V2-50 ppm, 0.692 g GAE/100 g skins in 2011 and
reaching up to 0,755 g GAE/100 g skins in 2012 (fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Total phenolic contentof Coarna neagra grapes under the influence of GA3
- 38 -
Significant additional quantities of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds
determined with the application of biostimulating treatments in concentrations of (25
ppm amd 50 ppm), contributing to an increase of berries color uniformity and therefore
an increase in the nutritional value of grapes, along with the optimisation of the
financial resources necessary to purchase bioactive substances and their application on
plants.
CONCLUSIONS
Appliyng of biostimulating substances such as gibberellins in low
concentrations (25 ppm), on inflorescences of Coarna neagra cultivated in Iasi
vineyard, Romania, led to an improvement of fertility and productivity features,
increasing grapes production per hectare and the percentage of marketed production.
Use of lower and medium GA3 concentrations resulted in an equilibrated sugars/acid
ratio, a higher accumulation of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds in berries,
contributing to improving of berry color uniformity and finally to the commercial
aspect of grapes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was co financed from the Social Fund through Sectoral Operational
Programme Human Resources Developement 2010-2013, number POSDRU/CPP107-
DMI1/5/S/77222.
REFERENCES 1. Davies P. J., 2004 - Plant hormones: biosynthesis, signal transduction, action. Edit.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherland.
2. Filimon R., Niculaua M., Mihalache Arion C., Anghel R., 2010 - Assessment of
bioactive polyphenolic compounds from oenological exhausted material. Analele Ştiinţifice ale UAIC Iaşi, Section II, Vol. XI, Fascicolul 2, Genetică şi Biologie Moleculară, 171-177.
3. Nicolaescu G., Derendovskaia A., Perstniov N., Stirbu A., Tcaciuc O., Ciobanu T.,
Josan S., 2008 - Giberelina - ca factor determinant al calităţii recoltei soiului de struguri pentru masă Coarna neagra. Lucrări ştiinţifice USAMV Iaşi, Seria Horticultură, 667-672.
4. Peacock B., 1999 - Gibberellin and Flame Seedless Grapes. UCCE, Tulare County,
California. Pub. TB14-00, 1-2.
5. Rusjan Denis, 2010 - Impacts of gibberellin (GA3) on sensorial quality and
storability of table grape. (Vitis vinifera L.). Acta agriculturae Slovenica. No. 16, 163-173.
6. Ţârdea C., Rotaru L., 2003 - Ampelografie Vol. II. Ed. Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iaşi. 7. Wrolstad R. E. (Editor), 2001 - Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry.
Unit F1.1.1-F1.1.11., Unit I1.1.1-I1.1.8. Edit. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA.
8. ***, 2012 - Method OIV-MA-AS2-10. Compendium of international methods of
wine and must analysis, Vol. 1. International Organisation of Vine and Wine, 18 Rue
D’Aguesseau, 75008, Paris.
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OBTAINED RESULTS IN THE BREEDING OF THE CHERRY
ASSORTMENT WITH EXTRA EARLY AND EARLY MATURATION
AT S.C.D.P. IASI
IUREA ELENA1, GRĂDINARIU GICĂ2
,
CORNEANU GELU1, SÎRBU SORINA
1
Staţiunea de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Pomicultură Iaşi
Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi
ABSTRACT The cherry assortment in Romania contains a lot of species with average maturation of
fruits. The current tendency is to realize a balance provided by reducing the species weight with
average age of maturation and by increasing the extra early species weight (in May) and of the
late ones ( after 1st of July). At SCDP Iaşi, there were selected 6 hybrid elites of cherry with
extra early and early maturation, from the bilogical matherial resulted from hybrid
combinations of 1984-1987, from which two of them have been approved as new species in
1999’s with the name of Cetăţuia and in 2001 with the name of Cătălina and four elites, HC. 871102, HC. 871703, HC. 870501 şi HC. 871304, with approving perspectives are under observation for their registration for approving at I.S.T.I.S. Bucharest.
The paper’s aim is to present the valuable features of some cherry species and hybrids
with approving perspectives, that would improve the inland cherry assortment with species with
extra early maturation and quality fruits.
Key words: species, cherry, hybrid elites, maturation, early.
REZUMAT
Sortimentul de cireş din România, cuprinde o abundenţă de soiuri cu maturare medie a fructelor. Tendinţa actuală este de a realiza un echilibru asigurat prin reducerea ponderii soiurilor cu epocă mijlocie de maturare şi a sporirii ponderii soiurilor extratimpurii (în luna mai) şi a celor târzii (după 1iulie). La SCDP Iaşi, din materialul biologic rezultat din combinaţiile hibride ale anilor 1984-1987, au fost selecţionate 6 elite hibride de cireş cu maturare extratimpurie şi timpurie, din care două au fost omologate ca soiuri noi în anii 1999 cu denumirea de Cetăţuia şi în anul 2001 cu denumirea de Cătălina, iar 4 elite, HC. 871102, HC. 871703, HC. 870501 şi HC. 871304 cu perspective de omologare sunt sub observaţie în vederea înscrierii acestora pentru omologare la I.S.T.I.S. Bucureşti.
Scopul lucrării este de a prezenta caracterele valoroase a unor soiuri şi hibrizi de cireş cu perspective de omologare, care ar îmbunătăţi sortimentul de cireş autohton cu soiuri cu maturare extratimpurie şi fructe de calitate.
Cuvinte cheie: soiuri, cireş, elite hibride, maturare, timpurie.
INTRODUCERE
Datorită însuşirii de a avea o epocă de coacere a fructelor mai timpurie decât la celelalte specii pomicole (începând din luna mai), cireşul constituie prima verigă din lanţul anual al producţiei de fructe.
Cercetările privind îmbunătăţirea sortimentului la specia cireş, a calităţii soiurilor şi a evitării aglomerării pe termen scurt a pieţii cu cireşe proaspete, sunt obiective care capătă importanţă din ce în ce mai mare.
În ţara noastră au fost introduse multe soiuri valoroase din străinătate, iar rezultatele ameliorării cireşului au adus noi soiuri autohtone cu însuşiri valoroase, atât pentru cultivatori cât şi pentru comercianţi şi consumatori (Budan & Grădinariu, 2000).
- 40 -
În acest moment piaţa internă dar şi cea externă este dezechilibrată în favoarea soiurilor din prima parte a sezonului (luna iunie) de maturare a fructelor. Tendinţa este de realizare a unui echilibru, asigurat prin reducerea ponderii soiurilor cu epocă mijlocie de maturare a fructelor şi a sporirii celor extratimpurii şi târzii (Budan & Grădinariu, 2000).
Scopul lucrării este de a prezenta caracterele valoroase a unor soiuri şi hibrizi de cireş cu perspective de omologare, care ar îmbunătăţi sortimentul de cireş autohton cu soiuri cu maturare extratimpurie şi fructe de calitate.
MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ
La crearea de soiuri noi de cireş cu maturare timpurie a fructelor s-au utilizat ca
genitori soiurile Muncheberger fruhe, Torok Berthalom, Valerii Cicalov, Lijana,
Melitoposkaia Crasnaia, Salmo, Cerna, Stella, Van, Lambert Compact şi Boambe de Cotnari.
Metoda de creare a soiurilor noi a fost cea clasică şi a constat în efectuarea de hibridări sexuate controlate, recoltarea sâmburilor hibrizi, obţinerea de puieţi hibrizi, selecţia în funcţie de obiectivele stabilite şi testarea hibrizilor (Cociu & Oprea, 1989).
Studiul s-a efectuat la 2 soiuri de cireş şi 4 elite hibride cu perspective de omologare cu maturare extratimpurie şi timpurie (Cetăţuia, Cătălina, HC. 871102, HC. 871703, HC. 870501, HC 871304) obţinute la SCDP Iaşi.
Elitele selecţionate au fost altoite pe mahaleb, după care au fost plantate în microculturi de concurs la distanţa de 4 x 5 m. Pomii au fost conduşi sub formă de palmetă liberă, fără sistem de susţinere.
În plantaţia experimentală s-au urmărit principalele fenofaze de fructificare (Fleckinger J., 1960), însuşirile fizice (greutatea fructului şi a sâmburelui, dimensiunile fructului şi ale sâmburelui, culoarea fructului), însuşirile chimice şi de calitate a fructelor (substanţa uscată solubilă, fermitatea pulpei, gustul fructului, aderenţa sâmburelui la pulpă, dimensiunile fructului (D/d/H), raportul sâmbure/fruct).
Fertilitatea naturală s-a determinat pe ramuri de control prin numărarea a 200 de flori la fiecare soi (câte 50 în cele 4 puncte cardinale), etichetarea ramurilor respective şi numărarea fructelor rezultate după legare.
Se consideră că sunt soiuri de mare productivitate, cele a cărui indice de fertilitate (respectiv % de fructe rezultate, determinat la 25-30 de zile după căderea petalelor), înregistrează valori minime de 30-35% (Cociu & Oprea, 1989).
Determinarea coeficientului de corelaţie (r) s-a efectuat folosind formula lui
Bravais, 1978.
REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII
În urma selecţiilor succesive, efectuate de-a lungul timpului, au fost alese 6
elite hibride de cireş cu maturare extratimpurie şi timpurie, din care 2 elite au fost omologate ca soiuri noi în anii 1999 cu denumirea de Cetăţuia şi în anul 2001 cu denumirea de Cătălina, iar 4 elite, HC. 871102, HC. 871703, HC. 870501 şi HC. 871304 cu perspective de omologare sunt sub observaţie în vederea înscrierii acestora pentru omologare la Institutul de Stat pentru Testarea şi Înregistrarea Soiurilor Bucureşti.
Pentru a scoate în evidenţă valoarea biologică şi însuşirile productive ale
- 41 -
soiurilor şi selecţiilor hibride, s-au făcut observaţii privind desfăşurarea principalelor fenofaze de fructificare (tab.1).
Perioada înfloritului s-a derulat între 12 aprilie şi 1mai, perioadă care se suprapune cu înfloritul celorlalte soiuri, făcând posibilă interpolenizarea. Maturitatea de recoltare s-a înregistrat în decada a II-a a lunii mai (19 mai) începutul lunii iunie (04 iunie), iar numărul de zile de la sfârşitul înfloritului la maturare a fost cuprins între 29-37 zile, (tab.1).
Perioadele fenologice la aceleaşi soiuri şi hibrizi de cireş sunt variabile în funcţie de condiţiile climatice din zonă.
Tabelul 1
Date privind derularea fenofazelor de fructificare la soiurile şi hibrizii de cireş cu perspective de omologare
Denumirea
soiului sau
elitei
hibride
Început înflorit (faza E)
Sfârşit înflorit (faza G)
Durata
infloritului
-zile-
Data
maturării fructelor
Număr zile de la
sfârşit înflorit
la
maturar
e
Media pe trei ani:
Cetăţuia 12-20.04 20-27.04 7-9 22-30.05 33-37
Cătălina 12-21.04 24.04-1.05 9-13 22.05-4.06 29-35
HC. 871102 16-19.04 21-26.04 6-8 19-20.05 25-29
HC. 871703 14-20.04 21-27.04 8 19-22.05 29-26
HC. 870501 14-19.04 20-28.04 7-10 19-20.05 23-30
HC. 871304 14-21.04 20-29.04 7-9 31.05-2.06 33-35
Coeficientul de fertilitate prin polenizare liberă constituie un element principal, în aprecierea valorii polenizatorilor.
Rezultatele înregistrate la polenizarea liberă la cele 6 soiuri şi elite hibride, au fost cuprinse între 14,4% (Cătălina) şi 87,5% (HC. 871703), (tab.2).
Soiul Cetăţuia şi cele 4 elite hibride sunt de mare productivitate deoarece, indicele de fertilitate a înregistrat valori de peste 30%.
Tabelul 2
Date privind indicii de fertilitate la soiurile şi elitele hibride de cireş cu perspective de omologare
Denumirea soiului
sau a elitei hibride
Fructe rezultate prin polenizarea
liberă (%)
Cetăţuia 77,8
Cătălina 14,4
HC. 871102 61,1
HC. 871703 87,5
HC. 870501 39,7
HC. 871304 57,5
- 42 -
Calitatea fructului este determinată de mărimea fructului, culoarea epidermei şi a pulpei, fermitatea pulpei, mărimea sâmburelui şi detaşarea uşoară de pulpă.
La soiurile de cireş extratimpurii şi timpurii greutatea fructului este în general mai mică, fiind, cuprinsă între 2 g şi 5,5 g (Petre, 1992; Rudi, 1992; Vulpe, 1995)
Soiurile şi elitele hibride au înregistrat o greutate medie a fructului cuprinsă între 4 g la hibridul HC. 871703 şi 6,7 g la soiul Cătălina (tab. 3). O creştere continuă a greutăţii fructului, determină şi o creştere corespunzătoare a diametrului ecuatorial (D) (fig.1). Raportul fruct/sâmbure a fost cuprins între 4,1 (Cetăţuia) şi 6,63 (HC. 871304), iar conţinutul în substanţă uscată solubilă a înregistrat valori cuprinse între 13,6% (HC. 870501) şi 18,7% la soiul Cetăţuia (tab.3).
Tabelul 3
Însuşirile fizice şi chimice la soiurile şi elitele hibride de cireş
Denumirea
soiului sau
elitei hibride
Greutatea
medie a
fructului
-g-
Greutatea
medie a
sâmburelui -g-
Raportul
fruct/
sâmbure
Dimensiunile
fructului
(D/d/h)
-mm-
S.U.
%
Cetăţuia 3,4 0,14 4,10 17/14,8/13,8 18,7
Cătălina 6,7 0,31 4,68 21,3/17,9/20 16,9
HC. 871102 4,1 0,17 4,19 18,4/14,8/15,9 15,3
HC. 871703 4,0 0,22 5,49 18,1/15,1/16,2 15,1
HC. 870501 4,4 0,23 5,22 18,8/15,4/16,3 13,6
HC. 871304 4,7 0,31 6,63 18,7/14,9/17,6 17,3
Fig. 1 - Corelaţia dintre greutatea şi diametrul ecuatorial al fructului la soiurile şi
elitele hibride de cireş
Toate soiurile şi elitele hibride au fructul de culoare roşu închis, cu pulpa semifermă şi cu gust dulce. Fructele soiului Cătălina şi a elitei HC. 870501 prezintă semiaderenţă a sâmburelui la pulpă, iar forma fructului este reniformă la elitele HC. 871102, 871703, 870501, reniform aplatizată la soiul Cetăţuia, cordiformă la HC.
y = 1,2309x + 13,116
R² = 0,9736
Dia
me
tru
l e
cua
tori
al
(mm
)
Greutatea fructului (g)
- 43 -
871304 şi cordiform alungită la soiul Cătălina (tab. 4).
Tabelul 4
Caracteristici fizice şi organoleptice ale fructelor la soiurile şi elitele hibride de cireş Denumirea
soiului sau
elitei hibride
Culoarea
epidermei
Fermitatea
pulpei Gustul
Forma
fructului
Aderenţa sâmburelui
la pulpă
Cetăţuia roşu închis semifermă dulce reniform
aplatizată semiaderent
Cătălina roşu închis semifermă dulce cordiform
alungit neaderent
HC. 871102 roşu închis semifermă dulce reniform neaderent
HC. 871703 roşu închis semifermă dulce reniform neaderent
HC. 870501 roşu închis semifermă dulce reniform semiaderent
HC. 871304 roşu închis semifermă dulce cordiform neaderent
Cele patru elite hibride de cireş împreună cu cele două soiuri omologate şi brevetate, sunt superioare în privinţa productivităţii şi calităţii fructelor (pentru cireşele extratimpurii şi timpurii).
CONCLUZII
1. La SCDP Iaşi, din materialul biologic rezultat din combinaţiile hibride ale anilor 1984-1987, au fost selecţionate 6 elite hibride de cireş cu maturare extratimpurie şi timpurie, din care două au fost omologate ca soiuri noi în anii 1999 cu denumirea de
Cetăţuia şi în anul 2001 cu denumirea de Cătălina, iar 4 elite, HC. 871102, HC. 871703, HC. 870501 şi HC. 871304 cu perspective de omologare sunt sub observaţie în vederea înscrierii acestora pentru omologare la I.S.T.I.S. Bucureşti.
2. Prin omologarea celor patru elite hibride de cireş împreună cu cele două soiuri omologate şi brevetate, se completează sortimentul de cireş şi se răspunde cerinţei pe piaţa românească, pentru cireşele extratimpurii şi timpurii.
MULȚUMIRI: Acest studiu a fost susținut de Fondul Social European, prin Programul
Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007-2013, proiect POSDRU /
CPP107/DMI1/5/S/77222.
BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Budan S. & Grădinariu G., 2000 – Cireşul, Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad,
Iaşi, 262 pag. 2. Cociu V., Oprea Şt., 1989 – Metode de cercetare în ameliorarea plantelor
pomicole, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 172 pag.
3. Fleckinger J., 1960 – Phenologie et arboriculture fruitiere, Rev. Bon Jardinier,
tome 1, p. 362-372.
4. Petre, 1992 – Comportarea unor soiuri de cireş cu coacere timpurie în condiţiile din zona de silvostepă a Moldovei, Lucr. Şt. ICDP Piteşti-Mărăcineni, vol. XV, Piteşti, p. 135-144.
5. Rudi Evelina, 1992 – Compoziţia chimică a fructelor unor soiuri şi hibrizi de cireş şi vişin din sortimentul cultivat, ICDP Piteşti-Mărăcineni, Mapa documentară nr. 22.
- 44 -
6. Vulpe Claudia, 1995 – Cercetări privind comportarea în livada intensivă a unor soiuri de cireş în zona Lipova, Tehnologii şi soiuri noi în cultura cireşului şi vişinului, Bistriţa, p. 84-94.
MONITORINGLEPIDOPTERAN PESTSSPECIESREPORTEDAND
CAPTUREINTHEAPPLE ORCHARD OF THES.C.D.P.FĂLTICENI
LOGHINOAEI A.1, TĂLMACIU M.1
1University of Agronomy Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, M. Sadoveanu Alley, No 3, 700490, Iaşi, Romania,
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Observations weremadein 2012intheapple orchard of the SCDPFălticenithe treatedchemically lot. In this paperwe presentcomparativeresultsofmonitoringandcapture
ofdefoliatingLepidopteraplantationsraisedunderconventionaltreatmentsto
combatthechemicallot (Talmaciu M., Talmaciu Nela, Toader D., 2005),the data obtainedhave
been reportedthree speciesnamelyAdoxophyesorana(164samples collected) Pandemisheparana
(42samples collected)Archipspodana(490 samples collected). Mostsampleswere collectedinthe
larval stage, of different ages, but there weresamples collectedinthepupastage. Thepheromone
traps method, typeatraPOM, atraBLANC, atraRET, atraPOD, atraVIRand atraNUBhave
collected10066 samples ofbutterflyspecies: Adoxophyes orana,Archipspodana,
heparanPandemis, Cydiapomonella, Phylonorycterblancardella, Hedynubiferana,
Tortrixviridana.
Keywords: tortricides, gracillariides, apple orchards, chemical treatment
REZUMAT
Observaţiile au fost efectuate în anul 2012 în plantaţiile de măr ale s.c.d.p. fălticeni în lotul tratat chimic. În lucrare prezentăm rezultate comparative privind monitorizarea cât şi capturarea lepidopterelor defoliatoare semnalate în plantaţiile supuse tratamentelor convenţionale de combatere. În lotul chimic în urma datelor obţinute, au fost semnalate trei specii şi anume: Adoxophyes orana (164 exemplare colectate), Pandemis heparana (42 exemplare colectate), Archips podana (490 exemplare colectate). Majoritatea exemplarelor au
fost colectate în stadiul de larvă, de diferite vârste, însă au fost şi exemplare colectate în stadiul de pupă. Prin metoda capcanelor cu feromoni de tipul atraPOM, atraBLANC, atraRET, atraPOD, atraNUB şi atraVIR am colectat un număr de 10066 fluturi , aparţinând speciilor: Adoxophyes orana, Archips podana, Pandemis heparana, Cydia pomonella, Phylonorycter
blancardella, Hedya nubiferana,Tortrix viridana.
Cuvinte cheie: tortricide, gracillariide, plantaţii pomicole , tratamente chimice
INTRODUCERE
La importanţa culturii mărului, contribuie de asemenea, particularităţile agrobiologice ale pomilor. Specie rustică, foarte bine adaptată climatului temperat, ale cărui variaţii le suportă mai bine decât toate celelalte specii pomicole, mărul poate fi cultivat în condiţii pedoclimatice foarte diferite ale acestui climat, dând cele mai mari producţii. Combaterea bolilor şi dăunatorilor se face ţinând cont de schemele de combatere integrată pentru fiecare cultură.Ţara noastră este una din ţările Europei în care pomicultura este bine reprezentată prin cultura unei diversităţi de specii şi soiuri care găsesc condiţii pedoclimatice favorabile pentru creştere şi fructificare, totodată
- 45 -
asigurând un consum eşalonat de fructe pe tot parcursul anului. O măsură importantă în obţinerea unor producţii de fructe superioare din punct de vedere cantitativ şi caliatativ o constituie protecţia plantelor horticole. În protecţia plantelor, tratamentele se fac la
avertizare, ţinându-se cont de datele biologice, ecologice şi fenologice ale speciei. Este ştiut faptul că cele mai multe specii care aduc pagube însemnate în
plantaţiile pomicole aparţin ordinului Lepidoptera, acest fapt datorându-se regimului
alimentar al larvelor, care poate fi filofag sau xilofag, distrugând astfel diverse organe ale plantelor (Alexinschi, A. & Peiu, M. 1966). Un grup aparte de lepidoptere
defoliatoare este format din unele specii din familiile Tortricidae şi Gracillariide, ale
căror larve îşi construiesc cu ajutorul firelor de mătase, un adăpost de hrănire format din frunze sau componente ale mugurilor şi lăstarilor (Diaconu A. 1997, Diaconu A., 2007).
MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ
Observaţiile din prezentul studiu s-au efectuat în cadrul S.C.D.P. Fălticeni în anul 2012, în lotul în care s-au aplicat tratamente chimice conform avertizărilor emise de Centrul de Protecţia plantelor, reprezentat de livada de măr din cadrul Fermei „Dumbrava de Centru”, livadă înfiinţată în 1990 având o suprafaţă de 53 ha. Soiurile predominante sunt Jonatan, Golden şi Starkrimson în proporţie de 90 % iar restul de 10 % sunt reprezentate de soiurile Ionared, Florina, Rădăşeni şi Fălticeni.
Pentru efectuarea acestor cercetări s-au prelevat într-un mod neselectiv, probe
de larve şi pupe ale lepidopterelor din coroana pomilor, mai puţin acele specii ale căror larve trăiesc în cuiburi sau minează limbul frunzelor. Recoltarea s-a efectuat cu atenţie sporită pentru a nu strivi sau pierde exemplarele din interiorul adăpostului de hrănire, larvele fiind colectate îmreună cu acesta, iar pupele împreună cu adăpostul de împupare, având grijă să fie împreună cu ultima exuvie larvară.
Materialul recoltat a fost adunat în săculeţi din pânză deasă de naylon, iar aceştia au fost introduşi în coşuleţe din metal la care s-a asigurat aerisirea, pentru a nu
fi distrus în timpul transportului. Exemplarele care în momentul recoltării sunt cu parazitoizi sau prezintă semne
că ar fi parazitate, au fost izolate în tuburi mici/eprubete.
Recoltarea de material în vederea identificării speciilor de tortricide şi gracillariide s-a efectuat pe toată perioada de vegetaţie a unui an calendaristic, dar de cele mai multe ori în mod repetat în lunile martie-iunie, când majoritatea tortricidelor foliofage se găsesc în stadiul de larvă activă sau de pupă (Fig. 1).
După recoltare probele au fost aduse în laborator unde s-a identificat fiecare
exemplar colectat, s-au grupat pe specii şi pe vârste larvare putându-se obţine adulţi sau paraziţi ai acestora prin creşteri efective, fiind ţinute sub observaţie permanentă .
După înregistrarea datelor pe etichetă şi izolarea omizilor are loc introducerea hranei în interiorul acesteia, hrană care este constituită din 2-3 frunze proaspete din
aceeşi specie pomicolă de unde au avut loc colectările (în cazul de faţă 2-3 frunze de
măr), apoi eprubeta se închide cu un dop de vată pentru ca omizile sa aibă aer şi sunt aşezate în cutii, de obicei de carton, după perioada şi locul de colectare, pentru a fi mai uşor de urmărit şi deasemenea trebuie evitat expunerea la căldură sau în direcţia razelor solare.
- 46 -
Amplasarea capcanelor cu feromoni în livadă (Fig.2) s-a făcut la data de 3 mai, la o distantă de 20 metri între capcane pentru specii diferite, şi la o înăltime de 1,5
metri în coroana pomilor .
Fig. 1 - Recoltarea de material în vederea identificării speciilor de lepidoptere din coroana
pomilor
Fig.2. Monitorizarea şi capturarea speciilor de lepidoptere cu ajutorul capcanelor cu
feromoni
Observaţiile privind monitorizarea celor 6 lepidoptere in plantaţiile de măr s-au
efectuat de două ori pe saptamână, capsulele feromonale (momelile) fiind schimbate lunar, iar părţile adezive de câte ori a fost nevoie (chiar o dată pe săptămână în cazul unor capturi abundente, la atraBLANC şi atraPOM).
REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII
În anul 2012, la S.C.D.P. Fălticeni s-au efectuat un număr de 4 recoltări din coroana pomilor şi un număr de 28 de capturări ale adulţilor de lepidoptere cu ajutorul
capcanelor cu feromoni pe toată perioada de vegetaţie, în special în lunile aprilie –
august când majoritatea lepidopterelor foliofage, se găsesc în stadiul de larvă activă , pupă şi adult. Cele 4 recoltări, efectuate în lotul chimic s-au desfăşurat începând cu 08.05, 31.05, 01.07, 07.07, iar cele 28 de capturări începând cu 07.05 şi încheindu-se la
data de 30.08.
- 47 -
Speciile de lepidoptere colectate şi identificate în plantaţia pomicolă de măr tratată chimic în cadrul S.C.D.P. Fălticeni.
În urma celor 4 recoltări din coroana pomilor au fost identificate 3 specii de tortricide după cum urmează (Tab. 1):
Prima recoltare a avut loc pe data de 08.05, când au fost colectate un număr de 319 exemplare ce aparţin speciilor Adoxophyes orana (80 exemplare), Archips podana
(222 exemplare), Pandemis heparana (17 exemplare);
Recoltarea a II- a a avut loc în data de 31.05, fiind colectate un număr de 12 exemplare din care 8 exemplare aparţin speciei Adoxophyes orana şi 4 exemplare aparţin speciei Archips podana, toate exemplarele fiind colectate în stadiul de larvă;
La recoltarea a III- a, care a avut loc în data de 01.07, s-au colectat un număr de 290 exemplare din care un exemplar aparţine speciei Adoxophyes orana, 264 exemplare aparţin speciei Archips podana şi un număr de 25 exemplare aparţin speciei Pandemis heparana ;
La recoltarea a IV-a din data de 07.07, s-au colectat 75 exemplare ce aparţin speciei Adoxophyes orana, toate exemplarele fiind colectate în stadiul de larvă.
Tabelul 1
Speciile de tortricide colectate în plantaţia pomicolă de
măr din cadrul S.C.D.P. Fălticeni
Nr crt
Data colec tării
Total
Adoxophyes orana Fisch.V.Rosl.
Pandemis heparana Den.& Schiff.
Archips podana Scopoli
Nr. stadiul A% Nr. stadiul A% Nr stadiul A%
1. 08.05 319 80
Larvă 99 17 Larvă 98 222 Larvă 100
Pupă 1 - Pupă 2 - - -
2. 31.05 12 8 Larvă 100 - - - 4 Larvă 100
3. 01.07 290 1 Larvă 100 25 Larvă 100 264 Larvă 96
Pupă 4
4. 07.07 75 75 Larvă 100 - - - - - -
Observaţiile privind monitorizarea celor 6 lepidoptere în plantaţiile de măr s-
au efectuat de două ori pe saptamână, capsulele feromonale (momelile) fiind schimbate lunar, iar părţile adezive de căte ori a fost nevoie (chiar o dată pe săptămână în cazul unor capturi abundente , la atraBLANC şi atraPOM).
Dinamica capturării fluturilor cu ajutorul capcanelor cu feromoni sexuali sintetici, realizată în condiţiile anului 2012, este prezentată în tabelul nr.2.
Condiţiile anului 2012 au fost favorabile dezvoltării insectelor daunătoare mărului: Cydia pomonella, Phylonorichter blancardella si Adoxophyes reticulana.
Aceste specii au prezentat vârfuri mari ale curbelor de zbor în perioada de vegetatie ( mai – august), datorită căldurilor excesive şi secetei înregistrate în această perioadă în zonă.
Primele larve de Adoxophyes reticulana şi-au început activitatea în perioada dezmuguritului, la data de 15 aprilie la soiurile Golden si Starkrimson. Primul zbor al
fluturilor la Cydia pomonella s-a înregistrat la data de 7 mai, iar la Adoxophyes reticulana la data de 28 mai 2012.
Cydia pomonella a înregistrat două maxime de zbor pentru cele două generaţii, respectiv 36 fluturi în medie pe capcană în luna mai şi 62 fluturi – media pe capcană în
- 48 -
luna iulie pentru generaţia I. Pentru generaţia a doua s-a înregistrat un maxim de zbor de 42 fluturi pe capcană în luna august. Atacul nu a fost semnalat la soiul Starkrimson.
La Adoxophyes reticulana s-a înregistrat cate un maxim de zbor la cele două generaţii, unul la sfârşitul lunii mai (23 fluturi în medie pe capcană), iar cel de-al
doilea maxim de zbor la începutul lunii august (18 fluturi în medie pe capcană). Phylonorichter blancardella a înregistrat un zbor permanent în perioada mai –
iulie, cu valori mari pentru fiecare maxim de zbor a celor trei generaţii, de 500 fluturi pe capcană în luna mai, 700 fluturi pe capcană în iunie şi 2500 fluturi pe capcană în august , însă atacul acestui daunător a fost slab, respectiv 0,2 – 0,3% frunze minate.
Tabelul nr. 2
Dinamica capturării fluturilor cu ajutorul capcanelor feromonale
în condiţiile anului 2012
Nr
.
crt
.
Data
observatiil
or
Cydia
pomonell
a
Phylonoryct
er
blancardella
Adoxophy
es
reticulana
Archip
s
podan
a
Hedya
nubiferan
a
Tortrix
viridan
a
1 07.05. 16 250 0 0 0 0
2 10.05. 36 500 0 0 0 0
3 14.05. 20 300 0 0 0 0
4 17.05. 5 100 0 0 0 0
5 21.05. 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 24.05. 0 10 0 6 0 0
7 28.05. 0 0 1 1 0 0
8 31.05. 0 0 23 0 0 0
9 04.06. 9 20 17 8 32 0
10 07.06. 6 50 8 3 6 0
11 11.06. 0 200 13 14 8 2
12 14.06. 4 300 10 16 10 5
13 18.06. 6 700 3 8 15 1
14 21.06. 8 500 0 2 25 1
15 25.06. 15 350 0 1 6 0
16 28.06. 10 300 0 0 3 0
17 06.07. 0 25 0 0 2 0
18 13.07. 62 50 0 0 0 0
19 16.07. 29 250 0 0 3 0
20 20.07. 6 750 0 0 15 0
21 23.07. 17 1000 0 0 3 0
22 27.07. 15 200 1 0 7 0
23 03.08. 7 150 18 0 3 0
24 07.08. 42 2500 2 0 40 0
25 10.08. 9 450 5 0 2 0
26 16.08. 1 375 1 0 0 0
27 23.08. 3 50 0 0 0 0
28 30.08. 0 10 0 0 0 0
Total exemplare 326 9390 102 59 180 9
- 49 -
CONCLUZII
1. În lotul chimic în anul 2012 au fost efectuate un număr de 4 recoltări cu un total de 696 exemplare colectate, specia predominantă fiind Adoxophyes orana F.R. cu un număr 164 exemplare colectate, urmată de Archips podana L. cu un număr de 490 exemplare colectate şi Pandemis heparana Denis & Schiff. cu 42 exemplare colectate.
2. În condiţiile anului 2012, s-au utilizat în monitorizarea principalilor daunători la măr, 6 tipuri capcane feromonale si anume: atraPOM, atraRET, atraBLANC, atraPOD, atraNUB si atraVIR.
3. Condiţiile climatice au fost foarte favorabile dezvoltării a 5 lepidoptere
dăunătoare mărului: Cydia pomonella, Adoxophyes reticulana, Pyllonorycter blancardella, Hedia nubiferana şi Archips podanus , prin înregistrarea unui număr mare de capturi la aceste specii.
4. Utilizarea capcanelor cu feromoni sexuali a permis supravegherea
permanentă a populaţiilor de dăunători, în funcţie de aceasta s-a stabilit momentul
aplicării tratamentelor chimice în plantaţiile de măr şi ţinerea acestora sub pragul economic de dăunare.
MULȚUMIRI: Acest studiu a fost susținut de Fondul Social European, prin Programul
Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007-2013, proiect POSDRU /
CPP107/DMI 1.5/S/77222.
BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Alexinschi, A. & Peiu, M. 1966 - Contribuţii la cunoaşterea lepidopterelor din
Moldova şi Regiune Iaşi (partea a VIII-a). Analele Şt. ale Univ. “Al.I.Cuza”- Iaşi (Biologie), 12(2): 365 - 368.
2. Diaconu A. 1997 – Noi contribuţii la cunoaşterea tortricidelor foliofage (Lep.: Tortricidae) ale arborilor fructiferi. Bul. şt., seria Biol., Univ. Piteşti, 1(1) : 161 – 167.
3. Diaconu A., 2007 – Tortricide foliofage (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) ale pomilor
fructiferi din România. Editura ,,Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iaşi. 4.Talmaciu M., Talmaciu Nela, Toader D., 2005- Observation regarding the structure,
abundance and dynamics of the lepidoptere species, collected at the luminous trap. Lucrări ştiinţifice, vol 13, Chişinău, p.225-229, ISBN 9975-64-027-3.
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MUTAGEN AGENTS ON SOME
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS TO CORIANDRUM SATIVUM
L. IN M1 GENERATION
LUPU ELENA-ANCUŢA1, LEONTE C.
1, SPÂNU (MÎRZAN) OANA1
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi,
Romania e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Coriandrum sativum L. is an annual herb and belongs to the Apiaceae family (David
Gh., et. al., 2003). In this paper we present some biometrical data obtained during vegetation
period of coriander, for seeing the effect of some mutagen agents on the coriander plants. The
- 50 -
M1 generation of plants was obtained from treated seeds with three types of chemical mutagen
agents, like: ethidium bromide, colchicine and dimethyl sulfate, in concentration of 0,02%,
0,04%, 0,06%, 0,08%, each concentration having four and six hours for action time. Thus, it
was determined: the number of fruits/plant, number of umbels and weight of fruit/plant. Thus,
the wealth of new biological material can be isolated useful forms for use in the process of
creating new varieties (Leonte, 2011).
Key words: colchicine, ethidium bromide, dimethyl sulfate, Coriandrum sativum L.
REZUMAT
Coriandrum sativum L. este o plantă erbacee, anuală, din familia Apiaceae (David Gh., et. al., 2003). În această lucrare sunt prezentate unele observaţii biometrice realizate în timpul perioadei de vegetaţie a coriandrului în scopul determinării acţiunii agenţilor mutageni asupra plantelor de coriandru în generaţia M1. Această generaţie a fost obţinută din seminţe tratate cu trei tipuri de agenţi mutageni chimici şi anume bromură de etidium, colchicină şi sulfat de dimetil, în concentraţii de 0,02%, 0,04%, 0,06% şi 0,08%, fiecare concentraţie având ca timp de acţiune patru şi şase ore. Astfel, s-a determinat: numărul de umbele numărul de fructe/plantă, greutatea fructelor/plantă. În felul acesta, din bogăţia de material biologic nou se pot izola formele utile în vederea folosirii acestora în procesul de creare a noi soiuri (Leonte, 2011).
Cuvinte cheie: colchicină, bromură de etidium, sulfat de dimetil, Coriandrum sativum
L.
INTRODUCTION
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herb, belongs to the
Umbelliferae family, of Mediterranean origin, cultivated for its fruit flavored (Verzea
Maria et. al., 2002).
It is spread spontaneously in southern Europe, grown across the globe, with
larger areas in the Mediterranean basin (Pârvu C., 2002). The species cultivated is Coriandrum sativum L. The varieties grown in our
country are Sandra and Omagiu (Imbrea F., 2006).
The coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an aromatic plant, from which, either
fresh leaves or fruits (seeds) are used; which have a bitter-sweet taste with a slight
tinge of celerity.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The biological material was represented by plants of Coriandrum sativum L.
from generation M2. The M2 generation plants were obtained through the sowing of
the M1 generation seeds. The M1 generation plants were obtained from seeds treated
with 3 types of chemical mutagen agents, like: ethidium bromide, colchicine and
dimethyl sulphate, in concentration of 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08%, each
concentration having an action time of four and six hours.
Observations on the three quantitative characters (number of fruits/plants,
number of umbels and fruit weight) were made in the experimental field of the farm
Ezăreni belonging to Science Teaching Station of Iasi city, in 2011. The results were processed using mathematical and statistical methods:
analysis of variance and differences limit.
- 51 -
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The use of mutagenic agents determined, in the M1 generation, an increase in
the variability of plants and some elements of productivity.
The number of umbels
Sandra variety
For number of umbels per plant, the Sandra variety control sample had
recorded an average of 121 (fig.1). The treatments with the mutagenic substances had
decreased number of umbels on the plant.
Fig. 1. The influence of mutagen agents over the number of umbels in M1 generation for
Sandra variety
At the Sandra variety the differences from the control, were very significant in
the case of treatment with colchicine in concentration of 0,02% (-66,33 respectively -
71,00) and 0.04% (-68.67 respectively -76,00) with exposure time of 4 and 6 hours
(fig. 1).
The ethidium bromide to all four concentrations - 0,02% (-20,00), 0,04% (-
24,33), 0,06% (-25,33), 0,08% (-25,00) for a 4 hours treatment time determined the
differences from the control sample to be distinct significant (fig. 1). The 6 hours
treatments had produced differences compared to the control sample, distinct
significant to the concentration of 0.08% (-44,67) and significant differences in
concentrations of 0.02% (-23.00), 0.04% (23,67) and 0.06% (-28,33) (fig. 1).
Dimethyl sulphate resulted in a significant difference compared to the control
sample at a treatment of 4 hours exposure time with the concentration of 0.04% (-
22,33), 0.06% (23,67) and 0,08% (-28,00) (fig. 1). The 6 hours treatment had produced
significant differences at concentrations of 0,06% (29,67) and 0,08% (-31,33).
Omagiu variety
For this variety, colchicine and ethidium bromide had the effect of reducing the
number of umbels per plant. The control had an average value of 117.33 (fig. 2).
The 4 and respectively 6 hours treatment with ethidium bromide in a
concentration of 0,02% (-63,00 respectively -65,66) şi 0,04% (-64,66 respectively -
71,33) ) had produced very significant differences compared to the control sample (fig.
2).
With a duration of 4 hours, the treatment with etidium bromide with a
concentration of 0,02% (-16,66), 0,04% (-19,66), 0,06% (-18,66), showed significant
differences compared to the control sample (fig. 2). Distinct significant differences
Series1; Martor; 121
54.66
-66.33°°°
52.33
-68.67°°°
Series1; Colch 0,06% 4 h; 0Series1; Colch 0,08% 4 h; 0
50
-71.00°°°
45
-76.00°°°
Series1; Colch 0,06% 6 h; 0Series1; Colch 0,08% 6 h; 0
101
-20.00°°
96.66
-24.33°°
95.66
-25.33°°
96
-25.00°°
98
-23.00°
97.33
-23.67°
92.66
-28.33°
76.33
-44.67°°
122.33
1.33
98.66
-22.33°
97.33
-23.67°
93
-28.00°
113.33
-7.67
96.66
-24.33
91.33
-29.67°
89.66
-31.33°
- 52 -
were achieved for the concentration of 0,08% (-21,33 respectively -38,66) at 4 and 6
hours treatment time (fig. 2).
Fig. 2. The influence of mutagen agents over the number of umbels in M1 generation for
Omagiu variety
An effect of reduction the number of umbels per plant was was achieved at 4
and 6 hours treatment with dimethyl sulfate at a concentrations of 0.06% (-18.66 or -
23.66) and 0.08% (-19.00 or -28.66), leading to significant differences compared to the
control sample (fig. 2).
An increase to the number of umbels per plant was produced by dimethyl
sulfate at a concentration of 0.02% (20,00) at the time of exposure of 4 hours, the
difference from the control being significant (fig. 2).
Fruit / plant weight
Sandra variety
Regarding the influence of environmental mutagens on the number of fruits per
plant at Sandra variety, negative differences compared to the control sample (control
average 1075.33) were very significant but at some variants difference was not
significant (fig. 3).
For the Sandra variety. negative differences very significant were recorded for
treatment with colchicine at a concentration of 0.02% (-852.16) and 0.04% (-893.83)
with exposure time of 6 hours (fig. 3). The 4 hours treatment had produced significant
differences at compared to the control sample at a concentration of 0.04% (-618.33)
(fig. 3).
Fig. 3. The influence of mutagen agents over the average number of fruits/plant in M1
generation for Sandra variety
Series1; Martor; 117,33
54.33
-63.00°°°
52.66
-64.66°°°
Series1; Colch 0,06% 4 h; 0Series1; Colch 0,08% 4 h; 0
51.66
-65.66°°°
46
-71.33°°°
Series1; Colch 0,06% 6 h; 0Series1; Colch 0,08% 6 h; 0
100.66
-16.66°
97.66
-19.66°
98.66
-18.66°
96
-21.33°°
98.33
-19.00
93.66
-23.66
93
-24.33
78.66
-38.66°°
137.33
٭20.00
100.33
-17.00
98.66
-18.66°
98.33
-19.00°
121
3.67
100
-17.33
93.66
-23.66°
88.66
-28.66°
Series1; Martor; 1075,33
1238.66
163.34
457
-618.33°°
Series1; Colch 0,06% 4 h; 0
Series1; Colch 0,08% 4 h; 0
223.16
-852.16°°° 181.5
-893.83°°°Series1; Colch 0,06% 6 h; 0
Series1; Colch 0,08% 6 h; 0
1132.16
56.84
1026.33
-49.00
735.83
-339.50
580.16
-495.16°
619.5
-455.83°
750.66
-324.661180.83
105.50
901.66
-173.66
1226.16
-249.16
1119.33
٭356.00-
1059
-216.331058.83
-16.50
861.66
-213.66
1159.83
84.50
740.66
-334.66°
800.66
-274.66
- 53 -
In the case of treatment with ethidium bromide at a concentration of 0.08%
with exposure time of 4 hours (-495.16) and at a concentration of 0.02% (-455.83) with
exposure time of 6 hours the differences negative were significant (fig. 3). Also,
significant differences compared to the untreated control were made and to the
treatment with DMS at a concentration of 0.06% (-334.66) with a treatment time of 6
hours (fig. 3). There was one positive significant difference compared to the control,
for 4 hours treatment with DMS at a concentration of 0.04% (-356.00) (fig. 3).
Omagiu variety
For the Omagiu variety, the negative differences compared to the control
sample (control average 888,16) (fig. 4) were significant for the 4 hours treatment time
with colchicine in concentrations of 0,04% (-576,99) and for 6 hours treatment time at
concentrations of 0,02% (-430,83) şi 0,04% (-334,49) (fig. 4).
Fig. 4. The influence of mutagen agents over the average number of fruits/plant in M2
generation for Omagiu variety
The negative significant difference compared to the control were recorded at a
concentration of 0.06% (-396.99) treatment with DMS at 6 hours (fig. 4). After
treatment with ethidium bromide, average number of fruits per plant increased for
variants studied compared with the untreated control (fig. 4). Thus, ethidium bromide
resulted in a significant positive differences, compared to the control sample at a
treatment of 4 hours exposure time with the concentration of 0.04% (1095,84) and
handling time of 6 hours at the concentration of 0,08% (332.51) (fig. 4).
In the case of DMS, significant differences were recorded at a treatment for 4
hours with concentration of 0.02% (581.84) (fig. 4).
Fruit / plant weight
Sandra variety
After treatment with mutagenic substances, fruit weight per plant decreased
compared to the control sample (fig. 5).
The average value of the control was 6.22 (Fig. 5).
Very significant differences compared to the control were recorded on
treatment for 6 hours with colchicine at a concentration of 0.02% (-5.06) and 0.04% (-
5.74) as well as the treatment for 4 hours at a concentration of 0.04% (-4.88).
Ethidium bromide had an effect of reducing the weight of fruit per plant at a
treatment of 4 hours with concentrations of 0.06% (-2.91) and 0.08% (-3.29) and at a
treatment of 6 hours with concentration of 0.02% (-3.29) (fig. 5).
888.16
1204.16
316.01
311.16
-576.99°
Series1; Colch 0,06% 4 h; 0
Series1; Colch 0,08% 4 h; 0
457.33
-430.83°
553.66
-334.49°
Series1; Colch 0,06% 6 h; 0
Series1; Colch 0,08% 6 h; 0
885
-3.16
1084
٭195.84
918.5
30.34
803.33
215.17
1083.5
135.94
833.5
-54.661076
187.84
1220.66
٭332.51
1470
581.84
917.16
29.01
882.5
-5.66
1085.5
197.34
646.16
258.01
644.33
322.84
591.16
-396.99°
773
-115.16
- 54 -
Fig. 5. The influence of mutagen agents over the average weight of fruits/plant (gr)
in M2 generation for Sandra variety
Effects of reducing the average weight of fruits per plant had the treatment for
4 hours with DMS at concentrations of 0.02% (-2.24) and 0.08% (0.25) and treatment 6
hours at a concentration of 0.06% (-3.55) differences from the control sample being
significant (fig. 5).
Omagiu variety
Regarding the fruit weight yielded per plant, Omagiu variety recorded an
average of 4,20 (fig. 6).
Treatments with mutagenic substances had influenced the weight of fruits per
plant.
Thus, at treatment with colchicine, with an exposure time of 6 hours at
concentrations of 0.02% (-3.12) and 0.04% (-3.03) differences compared to the control
sample were negative very significant (fig. 6). But at a concentration of 0,02% (4,26)
with a treatment time of 4 hours colchicine resulted in a significant positive difference,
compared with controls (fig. 6).
The ethidium bromide at a concentration of 0.06% (1.68) with an exposure
time for 6 hours caused also a positive significant difference compared to controls,
(fig. 6).
Fig. 6.The influence of mutagen agents over the average weight of fruits/plant (gr)
in M1 generation for Omagiu variety
The treatment with DMS at concentrations of 0.02% (2.11 or 3.40) with a 4 to
6 hours treatment showed positive significant difference, compared to the control (fig.
6).
Series1; Martor; 6,22
7.37
1.15
1.33
-4.88°°°Series1; Colch 0,06% 4
h; 0Series1; Colch 0,08% 4
h; 0
1.15
-5.06°°°
0.47
-5.75°°°Series1; Colch 0,06% 6 h; 0
Series1; Colch 0,08% 6 h; 0
6.5
0.29
7.08
0.86
3.31
-2.91°
2.93
-3.29°
2.93
-3.29°
5.05
-1.16
9.21
3.00
5.11
-1.10
3.51
-2.24°
4.72
-3.164.49
-0.98
3.7
-0.25°
3.72
-2.50
6.48
0.27
2.66
-3.55°
5.61
-0.60
Series1; Martor; 4,2
8.46
٭4.26
1.83
-2.36
Series1; Colch 0,06% 4 h; 0
Series1; Colch 0,08% 4 h; 0
1.08
-3.12°°°
1.17
-3.03°°°
Series1; Colch 0,06% 6 h; 0
Series1; Colch 0,08% 6 h; 0
6.65
2.46
4.62
0.43
6.33
2.14
7.19
3.00
5.62
1.43
4.59
0.39
5.88
٭1.68
4.89
0.69
6.3
٭ 2.11
3.97
-0.23
4.68
0.48
4.37
0.17
7.59
٭3.40
5.92
1.72
2.48
-1.72
4.35
0.16
- 55 -
CONCLUSIONS
1. Regarding the number of umbels per plant at Omagiu variety, The 4 hours
treatment with dimethyl sulphate at concentrations of 0.02% (20.00) caused positive
significant differences compared to the control sample
2. The 4 hours treatments with ethidium bromide and dimethyl sulphate in the
concentration of 0.02% for Omagiu variety, the average number of fruits per plant
increases compared to control sample, differences being significant (1270.84
respectively 1131.50).
3. The 6 hours treatments with colchicine led to a decrease in the average fruit
weight yielded per plant at the Sandra variety (0.04%: 6.63) and Omagiu variety
(0.02%: 3.77; 0.04%: 3.46), the differences being very significant compared to the
control sample.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial support for this study was provided by the Project co-financed by
European Social Fund Operational Programme for Human Resources Development
2007 – 2013: POSDRU –CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222.
REFERENCES 1. David Gh., Borcean A., Imbrea F., 2003 – Folosirea şi tehnica de cultivare şi
protecţie a principalelor plante medicinale şi aromatice, Editura Eurobit, Timişoara. 2. Imbrea F., 2006 - Plante medicinale şi aromatice, Editura Eurobit, Timişoara. 3. Leonte C., 2011 - Tratatat de ameliorarea plantelor, Editura Academiei Române,
Bucureşti. 4. Pârvu C., 2002 – Enciclopedia plantelor - plante din flora României, vol. 1, Editura
Tehnică, Bucureşti. 5. Verzea Maria, Barbu Constanţa, Bobit Maria Dana, Dinu Liliana-Eugenia, 2002 -
Tehnologii de cultură la plantele medicinale şi aromatice, Editura Orizonturi, Bucureşti.
THE DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC RESULTS FOR THE MAIN
ENTERPRISES FROM BAKERY SECTOR (CASE STUDY FOR IAŞI COUNTY)
ȘTEFAN VIZITEU1, MĂDĂLINA-OANA VASILIU (CĂS. APETRE) 1
,
ADRIANA SPÎNACHE (CĂS. MĂGUREANU) 1
1USAMV Iași E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The current context of bakery products market characterized by structural changes in
the regulations governing it requires a careful analysis of the demand (a very important role
having the study of purchase and consumption behavior) and specific supply as well as
characteristic elements highlighing activity profitability of the producers in the area.
Particular for the Iasi county Iasi, the bakery sector is characterized by a variety of
ways to develop business and a variety of economic strategies addressed by the main economic
agents and within these marketing strategies in this area being crucial because the innovative
promotion may be the key to the optimal economic results of enterprises.
The paper aims at a comparative analysis of the economic results achieved for many
- 56 -
local representative manufacturers during the period of time considered revealing variations in
amplitude between them, highlighting adjacent to this goal the the ranking at the county level
made by the Iasi Chamber of Commerce and Industry based on the size of the business
conducted.
Key words: bakery market, turnover, gross profit margin, labor productivity
INTRODUCTION
The economic results summarizes the efficiency with which economic activity
was conducted across the enterprise. Economic results are usually calculated at the end
of the financial year based on the difference between revenues and expenses.
The result can be a positive quantity called profit, when the revenues are
greater than expenses or a negative amount called loss in the reverse situation. The
outcome forming process is described and analyzed in the income statement (profit and
loss), which includes expenses and income of the enterprise.
Bread prices are free, their adjusting taking place on the market by competitors.
Flour as raw material, is a product bearing VAT. Free channels conection is based
mostly on acquisitions oft wheat from large private farmers, the most favored category
by the market rules (Caloianu Emilia, Zaluţchi Petrina, 2001). The major purpose of economic activity is constituted by Quantitative and
Qualitative correlation of the food production with the Consumers demand. Specific
for the food products is highlighting the Influence Factors of consumption variation
(Chiran A., et al., 2007).
Production expenses are an expression of total consumption of goods and labor
complained of getting a product. Income expresses the value of goods and services
produced in a farm, profit being the excess obtained by the fact that economic entities
earn more from sales than they spend to produce these goods (Stefan G., 2006).
The comparative dynamics of economic results for the main enterprises from
bakery sector reveals both a horizontal correspondence across the studied period for the
enterprises and a vertical connection at the same year level for all companies included.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The paper highlights the economic results for main bakery producers in Iasi
county in order to draw the picture of the situation in Iasi bakery sector by analysing
the comparative evolution of the main field enterprises. The statistics were processed
from National Institute of Statistics, Chamber of Commerce and Industry Iasi and
National Agency for Fiscal Administration and the balance sheet in order to effectuate
the comparison. Methods used were scientific documentation, diagnostic analysis,
economic indicators analysis and interpretation of statistical data. The enterprises
included in the study were represented by: AGROPAN IMPEX SRL Iasi, COMPAN
SA Iasi, AFER SRL Iasi, ȚAC -ȚAC SRL Târgu-Frumos, PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL Iasi, PRODALEX SRL Iasi, ELIDA SRL Iasi and FLORISIM SRL Iasi.
RESULTS AND DISCUTIONS
Analysing the bakery market dimension in Iasi county, one one the most
trustfull source is represented by Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Taking into
consideration net turnover, operating profit operating profit rate, efficiency of human
resource and the the efficiency of using working capital and the complex correlation of
- 57 -
these indicators it was formed a ranking of the top producers in Iasi county for the
CAEN: 1071 - Manufacture of bread, making cakes and fresh pastry for class size:
medium-sized enterprises (fig. 1), small enterprises (fig.2) and microenterprises (fig.
3).
Figure 1 The bakery industry score for Iași county
Class size: Medium-sized enterprises
Source: own processing using CCI Iași* data
*- Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Figure 2 The bakery industry score for Iași county
Class size: small enterprises
Source: own processing using CCI Iași* data
1,97
1,86
1,010,9
0,570
0,5
1
1,5
2
PRODALEX
SRL
AGROPAN
IMPEX SRL
N & F
BELVEDERE
SRL
COMPAN SA
TAC - TAC
SRL
Punctaj
2,52
1,27
1,08
0,92
0,80,76
0,75
0,57
0,5
0,39
0
1
2
3
INVALI
ZILOR
SIMAV
EX SRL
SIMI-
DOM
SRL
RARA
COM
SRL
RE
MINA
SRL
PANIFI
CATIE
TRAD…
GENER
AL
CON…
BLUPA
N SRL
ELIDA
SRL
PANIFI
CATIE
MOL…
Punctaj
- 58 -
Figure 3 The bakery industry score for Iași county
Class size: microenterprises
Source: own processing using CCI Iași* data
The enterprise first-ranked for medium-sized enterprises was PRODALEX
SRL Iasi with a 1.97 score which also has the highest gross profit (fig. 4), for small
enterprises SCM INVALIZILOR with a 2.52 score and for microenterprises
MONDIAL PANE SRL with a 1.39 score obtained.
Figure 8 Evolution of gross profit
for the main bakery producers
in Iasi county (2004-2011)
The main economic indicator reffering to the enterprise result is the turnover
which reflects the sales value of each company (fig. 4), the highest share in
accumulated turnover for the enterprises taken into consideration having AGROPAN
IMPEX SRL Iasi (35,41%), the company leading also for the category employees
number in 2011 (170), followed by COMPAN SA Iasi (134).
1,391,38
1,35
1,030,560,52
0,5
0,250,18
0
0,5
1
1,5MONDIAL PANE SRL
GATRIPAN SRL
NOVALIS SRL
BEST EXPERT SRL
DINCOPAN SRLBEST PAN ARINA SRL
PANIGAB SRL
ESTY-PATI SRL
MOT PRES SRL
Punctaj
-200.000 800.000 1.800.000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
395.386
467.971
609.847
845.723
900.734
733.503
447.470
132.848
57.550
144.909
354.431
353.358
362.346
530.629
1.026.281
1.911.559
lei
FLORISIM SRL
ELIDA SRL
PRODALEX SRL
PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL
AGROPAN IMPEX SRL
COMPAN SA
ȚAC - ȚAC SRL
AFER SRL
- 59 -
Figure 4 Annual Turnover dynamics for the main bakery producers in Iasi county (2004-
2011)
Figure 5 The share in accumulated turnover for the main bakery producers in Iasi county
(2011)
Figure 6 Employees number evolution for the main bakery producers in Iasi county
(2004-2011)
13.246.58616.245.993
0
10.000.000
20.000.000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Lei
Anul
AFER SRL ȚAC - ȚAC SRL
COMPAN SA AGROPAN IMPEX SRL
PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL PRODALEX SRL
8,61%9,55%
25,83%
35,41%
1,77% 14,29%
1,99% 2,55% AFER SRL
ȚAC -ȚAC SRL
COMPAN SA
AGROPAN IMPEX SRL
PANIFICAȚIE
MOLDOVA SRL
77
134
214
170
286044
-35
15
65
115
165
215
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
AFER SRL ȚAC - ȚAC SRLCOMPAN SA AGROPAN IMPEX SRLPANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL PRODALEX SRLELIDA SRL FLORISIM SRL
- 60 -
The analyse of total income (tab. 1) total spendings (tab 2) is a necesity in the
economic approach indicating the company policy and strategies with influences on
labor productivity (fig. 7) and economic development.
Table 1
Evolution of the total income for the main bakery producers in Iasi county (2004-2011)
AFER
SRL
ȚAC - ȚAC
SRL
COMPAN
SA
AGROPAN
IMPEX
SRL
PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA
SRL
PRODALEX
SRL
ELIDA
SRL
FLORISIM
SRL
2004 2,899,939 573,639 15,959,204 292,972 638,662 4,275,703 716,615 106,440
2005 2,435,701 1,346,354 14,020,889 180,861 522,936 4,371,104 561,932 287,626
2006 2,998,226 2,358,908 14,319,373 129,902 485,487 5,097,420 617,553 287,585
2007 3,897,635 3,324,113 15,672,932 486,660 992,309 5,992,663 744,244 705,124
2008 4,210,529 4,669,215 17,931,523 6,315,511 1,098,164 6,486,401 988,671 1,120,130
2009 4,082,248 4,601,409 17,138,893 12,872,233 934,864 6,492,274 947,476 909,354
2010 3,947,231 5,184,885 16,526,829 13,952,009 1,088,139 8,404,127 931,914 834,227
2011 4,625,036 5,253,940 16,434,189 16,616,538 982,834 12,131,513 1,002,630 1,549,313
Source: own processing using NAFA* data
*-National Agency for Fiscal Administration
Table 2
Evolution of the total spendings for the main bakery producers in Iasi county (2004-2011)
AFER
SRL
ȚAC -
ȚAC SRL
COMPAN
SA
AGROPAN
IMPEX
SRL
PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA
SRL
PRODALEX
SRL
ELIDA
SRL
FLORISIM
SRL
2004 2,725,583 571,467 15,563,817 287,759 637,670 4,218,153 649,876 134,493
2005 2,448,113 1,343,879 13,552,918 178,019 518,139 4,226,195 524,162 335,076
2006 2,890,145 2,356,228 13,709,526 126,740 482,311 4,742,989 577,610 413,770
2007 3,737,875 3,320,738 14,827,209 473,617 986,080 5,639,305 730,269 651,128
2008 4,002,731 4,644,713 17,030,789 6,266,298 1,094,448 6,124,055 978,251 1,061,848
2009 3,912,428 4,590,124 16,405,390 12,654,816 924,672 5,961,645 934,445 978,919
2010 3,925,809 5,168,285 16,079,359 13,552,499 1,071,336 7,377,846 919,931 840,257
2011 4,671,686 5,249,204 16,301,341 16,097,923 981,608 10,219,954 998,406 1,540,893
Source: own processing using NAFA* data
- 61 -
Figure 7 Evolution of the labor productivity for the main bakery producers in Iasi county
(2004-2011)
The highest income is recorded by AGROPAN IMPEX SRL Iasi
with16,616,538 lei followed closely by COMPAN SA Iasi with16,434,189 lei.
Comparative analyse indicates that even so, the highest spendings are recorded
by COMPAN SA Iasi (16,301,341 lei) in contrast with AGROPAN IMPEX SRL Iasi
(16,097,923 lei), situation wich shows the greater efficiency of the AGROPAN IMPEX
SRL Iasi, company that with less spendings obtains greater income.
Regarding the labor productivity these two companies are surpassed by
PRODALEX SRL Podu Iloaiei with a value of 109255.95 lei/ employee, the lowest
labor productivity being recorded by FLORISIM SRL Iasi.
The gross profit margin (fig 9) as result of dividing gross profit by turnover and
multiplying with 100 is an accurate economic indicator of economic efficiency.
Figure 9 Evolution of gross profit margin for the main bakery producers in Iasi county
(2004-2011)
The highest gross profit margin is 29.16 and obtained by PRODALEX SRL.
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
AFER SRL 42287,6129103,3131852,6842737,9645114,6342972,0346038,6951310,61
ȚAC - ȚAC SRL 35443,2724767,1429210,4640418,9351002,4644334,9448235,7256876,52
COMPAN SA 56239,2556867,8160174,9574498,8990112,8388338,3087297,7388445,95
AGROPAN IMPEX SRL 97649,3345213,2565438,0076357,5042659,6751644,8970576,1395564,66
PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL 19967,2015105,4313236,5726880,0729133,5725175,8729183,1329046,64
PRODALEX SRL 49261,6559087,5653858,5163982,2164615,9161196,5268095,33109255,95
ELIDA SRL 28825,5527832,4529644,8537128,0049201,2544674,3334519,8339673,83
FLORISIM SRL 52918,0015116,3714318,1026519,8927433,0930330,7337651,0026582,55
88445,95
95564,66109255,95
26582,550,00
20000,00
40000,00
60000,00
80000,00
100000,00
120000,00
Le
i/p
ers
oa
nă
6,65 7,47
29,16
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
AFER SRLȚAC - ȚAC SRL
COMPAN SAAGROPAN IMPEX SRL
- 62 -
An other important indicator of result is spendings at 1000 lei income (fig 10) which
reflect companies’ profitability and the efficiency of resources utilization.
Figure 10 Evolution of the spendings at 1000 lei income for the main bakery producers in
Iasi county (2004-2011)
For the year 2011, the best value for this economic indicator belongs to
PRODALEX SRL (842.43 lei/1000 lei income) and the worst belongs to AFER SRL
Iași (1010.09 lei/1000 lei income), the value indicating economic loss an consequently
lack of profit.
An interesting evolution was revealed for the total assets of the studied
enterprises (fig 11) for the two of them which had an inverse proportionally evolution.
While for AGROPAN IMPEX SRL Iasi the percentage in total accumulated
assets constantly increased, for the COMPAN SA Iasi they decreased in the same
manner.
Figure 11 Percentage evolution of total assests for the main bakery producers in Iasi
county (2004-2011)
1010,09
842,43
906,87
1263,56
1076,50
800,00
850,00
900,00
950,00
1000,00
1050,00
1100,00
1150,00
1200,00
1250,00
1300,00
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
lei
Anul
AFER SRL
ȚAC - ȚAC SRL
COMPAN SA
AGROPAN IMPEX SRL
PANIFICAȚIE
MOLDOVA SRL
PRODALEX SRL
ELIDA SRL
FLORISIM SRL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%FLORISIM SRL
ELIDA SRL
PRODALEX SRL
PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA
SRL
AGROPAN IMPEX SRL
- 63 -
The economic profitability rate (fig 12) as result of dividing gross profit by
total assets and multiplying with 100 emphasises the manner an enterprise is using its
assets efficient in order to obtain a higher gross profit.
Figure 12 Evolution of economic profitability rate for the main bakery producers in Iasi
county (2004-2011)
Taking into consideration the economic profitability rate at the 2011 year level,
PRODALEX SRL recorded the highest value (25.12) even if în 2004-2011 period of
time ELIDA SRL obtained the higher rate in 2004 but it decreased constantly since. În 2011 on the second place regarding the economic profitability rate was AGROPAN
IMPEX SRL Iasi, followed by COMPAN SA Iasi. Significant rate values in this period
had also AFER SRL Iași in 2007(23.34) and COMPAN SA Iasi in 2008 (20.46). Making a complete analyse of the economic level of development of an an
enterprise requires not only taking into consideration direct economic results that
characterize its status but also the level of debts (fig. 13) as an negative aspect when
not covered by the assets value or as positive spect
reflecting the investment effort the main bakery producers in Iasi county. Debts
dynamics indicates the real enterprise situation and allows economic prognosis
necessary in designing medium and long term strategies.
23,3420,46
25,12
28,00
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
AFER SRL ȚAC - ȚAC SRL COMPAN SA
AGROPAN IMPEX SRL PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL PRODALEX SRL
- 64 -
Figure 13 Evolution of total debt for the main bakery producers in Iasi county (2004-2011)
The debt rate (fig. 14) as ratio between total debts and total assets establishes a
valuable correlation which reflectsthe true state of the enterprise in terms of borrowing.
Figure 14 Evolution of debt rate for the main bakery producers in Iasi county (2004-2011)
Evolution of debt rate for the main bakery producers in Iasi county for the
2004-2011 period indicates generally a constant decrease of value (for PRODALEX
SRL from 0.88 in 2004 to 0.35 in 20011, for AFER SRL from 1.03 in 2004 ) excepting
PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL which recorded an increase from 0.45 in 2004 to 0.75 in 2011.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The economic results analyse is required for all types of market diagnostics
1.302.779
1.100.986
1.930.520
10.311.942
885.525
919,911
0
2.000.000
4.000.000
6.000.000
8.000.000
10.000.000
12.000.000
14.000.000
16.000.000
18.000.000
20.000.000FLORISIM SRL
ELIDA SRL
PRODALEX SRL
PANIFICAȚIE
MOLDOVA SRL
AGROPAN IMPEX
SRL
COMPAN SA
ȚAC - ȚAC SRL
AFER SRL
1,031,12
1,01
0,600,54
0,45
0,75
0,88
0,35
0,66
1,16
0,77
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
AFER SRL ȚAC - ȚAC SRL COMPAN SAAGROPAN IMPEX SRL PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL PRODALEX SRLELIDA SRL FLORISIM SRL
- 65 -
necessary both on macroeconomic and microeconomic level.
2. The highest share in accumulated turnover for the enterprises taken into
consideration having AGROPAN IMPEX SRL Iasi (35,41%), the company leading
also for the category employees number in 2011 (170), followed by COMPAN SA Iasi
(134)
3. The highest spendings are recorded by COMPAN SA Iasi (16,301,341 lei)
and the highest gross profit margin is 29.16 and obtained by PRODALEX SRL
4. An important indicator of result is spendings at 1000 lei income which
reflect companies’ profitability and the efficiency of resources utilization- for the year
2011, the best value for this economic indicator belonging to PRODALEX SRL
(842.43 lei/1000 lei income) and the worst to AFER SRL Iași (1010.09 lei/1000 lei income), the value indicating economic loss
5. Evolution of debt rate for the main bakery producers in Iasi county for the
2004-2011 period indicates generally a constant decrease of value excepting
PANIFICAȚIE MOLDOVA SRL which recorded an important increase in value.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was co financed from the Social Fund through Sectoral Operational
Programme Human Resources Developement 2010-2013, project POSDRU/CPP107-
DMI1/5/S/77222.
REFERENCES 1.Caloianu Emilia, Zaluțchi Petrina, 2001 – Industria panificației și a produselor
făinoase. Editura Universitas Company, Iaș, 2. Chiran A., et al., 2007 - Marketing în agricultură, Editura Alma Print, Galați, 3. Sîrbu Alexandrina, 2009 - Merceologie alimentară. Pâinea și alte produse de
panificație. Editura Agir, București; 4. Ștefan G., 2006- Economie agrară, Editura Junimea, Iași 5. National Institute of Statistics, http://www.insse.ro
6.Chamber of Commerce and Industry, http://www.cciasi.ro
STUDIES REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR OF SOME WILD
SPECIES INTRODUCED IN CULTURE IN PEDOCLIMATIC
CONDITIONS FROM THE IAŞI
ZAHARIA ALINA1, CÂRSTEA OANA MARIANA
Universitatea De Ştiinţe Agricole Şi Medicină Veterinară “ Ion Ionescu de la Brad” IAŞI
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paperwork presents aspects of seed propagation of wild plants with ornamental
characters, in order to introduce them into the culture. There were studied three species
indentified in the wild flora of the Cheile Dobrogei (Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit, Dianthus
nardiformis Janka şi Silene compacta Fisch. ).The experimental cultures were established using as planting material transplanters seedling and non transplanters seedling. The experiences
aimed not only the best option for crop establishment, but also keeping the ornamental
- 66 -
character. The results obtained showed that all species (Alyssum murale, Dianthus nardiformis
Janka şi Silene compacta Fisch) can both be used as seedling transplanters and non transplanters.
Key words: ornamental value, wild plants, Alyssum, Dianthus, Silene, etc.
REZUMAT
Lucrarea prezintă aspecte privind înmulţirea prin seminţe a unor plante sălbatice cu caractere ornamentale, în vederea introducerii lor în cultură. Au fost studiate trei specii
identificate în flora spontană din Cheile Dobrogei (Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit, Dianthus nardiformis Janka şi Silene compacta Fisch. ), specii la care s-au înfiinţat culturile experimentale utilizând ca material săditor răsad repicat şi nerepicat. Experienţele au urmărit nu numai varianta optimă de înfiinţare a culturilor, ci şi păstrarea caracterelor ornamentale. Rezultatele obţinute au demonstrat faptul că la toate speciile (Alyssum murale , Dianthus nardiformis Janka şi Silene compacta Fisch.) se poate folosi atât răsad repicat, cât şi nerepicat.
Cuvinte cheie: valoarea ornamentală, plante sălbatice, Alyssum, Dianthus, Silene etc.
INTRODUCERE
Cercetările contribuie la îmbogăţirea şi lărgirea sortimentelor de plante ornamentale cu specii din flora spontană şi de a oferi cultivatorilor tehnologii de înmulţire şi întreţinere eficiente, dar şi extinderea fondului de germoplasmă prin conservarea biodiversitătii plantelor.
Scopul lucrării este de a determina capacitatea de multiplicare şi adaptare a speciilor spontane din zona Dobrogei Alyssum murale, Dianthus nardiformis şi Silene compacta Fisch. cultivate în condiţii diferite de habitatul lor natural.
Aceste specii interesează atât prin caracterele morfologice ale florilor, cât şi prin forma, modul de dispunere a frunzelor şi portul deosebit al tulpinilor.
MATERIAL ȘI METODĂ
Scopul cercetărilor a fost de a urmării evoluţia adaptării speciilor la condiţiile pedoclimatice din zona Iaşi, dar şi menţinerea performanţelor decorative ale acestora.
Materialul biologic necesar înființării variantelor experimentale s-a realizat cu
seminţe recoltate de la specii de plante din flora spontană identificate în zona Dobrogei:
-Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit , familia Brassicaceae, cu habitatul natural
Cheile Dobrogei;
-Dianthus nardiformis Janka, familia Caryophyllaceae, cu habitatul natural
Greci;
-Silene compacta Fisch. familia Caryophyllaceae, cu habitatul natural la
Turcoaia.
Experienţa a fost realizată în câmpul disciplinei de Floricultură, din cadrul
Universității de Științe agricole și Medicină Veterinară Iași. Experiențele au fost înfiinţate în primăvara anului 2011 și au fost efectuate
observații și determinări până în anul 2012 la sfârșitul perioadei de vegetație a plantelor.
Schema experienţei a urmărit germinarea seminţelor, producerea materialului săditor (folosind două variante de experimentare V1- varianta nerepicată şi V2 varianta repicată) şi determinarea creşterii plantelor obţinute din seminţe. Factorii experimentali sunt amplasați într-o experiență bifactorială, având următoarele graduări:
- 67 -
Factorul A: zona de provenienţă a speciilor Factorul B: Specia
Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit.- albiţă, ciucuşoară, este o plantă ierboasă, anuală, bienală sau perenă. Are rădăcina groasă, foarte ramificată şi lemnoasă.Tulpinile sunt erecte, cu o înălţime cuprinsă între 25-70cm, numeroase, tufoase, fără rozete bazale, iar în partea inferioară acestea sunt lemnoase şi stelat păroase foliate până la inflorescenţă, având frunzele inferioare adesea în formă de rozetă, spatulate şi caduce după înflorire, lăsând cicatrice evidente.Frunzele tulpinale sunt oblong - lanceolate,
cuneate, lung atenuate, la vârf acute sau obtuze.Inflorescenţa este un corimb compus, de obicei dens, formând un strat orizontal de flori sau fructe nu prea stelat păroase.
Dianthus nardiformis Janka.- garofă pitică, este o plantă din zona de stepă mai caldă anuală, perenă, glabră tufoasă relative mică, de circa 10 - 15 cm, având numeroase tulpini drepte, iar la vârf sunt dichotomic ramificate, cu câte 2 - 3 flori
apropiate. Frunzele sunt liniare, aciculare, lungi de 2,5 cm, foarte subţiri, aproape setiforme, Înfloreşte în lunile iulie şi august.
a b c
Figura 1a- Alyssum murale, b- Dianthus nardiformis ,c- Silene compacta
Fisch.(original)
Silene compacta Fisch. -militeaua dobrogeană are perioada de vegetaţie vara, sub forma unor tufe compact rotunjite, cu florile mici, albe, roze sau rosii. Planta este
perenă cu tulpina erectă, înaltă de 20 - 40 cm. Frunzele inferioare ale plantei sunt
lanceolate, spatulate, iar cele caulinare sunt oblongi, până la oblong lanceolate, obtuze. Inflorescenţa puternic îndesuită, fasciculată în formă de capitul cu florile sesile, la bază învelite de frunzele supreme. Fructul este o capsulă oblongă de lungimea unui cartof sau puţin mai scurtă.
Schema experimentală a urmărit producerea materialului săditor la cele trei specii sălbatice, în vederea înmulţirii „ex situ”, în condiţiile de la Iaşi. La fiecare specie s-au folosit câte două variante experimentale: cu răsad nerepicat (V1) şi răsad repicat (V2).
Înființarea experiențelor s-a realizat în primăvara anului 2012. S-a semănat în seră, la palete alveolare, într-un substrat alcătuit din turbă şi pământ de grădină, în proporţie volumetrică de 1:3 pentru Alyssum murale, iar pentru speciile Dianthus nardiformis, şi Silene compacta proporţia a fost de 1:1. Temperatura din seră a fost de 16-18 0C. Din plantele obţinute s-au constituit cele două variante.
- 68 -
Tabelul 1
Date calendaristice privind înființarea culturilor experimentale
Specia Data
semănat Data răsărire Data repicat Data plantat
în câmp
Alyssum murale Waldst.
& Kit
23.03.2011 26.03.2011 22.04.2011 31.05.2011
Dianthus nardiformis
Janka
23.03.2011 26.03.2011 22.04.2011 31.05.2011
Silene compacta Fisch 23.03.2011 27.04.2011 22.04.2011 31.05.2011
Semănatul şi plantarea în câmp a materialului săditor obţinut în cele două variante experimentale s-a făcut la aceeaşi dată. Experienţele s-au organizat în blocuri randomizate, cu trei repetiţii.
Observațiile și determinările efectuate au vizat diferite aspecte privind comportarea plantelor în condiţii “ex situ”: germinaţia seminţelor (facultatea germinativă şi durata de germinaţie), capacitatea plantelor tinere de a suporta
transplantarea, dinamica de creşterea în înălţime a plantelor şi capacitatea lor de înflorire în funcţie de materialul săditor folosit la înfiinţarea culturilor.
REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII
Aspectele privind germinaţia seminţelor evidenţiază o serie de diferenţe între specii. În ceea ce priveşte procentajul germinaţie a variat între 54- 87,5 % , astfel:
Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit 76%, Dianthus nardiformis Janka 87,5%, iar Silene
compacta 54%.
Durata de germinaţie a fost cuprinsă între 3 -4 zile: Alyssum murale Waldst. &
Kit şi Dianthus nardiformis Janka a fost de 3 zile, iar pentru Silene compacta Fisch 4 zile. S-a urmărit dinamica creşterii în înălţime a plantelor provenite atât din răsad nerepicat, cât şi din răsad repicat, conform schemei experimentale. Observaţiile au fost efectuate din luna aprilie 2011 până în luna octombrie 2012. La culturile înfiinţate în câmp s-au făcut determinări şi asupra numărului de inflorescenţe formate, prin compararea între cele două variante experimentale.
La Alyssum murale s-a observat că, în anul 2011 plantele nerepicate au avut o dinamică a creşterii în înălţime mai bună decât plantele repicate (fig. 2), dar diferenţele dintre variante au fost nesemnificative. În primul an de vegetaţie plantele nu au înflorit.
Fig. 2. Dinamica creşterii în înălţime a plantelor de Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit
în anul 2011
0
5
10
15
4.05.2011 11.07.2011 30.09.2011
cm
V1-răsad repicat V2-răsad nerepicat
- 69 -
În anul experimental 2012 s-a observat că plantele de Alyssum murale au avut o dinamică a creşterii mai bună tot la varianta nerepicată, diferenţele fiind tot nesemnificative (fig.3). Înflorirea deplină a plantelor a fost la data de 15.05. 2012. Talia plantelor la înflorirea deplină a fost de 64,6 cm la varianta V1 şi de 65 cm la varianta V2. Durata înfloririi a fost de 26 zile de la începutul înfloririi.
Fig. 3. Dinamica creşterii în înălţime a plantelor de Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit în anul
2012
Dinamica de creştere la plantele de Dianthus nardiformis în anul 2011 a fost de 12 cm la Plantele din V1 şi de 13,3cm la plantele din variant V2.Apariţia primilor boboci a fost la data de 16.08.2011, iar la data de 23.08.2011 plantele au ajuns la
înflorirea deplină. Durata unei flori este de 7-8 zile. Plantele au format flori până la începutul lunii octombrie.
Fig. 4. Dinamica creşterii în înălţime a plantelor de Dianthus nardiformis Janka în
anul 2011
Fig. 5. Dinamica creşterii în înălţime a plantelor de Dianthus nardiformis Janka în
anul 2012
Plantele de Dianthus nardiformis în data de 24.04.2012 au format boboci, iar la în data de 15 aprilie au înflorit. Specia a avut o înflorire eşalonată, astfel încât plantele au avut flori pe toată perioada verii.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25 29,2
49 61,6 64,672,2
72,22429
49
62,2 6573,2
73,2
0
50
100
150
200
28.03.2012 25.04.2012 3.05.2012 15.05.2012 27.05.2012 10.06.2012 3.07.2012
cm
V2-varianta nerepicată V1-varianta repicată
0 0 0 0 0 00
10
20
30
18.04.2011 31.05.2011 11.07.2011 16.08.2011 22.09.2011 16.10.2011
cm
V2-varianta nerepiucata V1-varianta repicata
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02,5 3,1 3,59 9 12 12,5
14 18,5 18,52,6
3,2 3,74
7,510 9,5 10,5
12 12
0
20
40
1,05 29,05 20,06 3,07 24,07 9,08 20,08 1.09. 1.10. 2,11
cm
V2-varianta nerepicata V1-varianta repicata
- 70 -
Fig. 6. Dinamica creşterii în înălţime a plantelor de Silene compacta Fisch. în anul
2011
Fig. 7. Dinamica creşterii în înălţime a plantelor de Dianthus nardiformis Janka în
anul 2012
În anul experimental 2012 plantele de Silene compacta în data de 15 mai au
început să formeze tije florifere. Acestea au înregistrat o medie a înălţimii de 34,5 cm. După 43 de zile de la apariţia tijelor plantele au atins fenofaza înflorii (26.06.2012) având mediea înălţimii de 63 cm (fig.7).
CONCLUZII
1. Plantele luate în studiu au prezentat o bună adaptabilitate la condiţiile climatice din zona Iaşi.
2. Cel mai bun procentaj al germinării seminţelor l-a înregistrat Dianthus nardiformis Janka 87,5%, Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit 76%, iar Silene compacta
54%.
3. La Dianthus nardiformis Janka şi Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit atât înălţimea tulpinilor cât şi numărul de inflorescenţe a înregistrat valori cu diferenţe nesemnificative între variante. De aceea, la cele două specii, ca material săditor se poate folosi atât răsadul repicat, cât şi răsadul nerepicat.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial support for this study was provided by the Project co-financed by
European Social Fund Operational Programme for Human Resources Development
2007 – 2013: POSDRU –CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222.
BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Ciocârlan V., 2000 - Flora ilustrată a României. Pteridophyta et Spermatophyta.
1138 pag. Editura. Ceres. Bucureşti. 2. Draghia Lucia, Chelariu Elena-Liliana, Sîrbu C., 2010 - The behavioir in crop of
some species with ornamental features from spontaneus flora of Romania. Lucrări ştiinţifice USAMV Iaşi. Seria horticultură. Vol.53.
3. Draghia Lucia, Chelariu Elena-Liliana, Sîrbu C., Brânză Maria, 2010 - Species with
Ornamental Potential from Spontaneous Flora of Buzău County. Bulletin UASVM Cluj Napoca, Horticulture, 67(1)/2010, pag. 336-343
0
5
10
4.05.2011 11.07.2011 15.09.2011
3,13,8 4,1
5,6
8,9 9,4
cm
V1-varianta repicată
5,511,4
18,6
34,5
63
83,2 83,2
00
0
0
0
0 0
0
50
100
28.03.2012 25.04.2012 5.05.2012 15.05.2012 26.06.2012 10.06.2012 3.07.2012
cm
V1-varianta repicată
- 71 -
SECTION Ii
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
VETERINARY MEDICINE
- 72 -
SECTION II.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY/VETERINARY MEDICINE
HEAVY METAL AND PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION OF MAIZE
SILAGE DERIVED FROM TWO DIFFERENT PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS (CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC)
NADIA MIRELA AIOANEI1, IOAN MIRCEA POP
1
1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “Ion Ionescu de la Brad”,
Faculty of Animal Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
ABSTRACT
Organic agriculture is a current subject due to the increase concern of consumer
toward healthier products. Animal feed is the first link in obtaining safer and higher quality
food.
The aim of this paper was a comparative analysis of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) and
pesticide contamination (organochlorine and organophosphate) in maize silage samples,
derived from two farms in the North-East part of Romania, with different production systems.
Samples were analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)
and gas chromatography for pesticide detection.
Lead and Cadmium concentration was higher in samples derived from the conventional
system and Copper concentration was higher on samples derived from the organic one (p≤ 0.001), while for Zinc concentration no significant difference was observed (p≥0.05). Pesticide residues were below 0.05 mg/kg detection limit for organochlorine and 0.01 mg/kg for
organophosphate.
Lower toxic heavy metal concentration and absence of pesticide residues in animal
feed is a desideratum for healthier animals and therefore for safer products.
Toxic heavy metals concentration was higher in maize silage samples derived from
conventional production system but they were below the admitted limit set by the Commission
Regulation (EU) No 574/2011.
Keywords: heavy metal, pesticides, organic agriculture
INTRODUCTION
Organic agriculture is a current subject due to the increase concern of consumer
toward healthier products. Animal feed is the first link in obtaining safer and higher
quality food.
Heavy metals and pesticide contamination of fodder is a very important issue.
Sometimes degradation products of some used substances (like pesticides with Hg, Sn,
Zn and Cu) may be more toxic than the substance itself [2]. All chemical combination
with metals are toxic if exceeded the specific dose for each element [1].
The European Commission has strict regulation for admitted level of heavy
metals and pesticide contamination in fodder [3, 4].
The aim of this paper was a comparative analysis of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn,
Cu) and pesticide contamination (organochlorine and organophosphate) in maize silage
samples, derived from two farms in the North-East part of Romania, with different
production systems.
- 73 -
MATERIAL AND METHOD
In order to achieve the objective of a total of 10 cornsilage samples, derived
from both conventional and organic system, were analyzed , taken in accordance with
in force standards and legislation [5].
Samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) using atomic
absorption spectrometry (AAS) and pesticide detection using gas chromatography
methods GC-ECD, NPD analysis GC-MS confirmation, in accordance to the in force
standards and legislation [6, 7, 8]. Data was subjected to the one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lead and Cadmium concentration was higher in samples derived from the
conventional system and Copper concentration was higher on samples derived from the
organic one (p ≤ 0.001), while for Zinc concentration no significant difference was observed (p ≥ 0.05) but the mean values were higher in the samples derived from the
organic production system.
Pesticide residues were below 0.05 mg/kg detection limit for organochlorine
and 0.01 mg/kg for organophosphate – table 1. Pesticide residues, in all analyzed
samples, were below 0.05 mg/kg detection limit for organochlorine and 0.01 mg/kg for
organophosphate.
Table 1
Heavy metal concentration in maize silage (Conventional vs. Organic)
Specification n Production
system x sx V%
MAL1
mg/kg
Pb mg/kg 5 Conventional 0.089
a 0.003 19
30 mg/kg 5 Organic 0.064
b 0.002 17
Cd mg/kg 5 Conventional 0.010
a 0.0003 15
1 mg/kg 5 Organic 0.009
b 0.0002 14
Cu mg/kg 5 Conventional 1.290
a 0.021 8
n/a 5 Organic 1.714
b 0.008 2
Zn mg/kg 5 Conventional 3.437
a 0.02 3
n/a 5 Organic 3.485
a 0.04 5
Values for the same analyzed element, followed by different letters are significantly
different (P ≤ 0.001) 1MAL = maximum admitted limit according to COMMISSION REGULATION (EU)
No 574/2011
n/a = not available
CONCLUSIONS Toxic heavy metals concentration was higher in maize silage samples derived
from conventional production system but they were below the maximum admitted limit
(30 mg/kg) set by the Commission Regulation (EU) No 574/2011.
Bioelements (Zn and Cu) concentration was higher in the organic analyzed
samples.
Lower toxic heavy metal concentration and absence of pesticide residues in
- 74 -
animal feed is a de sideratum for healthier animals and therefore for safer products.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The current research has been possible thanks to the structural projects funding:
Improvement and Human Resource Development Research and Innovation inGraduate
School; Contract: POSDRU –CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222
REFERENCES 1. Ferguson J.E., 1990. Heavy elements. Chemistry, Environmental Impact and
Health Effects, Pergamon Press, Oxford
2. Gold L.S (Ed.), 2001. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Acad. Press, N.Y.,
p 799-843
3. COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 396/2005 OF THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 February 2005on maximum residue levels of
pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive
91/414/EEC
4. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 574/2011 of 16 June 2011
amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as
regards maximum levels for nitrite, melamine, Ambrosia spp. and carry-over of certain
coccidiostats and histomonostats and consolidating Annexes I and II thereto]
5. SR EN ISO 6497:2005 Animal feeding stuffs - Sampling .
6. SR EN ISO 14082:2003 Foodstuffs. Determination of trace elements.
Determination of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron and chromium by atomic absorption
spectrometry (AAS) after dry ashing
7. SR EN ISO 6869:2002 Animal feeding stuffs - Determination of the contents
of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium and zinc - Method using
atomic absorption spectrometry (ISO 6869:2000)
8. European guidelines EC/ 657/2002
HEAVY METALS CONTENT OF MIXED FEED USED IN LAYING
HENS FEEDING IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTION
(CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC)
MARIA BOLOGA1, I.M. POP
1, AIDA ALBU
1
1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi,
Romania
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to identify and the comparative analysis of heavy metals
content (lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) determined for 10 samples of mixed feed collected
from two units from Romania with different systems in hens egg production (conventional and
organic), activity which ensure the safety and the innocuity of mixed feed. Premixtures have
contained similar ingredients, except for the chemical synthesis and of animal origin which are
not allowed in organic production.
For the determination of heavy metals content (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) of mixed feed samples
was used atomic absorption spectrophotometry method in flame (AAS), using atomic absorption
with flame GBC-AVANTA apparatus in order to standards and legislation.
The results showed that heavy metals present in the samples analyzed were lead,
- 75 -
cadmium, copper and zinc. Statistical analysis, revealed signiflcant differences between the
mean values calculated for mixed feed samples derived from conventional system compared
with the ecological one for lead (0.502±0.045 vs. 0.128±0.012 mg/kg), cadmium (0.034±0.002 vs. 0.024±0.002 mg/kg), copper (1.706±0.053 vs. 4.616±0.197 mg/kg) and for zinc the differences were insignificant (3.748±0.147 vs. 2.095±0.048 mg/kg).
The levels of lead and cadmium contamination in all the samples of mixed feed were
relative low and the assessed values were under the admitted maximal limits established by the
MAAP Ord. no. 547/2011.
Key words: heavy metals, mixed feed, organic/ conventional.
INTRODUCTION
Urgently environmental problem today is closely associated with pollution in
which metal pollutants plays an important role. From the many chemical substances
polluting in the environment, which have different sources are presenting a great
danger and metals through their toxic potential not only to the environment but also for
the health of animals and humans as a result of their participation in the food chain
food [1, 2].
The aim of this study was to identify and the comparative analysis of heavy
metals content (lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) determined for samples of mixed feed
collected from two units from Romania with different systems in hens egg production
(conventional and organic), activity which ensure the safety and the innocuity of mixed
feed.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
During 2012 were taken ten samples of mixed fodder from a conventional unit
from Vaslui County and from a organic unit from Cluj County, profiled on laying hens
exploitation. Premixtures have contained similar ingredients, except for the chemical
synthesis and of animal origin which are not allowed in organic production (table 1).
The harvesting and the preparation of mixed feed samples for analysis were made
according to actual national and international standard (STAS 9597/1-74; SR EN ISO
13690:2001) [4, 5].
The assessment of heavy metals content from the samples was made by using
atomic absorption spectrophotometry method in flame with feeder burner with mixed
air-acetylene at maximum 250°C, using atomic absorption with flame GBC-AVANTA
apparatus. For determination of heavy metals content, the mixed feed were drying
mineralized so: the samples were burned at 500ºC, and the ash results was washed with HCl and distilled water; at the end the solution sample is bringing to an wanted volume
to be analysed at spectrophotometer. The curve of calibration, representing graphic
absorbance depending on concentration, was realised for cadmium in 5 points (0.2; 0.5;
1; 1.5; 2 ppm), for cooper in 3 points (1; 2; 4 ppm), for lead in 5 points (0.5; 1; 2.5; 5;
7.5 ppm) and for zinc in 4 points (1; 2; 3; 4 ppm). The wave-length used for
determination of Cd was of 228.8 nm, of Cu was of 324,7 nm, of Pb was of 217 nm
and the wave-length used for determination of Zn was of 213.9 nm. The results of Cd,
Cu, Pb and Zn was expressed in mg/kg (ppm) at 12% humidity of the mixed feed.
The results of analyzes were processed statistically by calculating the position
and variation estimators (arithmetic average x , respective the variance S2, standard
- 76 -
deviation s, standard deviation of average xs
and coefficient of variation V%) and the
significance of differences was determined using ANOVA Test: single factor.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The research has shown that all analysed samples contained lead, cadmium,
cooper and zinc. The results are presented in tables 2.
Table 1
The composition of conventional and organic recipes used in diet of laying hens (according
with data sheetproduct)
Ingredients Conventional recipe % Organic recipe %
Corn
Wheat
Soybean meal 46% / Full fat
soya
Sunflower meal
Alfalfa
Corn gluten meal
Oil
Calcium carbonate
Premix GOC 2% 2055/01E
Phosphate
Sodium chloride
Total
Metabolizable energy (MJ /
kg)
48.80
10.00
21.00
7.20
-
-
1.40
9.60
2.00
-
-
100
11.5435
35.50
15.50
20.00
12.00
6.00
4.00
-
4.50
1.00
1.2
0.3
100
11.87
Table 2
Average content of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, lead and zinc) in fodder samples
mg/kg DM (ppm)
Specificatio
n
No. of
samples xs±X s V%
Limits ANOVA
Test: single
factor Min. Max.
Cd Conv. 5 0.034±0.002 0.004 12.77 0.028 0.04 p < 0,001
Eco. 5 0.024±0.002 0.005 20.45 0.018 0.029
Cu Conv. 5 1.706±0.053 0.119 20.19 1.55 1.86 p < 0,001
Eco. 5 4.616±0.197 0.441 9.55 3.95 5.1
Pb Conv. 5 0.502±0.045 0.110 6.97 0.39 0.62 p < 0,001
Eco. 5 0.128±0.012 0.026 20.22 0.09 0.16
Zn Conv. 5 3.748±0.147 0.328 8.75 3.276 4.076 p < 0,05
Eco. 5 2.095±0.048 0.107 5.12 1.995 2.261
The levels of lead and cadmium contamination in all the samples of mixed feed
were relative low and the assessed values were under the admitted maximal limits
established by the MAAP Ord. no. 547/2011:
- for lead, the maximal limit established for mixed feed is 10 mg/kg (maximal
average value in this research was 0.502 vs. 0.128 mg/kg)
- for cadmium, the maximal limit established for mixed feed is 1.0 mg/kg
- 77 -
(maximal average value in this research was 0.034 vs. 0.024 mg/kg) [3].
These values indicated a relative low pollution level with heavy metals.
Statistical analysis, revealed significant differences between the mean values calculated
for mixed feed samples derived from conventional system compared with the
ecological one for lead (0.502±0.045 vs. 0.128±0.012 mg/kg), cadmium (0.034±0.002 vs. 0.024±0.002 mg/kg), copper (1.706±0.053 vs. 4.616±0.197 mg/kg) and for zinc the differences were insignificant (3.748±0.147 vs. 2.095±0.048 mg/kg).
These values of heavy metals contents in fodders could be a potential harmful
for the animal, through long time accumulative effect in tissues; in consequence is
necessary to continue the investigations and monitoring of heavy metals content in
feeds.
CONCLUSIONS
The results show the presence of heavy metals in all samples, lead and
cadmium values expressed in mg/kg (ppm) are below the maximum limits allowed by
the legislation in force, at 12% humidity of the fodders. Metal concentrations studied
were different values, varying by area and type of farm.
The highest content of lead and cadmium was determined in conventional
samples (0.502 ppm Pb and 0.034 ppm Cd), a possible source of lead contamination
can be represented by means of auto exhaust gases vehicles, as used in the present still
widely treated with tetraethyl-lead fuel for reducing the effect of detonating the
engines.
The results obtained are a quantitative database and are relevant for a certain
period and important for the area from which samples were taken, they can be used to
support some recommendations and measures to protect the animal health and the
production. It is recommended to continue monitoring the area and the fodders
obtained to keep under control the accumulation of heavy metals by applying the
necessary measures.
REFERENCES 1. Kabata - Pendias Alina, 2001 - Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, 3th
Edition, CRC Press LLC, USA.
2. EC (European Commission), 2003 - Opinion of the scientific committee on
animal nutrition on undesirable substances in feed, European Commission-Health and
Consumer Protection Directorate.
3. The Regulation (UE) No. 547/2011 for maximum levels of undesirable
substances in animal feed .
4. STAS 9597/1-74 Mixed feed. Sampling.
5. SR EN ISO 13690:2001 Cereals, pulses and the grist product. Sampling for
static lots.
- 78 -
IEF TECHNIQUE IN ORDER TO GENOTYPE A HOLSTEIN-
FRIESIAN NUCLEUS EXPLOITED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF
ROMANIA
T. BUGEAC1, V.A. BÂLTEANU 2, ŞT. CREANGĂ1, E. PIASENTIER
3, M.M.
CIOBANU1
1University Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine „Ion Ionescu de la Brad” din Iaşi, Faculty of Animal Sciences
[email protected] 2University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary M edicine, Cluj-Napoca -
400372, Faculty of Animal Sciences 3Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - University of Udine,
Udine, Italy
ABSTRACT
Dairy farmers are nowadays adopting the molecular profiling in order to get some
useful information for accelerating the selection process. Knowing the genotypes of dairy cattle
and the positive associations between the genetic variants and production traits, helps the
farmers to keep in their batch only the valuable animals. In cattle milk are six major proteins
divided in casein fraction and whey fraction. These proteins have a large number of genetic
variants, some of these being correlated with milk composition and milk production traits. This
study is part of my PhD thesis.
The aim of the current paper is to identify the genotypes and to calculate genotype and
allele frequencies for a nucleus of Holstein-Friesian cows exploited in the North-East of
Romania. Based on our research, we identified common genetic variants for the six loci coding
the major milk proteins: alpha-casein S1 (αS1-CN); beta-casein (β-CN); alpha-casein S2 (αS2-
CN); kappa-casein (K-CN); beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA). At αS1-
CN locus, two genotypes were observed: BB and BC. The αS1-CN BB genotype recorded the
highest frequency (0.94),while the C allele recorded a low frequency (0.03). For β-CN locus
A1A2 şi A2A2 genotypes recorded the highest frequencies (0.26 for both genotypes), while the β-CN A2C and BB had very low frequencies (0.03 each). For αS2-CN system only one genotype
was identified - AA, αS2-CN A allele having a frequency of 1.00. For the K-CN locus, three
genotypes were observed: AA, AB and BB. K-CN AB genotype recorded the highest frequency
(0.69). As for the whey proteins, at β-LG locus we identified three genotypes (AA, AB and BB),
the highest frequency being calculated for β-LG AB (0.44), while in system α-LA there is
monomorphism for allele α-LA B.
Key words: Holstein Friesian breed, polymorphism, milk proteins, IEF
INTRODUCTION
Since the discovering of the first genetic polymorphism at beta-lactoglobulin
locus (β-LG) by Aschaffenburg et.al. [2], the researchers worldwide became interested
in genetic polymorphisms of major milk proteins. As a fact, until now, numerous
studies were carried in order to show the influence of the genetic variants of milk
proteins on milk quality and quantity.
Nowadays at least 39 genetics variants (alleles) are known for the six major
milk proteins . These alleles occur because of the substitutions or deletions of the
peptidic chain aminoacids [12].
Because of some certain genetic variants impact on the quantity, quality and
processing properties of milk, we can discuss about an economic importance.
- 79 -
Knowing the genetics polymorphisms helps in practice, because we can select
through genetic tests, those individuals who might have important alleles. This way we
can accelerate the improvement process of milk production [3; 11].
Major proteins polymorphisms are related to human nutrition in many ways:
hypoallergenic properties of some types of milk; releasing the peptides with biological
functions from milk proteins and other. [9].
The information gathered in this study may be used for milk improvement,
specialy of the casein content. For example, the cheese production capacity is
associated with a higher content of protein, casein and fats [7]. More than that these
information can be used in order to produce a healthier milk with no negative effects
on human health [5].
AIM
The aim of the current paper is to identify the genotypes and to calculate
genotype and allele frequencies for a nucleus of Holstein-Friesian cows exploited in
the North-East of Romania.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Our study was carried on a total number of 34 Holstein-Friesian cows,
exploited in a farm situated in the North-East of Romania, in Botoşani county. Milk samples were collected individually, directly from udder in 15 ml Falcon tubes,
avoiding the contamination or mixing of the samples.
In order to denaturate the proteins, we diluted 10µl of milk from every sample in 1:5 proportion using urea and dithiotreitol solution.
For analysing the milk samples, in order to identify the polymorphic profile of
the milk proteins using the IEF technique, we prepared a polyacrylamide/bisacrylamide
gel 4%. For obtaining the needed concentration and a ultrathin (0.5mm) gel, we
prepared 18 ml of liquid gel containing acrylamide/ bisacrylamide monomers, urea and
a three carrying ampholytes mixture: pH=2,5-5; pH=4,2-4.9; pH=5-7.
After the homogenization, we add two polymerization catalysts (TEMED and
ammoniac persulphate) over the monomers mix. After that, the gel needs two hours to
polymerize (room temperature).
After the polymerization, the gel was applied and fixed in the middle of the
ceramic plate of the electrophoresis. On the anode side (A+) we applied a filter paper
impregnated with H3PO4 and on the cathode side (C-) – filter paper imbued with
NaOH.
The proteins were separated due to their migration at 200 V, for 90 minutes.
After the migration, proteins were fixed on the gel with tri chlorine acetic acid
(TCA) 10% for 60 minutes. For visualising the polymorphic profile of the proteins, we
used Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. After this stage, we have scanned the gel with
Gel Doc XR (Bio-Rad) system in order to get the images.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
After genotyping the individuals from Holstein-Friesian breed, we identified
the genetic variants and genotypes for the following loci: alphaS1 casein (αS1-CN),
- 80 -
beta-casein (β-CN), alfaS2-casein (αS2-CN), kappa-casein (K-CN), alpha-lactalbumin
(α-LA) and beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG).
The analysed electrophoretic profiles revealed the presence of some ordinary
genetic variants for all the six loci of the major milk proteins, except the αS1 BC which is more rare. The identified genotypes are shown in table 1, and the electrophoretic
profile it is shown in figure 1.
Table1
The identified genotypes using IEF technique
Sample Animal nr. αS1-CN β-CN αS2-
CN K-CN β-LG α-LA
1F 31 BC A1A2 AA AB BB BB
2F 19 BB A1A1 AA AA AB BB
3F 65 BB A1A2 AA AA AA BB
4F 61 BB A2B AA AB AA BB
5F 126 BB A1B AA AB AA BB
6F 73 BB A1A2 AA AB AB BB
7F 99 BB A1A2 AA AB BB BB
8F 140 BB A1A1 AA AA AB BB
9F 41 BB A1B AA AB BB BB
10F 43 BB A1A1 AA AB BB BB
11F 114 BB A1A2 AA AA AB BB
12F 45 BB A1A2 AA AB BB BB
13F 102 BB A2A2 AA AB AB BB
14F 40 BB BB AA BB BB BB
15F 154 BB A2A2 AA AB AB BB
16F 16 BB A2A2 AA AB AB BB
17F 26 BB A2A2 AA AB AB BB
18F 166 BB A2A2 AA AB AB BB
19F 116 BC A2B AA AB BB BB
20F 49 BB A2A2 AA AB BB BB
21F 59 BB A1A2 AA AA AB BB
22F 134 BB A1B AA AB AA BB
23F 63 BB A2C AA AA BB BB
24F 169 BB A2B AA AB BB BB
25F 13 BB A2A2 AA AB AB BB
26F 91 BB A2B AA AB AA BB
27F 157 BB A2A2 AA AB AB BB
28F 24 BB A1A1 AA AA AB BB
29F 165 BB A1A1 AA AA AB BB
30F 14 BB A1A2 AA AA BB BB
31F 97 BB A1A1 AA AA AB BB
32F 23 BB A1B AA AB BB BB
33F 128 BB A2A2 AA AB AA BB
34F 21 BB A1A2 AA AB AA BB
At αS1-CN locus we identified two genotypes, formed by αS1-CN B and C
alleles. The highest frequency was recorded for the BB genotype, while the αS1-CN
- 81 -
BC was identified only for 2 individuals. The αS1-CN BC is being correlated in the
literature with a higher protein trait [8] and casein content [4, 7, 13]. The αS1-CN BB
influences the milk, fat and protein traits [1]. αS1-CN B allele it is present in almost all
breed with more than 90% frequency.
At β-CN locus seven genotypes were identified, these resulting from the
combination of four alleles: β-CN A1, A2, B and C (table 1). Based on the
experimental data we calculated the frequency of alleles and genotypes for this locus
(table 2). The most frequent genotypes were: A1A2 and A2A2, while the β-CN A1A1,
A2C and BB have reduced frequency. The ancestral allele A2, it is associated in
various studies with better milk quality and has a higher frequency compared with A1
allele. The A1 allele it is associated in some studies with a higher milk production and
the A1A1 genotype it is associated with a higher quantity of fat, compared with A2A2
genotype [16].
At the β-LG locus 3 genotypes were identified, these were formed as a result of
2 alleles combination (β-LG A and β-LG B). The calculated frequencies for these
alleles and genotypes are shown in table 2.
At αS2-CN locus a single allele was identified (αS2-CN A) and also a single
genotype (AA). The AA genotype and the αS2-CN A allele have a frequency equal to
1.00 (table 2).
At K-CN locus 3 genotypes were observed, these were formed as a result of the
combination of 2 genetic variants: K-CN A and K-CN B. Based on the experimental
data, alleles and genotypes frequency (table 2) were calculated. K-CN AB genotype
recorded the highest frequency and the BB genotype – the lowest. The K-CN B allele -
associated in many studies with a higher casein content [13] has a lower frequency
compared to K-CN A allele. Molina presentated in his study that κ-CN B alelle has a
positive effect on milk protein quantity [15], while Lunden discovered a positive
correlation between the κ-CN B allele and a better quality of milk [14].
As for the whey proteins, for the α-LA a single allele was observed (B) and
implicit a single genotype (BB), their frequencies being equal to 1.00. The α-LA (+15)
B allele it is associated with a higher protein percent [6].
Fig. 1 – Electrophoretic profile of Holstein-Friesian cows took in study
β-LG AB genotype was found on 7 individuals and has the highest frequency.
The β-LG AA genotype has a low frequency (table 2). β-LG B allele – associated in
many studies with a higher milk quality has a higher frequency then β-LG A. Also,
- 82 -
some researchers found that the cows that have β-LG BB genotype have a higher
content of protein and casein in milk [10, 13].
Tab.2
Frequency of the identified genotypes and alleles
Milk proteins Genotypes Nr. of indiduals Frequency
Genotypes Alleles
αS1-CN BB 32 0.94 pB=0.97
BC 2 0.06 qc = 0.03
β-CN
A1A1 6 0.18
A1A2 9 0.26
pA1= 0.37
qA2 = 0.47
mB = 0.15
qc = 0.01
A2A2 9 0.26
A1B 4 0.12
A2B 4 0.12
A2C 1 0.03
BB 1 0.03
αS2-CN AA 34 1.00 pA1=1.00
K-CN
AA 10 0.29 pA=0.63
qB=0.37 AB 23 0.69
BB 1 0.03
α-LA BB 34 1.00 pB=1.00
Β-LG
AA 7 0.21 pA=0.43
qB=0.57 AB 15 0.44
BB 12 0.35
αS1-CN = alfaS1-casein; β-CN = beta-casein; αS2-CN = alfaS2-casein; k-CN = kappa casein; β-LG = beta-lactoglobulin; α-LA = alpha-lactalbumin.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study was carried on a number of 34 Holstein-Friesian cows, from which
we collected milk samples.
After genotyping the studied individuals we identified some ordinary genetic
variants and one rare genotype for major milk proteins loci.
For the αS1-CN locus, 2 genotypes were identified: BB and BC. The αS1-CN
BC is very rare, in our case only 2 Holstein-Friesian cows had it. BC genotype it is
correlated in many researches with a higher protein trait.
At β-CN locus we identified 7 genotypes, the highest frequencies being
calculated for A1A2 and A2A2 genotypes (0.26). The β-CN A2 allele which is
associated in many studies with a better milk quality, had the highest frequency (0.47).
At K-CN locus we identified 3 genotypes, resulted from the combination of K-
CN A K-CN B alleles. K-CN AB genotype had the highest frequency. The K-CN B
allele, also associated in many researches with a better milk quality, had the lowest
frequency (0.37).
At β-LG locus 3 genotypes were identified. The highest frequency was
calculated for β-LG AB genotype (0.44), while the BB genotype, which is associated
in numerous studies with a higher content of protein and casein, recorded a lower
frequency (0.35).
- 83 -
The Holstein-Friesian cows took in study have some important alleles for milk
production improvement, but especially for the milk quality: αS1-CN C; β-CN A2; K-
CN B and β-LG B.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial support for this study was provided by the Project co-financed by
European Social Fund Operational Programme for Human Resources Development
2007 – 2013: POSDRU –CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222.
REFERENCES 1. Aleandri R., Buttazzoni L.G., Schneider J.C., 1990 - The Effects of Milk
Protein Polymorphisms on Milk Components and Cheese-Producing Ability. American Dairy
Science Association, published in Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 73, nr. 2, p. 241-255
2. Aschaffenburg R., Drewry J., 1955: Occurence of different beta-
lactoglobulins in cow’s milk. Nature nr. 176: p. 218-219
3. Barillet F., Arranz J-J., Carta A., 2004: Mapping quantitative trait loci for
milk production and genetic polymorphism of milk proteins in dairy sheep. Genet. Sel. Evol.,
nr. 37: p. S109-S123.
4. Bâlteanu V.A., 2009 – Studiul polimorfismelor genetice ale proteinelor
majore din lapte la principalele rase de taurine, bubaline, ovine şi caprine din România în scopul utilizării lor ca markeri genetici în ameliorare şi trasabilitate. Teză de doctorat. U.S.A.M.V Cluj-Napoca
5. Bâlteanu V.A., Vlaic A., Suteu M., Carsai T.C., 2010: A comparative study of major milk protein polymorphism in six Romanian cattle breeds. Bulletin UASVM Animal
Science and Biotechnologies, nr. 67: p. 345-350
6. Bleck G.T., Bremel R.D., 1993 – Correlation of the a-lactalbumin (+15)
polymorphism to milk production and milk composition of Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci., vol. 76, p.
2292-2298
7. Buchberger J., Dovc P., 2000: Lactoprotein Genetic Variants in Cattle and
Cheese Making Ability. Food technol. Biotechnol., nr. 38: p.91-98
8. Cardak A.D., 2005 – Effects of genetic variants in milk protein on yield and
composition of milk from Holstein-Friesian and Simmentaler cows. South African Journal of
Animal Science, vol. 35, nr. 1, p. 41-47
9. Caroli A.M., Chessa S., Erhardt G.J., 2009: Milk Protein Polymorphisms in
Cattle: Effect on Animal Breeding and Human Nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., nr. 11: p.5335-5352
10. Celik S., 2003 – β-lactoglobulin genetic variants in Brown Swiss breed and its
association with compositional properties and rennet clotting time of milk. Int. Dairy J., nr. 13:
p. 727.731.
11. Creangă Şt., Maciuc V., Bâlteanu A.V., 2010: Genetic Polymorphism of Main Lactoproteins of Romanian Grey Steppe Breed in Preservation. World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, nr. 41: p. 286-290
12. Eigel W.N., Butler J.E., Ernstrom C.A., Farrell H.M. Jr., Harwalkar V.R.,
Jenness R., Whitney R.M., 1984: Nomenclature of proteins of cow s milk: Fifth revision.
Journal of Dairy Science, nr.. 67: p. 1599-1631.
13. Jakob E., 1994: Genetic polymorphism of milk proteins. Bull. Int. Dairy Fed.,
nr. 298, p. 17-27
14. Lunden A., Nilsson M., Janson L. 1997: Marked effect of β-lactoglobulin
polymorphism on the ratio of casein to total protein in milk. J. Dairy Sci., nr. 80: p. 2996–3005.
- 84 -
15. Molina L.H., Kramm J., Brito C., Carrilo B., Pinto M., Ferrando A., 2006:
Protein composition of milk from Holstein-Friesian dairy cows and its relationship with the
genetic variants A and B of κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin (Part I). Int. J. Dairy Technol., nr. 59:
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16. Ng-Kwan-Hang K.F., 2006: Genetic variants of milk proteins and their effects
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ELECTRICAL STUNNING VOLTAGE ON BLEED OUT, SENSORY
AND COLOR PARAMETERS IN CHICKEN MEAT QUALITY
M.M. CIOBANU1, P.C. BOIŞTEANU 1, ROXANA LAZĂR1
, NARCISA
ALINA POSTOLACHE1,
T. BUGEAC1, CASIANA APETROAEI (PETRESCU)1, NICOLETA
GĂINĂ (DIACONU) 1, E. PIASENTIER
2
1Department of Fundamental Sciences in Anima l Husbandry - „Ion
Ionescu de la Brad” University of Applied Life Sciences and Environment, Iaşi, Romania
2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - University of
Udine, Udine, Italy
ABSTRACT
In commercial slaughtering, the major goal of processing plants is to reduce meat and
carcass defects, especially those caused by electrical stunning. Experiments were conducted to
compare the effects of a high current (HC) stunning system to a low voltage (LV) stunning
system on broiler meat quality.
A total of 200 broiler chickens were individually stunned at 0, 25, 50, 60, 100 volt
alternating current, time between stunning and slaughter being 12 s, with a time for bleeding of
100 s.
Moderate stunning (50 to 60 V AC) it is more effective in bleed-out (48.98 - 51.03%),
giving better carcass quality, without spots, red wings or broken bones. Descriptive panel
showed a significant preference for breast over leg meat (p<0.01), while for L*, a* or b* was
not found significant difference (p˃0.05) between stunning voltage values. In conclusion, had been showed that the applied electrical voltage for stunning
significantly affects the rate of bleed out in broilers, being difficult to establish stunning optimal
voltage.
The information can be used in order to optimize the slaughtering technology with
chicken meat quality and financial profit.
Keywords: Electrical stunning, blood loss, broiler carcasses quality
INTRODUCTION
Electrical stunning is normally used to induce unconsciousness during cutting
and bleeding for reasons of animal welfare in the EU or to induce immobilization to
facilitate automatic neck cutting in the U.S. In EU is recommended a water bath, with a
minimum electrical current of 120 mA per bird (Gregory and Wotton, 1990). This
recommended minimum current increases quality defects (hemorrhages, broken bones)
of carcasses and broiler meat (Bilgili, 1992). Susceptibility of muscle hemorrhages
caused by electrical stunning depends on the individual impedance of the birds; genetic
and environmental factors such as cold weather, conditions that intensify this problem.
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Thus, it’s important to find the optimal interval for voltage stunning, specific to technical equipment of the slaughterhouse for increasing efficiency, in terms of meat
carcass and unit profit.
The objectives of the following experiments were to determine the effects of
different electrical stunning voltages on rate of bleed out and carcasses quality in
slaughtered broiler chickens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Processing
Stunning, slaughter and processing were carried out at a commercial processing
plant with a capacity of 5500 birds per hour. Due to the large variations in the
impedance of individual birds, stunning was carried individually at 0, 24, 50, 60 and
100 volt alternating current on a total of 200 broilers („Ross 308”), time between stunning and slaughter being 12 s, with a bleeding of 100 s. Birds were automatic
slaughtered, by severing the jugular veins and carotid arteries on both sides of the neck,
after which the birds were bleeding for 100 s. The carcasses were then scalded for 100
s at 60 °C in a thermostatically controlled scalding tank. The birds were eviscerated using an automatic viscera removal apparatus (Stork auto. eviscerator). Chilling time
was 45 minutes in a counter-current chiller.
Bleed out and carcass defects calculations
Calculation of bleed out of the broilers has involved weighing each bird before
stunning and after slaughter at 150 seconds, being then used the following equation:
Y = X - Xt + Wt, in which
Y = weight of bleed out t seconds after stunning
X = live weight
Xt = weight t seconds after stunning
Wt = amount of water uptake in t seconds after stunning.
For total blood volume of broilers was used formula of Kotula and Helbacka,
1966b:
Y = 2.251 * X2 – 11.1 * X + 20.49, in which
Y = total amount of blood as percentage of live weight
X = live weight in Kg.
The bleed out was expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume to
exclude influences of the differences in average weight between the different samples.
To quantify the defects of red wingtips, breast blood spots and broken bones of
slaughter carcasses, the study adopted a visual grading system in which the carcasses
were individually examined and evaluated by a trained panel (Ali et al., 1996).
Color measurments
At 5 h postmortem, after chilling and deboning, quality traits of breast and
thigh muscles were assessed. Primary, color coordinates L*, a* and b* were assessed
[on CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) LAB space] in the breast (ventral side of P. major; presented as a mean value of the measurements in three locations
equally distributed over the muscle) and thigh muscles (Gastrocnemius pars medialis)
- 86 -
using a Hunter Minolta CM-2600d colorimeter, with an observer standard angle of
10o, iluminant D65 with specular reflectance included (Honikel, 1998).
Sensory assisted attributes
After color measurements, the meat was frozen for three months at -20 oC.
Before sensory analysis, samples were allowed to thaw in a refrigerator (+4 °C) for 24 h. The cubic samples were prepared and then cooked in a pre-heated oven at 120 °C for 20 minutes, the time necessary to reach a temperature of 75 °C at the heart of the sample, as monitored by a Ktype thermocouple. Samples were then wrapped in
aluminum foil, identified with a three-number code and served hot to the assessors.
Sensory analysis was performed in a laboratory (UNI-ISO 8589) to determine
tenderness, juiciness and intensity of taste from a complex sensory profile (ISO-DIS
13299.2) employing ten trained assessors and a line scale. The scores on the line scales
were converted into numbers, ranging from 0 to100; it contains labels “very weak” and “very strong”, at the left and right side of the scale, respectively. This procedure means
that the higher the value, the more tender or juicy the samples were perceived
(Meilgaard et al., 1999).
Statistical analysis
Statistical data processing was done in Microsoft Excel, using ANOVA
variance analysis test, comparison model including the effect of gender on studied
parameters.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Moderate stunning (50 to 60 V AC) it is more effective in bleed-out (48.98 -
51.03%), giving better carcass quality, almost without spots, red wings or broken bones
(Table 1, 2).
For sensory attribute, descriptive panel showed a significant preference for
breast over leg meat (p<0.01) (Table 3), while for L*, a* or b* was not found
significant difference (p˃0.05) between stunning voltage values (Table 4).
Table 1
Effect of different electrical stunning voltages on bleed out in mixed-sex broilers
Voltage n LW (G) BL (g) TBV (%) BL / LW (%) BL (%)
0 40 2145 61.58 7.28 2.97 41.31c
25 40 2264 62.43 6.84 3.12 42.28c
50 40 2205 79.81 7.55 3.72 48.98a
60 40 2259 72.13 7.63 4.15 51.03ab
100 40 2150 74.26 7.10 3.55 45.82b
RMSE - 101.84 7.51 0.182 0.395 48.25
P – values (volt) 0.001
ANOVA test: a-c
Means within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly
(P<0.05)
LW = live weight; BL = bleed out; TBV = Total blood volume; RMSE = Root Mean Square
Error
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Table 2
Effects of stunning voltage on carcass defects in mixed-sex broilers
Voltage n Red wingtips
(%)
Blood spots
(%)
Shoulder
haemorr. (%)
Broken
bones (%)
0 40 8.25±0.017 37.12±0.37 11.27±0.04 24.39±0.15
25 40 10.58±0.31 29.17±0.12 6.54±0.03 17.21±0.30
50 40 1.61±0.13 2.43±0.19 0.03±0.17 -
60 40 0.23±0.08 3.84±0.26 1.12±0.20 0.81±0.08
100 40 21.82±0.16 45.41±0.09 8.36±0.05 14.31±0.11
Table 3
Effects of stunning voltage on mixed-sex broilers meat color
a Values with the same superscript within a column are not statistically different
Table 4
Effects of stunning voltage on mixed-sex broilers meat sensory attributes
a - c
Means within a row, between muscles for the same parameter, with no common superscripts
are statistically different (P<0.05; P<0.01)
CONCLUSIONS
With increased attention to the humane treatment of food animals during
slaughter, the 50 - 60 V AC stun could prove to be more humane if it is combined with
an effective method of slaughter that achieved a rapid bleeding. Stunning at 50 V AC
for 12 s maximized bleed out to over 51%. Low (0 to 25 V AC) and high (≥ 100 V AC) electrical stunning voltages determine poor bleeding and high incidence of carcasses
defects as physical damages.
Finally, this study confirms that a beating heart is not necessary in order to
ensure effective bleed-out. In addition, it is difficult to think of any scientific, religious,
economic and humanitarian grounds for removing the last possible drop of blood.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by grants from
POSDRU/CPP107/DMI1.5/S/77222 of the University of Applied Life Sciences and
Environment, Iaşi, Romania and S.C. Fermador S.A. Războieni, who ensured the biological material for this experiment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ali A. S. A., Fris Jensen J., Askov Jensen J., 1996 – Effectof different
electrical stunning voltages on blood loss, carcass quality and breast muscle
pH,ArchivfürGeflügelkunde3, 126-131.
2. Bilgili S. F., 1992 – Electrical stunning of broilers – Basic concepts and
carcass quality implications. A review, Journal of Applied Poultry Research, vol. 1, pp.135 –
146.
3. Gregory, N. G., and S. B. Wotton, 1990 - Effect of stunning on spontaneous
physical activity and evoked activity in the brain, Br. Poult. Sci. 31:215–220.
4. Honikel K. O., 1998 – Reference methods for the assessment of physical
characteristics of meat, Meat Science, vol. 49(4), p. 447 – 457.
5. Kotula, A.W. and N.V. Helbacka, 1966b - Blood volume of live chicken and
influence of slaughter technique on blood loss, Poultry Sci. 45, 684-688.
6. Meilgaard M., Civille G.V., Thomas Carr B., 1999 – Sensory Evaluation
Techniques, 2nd ed. C.R.C. Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 354 pp.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET AND GROWTH CONDITIONS ON
BODY WEIGHT IN TURKEY HYBRIDS BIG BUT 6 AND
CONVERTER
CASIANA AGATHA APETROAEI (PETRESCU), PAUL CORNELIU
BOIŞTEANU, ROXANA LAZĂR, MARIUS MIHAI CIOBANU, ALEXANDRU USTUROI
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine ,,Ion
Ionescu de la Brad” Iași
ABSTRACT
Substantial increase in the consumption of turkey meat was the basis for this research,
the aim being the weight comparing growth parameters obtained by two hybrids recognized
worldwide for meat production, respectively Big BUT 6 (L1 females and L2 males experimental
group) and Converter (L3 females and L4 males). The research was conducted on a total of 800
samples of technologically grown under similar conditions (up to halls blind, conditioned on
permanent litter, feeding ad libitum with the same fed). The birds were grown up to 17 weeks
for females and 20 weeks for males. Further research showed a lower weight increase in birds
that have made loads L1 and L2 compared with L3 and L4; so at the 14 weeks the average
weight for groups of L1 and L2 was 9090g and 12610g, to of 9130g and 12900g as recorded in
L3 and L4. At both slaughter ages (17 and 20 wk) hybrid BUT Big 6 proved the superiority of
registering an body weight of 11500g and 20390g for L1 and L2 compared to 11010g and
20370g as determined in L3 and L4.
Keywords: turkey, body weight, , slaughter age
- 89 -
INTRODUCTION
Up to the second world war turkeys were extensively reared in a traditional
way, that is running free with seasonal breeding and natural as well as artificial
hatching. After 1945 a
Very productive turkey industry developed with intensive housing conditions
and whole year slaughtering (European Food Safety Authority, 2004).
Increasing industrialization turkeys may be related to their relatively low cost,
the emergence of new products and consumer perception aware that it is a healthy food
( Jensen,2004).
Today, turkeys are commonly found in developed countries as meat producing
birds (Rémignon, 2004). Worldwide, the vast majority of turkey meat is obtained from birds reared in
intensive systems or super intensive, however, from a fraction of the increase in type
systems extensively. On the basis of existing production currently stands, as noted
above, a hard research work whose main goal was to achieve a higher rate of growth, a
higher content of carcass meat and increasing proportions of certain regions in
carcasses (Bolla, 2001).
Male and female turkeys show considerable sexual dimorphism and are killed
at different ages (Rémignon, 2004). There are 3 main breeding companies, BUT, Nicholas and Hybrid Turkey have
met the requirements of farmers and producers by developing several different breeds
of growth performance.
With these different performance attributes, combined with different methods
of production (stocking density, feeding programme, etc.) and age at slaughter, farmers
are able to cover all the market requirements (Rémignon, 2004).
PURPOSE
The objective of this study was performed to compare growth performance of
hybrid Big BUT 6 and Converter grown from technologically similar conditions. The
growth performance was measured periodically until 17wk and 20 wk for females and
males respectively.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The studies were carried out using 800 Big BUT 6 and Converter hybrids of
both sexes, breeds known for fast and massive growing, used mainly for intensive
production,. The hybrids evolution was followed in the growing farms belonging to the
company S.C. Galli Gallo S.R.L., Codlea. In the halls the growing hybrids were
divided into experimental four groups (L1 and L3 females, L2 and L4 males). The
microclimate inside the halls was created artificially depending on the age of the birds
(Table 1). The highest temperatures were maintained in the first three days of life, at
39-400C under radiator and 33-340C in atmosphere. The temperatures were decreased
gradually until slaughter age reaching the value of 18-190C. The lighting program was
24 hours light on the first day, which dropped until the age of slaughter to 18 hours
light and 6 dark.
The hybrid’s feeding process was done automatically using feeding recipes with nutritive values correlated with their age (Table 2). The birds received the same
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type of feed, being fed and watered ad libitum. The weighing of the studied birds was
performed weekly using weighing scales. The experiment was conducted for 17 weeks
for groups L1 and L3 and 20 weeks for L2 and L4. Table 1
Microclimate insured experimental groups
Week Day Temperature (oC) Lighting program: Hygrometry
Under
radiator
Atmosphere Duration
(h/day)
Intensity
(w/m2)
1
1 39-40 33-34 24 100
50-60
2 39-40 33-34 20 100
3 39-40 33-34 20 100
4 36-38 32-33 20 100
5 36-38 32-33 20 100
6 36-38 32-33 20 100
7 36-38 32-33 20 20
2 8-14 32-34 30-31 191/2
-18 20
3 15-21 30 28-29 18 20
4 22-28 30 27-28 18 20
5 29-35 30 26-27 18 20
6 36-42 - 24-25 18 20 60-65
7 43-49 - 23-24 18 20
8 50-56 - 22-23 18 20
60-70
9 57-63 - 21-22 18 20
10 64-70 - 20-21 18 20
11-20 over
71
- 18-19 18 20
Table 2
Composition (%) of the experimental diet
Specification
Weeks of age fed
Prestarter
0-4 wk
Starter
4-6 wk
Grower
1
7-9 wk
Grower
2
10-12
wk
Finisher
1
13-14
wk
Finisher 2
14 to
market
Water% 10.80 10.76 10.99 12.20 12.00 12.00
Crude protein% 28.72 25.92 23.50 20.98 18.00 17.40
Fat% 4.90 6.02 5.08 5.44 4.90 9.40
Crude cellulose% 2.62 2.66 2.65 2.78 2.50 3.50
Ash% 8.20 7.69 7.56 7.03 5.20 5.30
Lysine% 1.70 1.70 1.52 1.39 0.95 0.83
Methionine% 0.65 0.65 0.49 0.40 0.29 0.28
Methionine+cystine% 1.37 1.25 1.11 0.72 0.64 0.57
Calcium% 1.29 1.29 1.13 1.21 1.00 1.02
Phosphorus% 1.01 0.93 0.89 0.74 0.54 0.67
Sodium% 0.61 0.17 0.18 0.03 0.03 0.03
Salt% 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.15 0.28 0.30
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body weights (g) of females and males observed during the experience are
presented in Table 3.
Table 3
Body Weights (g) of turkey Hybrids Big BUT 6 and Converter at different growth stages
Weeks Big BUT 6 Hybrid Converter
F (L1) M (L2) F (L3) M (L4)
1 144 151 142 156
2 317 316 336 354
3 565 581 590 671
4 876 861 874 1006
5 1385 1515 1351 1717
6 2105 2183 2064 2437
7 2786 3034 2803 3450
8 3683 3931 3717 4681
9 4618 4874 4761 5684
10 5620 6188 5714 7026
11 6514 7448 6412 8402
12 7354 8838 7727 9714
13 8015 10334 8424 10870
14 9090 12610 9130 12900
15 9727 13728 9555 13895
16 10715 15160 10190 15600
17 11500 17476 11010 17355
18 - 18640 - 18630
19 - 19520 - 19456
20 - 21600 - 20370
Mortality % 1.46 1.64 0.92 1.92
The results after the first week of the experiment show that, the experimental
birds of both breeds had a similar average body weight: for the L1 females 144g and
for the L3 females 142g, for the L2 males 151g and for the L4 males 156g. At the age
of 14 weeks the Converter hybrids, L3 and L4, reached 9130g and 12900g, weighing
much more compared to the Big BUT 6 hybrid from L1 and L2, with weights of 9090g
and 12610g. When reaching the slaughter age, 17 and 20 weeks, the Big BUT 6 hybrid
gained more weight than the Converter hybrid, registering a body weight of 11500g
and 20390g for L1 and L2 compared to 11010g and 20370g as determined in L3 and
L4. The mortality rate recorded during the study period was 1.55% in the case of the
Big BUT 6 hybrid and 1.42% for the Converter hybrid. Ylmaz (2011) observed that the
mortality rate for Converter Hybrid increased with increase in growth. The average
mortality rate for the Converter Hybrid poults was 4.25% at 120 day of age.
CONCLUSION
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The comparison of the growth parameters between the two hybrids that were
grown in intensive systems have been placed in commercial standards, it has been
reported significant differences in body weight. Following the performances, we
conclude that hybrid Big BUT 6 is more profitable than hybrid Converter.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by grants from
POSDRU/CPP107/DMI1.5/S/77222 of the University of Agricultural Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine ,,Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iași and S.C. Galli Gallo S.R.L., Codlea who ensured the biological material for this study.
REFERENCES 1. Bolla,G., 2001 – Raising turkeys. Agfact A5.0.9, third edition, April 2001.
2. Jensen,W.,K., Devine,C., Dikeman,M., 2004 – Encyclopedia of Meat Science,
vol. 3.
3. Rémignon,H., 2004 – Poultry Meat Processing and Quality. Production of
turkeys, gees, ducks and game birds. Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, France.
4. Yilmaz,O., Denk H., Kucuk,M., 2011 – Growth performance and mortality in
Hybrid Converter Turkeys reared at high altitude region, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural
Science, 17 (No 2) 2011, 241-245.
5. ***European Food Safety Authority, „The welfare of animals during transport”. Report of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the
Commission related to the welfare of animals during transport,pag. 50-58, 2004.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMOCLINICAL
INVESTIGATIONS IN CORONAVIROSIS AT PIGLETS
CHRISTINE RADU, ELENA VELESCU
University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 8 Sadoveanu Alleys, 700489, Iași, Romania
ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses comprise a large family of RNA viruses that infect the digestive and
respiratory epithelia and the nervous tissue. Coronavirus infections cause a variety of
infections at mammals, birds and humans. The virus passes rarely from one species to another.
Swine can develop four types of infections that are gendered by the transmissible gastroenteritis
virus of swine (TGE), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED), porcine respiratory coronavirus
(PRC), and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. The genomic structure is very
similar between the four coronaviruses, although their antigenic structure presents
particularities for each species. The aim of this study is to establish the proportion of digestive
infections at piglets, by age, the mortality at piglets by pathologic disorder following the
anatomoclinical and histo- pathological lesions from the small intestine, the mesenteric lymph
nodes in piglets with gastrointestinal disorder. The epidemiological research was based on data
registered in two intensive piggeries from the county of Iasi and Bacau. The tissue samples
were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin by routine methods. The highest
incidence of mortality was noticed at piglets from 10 days to 3 weeks old and the main mortality
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cause was represented by gastrointestinal disorders. The most frequent clinical signs were
diarrhea, dehydration and intense weakness. The anatomoclinical examination revealed
typical lesions mentioned in the description of TGE and PED – distended stomach that contains
undigested milk, gas and fluid distended intestines, mesenteric lymphadenitis and pronounced
atrophy of intestinal villi. Histo- pathological lesions were found in small intestine in jejunum:
the intestinal villi were shortened; vacuolization was noticed at the enterocytes, hyaline
inclusions, blunting of villi, atrophy of the muscular layer, distension of lymphatic vessels,
mesenteric lymphadenitis. Clinical and pathological findings correspond to the characteristics
of swine coronavirosis.
Key words: coronavirosis, histopathology, atrophy of intestinal villi
INTRODUCTION
Coronaviruses comprise a large family of RNA viruses that infect the digestive
and respiratory epithelia and the nervous tissue. Coronavirus infections cause a variety
of infections at mammals, birds and humans. They can cause important mortality at
newborn individuals from domestically species and huge economical loss. At humans
they gender respiratory and digestive infections.
Swine can develop four types of infections that are gendered by coronaviruses.
Transmissible gastroenteritis is an infectious disease, highly contagious, that affects
swine of all ages, but especially two week old piglets, causing mortality by an acute
gastroenteritis. Porcine epidemic diarrhea is determined by a virus that has a different
antigenic structure and affects suckling piglets and older swine, but its clinical
expression is very similar to TGE. The porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRC) appeared
by a mutation by deletion in the genes that express the S protein.
TGE infects enterocytes from the small intestine and destroys the villi resulting
a shortened villi and a syndrome of bad digestion and malabsorbtion. The cells from
the crypts are not infected. The viremia causes a multiplication of the virus in alveolar
tissue of the lung (Laude et al. 1984, Enjuanes et al. 2001). Intestinal villi are very
shortened and retracted so the proportion villi /crypt becomes 1:1 at piglets infected by
TGE virus in the first 24 hours after infection (Haeltermann and Hooper 1967), 3:1 at
piglets infected by PED virus (DeBouck et al. 1981), from 7:1 which is the normal
proportion at healthy piglets. The aim of the study is to determine the mortality by
cause at piglets following the clinical evolution and histological lesions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The epidemical research has been done during the period of October 2010 – 31
august 2012, in two intensive piggeries from the county of Iasi and Bacau. It is based
on the entries made in the two piggeries following : the mortality at suckling piglets
and the share of those who presented lesions of gastroenteritis.
The clinical research has been led in the period of January 2011 – August 2012,
85 piglets has been examined. The lesions were investigated on 10 piglets from the
piggery of Iasi and 3 piglets from the piggery of Bacau, on piglets aged between 10 –
21 days. The samples for the histological exam have been sampled from the small gut
were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin by routine methods.
The histological sections were 5 µm thick and have been colored by the Masson
method.
- 94 -
RESULTS
The epidemiological research folowed the incidence of mortality in suckling
piglets, wich is the most affected category of swine for the infection withe coronavirus.
There have been studied the main groups of pathologies that caused the death of piglets
from the two piggeries. In table 1 there is represented the mortality and share of
intestinal pathology and the other causes of death registered in the period 2010 –
August 2012 in piggery B.
Table 1
Mortality and share of intestinal pathology at suckling piglets in the period 2010 –
August 2012 in piggery B.
2010 2011
2012 (January
- July)
Number of born
piglets
22134 18640 14682
Number of death
suckling piglets Nr. 769 826 371
% 32,15 34,53 15,51
Intestinal
pathology Nr. 398 437 167
% 51,75 52,9 45,01
Respiratory
pathology Nr. 89 68 19
% 11,57 8,23 5,12
Metabolically
diseases Nr. 227 269 152
% 29,51 32,56 40,97
Surgical diseases Nr. 33 30 21
% 4,29 3,63 5,66
Accidents Nr. 22 22 12
% 2,86 2,66 3,23
In the piggery A, the mortality was higher (Tabel 2), but the share of intestinal
pathology as cause of death in piglets was lower, in average 5%. This can be explained
by the fact that the piglets have a better immunological protection and by the absence
of predisposing factors and a different growth technology.
- 95 -
Table 2
Mortality and share of intestinal pathology at suckling piglets in the period September
2011 – August 2012 in piggery A
The clinical examination in infections with the coronavirus cannot reveal the
cause of infection. Nevertheless, the coexistence of a few clinical signs at young
piglets and the evolution of the infection can grow the suspicion of an infection by the
TGE or PED virus.
Clinical signs noticed during the outbreak were: yellow diarrhea feces, low
appetite, rarely the piglets are vomiting, gray color of the skin, pronounced
dehydration, death, cyanotic color of the legs and ears. The infection generates small
outbreaks, affect suckling piglets, rarely the sows and young pigs. One infection takes
4-5 days, rarely one week and ends either with an incomplete recuperation of the
piglets, either by death. The most affected piglets had hypothermia (37 °C). The diarrhea affects generally 2- 3 individuals from the same box in different spaces in the
maternity space (Picture 1).
Picture 1: Digestive clinical signs: yellow Picture 2: Mesenteric lymph nodes are
diarrhea hypertrophic
Number of born
piglets / month
Death suckling
piglets/ month
Piglets
which died
with
intestinal
pathology
nr. % nr. %
September 1,999 280 14 8 3
October 1,763 226 13 6 3
November 1,796 189 11 2 1
December 2,096 239 11 11 5
January 2,006 208 10 6 3
February 1,904 259 14 15 6
March 1,940 206 11 9 4
April 1,772 191 11 4 2
May 1,883 213 11 10 5
June 2,034 276 14 13 5
July 1,800 351 20 36 10
August 1,943 126 6 10 8
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The necropsy revealed the following lesions: the corpses were dehydrated,
weakened, the skin of the piglets had a grey color, the stomach was tensioned with
undigested milk, the mucosa of the stomach presented congestion in the fundical zone,
the small intestine was tensioned by gas , the intestinal wall was thinned and
transparent, the intestinal content was a yellowish with undigested milk , the
mesenteric vessels were dilated and the mesenteric lymph nodes were hypertrophic
with congestion and edema (Figure 2). The lesions noticed during the necropsy
correspond to the pathology described in the infection with TGE and PED virus in
swine. Histology exam revealed that the majority of lesions are situated in the small
intestine, in the jejunum. The principal lesions observed in all tissue sections were the
atrophy of the jejunum, in the Figure number 3 at different objectives. A massive cell
exfoliation on the apical pole of the villus and a pronounced edema between the lamina
propria and the mucosa can be observed in picture C.
Picture 3
Swine jejunum. Atrophy of intestinal villi col. HEA,
x 40 (A), x 100 (B), x 400 (C)
The atrophy of villi can be partial or complete. This type of lesion is considered
pathognomonic for the infection with digestive coronaviruses in swine. The
coronaviruses can pass through the mucus layer from the surface of the intestine by
binding to the syaloglycoproteins (Schwegemann-Wessels C. et al. 2002). They pass in
the enterocytes by the protein S and their binding affinity to the syalic acid and by the
porcine aminopeptidase (pAPN) (Delmas, B et al. 1992). Following the viral infection
of the enterocytes, the digestion process is disturbed resulting the malabsorbtion
syndrome, lactose cannot be digested and passes in the blood stream gendering a
general acidosis. The lymphatic vessels are distended as in picture 5. The whole
metabolic activities are disturbed during the infection with coronaviruses which has as
a result the vacuolization of the enterocytes and cup form cells, in a later phase (Picture
4).
A C
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Picture 4 Swine jejunum. Vacuolization Picture 5 Swine jejunum Expansion
of the intestinal epitelium HEA, x 400 of the lymphatic vessels. Hyalinisation.
HEA, x 400
The virus multiplies in the enterocytes which suffer a deep degeneration
process resulting the hyaline inclusions (Picture 5). Those were present in the most
researched tissue samples. By the distention of the lymphatic vessels results the edema
between the enterocytes and the lamina propria.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The highest mortality was registered at suckling piglets and was caused
by intestinal pathology;
2. Clinical signs associated to infection by coronaviruses were observed
at examined individuals;
3. Necropsy revealed the most lesions specific to TGE and PRD infection
;
4. The atrophy of the villi of jejunum , with hyaline inclusions,
vacuolization, mesenteric lymphadenitis which were found during examination are
identical in infection with coronavirus;
5. Epidemiological, clinical and pathology founds suggest that there is a
high possibility that the examined piglets presented an infection with a coronavirus.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial support for this study was provided by the Project co-financed by
European Social Fund Operational Programme for Human Resources Development
2007 – 2013: POSDRU –CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222.
REFERENCES 1. DeBouck, P., Pensaert, M. (1980). Experimental infection of pigs with a new
porcine enteric coronavirus, CV777. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 41: 219-223.
2. Delmas, B., Gelfi, J., L´Haridon, R., Vogel, L.K., Sjöström, H., Noren, O., Laude, H. (1992). Aminopeptidase N is a major receptor for the enteropathogenic coronavirus
TGEV. Nature, 357: 417-19.
3. Enjuanes, L., Sola, I., Almazan, F., Ortego, J., Izeta, A., Gonzales, J.M.,
Alonso, S., Sanchez, J.M., Escors, D., Calvo, E., Riquelme, C., Sanchez, C. (2001).
Coronavirus derived expression systems. Journal of Biotechnology, 88: 183-204.
4. Haelterman, E.O., Hooper B.E. (1967). Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine
as a model for the study of enteric disease. Gastroenterology, 53: 109-113.
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5. Laude, H., Charley, B., Gelfi, J. (1984). Replication of transmissible
gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) in swine alveolar macrophages. Journal of General
Virology, 65: 327-332.
6. Pensaert, M., Callebaut, P., Vergote J. (1986). Isolation of a porcine
respiratory, non-enteric coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis. Veterinary
Quaterly, 8(3): 257-61.
7. Saif, L.J. (1993). Coronavirus immunogens. Veterinary Microbiology, 37:
285- 97.
8. Schwegemann-Wessels C., Zimmer, G., Yoshino, T., Enss, M.L., Herrler, G.
(2001). Comparison of the sialic acid binding activity of transmissible gastroenteritis
coronavirus and E.coli K99. Virus Research, 75: 69-73.
GLYCAEMIC CURVEASSESSMENT, A MONITORING TOOL FOR
ADEQUATE INSULIN THERAPYFOR DIABETES MELLITUSIN
CATS
MADALINA ROSCA, LUMINITA DIANA HRITCU, G. SO LCAN
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "Ion Ionescu
de la Brad",
700489, Mihail Sadoveanu Alee, 8, Iaşi, Romania
ABSTRACT
Blood glucose curve is one the most important test that needs to be considered when
dealing with a diabetic patient. The test holds a few key points that still impose difficulties when
interpreted. An accurate interpretation of a blood glucose curve helps clinicians to establish an
appropriate treatment protocol.
The main aspects considered when interpreting a blood glucose curve, are the initial
blood glucose before the insulin administration, the onset of insulin action, the actionpeak, the
nadir, defined as the lowest point of the blood glucose after the administration of insulin and
the length of insulin action. In order for a blood glucose curve to be reliable, other primary or
secondary pathologies that might interfere with the insulin activity need to be excluded or
addressed if present.
Serial blood glucose curves are essential when dealing with a poor response to the
insulin treatment and for an adequate insulin therapy protocol. Also whenthedoseor type
ofinsulin are altered,or asroutineperiodic evaluationtest. Clinicians are able to establish an
appropriate dose of insulin, with minimal risks,on the base of blood glucose curve data.
Key words: glucose curves, cat, diabetes, Somogy, portable blood glucose meters
INTRODUCTION
Recognizing and addressing diabetes in cats involves a number of factors that
relate primarily to the history and intensity of clinical signs, physical examination and
body weight. Both clinical and paraclinical assessments and the diagnosis protocol
need to be adapted to the individual.
Diabetes control and remission are highly dependent on early diagnosis and
adequate glycaemic control. Maintaining a close to normal range as long as possible,
gives the pancreatic β cells the possibility to regain their secretory capacity. Contributing factors in diabetes remission were not fully elucidated. However, tight
glucose control could be considered the most important factor. Some authors also have
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considered the age to be an important characteristic, showing that geriatric cats are
more likely to enter remission than those younger. This theory was explained by a
slower progression of the disease.
A number of tools are being used as indicators for blood glucose (BG) control,
like fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin, which reflect glucose concentration over
the preceding 1 to 3 weeks and up to 120 days respectively. High concentrations of
both parameters indicate a poor BG control but they do not point the flaw in the
treatment protocol. In turn, blood glucose curve (BGC) is a highly avalible test and
easy to perform with portable blood glucose meters (PBGM), able to provide valuable
information about the insulin activity onset, activity peack and lenght, a possible
Somogy effect and insulin over or underdosage. Performing a blood glucose curve is
considered vital for newly diagnosed diabetic patients, when specific treatment is
initiated, when insulin dose is considered too low and clinical signs of PU/PD persists
or conversely, when the dose is too high and clinicians and owners deal with life
threatning hypoglycemia episodes. Also BGC should be performed when other clinical
signs indicate inadequate glycemic control, or simply as a rutine periodic checkout.
Blood glucose curve gives the clinicians the possibility to detect the exact issue that
lead to treatment failure and the ability to address the appropriate cause, in order to
obtain an adequate glycaemic control. However, before performing a BGC the nature
of each case, sensitivity to insulin and also stress factors should be evaluated. Also a
primary or secondary endocrinopathy which can reduce the body's ability to restore
glycaemic homeostasis should be investigated. Associated endocrinopathies act either
by antagonistic activity to the insulin, by reducing the availability of insulin receptors,
or by competition towards the receptors, automatically reducing the treatment response
and life expectancy of each patient.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A number of 18 client owned diabetic cats admitted in the small animal clinic
of the veterinary teaching hospital of the University of of Agricultural Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine Iasi (Romania) were included in the study. The inclusion criteria
required owner agreement for hospitalization and continuous monitoring for at least
one week. Owners consent was obtained, along with the local ethical committee
approval.
Glucose determination was performed with Accu-Chek Active (Roche), PBGM
designed for human use. Portable glucose meters designed for human medicine are
used on a routine base in the veterinary medicine, and were proved to be enough
accurate for blood glucose determinations (BGD) The device used in this study is able
determine glucose concentration in the range of 10 to 600 mg/dl or 0.6 and 33.3
mmol/L. All values outside these parameters are indicated as "Lo" for the
concentrations below 10 mg / dl and "Hi" for those over 600 mg / dl. Because there
was no data available regarding the performance of Accu-Chek Active in cats, the
glucose measuring accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results with those
obtained on a standard spectrophotometric biochemical analyzer, Auto Focus 200
Chormay. All cases were hospitalized for at least 3 days prior to the BGC performing,
in order to accustom the patients with the new environment and reduce the stress
hyperglycaemia.
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For the PBGM, in each cat, capillary blood samples were obtained from the
inner pinna. The sampling site was sanitized, dried and an oil-based ointment was
applied to prevent the droplet of blood flow through the hair. A volume of 2-3 µL of blood was expressed on the inner pinna and transferred on the snap test on each
determination. For the reference spectrophotometric biochemical analyzer a minimum
1 ml of blood were collected from the jugular vein in to dry tubes coated with cloth
activator. All samples were separated by centrifugation for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm. The
type of insulin administrated in the study was human premixed insulin Mixtard 30,
with 30% short-acting and 70% intermediate-acting isophane insulin. Samplings for
PBGM and the reference method were collected and performed at the same time,
before meals and before insulin administration at 0 h, followed by every two hours
sampling on the course of 12 hours and the glycaemic curves were performed for each
cat included in the study.
The results were statistically correlated Pearson with the Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences, version 17 (SPSS). Also, the mean difference, standard deviations,
ANOVA measures and error grid analysis were performed.
The error grid analysis was used to compare the predicted values obtained with
the PBGM and the values obtained on the reference method. The measurements were
divided in five zones annotated from A to E. The first two zones A and B corresponded
to accurate results, which can guide the protocol treatment to correct decisions, while
the results that fall in the zone C, D and E correspond to high errors that would lead to
inadequate treatment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
All BGC were conducted inside the clinics in the absence of the owners, thus
stress hyperglycemia cannot be ruled out. Stress hyperglycaemia was explained as an
adaptation reaction to extreme conditions and was based on a surge of adrenaline, a
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and an increase of the catabolic
hormones. Catabolic hormones, especially glucagon and adrenaline, lead to
degradation of glycogen, blood sugar increase and reduced use of glucose via insulin-
mediated processes. Thus, the stress or "fight or flight" reaction allows the body to
provide a greater amount of energy substrate for central nervous system and skeletal
muscles, at the expense of parenchymatous organs. In order to reduce the stress
hyperglycaemia, all patients were allowed a tree day accommodation period. In cases
where the results were dubious, the BGC were repeated. By removing the cat from
their environment, especially those who rarely leave the usual habitation, at the same
time if the examination is taking place in a noisy room, with more people around it,
will increase the amount of stress, contributing directly to falsely elevated glycaemic
values and the false impression that high insulin doses are required and therefore
increased risk of hypoglycaemic episodes.
The first consideration regarded when constructing a BGC is the initial
glycaemic measurement, prior to insulin administration. This value should be
considered decisive for the initial insulin dose. A second factor and the most important
considered for the therapy protocol establishment is the nadir, defined as the lowest
point in blood glucose decrease, expressed as mg/dl or mmol/L. A nadir lower than 100
mg/dl, could be encountered in different type of situations. The first and the most
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probable is insulin overdose, followed by reduced food intake and dosage overlap. By
observing the nadir, clinicians also have the ability to detect the Somogy effect,
defined as rapid drop of blood glucose, caused by high doses of insulin. Glucose
concentration usually drops below 65 mg/dl, followed by a rapid increase that usually
exceeds the initial pre-insulin concentration. This phenomenon is explained by the
perception of the situation as a life threatening crisis state and the liver responds by a
rapid increase of BG via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. While the BG
concentration rises sharply in a short time, beta cell failure does not allow the
production of a sufficient amount of insulin that is needed in order to restore
euglycemia state On the other hand if the nadir is over 170 mg/dl, a series of factors
should be considered, like a low dose of insulin, high food intake, poor administration
skills of the owner, insulin resistance or even stressful environment. Blood glucose
nadir is considered to be ideal when it falls in to the range of 100 to 170 mg/dl.
The next consideration is the activity peak and the length of the time of action.
Insulin activity length is expressed in hours and is considered from the time of the
insulin being injected until the BG starts increasing again and reaches or exceeds the
initial BG.
In our protocol, in cases where insulin action was insulin shorter than 8 to 10
hours, clinical signs persisted and the mixed insulin was switched to a lent acting type
(Lantus). Also if the activity peak was observed earlier than 6:00 hour post-insulin, the
therapy protocol was altered from mixed insulin to a lent acting insulin type. If the
action peak installed 6 to 8 hours post-insulin, the insulin type was considered to be
ideal. Also if the nadir fit in to the 100 to 170 mg/dl interval the dosage was considered
to be appropriate and the protocol was continued as such. All key points and possible
situations that can be encountered when performing a BGC are described in table 1. Tabel 1
Results interpretation for blood glucose curve.
Nadir Results interpretation Insulin Peak Results interpretation
<100 mg/dl
Insulin doseshould be
reducedin order to
avoidhypoglycaemicstates.
Repeat BGC
<6 hour
Treatment should
bechangedto alent type
ofinsulin. Repeat BGC
100-170 mg/dl
Could be consideredideal
rangeof blood sugar
control, the risk of
hypoglycaemiaislow.
6-8 hour
Treatment could be
continuedwith the same
typeof insulin,
administeredtwice aday
ifblood glucosenadiris
foundinthe desired range
>170 mg/dl
Showspoor blood glucose
control and a graduate
increase of the insulin
dose isrecommended.
Repeat BGC
>8-12 hour
If the nadir is satisfying,
insulin can be
administeredoncedaily
For the cats observed in our study, clinical signs improved in a considerably
short period of time. Clinical signs improved within 2 weeks from the initiation of the
study for 15 cases (83.3%), while 2 cats (11.2%) required up to 3 weeks. One cat
revealed marked insulin resistance and the diabetic clinical manifestations persisted
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without any sign of improvement. Further investigations on this case have shown that
insulin resistance and clinical signs persistence were secondary to acromegaly (Photo 1
a, b). The blood glucose curve for this cat is plotted along with the insulin peak and
nadir and insulin action (Fig. 1).
a. b.
Fig 1: Domestic shorthaired female cat, 14 years of age, diagnosed with acromegaly, with broad
facial features (a) and inferior prognatia (b).
Fig 2: Key points and situations encountered on BGC
The PBGM proved to be highly accurate and adequate to be used for BG
monitoring in diabetic cats. All data in this study were positively correlated Pearson
and Spearman, with a correlation factor of 0.997 and 0.991 respectively. The amount
of blood required for the manual glucose monitor was easily obtained from external
pinna vein in all cases, thus the technique can easily be performed in most cases by a
single person, including the owners. Hematoma formation on the collection site is
highly reduced compared to venous blood sampling. Only the acromegalic cat
displayed high aggressiveness and required more than one person for contention. All
results obtained with the PBGM registered minimal variations compared to those
determined with the standard biochemical analyzer from the jugular vein, with a range
Ideal BGC; 6;
150
Ideal BGC; 12;
300
Short term
effect ; 4; 90
Short term
effect ; 12; 450
Somogy Effect;
4; 38
Somogy Effect;
12; 420
Insulin
resistance; 6;
350
Insulin
resistance; 12;
400
BG
m
g/d
l
BGC on a 12 hour rate
Ideal BGC Short term effect
Somogy Effect Insulin resistance
- 103 -
of 5 to 15 mg / dl, with a mean difference of 6.11 mg/dL and standard deviation of
5.48mg/dl.
Improvements have been observed in the attitude of owners when dealing with
their pet after establishing the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Most owners agree on the
acquisition of a PBGM and are committed for continuous monitoring the amount of
water and food intake of the pet. More important more owners are available for home
BG monitoring, considered vital for the establishment of a proper treatment protocol
and a positive evolution of the disease.
Only after taking in to account all the key points of a BGC, a treatment
protocol, with an appropriate type and dose of insulin, a suitable administration
frequency, can be established. Also by constructing an accurate image of each case the
insulin therapy could imply minimal risks.
CONCLUSIONS
Serial blood glucose curves give the possibility to exert a tight glycaemic
control, by allowing an accurate monitoring and an adequate insulin dosing. Close
monitoring and periodic evaluations improve the quality of life and extend life span of
the individual.
Even if BG measurements are considered to be insufficient, the technique is a
low cost and highly available method, proved to be very handy for pet owners, who
can detect and prevent hypoglycaemic episodes before the comatose state is installed,
saving the traveling and waiting time to the veterinary hospital.
All these are important factors in the long-term monitoring of the cat, and real
data can be obtained in terms of removing the suspicion of stress hyperglycemia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial support for this study was provided by the Project co-financed by
European Social Fund Operational Programme for Human Resources Development
2007 – 2013: POSDRU –CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222.
REFERENCES 1. Van de Maele I, Rogier N, Daminet S: Retrospective study of owners' perception on
home monitoring of blood glucose in diabetic dogs and cats. Can Vet J 46:718-723, 2005.
2. Zini E, Moretti S, Tschuor F, et al: Evaluation of a new portable glucose meter
designed for the use in cats. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 151:448-451, 2009.
3. Roomp K, Rand J: Intensive blood glucose control is safe and effective in diabetic
cats using home monitoring and treatment with glargine. J Feline Med Surg 11:668-682, 2009.
4. Michiels L, Reusch CE, Boari A, et al: Treatment of 46 cats with porcine lente
insulin--a prospective, multicentre study. J Feline Med Surg 10:439-451, 2008.
5. Zini E, Hafner M, Osto M, et al: Predictors of clinical remission in cats with
diabetes mellitus. J Vet Intern Med 24:1314-1321, 2010.
6. Rucinsky R, Cook A, Haley S, et al: AAHA diabetes management guidelines. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 46:215-224, 2010.
7. Niessen SJ: Feline acromegaly: an essential differential diagnosis for the difficult
diabetic. J Feline Med Surg 12:15-23, 2010.
8. Niessen SJ, Petrie G, Gaudiano F, et al: Feline acromegaly: an underdiagnosed
endocrinopathy? J Vet Intern Med 21:899-905, 2007.
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9. Van Cromphaut SJ: Hyperglycaemia as part of the stress response: the underlying
mechanisms. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 23:375-386, 2009.
10. Tappy L: Basics in clinical nutrition: Carbohydrate metabolism. European e-
Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 3:192-195, 2008.
11. Stumvoll M, Chintalapudi U, Perriello G, et al: Uptake and release of glucose by
the human kidney. Postabsorptive rates and responses to epinephrine. J Clin Invest 96:2528-
2533, 1995.
PROGRAM OF HERD HEALTH AND PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY COW FARMS
GH. SOLCAN, V. MACIUC, D. CREŢU, ALINA ANTON
Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi, Aleea M Sadoveanu 3-8, E mail: [email protected]
REZUMAT
Programul integrat de supraveghere a sănătăţii, şi producţiei efectivelor de taurine vizează constituirea la nivelul fermelor a unei baze de date computerizate care să permită monitorizarea unei categorii largi de date privind controlul producției, informații specifice fiecărui animal (data fătării, nr matricol. etc), lactație normală, lactație totală și controlul lactației, genealogie şi starea de sănătate (indicatorii de sănătate, reproducţie, tratamente efectuate etc).
Analiza si sinteza tuturor datelor va permite stabilirea unui diagnostic de efectiv,
identificarea factorilor de risc pentru sănătate şi producţie şi elaborarea unui plan de acţiune pe termen scurt şi lung.
Cuvinte cheie: management, sănătate, producţie, taurine
ABSTRACT
An integrative program for herd health and production management in dairy cows
suppose organization in farms of computerized data bases which allow the monitorization of a
large category of data concerning production management such as specific informations about
each animal (calving date, identification number etc.), normal and total lactation, lactation
control, genealogy and health status (health indices, reproduction, treatments etc.).
The analisys and synthesys of all the data will allow to establish a herd diagnostic, the
identification of hazard factors for health and production and the elaboration of a plan of
action for short and long term.
Key words: herd health management, production, dairy cows
Obiectivul programului de management a sănătăţii şi producţiei este de a ajuta fermierul să-şi atingă ţelul, dar acesta diferă de la fermă la fermă. Implementarea programului impune armonizarea unei largi categorii de date: starea generală a animalelor, examenul clinic, examenul transrectal pentru monitorizarea funcţiei de reproducţie, examinarea condiţiilor de adăpostire şi microclimat a stării igienice, analiza furajelor, date privind producţia de lapte şi calitatea acestuia, tratamentele efectuate etc.
Identificarea şi analiza problemelor apărute, a factorilor de risc şi sinteza tuturor informaţiilor disponibile duce la stabilirea unui diagnostic de efectiv şi elaborarea unui plan de acţiune pe termen scurt si lung.
- 105 -
Ultimii ani au adus unele schimbari in activitatea medicului veterinar, in ţările cu zootehnie dezvoltată. Odată cu intensivizarea tot mai pronunţată, a avut loc o crestere a producţiei de lapte, de la 4000 l/vacă/an in 1960, la 10.000 l/vacă/an in 2000. Aceasta a impus o reorientare a serviciilor veterinare, constând in trecerea de la abordarea individuala a animalelor, la elaborarea de programe de management al
sănătăţii şi producţiei la nivel de fermă oferindu-se servicii integrate (Brand si col.,
1996). Dupa 1990 au aparut noi provocări in creşterea animalelor. A inceput sa prevaleze calitatea producţiei, faţă de cantitate. Cerinţele privind siguranţa alimentelor de origine animală, metodele de întreţinere a animalelor adaptate cerinţelor de bunăstare şi protecţia mediului, calitatea producţiei au un impact crescând (Noordhuizen si Welpelo, 1996). Este o noua provocare pentru medicii veterinari să joace un rol mai activ atât la nivel de fermă, cât si pe întregul lanţ de producţie (Lievaart si col., 2001). Programele de management al sănătăţii şi producţiei abordeaza integrat, în acelaşi timp, problemele privind : producţia şi nutriţia, sănătatea ugerului şi a ongloanelor, îngrijirea tineretului, fertilitatea, programe de control şi eradicare a bolilor, programe de vaccinare, bunăstarea animalelor, utilizarea medicamentelor
antimicrobiene, controlul reziduurilor şi calitatea laptelui. (Jorritsma si Noordhuizen, 2005).
1. Descrierea aplicației a. Scopul Aplicației
Aplicația se adresează fermelor de bovine care doresc să își creeze o bază de date computerizată a bovinelor din efectiv. În baza de date vor fi stocate informații referitoare la :
· Controlul Producției. o Informații specifice fiecărui animal (nr matricol, data
nasterii. etc)
o Genealogie.
o Lactație normală, o Lactație totatală și controlul lactației
· Sănătate
o Indicatorii de sănătate
o Indicii de reproducție
o Incidii de producție
o Tratamente
o Intervenții Aceste informații vor fi prelucrare de aplicația SANVAC
MILCK și vor oferi fermierului informații generale privind efectivul, precum și informații individuale despre evoluția fiecărui animal în parte.
b. Prezetarea interfeței grafice
i. Pentru protejarea informațiilor, accesul la aplicație se va face pe baza de utilizator și parolă.
ii. Pentru ca utilizatorul să poată avea o imagine de ansamblu a animalelor din efectiv, pe tabul “Informații Generale” va apărea un table (grid) in care vor fi prezente toate animalele
- 106 -
active prezente în efectiv (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Ecran principal
iii. Dacă utilizatorul apasă butonul Adaugă sau Modifică se va
deschide o formă care va permite introducerea de informații specifice pentru bovine (Fig 2).
Fig. 2 Informatii specifice pentru bovine
iv. Modulul de sănătate conţine diferite imagini ajutatoare care pemit evaluarea corecta a starii de sanatate a animalului (Fig.
3).
- 107 -
Fig. 3 . Modulul Sănătate
c. Mod de utilizare
După ce utilizatorul se va loga va avea acces la informațiile referitoare la fiecare animal din efectiv și va avea posibilitatea de a adauga noi inregistrari în baza de date. Pentru aceasta aplicația pune la dispoziție o interfața sugestivă, ușor de utilizat.
Prezentăm în continuare principalele meniuri ale aplicației. În tabul informații generale, de pe ecranul principal al aplicației (Fig 4), se află
un tabel(grid) in care sunt informațiile referitoare la animalele din efectiv.
Fig. 4 . Prezentare principii functionare grid.
In momentul in care utilizatorul dorește să adauge o nouă înregistrare trebuie să apese butonul “Adaugă Înregistrare” Acest buton va avea ca efect fie deschiderea unei
- 108 -
noi ferestre (cum este cazul când se dorește adaugarea de noi animale în efectiv, sau când se utilizează modulul de sănătate), fie afișarea deasupra tabelului unui set de controale, care să permită adăugarea informațiilor în grid.
In momentul în care utizatorul dorește modificarea unei înregistrări existente, trebuie să selecteze înregistrarea din tabel (printr-un simplu click pe linia
corespunzatoare animalului) și apoi să apese butonul Modifică Înregistrare.
Opțiunea Filtrează Datele , are ca scop filtrarea datelor din tabel. Se va deschide o fereastră de in care se vor adauga filtrele dorite. (Exemplu, doresc afişarea animalelor dintr-o anumita rasa)
Daca primele 3 opțiuni sunt speficifice pentru toate gridurile din aplicație, fiecare tabel poate avea și opțiuni speciale cum ar fi Adaugă Lactație, Modifică Lactație. O prezentare mai largă a fiecărui grid din aplicație, împreună cu meniurile sale specifice se poate găsi în manualul de utilizare al aplicației.
În fig. 5 sunt prezentate informațiile ce vor fi introduse in baza de date, pentru controlul producției și pentru urmărirea stării de sănătate a animalelor din efectiv.
Fig 5. Informații principale producție (Detalii tab-uri)
În fig. 6 sunt prezetate informațiile ce vor fi introduse în baza de date, pentru controlul sănătății animalului din efectiv.
Fig. 6. Informații principale, control sănătate. (Detalii tab-uri)
Scorul corporal este un indicator al balanței energetice care evaluează cantitatea de grăsime subcutanată de la nivelul lombar, al bazinului și baza cozii (Brand și col., 1996; Butler și Beam, 1993; Smith, 2009). 1 unitate scor corporal = 54 kg greutate corporal (Guyot și col., 2007)
Obiective și interpretări (Guyot și col., 2007; Rollin F., 2002; Smith, 2009) Obiectiv: Mai puțin de 10% din taurine cu scor corporal mai mic de 2,5 sau mai
mare de 4 într-o fermă
La fătare scorul corporal ideal este 3,5. Scorul mai mic de 3,5 la fătare indică aport energetic insuficient la sfârșitul lactației și/sau la înțărcare. Scorul mai mare de 3,5 la fătare indică aport energetic prea mare la sfârșitul lactației și/sau la întărcare
La debutul lactației - scorul corporal ideal este 3 – 2,5. Scor mai mic de 2,5
indică degenerescența grasă a ficatului, acetonemie. La mijlocul lactației - scorul corporal ideal este 3 iar la sfârșitul lactației scorul
corporal ideal este 3,5. Scorul mai mic de 3,5 la înțărcare indică aport energetic
insuficient la sfârșitul lactației. Scorul mai mare de 3,5 la înțărcare indică aport energetic prea mare la sfârșitul lactației
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La înțărcare scorul corporal ideal este 3,5
Scorul de reumplere a rumenului
Interpretare (Guyot și col., 2007; Zaaijer D., 2001, Rollin F., 2002)
Scor 1 = imediat dupa fătare sau anorexie
Scor 2 = inapetența
Scor 3 = ideal pentru vacile mari producatoarea de lapte
Scor 4 = tranzit digestiv insuficient (admis pentru vacile înțărcate sau la sfârșitul lactației)
Scor 5 = admis doar la vacile întărcate
Scorul pentru consistența materii fecale
Interpretare (Guyot și col., 2007; Zaaijer D., 2001; Rollin F., 2002) Scor 1 = diaree sau toxiemie
Scor 2 = cantitate prea mare de carbohidrați usor fermentescibili, admis la vacile aflate la pașune
Scor 3 = ideal pentru vacile mari producatoare de lapte
Scor 4 = admis pentru vacile înțărcate
Scor 5 = a se evita
Scorul pentru fractiunea nedigerată din fecale
Interpretare (Skidmore și col.,1996; Guyot și col., 2007; Zaaijer D., 2001, Rollin F., 2002)
Scor 1 = ideal la vacile în lactație
Scor 2 = ideal la vacile în lactatie
Scor 5 = lipsa digestiei
Scorul pentru leziunile jaretelor
Interpretare (Guyot și col., 2007) Scor 0 = tars normal
Scor 1 = alopecie
Scor 2 = alopecie și inflamatie
Scor 3 = alopecie și inflamatie < 10 cm2
Scor 4 = alopecie, inflamație > 10 cm2 și durere locala
Scorul pentru aplomburi
Obiective și interpretări (Guyot și col., 2007) Scor 1 = membrele prezintă un unghi mai mic de 140 raportat la coloana
vertebrală ; mai puțin de 60% din taurine cu scorul de 1 necesită initierea unui program de ajustare a ongloanelor
Scor 2 = 140-270
Scor 3 = membrele prezintă un unghi mai mare de 240 raportat la coloana vertebrala ; necesită ajustarea imediata a ongloanelor
Observatii : într-o fermă sănătoasă sunt mai mult de 60% de taurine cu scorul 1, mai puțin de 30% de taurine cu scorul 2 și mai puțin de 10 % taurine cu scorul 3.
- 110 -
2. Specificații tehnice
Tehnologia folosită pentru implementarea aplicației Prezenta aplicație folosește tehnologiile puse de dispoziție de Microsoft.
Aplicația este construită folosind ca interfață grafică o tehnologie nouă dezvoltată de cei de la Microsoft : Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF). Avantajele folosirii
WPF –ului sunt multiple. Dintre aceste avantaje enumerăm câteva : Avantajul de a crea un produs de top care folosește tehnologii actuale. Aceasta
facilitează lucrarile de mentenanță. Construirea unei interfețe grafice foarte atractivă. Aceasta facilitează
impunerea produsului pe piață, și menținerea lui un timp îndelungat. Avantajul tehnic oferit de WPF: controalele sunt generate vectorial și astfel
utilizatorul poate face zoom oricât dorește fără a se pierde din calitatea grafică a controalelor.
Bindarea (legarea) automată a controalelor din interfață la obiecte, respectiv la colecții de obiecte care moștenesc clasa ObservableCollection a gridurilor.
Limbajul de programare ales este C# un limbaj popular, care are avantajul de a
fi un limbaj orientat obiect, și deasemenea un limbaj foarte stabil. Memoria este alocata
dinamic, iar în momentul în care un obiect nu mai este folosit, memoria este eliberată automat.
Prezenta soluție tehnică este o aplicație client – server. Serverul de bază de date poate ținut pe o mașină (computer) dedicat, ceea ce permite accesul concurent la date.
Datele vor putea fi deschise simultan de pe mai multe computere pe care este instalată aplicația. Un alt avantaj al folosirii unei mașini dedicate pentru serverul de bază de date este gradul de securitate ridicat al aplicației.
Serverul de baze de date
Pentru serverul de bază de date s-a optat tot pentru una dintre tehnologiile
oferite de Microsoft : SQL Server 2005. Este un limbaj de baze de date structurat
(acceptă doar instrucțiuni SQL (StructuredQueryLanguage) ), sigur, rapid care permite
creare de baze de date relaționale. De menționat deasemenea că pe fiecare tabelă este mapat un obiect, iar acest
obiect este bindat la câmpurile din interfață , facilitând in acest fel accesul la date. 3. Posibilități de dezvoltare ulterioară
a. Posiblitatea de a migra foarte ușor de la SQL Server 2005 la SQL Server 2008 sau chiar la Oracle pentru baze de date foarte mari.
b. Posibilitatea de a se crea o bază de date la nivel național. c. Posibilitatea de a utiliza WindowsComunicationFoundation , ca și
metoda de accesare a datelor din baza de date. Aceast lucru va spori
gradul de securitatea, și va oferi posibilitatea de a crea o aplicație WEB care prin intermediul aplicației instalate pe server (aplicație care folosește WCF) să poată acces baza de date.
d. Posibilitatea de a crea o aplicație web, care să răspundă nevoilor fermierilor.
MULŢUMIRI
Program finanţat prin proiectul de cercetare PN II 51-004 SANVACMILK de
către CNMP (UEFISCDI) și de către Fondul Social European, prin Programul
- 111 -
Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007-2013, proiect POSDRU /
CPP107/DMI1/5/S/77222.
BIBLIOGRAFIE 1,Brand A., J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen, Y.H. Schukken (2006) - Heard health and
production management în dairy practice, Wageningen Pers Publ., Wageningen, p. 543.
2. Butler W.R., S.W. Beam, (1993) - Body condition, days to first ovulation and
fertility în lactating dairy cows, J. Anim. Sci., vol. 71: Supl 1, p. 227. 3. Cucu I. Gr., V. Maciuc, Domnica Maciuc (2004) - Cercetare stiintifica si elemente
de tehnica experimentala in zootehnie. Editura Alfa, Iasi
4. Guyot H, B. Boudry, P. Pluvinage, C. Hanzen, F. Rollin (2007) – Carnet clinique
medecine de troupeau, Editura Office des cours-FMV, Liege.
5. Lievaart, J., J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen (1999). Veterinary herd health and production
management: perceptions of dairy farmers and their veterinarians.Tijdschr Diergeneeskd.
124(24): 734-40;
6. Maciuc Domnica, V. Maciuc, St Creangă (2009) - Manual de utilizare a programului
informatic C.O.P. & R.G. Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iasi
7. Noordhuizen J.PT.M., H. Welpelo, (1996). Sutainble imporvement of animal health
care by systematic quality risk management according to the HACCP concept. Vet. Quart. 18:
121-126
8. Rollin F., 2002 - Mise en évidence des carences en oligo-éléments dans les exploitations bovines, În : Congresso de Ciencias Veterinarias, Tagispark-Oeiras-Portugal, p.
95-106.
9. Skidmore A.L., Brand A., Sniffen C.J., (1996) - Monitoring milk production:
defining preset targets and execution. În : Heard health and production management în dairy practice. Wageningen Pers Publ., Wageningen, p. 223-253.
10. Smith B.P., (2009) - Large animal internal medicine 4th. ed. Mosby, London,
Philadelphia, Sydney, Toronto.
11. Solcan Gh., (2006)- Herd health and production management system in dary cows-
Eur. Soc. For New Meth. In Agr. Res. (ESNA) XXXVI Meeting, Iasi, p 217-220
12. Zaaijer D., (2001) - Contrôle des effets de la nutrition sur les caractéristiques de la vache, În : Journée d’étude de la Société Belge Francophone de Buiatrie, p. 27-30
13. Zaaijer D., J.PT.M. Noordhuizen , (2003) - M. A novel scoring system for
monitoring the relationship between nutritional efficiency and fertility în dairy cows, Irish Veterinary Journal, 56 (3), 145-156.
EVOLUTION OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PARAMETRES OF POULTRY MEAT STORED UNDER
REFRIGERATION CONDITIONS IN VARIOUS TYPE OF
PACKAGING
ELENA SURMEI1, M. G. USTUROI
1, M. NICULAUA
2 AND AIDA
ALBU1
1University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Iasi
2Research Center for Enology of Romanian Academy Iasi Branch
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTARCT
The research was carried out on samples taken from pectoral muscles, individually
packed and stored for 10 days, at different parameters (Lc stored at + 4°C, 95% RH, packed in
- 112 -
polyethylene bags; Lexp-1 stored at + 4°C, 95% RH packed in Stretch trays; Lexp-2 stored at +
4°C, 95% RH packed in BDF (under a modified atmosphere) trays. During this period, was made daily determinations on color, pH and in easily
hydrolysable nitrogen content. Our results showed that there was a significant correlation
between muscle pH, color variation and easily hydrolysable nitrogen content. Thus at the end of
10 days of storage for the group Lc to a pH of 6.34 was obtained a content of 34.03 mg
NH3/100 g and color values (L*-57.91, a*-5.71, b*-18.31), for samples packed in Stretch trays
pH was lower with 0.78 than the Lc and with 1.58 higher than in samples packed in BDF trays.
Regarding easily hydrolysable nitrogen content, Lexp-2 had an content with 22.21% lower than
Lc, respectively 19.64% beside Lexp-1.
Te final conclusion was that in order to preserve the freshness of poultry meat is
recommended packaging in BDF trays (in a controlled atmosphere) and storage at + 4°C/ RH 95%.
Keywords: meat quality, poultry, packaging, refrigerated.
INTRODUCTION
Poultry meat is in high demand by the general public, because they special taste
qualities, ease which can be prepared in various recipes, special digestibility and high
nutritional value.
To the consumer, appearance is the major criterion for purchase selection and
initial evaluation of poultry meat quality. Other quality attributes, such as drip-loss,
pH, and shelf life are important to the consumer after purchasing the product [1].
Broiler meat colors are influenced by numerous live production, handling, and
processing factors as reviewed by [6,7] and [8]. However, the variation of the meat
color is up to a certain grade physiological, but the differentiation to pathological
alterations like pale, soft and exudative (PSE)-like meat is important because the latter
is characterized by a paler color, a heterogeneous appearance, a poorer texture and
cohesiveness as well as a higher drip loss [3].
Research in other meat systems indicates that pH plays an important role in rate
of microbial spoilage [10]. The ultimate pH of meat is highly dependent upon the
amount of glycogen present in the muscle. This glycogen is depleted in the muscle of
birds that have been exposed to stress prior to slaughter [9].
Appropriate packaging of meat and meat products can bestow any number of
benefits. Extended maintenance of quality can be achieved in an hermetic package
through exclusion of contamination, delay of microbial spoilage, maintenance of
desirable colour and minimisation of water loss. Realisation of these benefits is
contingent upon the correct selection of packaging materials and systems. The specific
requirements depend upon whether the product to be packaged is fresh meat or
processed, whether it is beef, lamb or pork, whether it is uncooked or cooked, boneless
or bone-in, and on whether it is destined for local retail display or for overseas
destinations [5].
Decomposition processes are manifested by a change in specifi c sensoric
properties of meat. In a majority of cases, the sensoric changes and the degree of
contamination with microorganisms, and their biochemical activity, are in correlation
with the meat ammonia content [4,2].
- 113 -
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A total of 15 boneless, skinless breast muscle filets (Pectoralis) were
collectedindividually packed in polyethylene bags (Lc), in Stretch trays (Lexp-1), in
BDF trays (Lexp 2) (under a modified atmosphere) and stored for a period of 10 days
(temperature +4 °C and 95% moisture) over a period of 10 days. For measuring the meat pH value was use a pH-meter WTW Multi 350i with
the successive immersion method into a suspension formed by distilled water and
triturate meat (aqueous extraction).
Color measurement was performed using a MiniScan XE Plus Hunter Lab,
color expressed in terms of CIE values for lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness
(b*). The calorimeter was calibrated throughout the study using a standard white
ceramic title. For meat surface color measurements, areas were selected that were free
from obvious defects. These areas, once selected, were marked on the surface such that
the same meat surface area was used for repeated color measurements over time.
Easily hydrolysable nitrogen was determined according to STAS 9065/7-74, in
hot weakly alkaline medium, low ammonia released is driven by water vapour and is
collected in a given volume of acid solution with known titer. Excess of acid was
titrated with a base of the same normality. Based on the volume of acid used to
neutralize the ammonia was calculated the quantity of ammonia that resulted in the
sample studied.
RESULTS AND DISCUSS
pH evolution for pectoral musculature showed increasing this day by day under
the influence of storage conditions assured. After the 10th days of storage, in the case
of packed in polyethylene bags the pH increased from 5.52 (at 24 hours after slaughter)
to 6.34 (the tenth day of storage), from 5.43 to 6.29 in Stretch trays and the case of
packed in BDF trays from 5.24 to 6.19. This growth is due to the process of proteolysis
(fig.1).
Fig. 1 The pH of pectoral muscle
The results of lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) color values of
the breast fillets packed in polyethylene bags (Lc), in Stretch trays (Lexp-1) and in
BDF trays (Lexp-2) are presented in (tab 1, 2, 3,).
In this study, correlation coefficients between C.I.E. color readings and pH of
breast fillets were highly significant. Lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) were found to
pH
zileLc Lexp-1 Lexp-2
- 114 -
correlate negatively to pH, whereas redness (a*) had a positive correlation. Thus, as the
pH increased, the lightness and yellowness values decreased, but the redness values
increased. Correlation of high pH meat with lower lightness values and higher redness
values supports the observations of [11,1], who observed poultry meat adjusted to a
high pH was darker and redder in color. A positive correlation was noted between pH
and day, indicating an increase in the pH of fillets as storage time increased.
Table 1
Average values of L* of the studied pectoral muscle
Storage
period (days)
G
roup
Statistical
estimators %
xsX ±
0
L
c 61.38±0,14
.26
L
exp-1 60.03±0,20
.80
L
exp-2 62.31±0,11
.97
2
L
c 60.93±0,14
,21
L
exp-1 59.79±0,29
.65
L
exp-2 61.22±0,20
.83
4
L
c 60.21±0,17
.53
L
exp-1 58.67±0,17
.60
L
exp-2 62.12±0,17
.54
6
L
c 59.42±0,16
.52
L
exp-1 58.13±0,28
.60
L
exp-2 61.66±0,24
.09
9
L
c 57.91±0,22
.05
L
exp-1 57.40±0,23
.21
L
exp-2 59.42±0,21
.96
- 115 -
Table 2
Average values of a* of the studied pectoral muscle
Storage period (days) Group Statistical estimators
xsX ±
V%
0 Lc 5.67±0,06 5.33
Lexp-1 5.62±0,05 4.71
Lexp-2 7.01±0,09 7.39
2
Lc 5.39±0,02 2.53
Lexp-1 5.34±0,10 10.03
Lexp-2 6.01±0,04 3.95
4
Lc 5.20±0,02 1.61
Lexp-1 4.93±0,06 6.86
Lexp-2 5.44±0,05 4.69
6
Lc 5.60±0,01 1.06
Lexp-1 4.68±0,05 5.96
Lexp-2 4.97±0,06 6.72
9
Lc 5.71±0,02 1.99
Lexp-1 3.85±0,02 2.79
Lexp-2 4.39±0,06 8.06
Table 3
Average values of b* of the studied pectoral muscle
Storage period (days) Group Statistical estimators
xsX ±
V%
0
Lc 17.62±0,08 2.38
Lexp-1 16.68±0,08 2.75
Lexp-2 15.50±0,06 2.04
2
Lc 17.86±0,06 1.97
Lexp-1 16.79±0,13 4.38
Lexp-2 15.38±0,04 1.46
4
Lc 18.04±0,04 1.25
Lexp-1 17.06±0,12 3.99
Lexp-2 15.72±0,07 2.56
6
Lc 18.20±0,05 1.39
Lexp-1 17.33±0,08 2.57
Lexp-2 16.42±0,1 4.38
9
Lc 18.31±0,03 1.03
Lexp-1 18.29±0,11 3.30
Lexp-2 17.17±0,15 4.84
Variation content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen
In samples of pectoral musculature in the first day of storage was obtained a
content of 13.25 mg NH3/100 g in Lc group, of 13.47 mg NH3/100 g in Lexp-1 group
and of 11.51 mg NH3/100 g in Lexp-2 group. After 10 days of storage, the lower of
- 116 -
easily hydrolisable nitrogen was recorded by the Lexp-2 group (26.47 mg NH3/100 g);
that group was fallowed by the Lexp-1 (32.94 mg NH3/100 g) and by the Lc group
(34.03 mg NH3/100 g) (fig. 2). Theses increases the NH3 content is due to bacterial
decomposition of amino acids in the process of spoilage.
Fig. 2 Evolution NH3 content of pectoral muscle
CONCLUSIONS
The meat suffers severe changes from qualitative point of view on a longer
period during storage in which higher acidity plays an important role. This acidity
growth is and the result of accumulation of amines and ammonia by the psihrofile
bacteria. Following the 10 days of storage in case of pectoral musculature studied, the
pH values increased with 14.85% in group Lc (packed in polyethylene bags), 15.83%
in group Lexp-1 (packed in Stretch trays) and 18.12% in group Lexp-2 (packed in BDF
trays).
During storage ,values of L* and a* decreased while the value of b* increased
with 3.91% in case of packed in polyethylene bags, 9.65% in case of packed in Stretch
trays and 10.77% in case of packed in BDF compared to beginning of the
determinations.
Regarding easily hydrolysable nitrogen content, Lexp-2 had an content with
22.21% lower than Lc, respectively 19.64% beside Lexp-1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study have been realized with the funding from project POSDRU-
CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222.
REFERENCES 1. Allen, C.D., S.M. Russell, and D.L. Fletcher, 1997. The relation of broilers
breast meat color and pH to shelf-life and odor development. Poult. Sci. 76:1042-1046.
2. Baeza, E., 2004 Measuring quality parameters. In: Poultry meat processingand
quality. (Mead, G. S., Ed.) Woodhead Publishing, England. pp. 304-332.
3. Berri, C., Le Bihan-Duval, E., Debut, M., Sante-Lhoutellier, V., Baeza, E.,
Gigaud, V., Jego, Y.&Duclos, M.J. 2007. Journal of animal Sience, 85:2005-2011.
Lc; 0; 13,25
Lc; 2; 20,54
Lc; 4; 25,26Lc; 6; 29,85
Lc; 9; 34,03
Lexp-1; 0;
13,47
Lexp-1; 2;
17,35
Lexp-1; 4;
22,05
Lexp-1; 6;
27,45
Lexp-1; 9;
32,94
Lexp-2; 0;
11,51
Lexp-2; 2;
15,12
Lexp-2; 4;
21,17
Lexp-2; 6;
23,13
Lexp-2; 9;
26,47
mgNH3/100g
zileLc Lexp-1 Lexp-2
- 117 -
4. Bilgili, S. F., 2001. Poultry meat inspection and grading. In: Poultry Meat
Processing. Ed. Alan R. Sams. CRC Press LLC. pp. 47-73.
5. Egan, A.F., I.J. Eustace and B.J. Shay, 1988. Proceedings of Industry Day:
Part of the 34th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology, Birsbane 29 Aug-2
Sept, 68-75.
6. Fletcher, D.L. 1989. Factors influencing pigmentation in poultry . Crit. Rev.
Poult. Biol. 2:149-170.
7. Fletcher, D.L. 1999. Poultry meat color. Pages 159-175 in Poultry Meat
Sience: Poultry Science Symposium Series. Vol. 25. R.I. richardson and G.C. Mead, ed. CABI
Pub. Oxon, OX, UK.
8. Froning, G. W. 1995. Color of poultry meat. Poult. Avian Biol. Rev. 6:83-93.
9. Ngoka, D. A., and G. W. Froning, 1982. Effect of free struggle and
preslaughter excitement on color of turkey breast muscle. Poultry Sci. 61:2291-2293.
10. Rey, C.R.., A. A. Kraft, D.G. Topel, F. C. Parrish, Jr., and D. K. Hotchkiss,
1976. Microbiology of pale, dark, and normal pork. J. Food Sci. 41:111-116.
11. Yang, C. C., and T. C. Chen, 1993. Effects of refrigerated storage, pH
adjustment, and marinade on color of raw and microwave cooked chicken meat. Poultry Sci.
72:355-362.
DNA FRAGMENTATION INDUCTION USING HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE
A COMPARATIVE IN VITRO STUDY ON SEMEN FROM DAIRY
AND BEEF BULL
SABINA VALEANUA, B
, DRUGOCIU DANA
, PETRU ROSCAA
a
Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, USAMV
IASI b
Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinica l Sciences, SLU,
UPPSALA
ABSTRACT
Aim of study: to investigate the extent to which spermatozoa from two different breed
bulls showed a different sensitivity to oxidative stress consecutive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
treatment.
Material and methods: the DNA fragmentation index was determined using the sperm
chromatin structure assay (SCSA), which assesses the susceptibility of sperm deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) to acid-induced denaturation using the metachromatic dye acridine orange (AO).
Three different experiments were performed for each of two bulls, the mean±SD being determined.
Results: the spermatozoa incubated for 6 hours, revealed a dose-dependent increase in
the DNA lesions expressed as DNA fragmentation index (DFI%), significant from a
concentration of 150 mM, p≤0.03 for beef bulls and p≤0.01 for dairy bulls. The highest percent
of spermatozoa with damaged DNA, 20.58% (mean±SD) for dairy bull respectively 21.97% (mean±SD) for beef bull was obtain after the treatment with 300 mM H2O2 and incubation for 6 hours.
Conclusions: Dairy bull spermatozoa seem to be more sensitive to DNA fragmentation
induction using H2O2 comparative with beef bull spermatozoa.
Acknowledgements: Jane Morrell (SLU) for providing the straws with frozen semen,
Anders Johanninsson (SLU) for the SCSA analysis. Internship at Swedish University of
- 118 -
Agricultural Sciences was supported by University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary
Medicine Iasi throughout PROJECT POSDRU –CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222.
INTRODUCTION
Evaluation of bull spermatozoa is usually performed to establish the fertility of
those sires destined to breeding or in some cases, it can be also used as a diagnosis of
health of the male reproductive tract. Sperm “quality” used to be characterized by total sperm count, viability and motility of spermatozoa and the morphological features but
in the past years, it has been proven by many studies that sperm DNA integrity is vital
for normal fertilization and transmission of genetic information to off-springs.
During spermatogenesis, the chromatin of mammalian spermatozoa undergoes
a process of reorganization and histones are replaced by protamines (protamine 1 and
protamine 2). The purpose of this genomic remodeling is to maintain the DNA highly
compact and transcriptionally inactive in case the fertilization of an oocyte occurs
(Braun 2001, Dadoune 2003, Oliva 2006). While others species have different ratio of
protamine 1 and 2 in their DNA, bull sperm have only protamine 1.
The complex processes of chromatin condensation are highly sensitive to
disruptive factors. The oxidative stress, which is caused by reactive oxygen species
(ROS), is implicated in the oxidative damage of biological structures such as DNA,
lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. The most important radicals are hydroxyl radical
(OH-), the superoxide anion (O-2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ROS may not
affect only the sperm DNA integrity, they are also known to determine the oxidation of
cellular membrane fatty acid components and at midpiece level, superoxide anion O2-
is produced as a side reaction of the electron transport of O2 in the mitochondria,
consequently being the initiator of sperm plasma membrane lipid peroxidation.
The ROS are free radicals which may either be produced endogenously through
cellular pathways of the mitochondria and lysosome or exogenously as a consequence
of environmental assaults. Bull spermatozoa possess several antioxidants that
counteract lipid peroxidation caused by ROS.
The comet assay (Singh et al, 1989, Speit et al, 2009), the TUNEL assay
(Gorczyca et al, 1993) or the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA; Evenson et al.
1980, 2002) are some of the test used to determine the unspecific sperm DNA breaks.
SCSA is based on the fact that cell DNA shows variable sensitivity to denaturation
under low pH conditions, this sensitivity being dependent on the stage of cell growth
and differentiation as well as whether these processes are disturbed or subjected to
toxic agents.
In our study, DNA lesions were induced by treating spermatozoa in vitro with
different concentration of H2O2 and by incubating the samples for 2, 4, respectively 6
hours. The sugar and the base moieties from the sperm DNA are susceptible to the
oxidation process, which will cause predominantly single-strand breaks (SSBs) and
oxidative base damage, while double-strand breaks (DSBs) will be observed extremely
rare (Rueff et al, 1993).
- 119 -
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Samples
Semen straws were provided from a bull stud in Sweden. Semen was collected
from dairy bull (Swedish Red and White breed) and beef bull (Limusin breed), using
an artificial vagina. Immediately after collection, semen samples were evaluated and
those ejaculates having more than 70% progressive motility were extended in
AndroMed® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany) and cryopreserved. The straws containing frozen semen were then thawed in a water bath at 37°C for 30 seconds. For both bulls, 3 different experiments were performed and the mean± standard deviation(SD) have been determined.
H2O2 treatment
Samples were treated with different concentrations of H2O2 (Sigma–Aldrich)
and incubated at 37˚C, for 2, 4 respectively 6 hours. The H2O2 concentrations were 0, 50, 150 and 300 mM in PBS.
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay – Flow cytometric SCSA
The chromatin structure was evaluated using the sperm chromatin structure
assay (SCSA), developed by Evenson et al. (1980), which assesses the susceptibility of
sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to acid-induced denaturation using the
metachromatic dye acridine orange (AO). The DNA fragmentation index (%DFI) is
calculated and expressed as the percentage of cells with a high ratio of denatured,
single stranded DNA (red fluorescence) to total DNA (stable, double stranded DNA
[green fluorescence] + single stranded DNA).
The procedure, media preparation, buffers and solutions used in the assay have
been described in detail previously (Evenson and Jost 2000; Januskauskas et al. 2000,
2003). An aliquot (50 µl) of the semen sample treated with different concentration of
H2O2 for a was mixed with the same amount of TNE buffer, immediately transferred
to a liquid nitrogen container for snap-freezing and stored at -80 C° until analysis. In order to perform the analysis, samples were thawed on ice. An aliquot (10
µl) of the TNE diluted sperm was mixed with 90 µl of TNE, and 200 µl of acid-
detergent solution. Exactly 30 seconds later, the sample was stained by adding 600 µl of AO staining solution and were analyzed within 3–5 min using a FACStar Plus Flow
cytometer with settings and software as described by Morrell et al. (2008). The level of
damage was expressed as DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI). This index shows the
percentage of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA. Sperm abnormal chromatin
structure, defined as having increased susceptibility to induced denaturation, is FCM
measured, on cell-by-cell basis, in terms of green (native DNA) to red (denatured,
single-stranded DNA). AO fluorescence intensity shift is described using the index
called DNA fragmentation index (DFI) representing the ratio of red to total
(red+green) fluorescence.
Statistical analysis Raw correlations were determined by analysis of least
squares. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.
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RESULTS
The amount of DNA lesions induced by different concentrations of H2O2 and
incubated for 2,4 respectively 6 hours has been evaluated by the sperm chromatin
structure assay (SCSA). The mean value from all three different experiments, for both
dairy and beef bull are reported in Fig.1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 as DFI% (DNA
fragmentation index).
Dose–effect relationships were different for the two bulls analyzed. After 2
hours incubation,
Beef bull spermatozoa, which showed in the control samples (0 mM H2O2), a
higher percent of DNA lesions (7.12) than the dairy bull (5.4), resulted more sensitive,
exhibiting a significant increase (p≤ 0.01) in the DFI% compared to relative control samples.
The highest percent of spermatozoa with damaged DNA, 20.58% (mean±SD) for dairy bull respectively 21.97% (mean±SD) for beef bull (Fig. 3), was obtain after
the treatment with 300 mM H2O2 and incubation for 6 hours. After 4 hours
incubation, beef bull spermatozoa showed a dose-dependent increase in DFI%,
significant from the concentration of 50 mM, that induced DNA damage in 16.75% of
the cells, (p=0.02). Enhancing the dose, the level of damage cells increased (p≤0.001) and damaged cells reached 20.69% for beef bull spermatozoa and 19.02% for dairy
bull spermatozoa.
The bull spermatozoa incubated for 6 hours, also revealed a dose-dependent
increase in the DNA lesions expressed as DNA fragmentation index (DFI%),
significant from a concentration of 150 mM, p≤0.03 for beef bulls and p≤0.01 for dairy bulls. In the case of dairy bull spermatozoa, the highest value of DFI% did not differ
much between 4 and 6 hours incubation, being 20.35% respectively 20.58% (Fig.2,
Fig. 3).
DISCUSSIONS
Oxidative stress (OS) has been attributed to affect the fertility status and
physiology of spermatozoa (Agarwal et al., 2008). The term oxidative stress is
generally applied when oxidants outnumber antioxidants (S. du Plessis et al, 2008) and
represent the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
the biological systems ability to detoxify the reactive intermediates or easily repair the
resulting damage caused. The main destructive aspects of oxidative stress are the
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include free radicals and
peroxides (Valko et al., 2005).
The production of ROS by sperm is a normal physiological process, but an
imbalance between ROS generation and scavenging activity is detrimental to the sperm
and associated with male infertility. Sperm cells are well equipped with a powerful
defense system against ROS attack, antioxidants being the main defense factors against
oxidative stress induced by free radicals. Spermatozoa are protected by various
antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in the seminal plasma or in spermatozoa it self to
prevent oxidative damage (J. G. Kim et al., 1998). Uncontrolled production of ROS
that exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the seminal plasma leads to oxidative stress
(OS) which is harmful to spermatozoa.
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Semen cryopreservation offers great advantages to livestock industry (Bucak et
al, 2009) but this techniques requires depth knowledge of the gamete physiology and
the biochemical processes occurring during semen collection, processing, and freeze-
thawing. Freezing/thawing of sperm sample, which are routinely performed in cattle
breeding industries in order to perform artificial insemination, are known to produce
ROS. During cryopreservation, semen is exposed to cold shock and atmospheric
oxygen, which in turn increases the susceptibility to lipid peroxidation due to higher
production of ROS (Bucak, 2005). As the sperm plasma membrane is one of the key
structures affected by cryopreservation (Yousef, 2003) sperm cryopreservation and
thawing are associated with increased ROS production and decreased antioxidant level.
Lipid peroxidation induced by H2O2 not only disrupts sperm motility, but, also
impairs all the sperm functions which are dependent on the integrity of plasma
membrane, including sperm-oocyte fusion and ability to undergo acrosomal exocytose.
It is known that sperm chromatin damage/abnormal structure may be also
caused by environmental factors such as elevated body temperature (Evenson et al.,
2000), toxic agents (Spano et al., 1996; Potts et al., 1999), oxidative stress, components
of the extender (Hammadeh et al., 2001), storage conditions (Boe-Hansen et al., 2005)
or, in some cases, technological procedures to (Bochenek et al., 2006)
Studies of in both human reproduction field (Evenson, 1999; Larson et al.,
2000; Zini et al., 2001) and veterinary one (Ballachey et al., 1987; Bochenek et al.,
2001) showed a close relationship between fertility and the extent of sperm chromatin
damage. However, the underlying mechanism of increased chromatin sensitivity to
denaturation is still unclear. On the other hand, it has been found that the increased
sensitivity of chromatin to denaturation is directly linked to the presence in
spermatozoa of loose, short DNA segments resulting from chromatin degradation.
Comparative to human sperm nuclei which contain about 85% protamines,
bull, stallion, hamster and mouse sperm nuclei contain significantly higher amounts of
protamines (about 95%) (Gatewood et al., 1987; Bellve et al., 1988; Bench et al.,
1996), resulting in a higher chromatin resistance to fragmentation compared to men
(Irvine et al., 2000) due to the higher degree of sperm chromatin condensation.
The stability of the bull chromatin is also favored by the content of only P1-
protamine, which is more rich in cysteine residues that involved in the formation of
disulfide bridges, contributing this way to the stability of the sperm chromatin (Corzett
et al., 2002).
Since DNA fragmentation index has shown correlation with fertility in
different species (Karabinus et al., 1990; Love and Kenney, 1998; Evenson et al.,
1999), the assessment of chromatin status is important in the determination of the
fertility potential of spermatozoa.
In spite of relatively small differences in DFI between the examined breeds and
generally low level of DFI, statistically significant differences between the dairy and
beef breeds were found, dairy bull apparently being more sensitive to DNA
fragmentation consecutive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment.The question that
remains to be answered is whether such differences in sensitivity to oxidative stress
may explain the field fertility differences in bulls.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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Jane Morrell (SLU) for providing the straws with frozen semen and Anders
Johanninsson (SLU) for the SCSA analysis. Internship at Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences was supported by University of Agricultural Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine Iasi throughout PROJECT POSDRU –CPP107-DMI1/5/S/77222.
Fig. 1
Effect of H2O2 treatment in beef and dairy bull spermatozoa evaluated by SCSA.
Columns represent the mean percentages of DFI obtained in after 2 hours incubation in 3
different experiments
Fig. 2
Effect of H2O2 treatment in beef and dairy bull spermatozoa evaluated by SCSA.
Columns represent the mean percentages of DFI obtained after 4 hours incubation in 3
different experiments
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Beef bull Dairy bull
DF
I%
H2O2 concentration 0 50 150 300
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Beef bull Dairy bull
DF
I%
H2O2 concentration 0 50 150 300
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Fig 3.Effect of H2O2 treatment in beef and dairy bull spermatozoa evaluated by SCSA.
Columns represent the mean percentages of DFI obtained after 6 hours incubation in 3
different experiments
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REDACTORI: Prof. Univ. Dr. Gheorghe SOLCAN
Răzvan Mălăncuș
CORECTORI: Prof. Univ. Vasile VINTU
Prof. Univ. Gheorghe SOLCAN
COPERTA: Răzvan MĂLĂNCUȘ
ISBN: 978-973-147-127-3