University of Tehran

Iran recent past: From Ethnoarchaeology in 1960s to historical

archaeology in 2000s伊朗“不远的过去”：从20世纪60年代的民族考古学到21世纪的历史考古学

Professor Hassan Fazeli Nashli, University of Tehran, Iran伊朗德黑兰大学考古学系 哈桑·法兹里·纳什里

hfazelin@ut.ac.ir

Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences

Peking University

翻译：常洋铭（北京大学西亚语言文化系）

Tappeh Guran,

Near Kermanshah

(ca. 7500 BC)顾兰丘

伊朗西部克尔曼沙赫附近约公元前7500年

Definition of Ethnoarchaeology 民族考古学

Modern nomad (recent past)现今的游牧民

The Neolithic transition in the Near East 近东（中东）的新石器转型BC 12,000 11,500 11,000 10,500 9500 10,000 8500 9000 7500 8000 6500 7000 60005200

A long, slow, complex process of change, enduring for ca. 4000 years from the end of the Last Glacial. 10,000 -5400 BC. •Transition from mobile hunter-foraging to sedentary farming and stock-keeping.

新石器时代

Neolith

ic

旧石器时代晚期

Epip

ale

olith

ic

Role of EthnoarchaeologyWhy ethnoarchaeology

The settlement of Hasanabad, near Kermanshah

克尔曼沙赫附近的哈桑纳巴德聚落

Detailed view of section of village

CASE STUDY: BAGHESTAN个案研究：巴盖斯坦

Ethnoarchaeological Project in Northeastern Iran

Lee Horne1976-1978

李·霍恩20世纪70年代在伊朗东北部主导的考古发掘

Baghestan village with domed-roof structures

巴盖斯坦的穹顶屋村落

Winter camp pens冬季营圈

Semi-Subterranean pens and corral

半地穴式圈栏

Front of houses and courtyard in Baghestan

Grain storage and animal barn

谷物储存和畜棚

Collecting water

集水

Time Depth of Ethnoarchaeology

Historical archaeology 历史考古学

Landlord Villages of the Tehran Plain德黑兰平原的地主村落

Professor Hassan Fazeli Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran

Dr Ruth Young: School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester

Historical Archaeology of Iran New Approaches

伊朗历史考古新路径

Landlord villages of IranHorne (1994) points out villages in Iran are living entities, and not static sites representing a single stage

in human activity, and this is important in terms of placing these villages within a historical context.

Agricultural production in Iran was the result of five elements: land, labor, water, oxen and seed. The

person who owned and contributed each of the elements was then entitled to claim a proportionate share of

the resulting produce; thus if the landlord contributed land, water and seed he claimed three-fifths of the

produce at harvest time

Landlord village of Iran

White Revolution

• Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (r. 1941-1979) • 3 phases of land reform:

– 1st phase: January 1962 (Arsanjani, Minister of Agriculture)

– 2nd phase: 1963-1967– 3rd phase: 1969

• Completed September 1971

• Within 10 years of initiating land reform c. 92% of former sharecroppers had become ‘peasant proprietors’ (Hooglund 1982,3)

landlord villages were present across virtually all Iran

Aims and Objectives of landlord project of the Tehran plain

Kazemabad annotated plan

Wall separating landlord’s area of village from tenants

Hassan Rahimi

Farmer’s houses

Tenant houses, Kazemabad

Interviews and site visits: took the interviewees to villages, able to walk round and learn about function of different spaces

Khanoum Khouchak

Mr Haj Akbar Mr Haj Mohammad Zaeri

Khanoum UriyatMr Haj Hassan Rahimi & Khanoum Mahabadi

Mr Hassan Mohseni &

Mr Haj Hassan Rahimi

Archaeological excavation of Kazem-Abad landlord village

Archaeological excavation of Kazem-Abad 2008

Khanoum Khouchak and Jamileh, Kazemabad

Khanoum Khouchak, her daughter

Jamileh,

and Hengameh Ilkani at Kazemabad

Carpet weaving

Iranian woman, part of diaspora, born in 1930s, lived in rural Iran, memoirs