isbn 978-9941-13-503-3institutehist.ucoz.net/_ld/1/181_javakhishvili-r.pdf · orond, imavdroulad,...
TRANSCRIPT
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis instituti
ivane javaxiSvili
politikuri da socialuri moZraoba me-19 saukunis
saqarTveloSi
Tbilisi _ 2016
2
Tqven winaSea ivane javaxiSvilis SesaniSnavi, mcire zomis gamokvleva, romelic 1906 wels daiwera da gamoqveynda peterburgSi, rusul enaze. iv. javaxiSvili, misTvis Cveuli siRrmiTa da sizustiT aanalizebs yvela im movlenas, rac Tan axlda 1801 wlis aqts da saqarTvelos ruseTTan 1783 wlis traqtatiT gauTvaliswinebel mierTebas. rusuli teqsti sakmaod rTulia da dRes misi aRqma dainteresebuli sazogadoebisa da studentebisaTvis martivi ar aris. amitom, vfiqrobT, ivane javaxiSvilis dabadebidan 140 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo komisiis Tanxmoba am Sromis Targmnisa da gamocemis Sesaxeb, didi qarTveli mecnieris memkvidreobis gacnobisa da aTvisebis mxriv, win gadadgmuli nabijia. darwmunebuli varT, naSroms siamovnebiT gaecnoba saqarTvelos rogorc samecniero wreebi, aseve, mkiTxvelTa farTo sazogadoeba. redaqtori: vaJa kiknaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
mTargmneli: rusudan maxaTaZe avtoris stili daculia © iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2016
ISBN 978-9941-13-503-3
3
`erovnuli TviTSemecnebis
gamoRviZebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT
ki, ganmtkicebisaTvis warsulis
codnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs~
ivane javaxiSvili,
`urTierToba ruseTsa da
saqarTvelos Soris me-18 s-Si~,
1919 weli
redaqtoris winaTqma
2016 wels, saqarTvelos istoriis mecnieruli
kvlevis fuZemdeblis, didi qarTveli istorikosisa
da sazogado moRvawis, sworupovari pirovnebis, ivane
javaxiSvilis dabadebidan 140 wlisTavs aRvniSnavT.
am TariRTan dakavSirebiT, ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saiu-
bileo komisiam miiRo istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis da piradad, Cemi winadadeba, qarTulad
Targmniliyo iv. javaxiSvilis mier, 110 wlis win,
rusul enaze dawerili saprogramo werili ruseT-
saqarTvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb (1783 wlidan _
1905 wlamde).
es werili qarTulad arasdros Targmnila. misi
rusuli ki, sakmaod arqauli da rTulia. amitom,
vfiqrobT, misi Targmani udides samsaxurs gauwevs
rogorc mecnierebs, aseve, am sakiTxebiT dainterese-
bul mkiTxvelTa farTo wresa da gansakuTrebiT ki,
studentebs.
Cems movaleobad mimaCnia, didi madloba gadavu-
xado javaxiSvilis saiubileo komisiis mTel Semad-
4
genlobas, iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis TanamSromels q-n nino gigans, romelmac
wignis teqnikur gamarTvaSi didi wvlili Seitana.
oriode sityva unda iTqvas Targmanis gamarTvis
teqnikuri mxaris Sesaxeb.
iv. javaxiSvils, miTiTebebi sqolioSi SemoklebiT
aqvs motanili. isini aseve davtoveT (gavSaleT mxo-
lod Zlier daqaragmebuli sityvebi), magram statiis
bolos davurTeT gamoyenebuli literaturisa da
wyaroebis gamarTuli sia. aseve, gavSaleT iv. java-
xiSvilis mier, teqstSi ukiduresad daqaragmebuli
sityvebi (mag.: `ц.~_`царь~, `гр.~_`граф~ da a. S.). aseve, sadac es ukiduresad aucilebeli iyo, Tar-
gmanSi kavebSi CavsviT damatebiTi ganmartebiTi sityva
da iqve aRvniSneT, rom es redaqtoris SeniSvnaa. ase-
ve, rusul dedanSi sqolioebi, cifrebis nacvlad,
varskvlavebiT aris aRniSnuli, rac SevcvaleT.
vimedovnebT, rom es naSromi, samagido wignad iqce-
va ara marto dRevandeli, aramed momavali Taobebi-
saTvisac.
vaJa kiknaZe
Tbilisi,
2016, aprili
5
politikuri da socialuri moZraoba me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi1
winasityvaoba
ukve ramdenime welia, ruseTis sazogadoebriobis
yuradRebas iqcevs saqarTveloSi gaSlili mZlavri
politikuri da socialuri moZraoba. yvelas Tu ara,
umetesobas mainc, miaCnia, rom igi moulodnelad,
erTbaSad gaiSala. maT ver gaugiaT, rogor gamo-
imuSava da gamoavlina qarTvelma xalxma aseTi
erTsulovneba socialur moZraobaSi, saidan iSva is
samagaliTo disciplina da organizaciuli saqmianoba,
romelic kulturulobis TvalsazrisiT, ase momge-
bianad ganasxvavebs qarTul moZraobas ruseTis sxva
adgilebSi gaSlili amJamindeli moZraobisagan. es arc
aris gasakviri, ramdenadac, bolo xanebamde, rusul
enaze ar arsebobda me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi
gaSlili moZraobis Tundac mokle mimoxilva istori-
uli TvalTaxedviT. mocemuli narkvevis amocana gax-
ldaT am xarvezis Sevseba da mkiTxvelisaTvis Semdegi
ganmartebis micema: 1) ra iyo imis mizezi, rom
saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis xanaSi, erTob mom-
xibvlelad warmoCenili ruseTis mTavrobisa da
samefo sasamarTlos avtoriteti pirwmindad Seilaxa
qarTveli xalxis TvalSi; 2) rom saqarTveloSi
gaSlil socialur da politikur moZraobas me-19
1 avtorma pirvelad gamoaqveyna 1906 wels aseTi saTauriT: privat
docenti javaxovi, politikuri da socialuri moZraoba saqarTve-
loSi XIX s-Si, s/peterburgi, 1906, wignis gamomcemloba `saqar-Tvelo~.
6
saukuneSiac ki, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT ufro Zvel
xanaze, Tavisi istoria hqonda; rom qarTveli xalxi
ukve karga xnis gamowrTobili da disciplinirebuli
gaxldaT am saqmeSi; 3) da rom amJamindel moZraobas
Rrma fesvebi hqonda gadgmuli xalxis fsiqikasa da
yofa-cxovrebaSi; revoluciur partiebs ki ar Seula-
xavT mTavrobis Rirseba xalxis TvalSi, aramed Tavad
mTavrobam gaitexa saxeli Tavisi aswliani mmarTve-
lobisa da reJimis damkvidrebiT; Tavad sasamarTlom
Searyia Tavisi avtoritetis safuZvlebi; saqarTve-
loSi glexTa sakiTxis swored mTavrobis nebaze
gadaWram misca biZgi agraruli moZraobis ucilobel
aRmocenebas. winamdebare narkvevis avtori mudam ofi-
cialur dokumentebs eyrdnoboda da cdilobda, Tavad
Tanamdebobis pirebi aelaparakebina, radgan gacilebiT
ufro damajerebeli da STambeWdavia swored maT mier
gamaTraxebuli mmarTvelobis sistemis warmoCena da
maTive kolegebis qmedebaTa gamoaSkaraveba.
agrarul moZraobas saqarTveloSi didi xnis isto-
ria aqvs. dokumentebi cxadyofen, rom, mZime politi-
kuri pirobebis miuxedavad, agraruli moZraoba saqar-
TveloSi mTeli me-18 saukunis manZilze ar Semwydara.
drodadro igi aqa-iq ifeTqebda xolme da Tavs gvax-
senebda. imis wyalobiT, rom eklesia mudam kerZo
pirebze ukeT inaxavda Tavis dokumentebs, Cvenamde
moRweuli monacemebi agrarul moZraobaze upiratesad
saeklesio glexebs Seexeba. jer kidev 1712 wels,
mefe daviT imamyulixanma (daviT II imamyulixani,
erekle I-is Ze, 1703-1722, red.) vezirs ubrZana, ek-
lesiisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina yvarlis eklesiis gle-
xebi da valdebulebad daekisrebina maTTvis dawese-
7
buli saeklesio begaris gadaxda.1 rodesac mefe ba-
qarma (baqari Sahnavazi, vaxtang VI-is Ze, 1717-1719,
red.), 1719 wels, sofel karwaxSi monastrisaTvis
imave safuZvlebze gaiRo Sesawiri, ra safuZvlebzec
imyofebodnen soflebi uznariani da karukumarti,
glexebma winaaRmdegoba gauwies xelisuflebas, ar
daeqvemdebarnen monasters, amxedrdnen da mefe iZule-
buli Seiqna, daemorCilebina isini.2 1749 wels,
bolnisis eklesiis glexebma bolnisis arqiepiskoposs
dakanonebuli begaris gadaxda Seuwyvites da anton
kaTolikosi (anton I 1720-1780, kaTolikosi 1744-
1755 ww., red.)3 iZulebuli Seiqna, saqmeSi
Careuliyo. swored aseve, sofel urbnisis glexebma
uari Tqves episkoposisaTvis dawesebuli Ralis
gadaxdaze da 1776 wels4 xeli aiRes mis
morCilebaze. 1794 wels manglisisa da ruisis
eklesiebis yma glexebi daifan-tnen da TavianT
batonebs gaeqcnen.5 oTxi wlis Sem-deg, igive
gaimeores noqozis eklesiis glexebma.6 arsebobs
cnobebi agrarul uTanxmoebaze aseve, gle-xebsa da
memamuleebs Soris,7 magram politikuri pirobebi,
gareSe mtrebisagan momdinare, gamudmebuli safrTxe,
SeuZlebels xdida am mRelvarebis norma-lur
dinebaSi moqcevas. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos
saxelisuflebo wreebSiac amCnevdnen batonymobisagan
1 Пурцеладзе, Церковные грамоты, gv. 36. 2 iqve, gv. 81. 3 iqve, gv. 35. 4 iqve. 5 iqve, gv. 27. 6 iqve, gv. 12-13, 45. 7 iqve, gv. 92.
8
Tavis daRwevis gaadvilebis aucileblobas, Tundac,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi. aseTebs miekuTvneba mefe erek-
les, kaTolikosis, episkoposebis, samefo karis war-
momadgenlebisa da didgvarovnebis 1765 wlis dadge-
nileba imis Taobaze, rom `am wuTidan im glexebTan
mimarTebiT, romlebic gaTavisufldebian tyveobidan,
Zveli mflobelebi veRar gamoiyeneben mflobelobis
uflebas;~1 rom yma glexi, romelsac tyveobidan ar
gamoisyidis Tavisi batoni, Tavisufldeba damokidebu-
lebisagan;2 rom mflobelebi, romlebic SimSilobis
dros ar zrunaven TavianT ymebze, kargaven maTze
mflobelobis uflebas da a. S. Tumca, rasakvirvelia,
me-18 saukuneSi, rodesac mtris Semosevisagan Tavis
dasacavad, qarTvelebs ruseTis proteqtoratis Zebna
uwevdaT, maT socialuri reformebisaTvis ar ecalaT.
saqarTvelos mmarTvel wreebSi miaCndaT, rom Zleva-
mosili mfarvelis daxmarebiT, isini Caebmebodnen Ta-
vianTi qveynis mSvidobiani, kulturuli ganviTarebis
saqmeSi. xangrZlivi, usiamovno molaparakebebis Semdeg,
mefe ereklem, bolos da bolos, miaRwia imas, rom
1783 wels gaaforma traqtati imperator ekateri-
nesTan, romlis Tanaxmadac, `misi udidebulesoba
kisrulobs imperatorul Tavdebobas misi uganaTle-
bulesobis, mefe erekle Teimurazis Zis samflobe-
loTa xelSeuxeblobisa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
aseTive Tavdeboba gavrceldeba da mtkiced damkvid-
rdeba im samflobeloebze, romlebic droTa ganmav-
lobaSi, garemoebaTa kvalobaze, danarCenebs Semoe-
mateba (artikuli 2). misi saimperatoro udidebu-
1 iqve, 53, 1791 wlis aqti; gv. 27, 1776 wlis aqti. 2 iqve, gv. 17, 1764 wlis aqti.
9
lesoba keTilganwyobiT iRebs umaRlesi xelisuf-
lebis aRiarebas da mfarvelobas qarTlsa da qarTul
samefoebze (sic!) da pirobas debs Tavisi, Tu Tavisi memkvidreebis saxeliT, rom: 1) pativiscemiT moep-
yroba am samefoTa xalxebs, romlebic mWidro kav-
SirSi da srul TanxmobaSi imyofebian mis imperi-
asTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, mis mtrebs Tavis
mtrebad aRiarebs; 2) misma uganaTlebulesobam, mefe
iraklim, Teimurazis Zem da mis memkvidreTa da STa-
momavalTa samefo saxlma, uciloblad unda Seinar-
Cunon mefoba qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebze; 3)
xelisufleba, _ Serwymuli Sinaur saqmeTa mmarTve-
lobasTan, samarTlis qmnisa da sasjelis dadebis,
iseve rogorc mosakreblis aRebis ufleba eboZos mis
uganaTlebulesoba mefes misive sruli sargeblobi-
saTvis, xolo mis samxedro da samoqalaqo xel-
mZRvanelobas aekrZalos yvelanairi gankargulebis
gacema (art. 6). samagierod, misi uganaTlebulesoba
mefe pirobas debs, rom: 1) is da misi STamomavlebi,
TavianT mebrZolebTan erTad, mudam mzad iqnebian misi
udidebulesobis samsaxurisaTvis; 2) yvela saqmis
gadasaWrelad, maT Soris, im saqmeebisac, romlebic
misi saimperatoro udidebulesobis samsaxurs exeba,
mimarTavs ruseTis xelmZRvanelobas; rom mis moTxov-
nilebebs daakmayofilebs da misi udidebulesobis
qveSevrdomebs yovelgvar devnasa da Seuracxyofas
aaridebs Tavidan (art. 7). garda amisa, `misi uganaT-
lebulesoba pirobas debs, rom masTan akreditebul
mTavar sasazRvro ufrosTan da misi udidebulesobis
ministrTan winaswar SeuTanxmeblad aranair urTier-
Tobas ar daamyarebs mezobel mflobelebTan~ (art.
10
4). magram saqarTvelos arc am traqtatma uSvela.
ruseTis xelisufleba Tavs ar iwuxebda Tavisi aR-
Tqmis aRsasruleblad.
1787 wels, qarTvelTaTvis sruliad moulodnelad
ukan gaixmes rusuli jaris is mcire razmic ki,
romelsac viTom unda daecva qarTuli teritoria.
mefe erekles Sexedulebani da araerTgzis Txovna
imis Taobaze, rom gaewiaT traqtatis pirobis Ta-
naxmad gansazRvruli samxedro Semweoba, ugulebel-
yofil iqna mokle, magram mravlismetyveli ganmar-
tebis safuZvelze, rom `saqarTveloSi jaris gag-
zavniT veravin ixeirebda~. ase rom, saqarTvelo,
miuxedavad sazeimo dapirebebisa da imperatoris mier
micemuli pirobisa, bedis anabara daagdes da 1795
wlis 12 seqtembers dasaglejad miugdes swored
ruseTTan dadebuli traqtatis gamo, SurisZiebis
wyurviliT Sepyrobil sparseTis Sahs _ aRa-mahmad-
xans. da mxolod imave wlis 1 oqtombers ruseTis
mTavrobam ubrZana general gudoviCs, `Sexideboda
iraklis, rogorc ruseTis vasals, mtruli Tavdas-
xmebisagan Tavis asarideblad, traqtatis pirobis
Tanaxmad, qveiTTa ori sruli batalioniT~. ruseTis
mier gaweuli daxmareba imdenad dagvianebuli da mwi-
ri gaxldaT, rom 1797 wels, qarTveli elCi, Tavadi
garsevan WavWavaZe iZulebuli Seiqna imperatori-
saTvis eTxova kategoriuli da naTeli pasuxi: `gne-
bavs Tu ara Sen, TviTmpyrobelo da didebulo
xelmwifev, Seasrulo traqtatis pirobebi misi pir-
vandeli ZalmosilebiT da gnebavs Tu ara, traq-
tatidan gamomdinare, valdebulebebis Tanaxmad, dax-
mareba gauwio Cems mefes, romelic Seviwrovebas
11
ganicdis?~1 mefe erekle meores memkvidres, giorgi
mecametes miaCnda, rom saqarTvelosaTvis dapirebuli
daxmareba mtrebisagan Tavis dasacavad realobad iqce-
oda mxolod maSin, Tu igi uars ityoda Tavis araerT
politikur uflebamosilebaze da Tavis survilebs
maqsimalurad moTokavda.
mefe giorgim ver moaswro ruseTis mTavrobasTan
molaparakebebis dasruleba, Tumca mis warmomad-
genlebs araerTgzis mouwiaT imis Sexsenebam, rom
aucilebeli iyo sakiTxis droulad gadaWra. magram
giorgi mecametem am molodinSi ganuteva suli.
taxtis memkvidre daviT batoniSvili, jer kidev
mefis gardacvalebamde Seudga xalxis Semzadebas
Tavis mosalodnel gamefebasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan
safuZvlianad ufrTxoda sxva predendentis intrigebs.
generalma lazarevma `araerTxel, friad Tavazianad,
moaxsena mas, rom aCqareba sasurveli ar iyo~ (kav-
kasiis arqeografiuli2 kom.-is aqtebi, I, 188, rusul
enaze), TiTqos mianiSnebda, rom Rirseuli mefoba
mainc ar ascdeboda, Tumca gulSi ukve darwmunebuli
iyo imaSi, rom saqarTvelo sabolood miuerTeboda
ruseTis samflobeloebs. generalma lazarevma, im
mizniT, rom srulad moexerxebina orientireba da
windawinve mieRo usafrTxoebis zomebi, sTxova
general knorings, misTvis gadaeca taxtis memkvid-
resTan mosuli yvela werili, raTa maT Sinaarss
gascnoboda da windawinve momzadebuliyo aucilebel
qmedebaTa gansaxorcieleblad. saqme isaa, rom daviT
1 Цагарели, Грамоты II №126; Авалов, Присоединение Грузии к России, 169. 2 teqstSi, SecdomiT `arqeologiuri~ weria (Semoklebuli formiT).
12
batoniSvili ukve aRar malavda Tavis ukmayofilebasa,
Tu SeSfoTebas da qveynis gasagonad saubrobda xel-
Sekrulebebis darRvevasa, Tu ukanaskneli mefis sur-
vilebis ugulebelyofaze. generali lazarevi cdi-
lobda memkvidris gadarwmunebasa da damSvidebas,
oRond, imavdroulad, xelSi igdebda masTan mosul
yvela werils da zedmiwevniT saguldagulo meTval-
yureobas awesebda (iqve, I, 304). 1801 wlis 12
seqtembers ukve saqveynod gamocxadda saqarTvelos
ruseTTan SeerTebisa da samefos gauqmebis ambavi. aman
saqarTveloSi didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. tfi-
lisSi es ambavi mxolod 1802 wlis 8 maiss gamoc-
xadda. general knorings eWvic ar epareboda imaSi,
rom qarTvelebi TaviaTi samefos gauqmebis Semdeg,
nebayoflobiT ar Sehficavdnen erTgulebas imperator
aleqsandre pirvels da aucileblad miiCnia, tyui-
liTa da muqariT daetyuebina maTTvis es fici. man
TavisTan miiwvia didgvarovnebi, sasuliero pirebi da
moqalaqeebi da rodesac sazogadoebam Tavi moiyara,
generalma knoringma jars ubrZana, saxlisaTvis alya
Semoertya, mowveulebs ki, erTgulebis ficis dadeba
ubrZana. vinc gabeda da ganacxada, rom samefos
gauqmeba ewinaaRmegeboda traqtatis pirobebsa da qar-
TvelTa nebas da amis safuZvelze, uari ganacxada
ficis dadebaze, daapatimres (n. dubrovini, samxreTi
kavkasia, 1803 _ 1806 ww. gv. 33, rusul enaze).
qarTvelebma dainaxes, rom saqmem moulodneli mimar-
Tuleba miiRo. Tumca, bevr gavlenian pirs jer kidev
egona, samefo mxolod da mxolod imitom gaauqmes,
rom imperatoris TvalSi xalxisaTvis Cirqi moucxiaT
da misTvis bevri ram arasworad mouxsenebiaTo; rom
13
sakmarisi iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb
saqmis aRZvra da yvelaferi TavisTavad mogvardeboda;
ase magaliTad, qarTveli ndobiT aRWurvili piri ru-
seTis samefo karze _ Tavadi garsevan WavWavaZe saqar-
TveloSi iwereboda: `xelmwifesTan ra davalebebic
mqonda giorgi mefisagan saqarTveloze msjelobasTan
dakavSirebiT, arc erTi ar Sesrulebula: samefo ga-
nadgurebulia... arc erTi modgma ise ar daumcire-
biaT, rogorc qarTvelebi. gigzavniT manifestisa da
brZanebebis aslebs, romlebic dagarwmuneben Cemi we-
rilis marTebulobaSi. jer kidev dro gaqvT, sazo-
gadoebam erTi werili moiweros. me aq warvsdeqi da
kvlav Cvens mdgomareobaze vimsjele. viTxovdi mefesa
da mfarvelobas. iciT, Tu mefes moiTxovT, mogecemaT;
SegiZliaT ar miiRoT aqedan TqvenTvis gamogzavnili
gankargulebani~ (aqtebi, II, 304). magram es fuWi
imedebi iyo: peterburgSi sakiTxi sabolood gada-
eWraT. xelisuflebas, rasakvirvelia, ar uxelmZRva-
nelia im Zireulad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebiT, rom-
lebic zarzeimiT gamoefinaT saqarTvelos ruseTTan
SeerTebis manifestSi. peterburgidan gamogzavnili
gankargulebebis armiReba arc ise advili iyo. ru-
suli jarebi Tbilisis garSemo ganalages da yvelas,
vinc winaaRmdegobas gabedavda, patimroba eloda.
sayovelTao erTobliv protests, egeb gamoeRo kidec
raime nayofi, magram saqmec swored is iyo, rom
saqarTveloSi, im dros, sami partia moqmedebda da
isini araTu solidarulni ar iyvnen TavianT saqmiano-
baSi, aramed metwilad mtrobdnen kidec erTmaneTs.
pirveli, taxtis memkvidris, daviT batoniSvilis
momxreTa partias warmoadgenda, meore, _ taxtis pre-
14
tendentis, iulon batoniSvilis qomagTa partia gax-
ldaT, mesame ki, ruseTis mTavrobis gulSematki-
varTagan Sedgeboda. isini saqarTvelos damoukideb-
lobas ebrZodnen da mxars uWerdnen saqarTvelos ru-
seTTan srul SeerTebas. marTalia, es partia mcire-
ricxovani gaxldaT, magram, ruseTis jaris siaxlo-
vidan gamomdinare, did safrTxes uqmnida pirvel or
partias, romlebic mtkiced moiTxovdnen dadebuli
traqtatis pirobebis ganuxrelad Sesrulebas ruse-
Tis mTavrobis mxridan. ruseTis mTavrobis momxreTa
partiaSi Sedioda ori kategoria: erTni piradad
mtrobdnen daviT batoniSvils, meore jgufs ki,
gulwrfelad swamda, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos mSvi-
dobasa da keTildReobas moutanda, mtrebis Semoseve-
bisagan daicavda da wesrigs daamyarebda (p. iose-
liani, `mefe giorgi mecametes cxovreba~, qarTul
enaze, gv. 191, 259, 265-6, 273). batoniSvil daviTisa
da batoniSvil iulonis partiebi erTnairad idgnen
saqarTvelos mTlianobis SenarCunebis sadarajoze,
magram, maSin rodesac pirvelis momxreni mefe giorgi
mecametes Tvalsazriss iziarebdnen da Tundac marto
mefis titulis SenarCunebasa da qarTvel bagratidTa
modgmaSi mis memkvidreobiTobas kmarobdnen, sxva da-
narCenSi ki, yabuls iyvnen, peterburgidan wamosul
gankargulebebs damorCilebodnen, iulonis momxreebi
mefe erekle II-sa da imperator ekaterine II-s mier
dadebuli traqtatis pirobebis Sesrulebas moiT-
xovdnen, saqarTvelos ki, ruseTis proteqtoratis
qveS moiazrebdnen Sinaur saqmeebSi Caurevlad. saqar-
Tvelos damoukideblobis ganadgurebam da ruseTis
mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa qmedebebma orive partia
15
rusebisadmi mtrulad ganawyo. Tumca, male, rusofi-
lebis partiac, romelic, ra Tqma unda, ruseTis
mTavrobisagan uangarod eloda sikeTes Tavisi samSob-
losaTvis, ganudga saqarTvelos rus mmarTvelebs.
darCa mxolod mcirericxovani xrova, romelic anga-
rebiTa da piradi gamorCenis imediT cdilobda viTa-
rebis saTavisod gamoyenebas.
saqarTveloSi imxanad damkvidrebul rus mmar-
TvelTa, mTavarsardalTa da moxeleTa uceremoniobas
sazRvari ar hqonda. yvelaferi dasaSvebi iyo: jer
kidev 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers kalmis erTi mosmiT
dawesda uzenaesi qarTuli mTavroba 4 eqspediciiT,
romlebSiac qarTvelebi Seaviwroves da myis ukana
planze gadaanacvles. yvelgan ufrosobdnen rusi mo-
xeleebi, romlebmac ar icodnen qarTuli ena da
saqarTveloSi marto imitom aRmoCndnen, rom ruseTSi
aRar daedgomebodaT1. yvela dawesebulebidan, maT
Soris, sasamarTlodanac, myis ganidevna mSobliuri,
mosaxleobis mier gaTavisebuli erTaderTi ena. ro-
gorc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi, ise samoqalaqo
procesebSi, nabrZanebi iyo yvela instanciaSi exel-
mZRvanelaT zogadi rusuli kanonebiT. mxolod
samoqalaqo saqmeebSi gamohqondaT gadawyvetilebani
mefe vaxtangis kanonebis Tanaxmad, Tumca, sisxlis
samarTlis danaSauli zogadimperiuli kanonebiT is-
jeboda. TviT skolis maswavleblebic ki, Tavs ufle-
bas aZlevdnen, saswavlo dawesebulebebSi gamoeyene-
binaT `andazebi da gulsatkeni gamoTqmebi axladmopo-
vebul miwa-wyalTan mimarTebaSi~.2 sami welic ar
1 Акты, gv. 57. 2 Акты II, gv. 199.
16
gasuliyo da isini, vinc saqarTvelos teritoriaze
rusebis gamoCenisaTvis RmerTs madlobas swiravda,
axla Tav-beds iwyevlidnen. TviT saqarTvelos mTavar-
sardlad axladdaniSnuli Tavadi cicianovi eubneboda
1803 wels gadayenebul saqarTvelos mmarTvels,
kovalenskis: `Tqven SeuracxyofdiT maT (qarTvelT)
Tqveni qceviT da amiT mTavrobisadmi iseT siZulvils
uRvivebdiT, rom me SevniSne ganwyobilebis Tavzardam-
cemi cvlileba ruseTis mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg...
xuTi dRe ise gavidoda, rom arsad CandiT da... arcTu
iSviaTad, batoniSvilebs, romlebic Tqveni xilvis
bednierebas elodnen, uars eubnebodnen (miRebaze) im
sababiT, rom Tqven maT misaRebad ar gecalaT.~1
yofili qarTveli elCi garsevan WavWavaZe amgvarad
aRwers qarTuli sazogadoebis rusofiluri nawilis
maSindel ganwyobas: `xalxma, romelic gminavda
mefeebisa da maTi mravalricxovani ojaxebis uRlis
qveS, mets veRar gauZlo da mfarvelobisaTvis mis
udidebulesobas, xelmwife imperators mimarTa am
uRlis gadagdebis imediT. da sasurveli sinamdviled
iqca. magram amJamad, xalxi kidev ufro drtvinavs...
awmyo maTTvis gausaZlisi xdeba... aqedan gamomaqvs
daskvna: yvela didgvarovnis TvalsazrisiT, unda aR-
dges Zveleburad (saqarTvelos, red.) mefe da misi
samefo.~2 aqedan gamomdinare, didgvarovanTa is warmo-
madgenlebic ki, romlebic saqarTvelos ruseTTan Se-
erTebas TavianTi qveynisTvis bednierebad aRiqvamdnen,
mTavrobas opoziciaSi Caudgnen da qarTuli samefos
damoukideblobis aRdgena moindomes. axla ukve yvela
1 Акты II, gv. 20. 2 Акты II, gv. 362-3.
17
partia eTanxmeboda erTmaneTs gamosavlis maZieblo-
basa da idealebSi. marto qarTveli glexoba yoyma-
nobda, radgan sulis siRrmeSi jer kidev imedi
hqonda, rom rusebis wyalobiT, Tavis mdgomareobas
gaiumjobesebda. ase, magaliTad, Tavad i. cicianovis
erTma yma glexma qalma farulad amcno rus moxeles,
rom `is, iseve rogorc yvela glexkaci, rusebs
erTgulebdnen, maSin rodesac Tavad-aznaurebi maT ver
itandnen.~1 magram gamoxda xani da qarTvelma
glexebma dakarges imedi da rusuli mTavrobisadmi
simpaTiac gauneldaT. rodesac rusTa batonobis mZime
tvirTi maTac Tavs daatyda, maSinRa mixvdnen,
momavalSi rac elodaT. yvalaze adre imedgacrueba
ewviaT qarTvel mTielebs, romlebic im adgilebSi
cxovrobdnen, sadac saqarTvelos samxedro gza
gadioda. imis miuxedavad, rom rusTa mTavroba
dahpirda, rom 7 wlis ganmavlo-baSi aranair
gadasaxads ar gadaaxdevinebda, pirvel-save wels
mosTxova sauravis gadaxda da, isic, 2 wlis manZilze
uciloblad fuladi saxiT, an ver-cxliT unda
gadaexadaT. rodesac mosaxleoba ver axerxebda
amodena Tanxis gadaxdas, rusi moxeleebi aiZulebdnen,
vercxleuli eklesiidan gamoetanaT. ufro metic...
gamocxadda, rom kazakebi da Cafrebi mosaxleobisagan
SeiZendnen sursaT-sanovagesa da alafs fulis
sanacvlod, magram sinamdvileSi, yvela-feri uqmad
mihqondaT. usasyidlod sargeblobdnen cxenebiTac.
jari dascinoda mosaxleobas. qalebs uremSi abamdnen
da maTraxiT mierekebodnen gadatvir-Tuli sazidris
1 Акты II, gv. 303.
18
satareblad. iyo araerTi SemTxveva qalebis
gaupatiurebisa.1 aivso qarTveli mTielebis moTminebis
moTminebis fiala. nanatri erTmorwmune mxsnelebi
mosisxle mtrebze ukeTesni ar gamodgnen da rodesac,
1804 wels, mTavrobas molaSqreTa Sekreba moepriana
maSveli jaris gasagzavnad sparseTTan gamarTul
samxedro moqmedebaTa sarbielze, yvela qarTvelma
mTielma uari ganacxada da amxedrda: isini SeuTan-
xmdnen danarCen qarTvelTa tomebs, iseve rogorc
osebs da molaparakeba gamarTes dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi imereTis mefis, solomonis karze myof iulon
da farnaoz batoniSvilebTan. damsjeli razmis
ufrosis, SanSe erisTavis moTxovnas, damorCile-
bodnen ruseTis xelisuflebas, meamboxeebma upasuxes,
rom rusTa batonobas isini ukiduresobamde mieyvana,
rom maT tvirTad awvaT mZime gadasaxadebi da natura-
luri valdebulebani da rom amitom gadaewyvitaT,
arc erTi rusi aRar gaetarebinaT saqarTvelos teri-
toriaze2. amboxebulebi Seudgnen saqarTvelos
ro gzis Caxergvasa da dazianebas, yvela xidi daan-
gries da sxvadasxva adgilas gvariani xergilebi
moawyves. tfilisTan da vladikavkazTan kavSiri gaw-
yda, yvela kuriers meamboxeebi igdebdnen xelT da
patakebs arTmevdnen. meamboxeTa razmi Tavs daeca
kazakebis posts kaiSaurSi da yvelani gaanadgura.
mxolod ori gadaurCa sikvdils da Tavdasxmis ambavi
adgilobriv ufrosobas Seatyobina3. male razmi gar-
Semoertya yvela punqts, sadac ganTavsebuli iyo
1 Акты II, gv. 311. 2 Акты II, gv. 306-7. 3 Акты II, gv. 308-9.
19
rusTa jarebi, qalaq duSeTis CaTvliT. mdgomareoba
kritikuli Seiqna. maSin saqarTvelos mmarTvelma
Tavadma volkonskim ganacxada, rom mosaxleobis yvela
saCivars Seiswavlidnen da maT moTxovnebs daakmayofi-
lebdnen. imisaTvis, rom saqme mSvidobianad moegva-
rebina da amboxebulebi daeSoSminebina, maTTan man
sapatio pirebi gaagzavna, romelTac saqarTvelos ka-
Tolikosis werili gaatana. maT amboxebulebi unda
daerwmunebinaT, rom yvela safuZvlian saCivars anga-
riSs gauwevdnen. sapatio pirebma molaparakebis
sawarmoeblad amboxebulTa warmomadgenlebi moiyvanes
da Tavadma volkonskim maTac igive gaumeora. dro-
ebiTma simSvidem daisadgura. rodesac saomari
moqmedebani ganaxlda, meamboxeebs Tavidan bedma gau-
Rima, magram ajanyeba mainc CaaxSes. cudad SeiaraRe-
buli razmebi zarbaznebiT aRWurvil regularul
jars xangrZliv winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevdnen. 1805
wlis 4 aprils iulon da farnaoz batoniSvilebi
ruseTSi gaamgzavres, danarCeni meTaurebi ki, ricxviT
70 daapatimres da marTlmsajulebas gadasces.
aRSfoTebul qarTvel mTielTa mier rusi moxe-
leebis umsgavsobaTa gamoaSkaravebas, TiTqos unda
eiZulebina umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi,
Sesdgomoda im saarako da aRmaSfoTebeli borotebis
amoZirkvas, romelic gausaZlis tvirTad awveboda
qarTvelobas da aiZulebda mas im mZime, politikurad
arc Tu usafrTxo xanaze eocneba, rodesac saqarTve-
los ukanaskneli qarTveli mefeebi marTavdnen. sinam-
dvileSi ki, yvelaferi Zveleburad midioda: igive
Tanxebis gamoZalva, iseTive danaSaulebrivi qmedebani
da damnaSave pirTa da moxeleTa kvlavindeburi daus-
20
jeloba. qarTveli glexebi rusuli jaris gamosak-
vebad dawesebuli saurme begaris uRlis gamo gminav-
dnen. qarTlelma da kaxelma Tavadebma, romlebic
moTminebidan gamoeyvana adgilobrivi xelisufle-
bisaTvis saCivrebiT mimarTvis uSedegobas, 1810 wels,
bolos da bolos, umorCilesi TxovniT mimarTes mas:
`yvela Cvenganis survilia, msxverplad gaviRoT ara
marto Cveni qoneba, aramed TviT Cveni sisxli Tqveni
umaRlesi saxelis sadideblad; magram Cveni glex-
kacebi, romlebic urmebsa da cxenebs gawvdian, TviTon
qiraoben maT 50, 40 an 30 rublad, magram
anazRaurebas iReben 1, 2 an 3 rublis odenobiT, ris
gamoc saSinel Seviwrovebas ganicdian. amitom gTxovT,
Cvens glexkacebs is fasi gadauxadoT, ra fasadac
Tavad isini qiraoben urmebs, raTa SeZlon kvlav
imsaxuron, puri Teson da moimkan, oRond axleburi
wesebis Tanaxmad ar daajarimon da kidev damatebiTi
begara ar daakisron.~1 jaris yoveli gadaadgilebisa,
Tu sxva, Tundac umniSvnelo, saWiroebis gaCenisas,
mTavroba glexebisagan blomad sazidars iTxovda. xSi-
rad urmebs sruliad uqmad akavebdnen erT adgilas
ise, rom qarTveli (TavadaznaurTa, red.) marSlis,
Tavad Tamaz orbelianis sityvebs Tu davesesxebiT,
glexebs aTasobiT xari exocebodaT da mxolod meo-
cedi nawili Tu brundeboda ukan. xalxi ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT, kotrdeboda, am sityvis sruli mniS-
vnelobiT.2 Tu rogori Semzaravi, uazro sisastikiT
epyrobodnen qarTvel mosaxleobas, iqidanac Cans, rom
`patara saqarTvelo mSvidobianobis xanaSic ki, yo-
1 Акты IV, 22. 2 Акты V, 65 da 66.
21
velwliurad inaxavda 112 000 sadReRamiso cxensa da
mis mexreebs. es valdebuleba, TiTqmis usasyidlod
sruldeboda da mxolod tvirTis gadazidvaSi ux-
didnen 2/15 kapiks fuT-versidan. mogvianebiT, paske-
viCis xanaSi, rodesac saurme begara daregulirda,
TviT omis drosac ki, 8000 uremi sakmarisi aRmoCnda
armiis yvela moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad!~1
oficialur dokumentebSi moiZebneba saqarTvelos
mTavarsardlis, TviT markiz pauliCis mowmoba im
kolosalur borotebaze, romelsac mTavrobis moxe-leebi Cadiodnen.
`rodesac gavecani yvela mxares, romelic Cemi
mmarTvelobis sferoSi Semodioda, wavawydi Tanam-
debobis borotad gamoyenebis arc Tu umniSvnelo
faqtebs, ramac Tavi iCina rusuli mmarTvelobis
pirvelive dReebidan sursaT-sanovagesTan dakavSire-
bul sakiTxebSi im RonisZiebebTan mimarTebiT, rom-
lebsac iyenebdnen komisionerebi macxovreblebisagan
sursaTis miRebisas da romlebic mZime tvirTad
awveboda xalxs, xazinas ki zians ayenebda...
am sagans rodesac vexebi, Cemda uneburad miwevs
aqauri wina mmarTvelobis gakritikeba. is aSkarad
Tvals xuWavda danaSaulebriv qmedebebze da arad ag-
debda drtvinvas, romelic drodadro gaismoda mosax-
leobaSi. igi ar cdilobda im borotebis aRmofxvras,
romelmac imdenad imZlavra, rom zogierTi ukidu-
resad Seviwroebuli sofeli amJamad aSkara daumorCi-
leblobas mimarTavs da uars acxadebs xazinaSi Tavisi
wili puris Setanaze, riTac mTavrobas aiZulebs, ga-
1 Иваненко, Гражданское управление Закавказьем, 76.
22
moiyenos ekzekuciis zoma, raTa maT TavianTi valde-
bulebani Seasrulebinos.~1
imisaTvis, raTa ufro xatovnad da TvalsaCinod
warmovidginoT xelisuflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is
sruli ganukiTxaoba, is danaSaulebrivi qmedebani da
meqrTameoba, romelic autanel tvirTad awva qarTve-
lobas da sruli gaRatakebisa da gakotrebisaken mih-
yavda igi, aucilebelia imis gaxseneba, Tu ras Cadi-
odnen rusi moxeleebi xazinis TanxebTan mimarTebiT,
rogor sargeblobdnen gamosaRebiTa da sxva Semosav-
lebiT. am sferoSi xom, ase Tu ise, mTavarsardlisa
da saqarTvelos mmarTvelis saxiT, raRac kontroli
mainc xorcieldeboda!.. ai, rogor axasiaTeben senato-
rebi, grafi quTaisovi da meCnikovi, rusi moxeleebis
meurveobas TavianT 1831 wlis yovladumorCiles
moxsenebaSi:
`qarTul saxazino eqspediciaSi (uwyebaSi, red.)
arsebuli saSemosavlo angariSi mcdaria, radgan masSi
ar aris warmodgenili arc erTi muxli gamosaRebis
Taobaze, romelsac SeiZleboda ganesazRvra mosakreb-
lis WeSmariti odenoba; zogierTi muxli uCvenebs
gacilebiT nakleb Semosavals namdvil SemosavalTan
SedarebiT, zogi ki, _ mets. zogierTi saerTod
gamotovebulia, an piriqiT, Setanilia iseTebi, rom-
lebic ar arsebobs... qarTul saxazino eqspedicias 25
wlis manZilze aranairi kontroli ar Cautarebia da
is Tanxa, romelic saqarTvelos Senaxvas unda moxma-
reboda, uangariSod iflangeboda mTeli am xnis
ganmavlobaSi. sul daxarjulia 220. 607. 235 rubli
1 Акты V, 2.
23
asignaciebiT,…saxazino eqspedicia xSirad xarjavs
uasignacio saxazino Tanxebs... da, saerTod, daudevro-
bis Sedegad, xazinisaTvis miyenebuli zarali, Cveni
gamoTvliT, milion rubls utoldeba... samxedro gu-
bernatorma, generalma sipiaginma, aradaniSnulebi-
samebr... sakuTari saWiroebebisaTvis... gaxarja... gaa-
sesxa... gaurkveveli miznebisaTvis gamoiyena... saxazino
Tanxebi... daxarja iseTi arasakuTari saWiroebebi-
saTvis, romelTa kanoniereba unda ganisazRvros
sasamarTlo wesiT da romlis fuladi odenoba
Seadgens 276. 504 r. 50 k.-s. amaSi Sedioda 21. 776
r. 50 k., rac warmoadgenda saqvelmoqmedo dawesebu-
lebebisaTvis sxvadasxva piris Semowirulobas.~1 Seg-
viZlia warmovidginoT, ramdeni fuli wavida moxe-
leTa jibeebSi im Tanxebidanac, romlebic daixarja
asignebebiT; ramdeni fuli unda gaeRo iZulebiT
qarTul mosaxleobas imisaTvis, rom daecxro sakre-
buloebSi momsaxure im personalis gaumaZRroba, ro-
melTa meqrTameobam saarako niSnuls miaRwia, gansa-
kuTrebiT, mTavarmarTeblis, _ general tormasovis
mmarTvelobis xanaSi.2 es mmarTvelic, angarebiTi miz-
nebiT, Tavadac ar asrulebda uzenaes miTiTebebs da
ra molodini SeiZleboda gqonodaT imisa, rom misi
xelqveiTni nakleb gulmodginebas gamoiCendnen Tavi-
anTi angarebiani Canafiqrebis dakmayofilebisas?! zemo-
naxsenebi senatorebi ityobinebian, rom man `ar Seas-
rula 1808 wels miRebuli uzenaesi miTiTeba saqar-
TveloSi saSinao baJis gauqmebis Taobaze da, sxvaTa
Soris, soflidan qalaqSi saqonlis gadazidvasa da
1 Акты VIII, 9. 2 Акты V, 65.
24
soflebidan sakvebis maragis gatanaze baJi daawesa;
xeluxleblad datova ijara-Sesyidvis praqtika, rac
gausaZlis tvirTad daawva mosaxleobasa da sasoflo
warmoebas.~1 magram yvelaferi amiT ar dasrulebula.
saqarTveloSi sasamarTloSi mainc rom yofiliyo Se-
saZlebeli samarTlis Zebna Tavis dasacavad da Sela-
xuli uflebebis aRsadgenad, an Tanamdebobis pirebze
saCivris Setana... magram ubedurebac swored is iyo,
rom sasamarTlo saTamaSos warmoadgenda umaRlesi
administraciis xelSi. senatorebis, _ quTaisovisa da
meCnikovis sityvebs Tu verwmunebiT, saqarTveloSi
moRvawe mTavarmarTeblebi da gubernatorebi auqmeb-
dnen samarTlisa da sasjelis eqspediciis mier gan-
sazRvrul sasjelis saxeebs, xSirad auqmebdnen eqspe-
diciis gadawyvetilebebs sisxlis samarTlis saqme-
ebSi, kerZo pirebis TxovniT, arCevdnen sasamarTloSi
dabali Tanamdebobis pirTa mier miRebul gadawyve-
tilebebs, urTavdnen TavianT SeniSvnebs, romlebsac
gadascemdnen samarTlisa da sasjelis eqspedicias da
aiZulebdnen mas, am gadawyvetilebaTa nacvlad, gamo-
ecxadebinaT axali, maTTvis sasurveli dadgenilebebi:
isini arRvevdnen samoqalaqo saqmeTa rigiTobas da
ayovnebdnen gadawyvetilebis miRebas saTamasuqo saqme-
ebSi. vin SeiZleboda mindoboda amgvar sasamarTlos?!
gana bunebrivi ar iyo, rom qarTveli `xalxi, ro-
melsac 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestiT miniWe-
buli hqonda kanonis ZaliT Tavis dacvis ufleba, ar
endoboda am kanonebs?! is Tavisi TvaliT xedavda imis
magaliTebs, rom kanonebs ar gaaCndaT damoukideblad
1 Акты VIII, 7.
25
moqmedebis ufleba. mis TvalSi mTavarmarTebelTa ne-
baze iyo damokidebuli maTi gauqmeba, Tu ganadgureba.
maT safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvatilebani ndobas ar
imsaxurebda. mTavarmarTebelTan erTi saCivris Setanas
SeiZleboda maTi gauqmeba mohyoloda!~1 amas isic
erTvoda, rom sasamarTlo procesebi imarTeboda xal-
xisaTvis ucxo, rusul enaze da rusuli kanonmdeb-
lobiT xelmZRvanelobda. es iyo marTlmsajulebis
masxrad agdeba, enaTa babiloniseuli aRreva. adgilze
uSedego SuamdgomlobaTa Semdeg, qarTlelma da
kaxelma didgvarovnebma, 1810 wels gagzavnes yovlad-
umorCilesi Txovna, romelSiac naTqvami iyo Semdegi:
`Tqvenma saimperatoro udidebulesobam uzenaesi
manifestis ZaliT ineba emcno CvenTvis, rom garda
Cveneuli, Cveulebrivi da CvenTvis yvelasaTvis didi
xnis nacnobi sasamarTlosi da aseve, CvenTvis yve-
lasTvis nacnobi mefe vaxtangis kanonTa wignisa,
sisxlis samarTlis gamoklebiT, sxva araferi iqneba
iseTi, sadac ruseTis saqmis mwarmoeblebi asaxaven...
Tqven winapar xelmwife-imperatorTa brZanebulebebs,
romlebic CvenTvis nakleb cnobilia mefe vaxtangis
`ZeglisdebasTan~ SedarebiT. TanabarZalovan brZanebu-
lebaTa amgvari aRreva Cvens sakuTar samoqalaqo
saqmeebSi gonebas gvirevs da usaSvelod gvzRudavs,
ris gamoc umorCilesad gTxovT, rusuli enis arcod-
nis gaTvaliswinebiT, neba dagvrToT, sakuTari Sexe-
dulebisamebr davniSnoT Cvens mierve arCeuli mosa-
marTleebi, raTa, mefe vaxtangis kanonis Tanaxmad,
saqmis garCeva wlobiT ar gaWianurdes da gadawyve-
1 Акты VIII, 7-8; Всеподданнейший доклад сенату гр. Кутаисова и Мечникова.
26
tilebani, Cveulebisamebr, qarTul enaze iqnas gamo-
tanili...~1 qarTvelebi odnavadac ar endobodnen sam-
Tavrobo mosamarTleebsa da rusul kanonebs da sur-
daT, hyolodaT arCeviTi mosamarTleebi, hqonodaT
swrafad moqmedi, damoukidebeli, samarTliani da yve-
lasaTvis advilad misawvdomi sasamarTlo. rogori
umartivesi survili, rogori elementaruli, buneb-
rivi moTxovnilebaa! arada, is dRemde ar aris dakma-
yofilebuli: isev is gaWianurebuli sasamarTlo pro-
cesebi, nafici msajulebis gareSe da qarTuli mosax-
leobisaTvis gaugebar rusul enaze!.. yvela Txovna,
yvela saCivari moxeleTa Tavgasulobis, sasamar-
TloSi TavCenili xarvezebisa da xalxis kiserze mZi-
me tvirTad dawolili begaris Sesaxeb uyuradRebod
rCeboda. zedized ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTve-
loSi ar iyo puris mosavali da am dros, rodesac
mosaxleobas Tavis gatanac ki saSinlad uWirda,
mTavroba misgan sursaT-sanovages iTxovda jaris
gamosakvebad. glexTa saxlebSi puris gamosaZalavad
Cayenebuli mZlavri samxedro egzekucia umowyalo
angariSsworeba iyo glexTa gancxadebaze, rom mousav-
lianobis gamo, maT ar xelewifebodaT sursaT-
sanovagiT jaris momarageba. samxedro egzekucias,
rogorc wesi, Tan sdevda yvelanairi umsgavsoba da
ukeTureba.~2 es ukve metismeti iyo. moTminebis fiala
aivso da 1812 wels ifeTqa kaxeTis ajanyebam. macxov-
reblebma miaSures ananuris cixe-simagres, raTa am
gziT, urTierToba daemyarebinaT qarTvel mTielebTan
da osebTan, romlebic saqarTvelos samxedro gzis
1 Акты VIII, 22. 2 Акты V, 65 da 66.
27
midamoebSi cxovrobdnen. amboxi gasaocari siswrafiT
vrceldeboda. iaraRiT xelSi, isini Tavs daesxnen
rus jariskacebs maT binebSi da markiz pauliCis
yovladumorCilesi moxsenebis Tanaxmad, `saSineli
sisastikiT gauswordnen maT, romlis msgavs magali-
Tebsac gvawvdis safrangeTis revolucia.~1 gaRiziane-
buli meamboxeni kaxeTSi Tavs daesxnen sursaT-
sanovagis ganmgebel gaumaZRar moxeleebs, gvariani
Tanxebi wahglijes maT da saiqios gzas gauyenes,
xolo puriT movaWre maRaziebi gaZarcves.2 janyma,
romelmac uecrad ifeTqa, nel-nela organizebuli
saxe miiRo: qarTvelebma agentebi wargzavnes saz-
Rvrispira mcxovreb xalxebTan mosalaparakeblad. da-
iwyo mRelvareba daRestanSi. mRelvarebam moicva
Sirvanis xani mustafa, borCaloeli, SamSadileli da
yazaxeli TaTrebi. erTdrouli Tavdasxma unda moewyo
sparselebsac, qarTvel batoniSvil aleqsandresTan
erTad. saqarTvelos erTi provinciidan, _ kaxeTidan
amboxebis cecxli saqarTvelos meore kuTxes, _
qarTlsac moedo. amis Semxedavma mTavarsardalma
xelmwifes upataka, rom aseTi organizebuli amboxi
`ueWvelad metyvelebda winaswarganzraxul SeTqmule-
baze, romlis mizanic iyo misi imperatorobiTi
udidebulesobis (В. И. В) samflobeloTa mitaceba _
moyolebuli kavkasiidan.~3 mTavarsardalma markizma
pauliCma qarTvel xalxs mimarTa Semdegi gancxadebiT:
`ras CadiT?! ram dagibindaT goneba?! Tu daiviwyeT
qristianuli rwmena da ver xedavT, rom uflis
1 Акты V, 60. 2 iqve. 3 iqve.
28
msaxvrali xeli, ficis gamtexebs rom sjis, ukve
mzad aris Tqvens gasagmirad! vuxmob Zlevamosil laS-
qars da me Tavad movdivar TqvenTan Sesarkineblad!
Cemi maxvili mzad aris meamboxeTa gasanadgureblad!~1
magram yalbi miTiTebani qristianul rwmenasa da
RvTis msaxvral xelze ukve aranair STabeWdilebas
aRar axdenda. markizs upasuxes: `Cven gamoucdelni
varT werilebis weraSi da Tqveni nawerisa araferi
gagvegeba. Cven ar ganvdgomivarT jvars da arc xel-
mwifisaTvis gviRalatia! magram rac xelmwifisagan
gaqvT nabrZanebi, araferi SegisrulebiaT! Tqven sababi
mogveciT, rodesac xocavdiT da Tokze kidebdiT
rogorc damnaSaveebs, ise udanaSauloebs. amasac
viTmendiT, raki fici gvqonda micemuli. xiStiT agva-
caleT ukanaskneli lukma, Cven ki, balaxis Zovas
gvTavazobdiT. Tqveni SewerilobebiT, aRarc xari Seg-
vrCa da aRarc uremi. xorblis erT kodSi 1 rublsa
da 26 kapiks gvixdidiT, Cven ki, is saerTod ar
gvqonda. imave raodenobis xorbalSi Cven 4 rubls
vixdidiT. TxovniT mivmarTeT xelmwifes, Tqven ki,
Cveni Txovna mis yuramde ar miitaneT. Cven erTmaneTs
ver SevewyobiT. isedac mkvdrebi varT da barem mar-
Tlac davixocebiT!~2 Tavdapirvelad, markizi ixti-
bars ar itexda, Tumca, kritikul mdgomareobaSi
imyofeboda. meamboxeTa saqme kargad midioda, magram
ajanyeba mainc CaaxSes iaraRis gamoyenebiT. mogvianebiT
Catarebulma gamoZiebam daadastura qarTvelTa saCiv-
ris absoluturi marTebuloba. suraTi kidev ufro
muq ferebSic ki warmoCinda.
1 Акты V, 97. 2 Акты V.
29
1820 wels ajanyebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ime-
reTSi, ifeTqa. `imereTis yofilma mmarTvelma, gene-
ralma kurnatovskim, am ajanyebis CaxSobis erT-erTi
monawilis sityvebiT, Tavisi gonebaSezRudulobisa da
sulmokleobis gamo, xalxi amboxebamde miiyvna.~1 Tum-
ca, sinamdvileSi, mTavar damnaSaved gvevlineba pir-
veli rusi ierarqi, saqarTvelos egzarqosi, Teofi-
laqte. saqme isaa, rom, traqtatis Tanaxmad, saqarTve-
los eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb unda ganesaz-
RvraT gansakuTrebuli muxli, magram rusulma mTav-
robam es zedmetad miiCnia. saqarTvelos ruseTTan
SeerTebis Semdeg, anton II kaTolikosisaTvis 1811
wlamde xeli ar uxliaT, magram 1811-Si peterburgSi
gamoiZaxes, viTom sinodis sxdomebSi monawileobis
misaRebad. jer kidev, sanam qarTuli eklesiis mes-
veurs peterburgSi gamoiZaxebdnen, mTavroba kaToli-
kosis daukiTxavad warmarTavda saqmes qarTuli ekle-
siis avtokefaliis gasauqmeblad. mliqvnel arqiepis-
kopos varlams SesTavazes qarTuli eklesiis sinodi-
saTvis daqvemdebarebis proeqtis SemuSaveba. aravis
ukiTxavs azri sxva qarTveli sasuliero pirebi-
saTvis. 1811 wlis 30 ivniss gamocxadda uzenaesi
brZanebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, myisierad da mar-
tivad uqmdeboda erT-erTi uZvelesi qristianuli ek-
lesiis avtokefalia da wesdeboda (ruseTis, red.)
mmarTveli sinodis egzarqati. mliqvneli varlami Ta-
visi yurmoWrili ymobis sanacvlod daajildoves da
saqarTvelos pirvel egzarqosad daniSnes, magram
xangrZlivad arc mas Rirsebia am wodebiT tkboba.
1 Записки И. Дубецкого (Русская Старина 1895, Апрель, 119)
30
Svidi wlis mere, is peterburgSi daibares sinodis
sxdomebze dasaswrebad; igi egzarqatis mmarTvelobas
Camoaciles da mis adgilas riazaneli arqiepiskoposi
Teofilaqte daniSnes. mas arc qarTul enaze hqonda
odnavi warmodgena da arc adgilobriv xalxur da
saeklesio wes-Cveulebebs icnobda; ase rom, Tavisi
moRvaweobis dawyeba mxolod sakuTari mrevlis mSob-
liuri qarTuli enis devniT aRniSna. 1817 wlis 14
maiss is egzarqosad dainiSna, xolo imave wlis 9 no-
embers sakaTedro taZris dekanozs werilobiTi saxiT
ubrZana: `amas iqiT, garda kviradRisa, sadResaswaulo
da gansakuTebuli sazeimo dReebisa, sionis taZarSi
kviraSi samjer, kerZod, samSabaTobiT, paraskeobiT da
SabaTobiT, rusul enaze Caataron RvTismsaxureba,
ruseTidan CemTan erTad Camosulma mRvdelmsaxurebma
da saeklesio moRvaweebma; danarCen sam dRes ki, _
qarTul enaze qarTvelma mRvdelmsaxurebma da saek-
lesio moRvaweebma.~ ase rom, saqarTvelos ruseTTan
SeerTebidan 16 wlis Semdeg, qarTvelebs waarTves
SesaZlebloba, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis sakaTedro
taZarSi moesminaT RvTismsaxureba mSobliur enaze,
romelzec 1400 wlis manZilze uwyvetad aRevline-
boda mxurvale locvani. arc cecxlTayvanismcemel,
Tu musulman sparselebs, arc arabebs, arc warmarT
monRolebs da arc Turqebs ar CaudeniaT is, rac
Caidina rusulma xelisuflebam da misma egzarqosma
saqarTvelos qristianul, marTlmadidebel eklesi-
asTan mimarTebiT! Tuki qarTuli RvTismsaxureba
nebadarTuli iyo mxolod sadag, samuSao dReebSi _
orSabaTobiT, oTxSabaTobiT da xuTSabaTobiT da isic
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu im dReebSi ar tardeboda
31
saeklesio an saero dResaswauli, gana es srulad
akrZalvis tolfasi ar iyo?!
rogor cinizms amJRavnebdnen rusi administrato-
rebi TavianT qmedebebSi qarTul eklesiasTan mimar-
TebiT, iqidanac Cans, Tu ras upirebda mTavarmarTe-
beli generali tormasovi saeklesio aznaurebsa da
glexebs: `amasTan erTad, vagzavni nusxas, werda igi,
romelsac davurTav Cems Tvalsazriss. saeklesio
mamulebze maTi gavlenis Sesasusteblad, saWiroa
yvela aznauris da xazinaSi Casaricxi glexebis
amJamindeli sacxovrebeli adgilidan gadasaxleba da
cariel saxazino miwebze dasaxleba.~ ai, ra miiRes
qarTvelebma nacvlad imperatoris mier dapirebuli
mSvidobisa da xalxis interesebis dacvisa: sauku-
neebis manZilze SeCveul-SeTvisebuli da mSobliuri
sisxliT morwyuli miwa-wylidan maT viRac avantiu-
ristebis axirebiT, ayra daupires!..
saqarTvelos egzarqosma Teofilaqtem, romelic
aseTi JiniT Seudga aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi moRva-
weobas, aseve `Tamamad da mbrZaneblurad mihyo xeli
dasavleT saqarTvelos gardaqmnas.~ mas egona, rom
iqac, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, rome-
lic gvarianad daesustebina xSir ajanyebebsa da
jaris mier gatarebul mkacr represiebs, winaaRmde-
gobas ar waawydeboda, magram angariSi SeeSala.
imereTis (saeklesio, red.) ierarqiaSi igi Seejaxa
Tavdajerebul, mtkice mowinaaRmdegeebs. politika-
nobiT gatacebuli ierarqi, rasakvirvelia, uxeSobasa
da Zalmomreobaze ukeTess verafers moifiqrebda:
`gadawyda, ruseTSi ekraT Tavi ori mTavari, warCi-
nebuli mitropolitisaTvis; eseni iyvnen gelaTisa da
32
quTaisis mitropolitebi. TviTmxilvel kapitan du-
beckis sityvebs Tu verwmunebiT, datusaRebisas, maT
aradelikaturad moepyrnen, radgan erT-erTi maTganis
winaaRmdegobas rom waawydnen, saqmeSi kondaxebi da
xiStebi CarTes; ise rom, didebuli moZRvari, nacemi
da dasisxlianebuli, gakoWes da cxenze iZulebiT
dasves.~1 aman aRSfoTebis afeTqeba gamoiwvia mosax-
leobaSi. 1819 wels rionis napirze `sagangebo kreba
gamarTes Tavad-aznaurebma, sasuliero pirebma da
xalxis warmomadgenelma ramdenime aTasma kacma. am
Sekrebaze gadawyda yvela rusis gawyveta da sakuTari
mefis arCeva. es gadawyvetileba furcelzea gadata-
nili, ufrosebis xelmoweriTa da beWdebiT dadastu-
rebuli; fici ki, _ sazeimo daficebiT, jvarsa da
saxarebaze. amis Semdeg, airCies jaris Tavkacebi.~2
daiwyo amboxi. egzarqosi, romelic Seudga saeklesio
adgil-mamulebis aRweras, iZulebuli Seiqna es aR-
wera Seewyvita da xalxis moTxovniT, saswrafod,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dabrunebuliyo. amboxebu-
lebma, erTob ostaturad warmarTes TavianTi saqmia-
noba. Tavdapirvelad, mTavrobis moxeleebma vera da
ver daadgines, sad iyo amboxebulTa Stabi, sanam
viRacam sikvdilis win ar gaamxila saidumlo. amis
Semdeg, rusebis razmi moulodnelad Tavs daesxa
mTel saorganizacio komitets Tavisi xelmZRvanele-
biTurT da yvelani daatyveva. ajanyeba iaraRis gamoye-
nebiT CaaxSes. `eqvs-Svid TveSi kvlav mSvidobam dai-
sadgura. aTiode kaci CamoaxrCves, zogierTi xiStebis
dakvras Seewira, danarCenebi ki, ruseTis gzas gauye-
1 Записки И. Дубецкого (Русская Старина 1895, Апрель, 121) 2 iqve, 122-3.
33
nes.~1 bevr Tavadsa da aznaurs mamulebi CamoarTves,
romelTa nawili im pirebs dauriges, `romlebmac
didi gulmodgineba gamoiCines da ruseTis mTavro-
bisadmi erTguleba SeinarCunes, nawils ki, konfiska-
cia uyves da xazinas gadasces.~2
ra Tqma unda, yovelgvari mRelvareba Zalaunebu-rad aiZulebda saqarTveloSi rusuli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebs, dafiqrebuliyvnen gamoaSkaravebuli
danaSaulebebisa da xarvezebis aRmofxvraze, magram es
didxans ar grZeldeboda. saqmes siRrmiseulad aravin
ekideboda da, amas garda, zogadi mimarTuleba iseT
mcdar da araswor gzas dasdgomoda, rom biurokra-tiuli senisagan gankurnebis gulwrfel da keTil
survilebsac ar SeeZloT sasurveli Sedegebis motana.
upiratesad, garegnuli keTildReoba da wesrigi myar-
deboda. TviT mTavarsardali, grafi paskeviCi 1829
wels daweril Tavis yovladumorCiles patakSi iZu-
lebuli iyo eRiarebina Semdegi: `samwuxarod, male
SevamCnie, rom garegnuli keTildReobis miRma imale-
boda uwesrigoba da didi xnis win fesvgadgmuli,
sakmaod mniSvnelovani danaSaulebani... mouwesrigeb-
lobis umTavresi mizezia metismeti mravalferovneba
mmarTvelobis formebSi. sakuTriv saqarTvelo, rome-
lic eqvsi mazrisagan Sedgeba, SeiZleba aseTi warmo-
naqmnis nimuSad miviCnioT. erT mazraSi danergilia
ruseTis samarTalwarmoebis formebi, danarCenebSi ki,
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Serwymulia sasamarTlo
xelisuflebasTan. saqmis warmoebisas, yvelgan xdeba
rusuli da qarTuli (samarTalwarmoebis, red.) aR-
1 iqve, gv. 121. 2 Иваненко, Гражданское управление Закавказьем, 128.
34
reva.~1 rogori STabeWdileba unda moexdina am babi-
lonis godolis xalxTa aRrevas qarTvelebze, ro-
melTac, rusuli enis arcodnis gamo, ar hqondaT
SesaZlebloba SeeswavlaT rusuli dawesebulebani da
kanonebi da garkveuliyvnen am sakiTxebSi! da ras
akeTebda Tavad paskeviCi imisaTvis, rom aRmoefxvra
mmarTvelobis am sistemis naklovanebani?! igi sistema-
turad devnida arCeviT, saero qarTul elements
yvela dawesebulebidan da maT rusi moxeleebiT anac-
vlebda. qarTuli arCeviTi elementebi miCneul iqna
`sruliad usargeblod rusuli enis arcodnisa da
saqmeSi gamoucdelobis gamo~, TiTqos rus Cinovnik-
Tagan qarTulis, _ mosaxleobis mSobliuri enis,
arcodnas SeiZleboda qveynisa da xalxisaTvis raime
sargebloba moetana; TiTqos, mTeli qarTuli mosax-
leoba mxolod imisTvis movlinebuliyo amqveynad,
rom rusuli enis aTvisebiT yofiliyo dakavebuli!..
kidev ra uWirda, saqarTveloSi daniSnul rus moxe-
leebs minimaluri xarisxiT mainc rom daekmayo-
filebinaT (maTTvis wayenebuli) moTxovnilebani, od-
nav mainc rom hyvarebodaT saqme, an pativi ecaT ide-
isTvis! Tavad senatorebi, grafi quTaisovi da meCni-
kovi ase afasebdnen rus moxeleebsa da maT moRvawe-
obas saqarTveloSi: `amierkavkasiis mxaris arc erT
dawesebulebaSi, saqmis warmoebis formebsa da wes-
CveulebebSi nasaxic ar aris kanoniT dadgenili wes-
rigisa. gauxsnel saqmeTa odenoba usazomoa da es
saqmeebi imitom ki ar dagrovda, rom bevri Semovida
erTad, aramed imitom, rom ar yofila mcdeloba maTi
1 Акты VII, 18.
35
droulad gadaWrisa. ruseTidan amierkavkasiaSi Camo-
suli moxeleebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben maTTvis am
adgilebSi msaxurebisaTvis dawesebul wliur da sam-
wlian vadas, dawesebuls maTTvis, windawinve miRe-
buli CinebisaTvis, saqmiT mudmivad dakavaebuli ar
arian, gauTaveblad erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadian,
Cins inarCuneben da ruseTSi brundebian.~1 TviT Cinov-
Cinov-nikobis burji, `aRmasrulebeli eqspedicia,~
nacvlad imisa, rom Tvali adevnos kanonis
aRsrulebas, imave senatorebis mowmobiT, Tavadve
arRvevs kanons. igi, gamouZieblad da sasamarTlos
dadgenilebis gareSe, kerZo pirebs uZrav qonebas
arTmevda da sxvebs ga-dascemda; xolo Tavmjdomare,
samoqalaqo guberna-tori zavileiski, TviTneburad,
erTpirovnulad iReb-da gadawyvetilebas im saqmeebis
mimarT, romlebic Sedioda sazogadoebrivi
mzrunvelobis iqaur uwyebaSi da mosamsaxureebs
aiZulebda im adgil-mamulebis zedmetad Sefasebas,
romlebic uwyebas ukve mieRo giraod.~
2 umaRlesi
Tanamdebobis pirTa amgvari ganu-kiTxavi qmedebebisas,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara im wvril-fexa moxeleebis
TviTnebobisa da danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis sazRvrebis
warmodgena, romelTa mkveTri daxasiaTeba sul
axlaxan warmogidgineT?! moxeleebi Zarcvavdnen
mosaxleobas, TviT saqarTvelos mmarTve-lebi
iZulebulni Seiqnen, eRiarebinaT es faqti. samoqalaqo
gubernatori zavileiski Tavis 1830 wlis angariSSi
graf paskeviCs udasturebs, rom `ormagi gamosaRebis
gamoZalvis SemTxvevebi, albaT, bevrgan iCens Tavs,
1 Акты VIII, 5. 2 iqve.
36
magram angariSvaldebulebis ararsebobis gamo, amis
dadgena SeuZlebelia. es TvalsaCinoa mxo-lod
mTielebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac distanciis
mmarTvelma kananovma gamosaRebi gamosZala da xazinas
ar warmoudgina, xolo Tanamdebobidan misi gaTavisuf-
lebis Semdgom ki, mTavrobam, romelmac gamosaRebi
miuReblad miiCnia, kvlav moiTxova igi.~1 aseTi iyo
saqarTveloSi ruseTis mTavrobis `solomoniseuli~
sasamarTlo. maT icodnen, rom mosaxleobisagan gada-
saxadi akrebili iyo, magram, nacvlad imisa, rom Tanxa
TavianTi qurdbacaca moxeleebisagan amoeRoT, isev
xal
s sZalavdnen mas.
mTavarmarTebeli, romelsac araferi gaegeboda
adgilobrivi cxovrebis pirobebisa, (uadgilo) saqmeSi
CareviTa da reglamentirebiT, xSirad sruliad zRu-
davda sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur saqmianobas. maga-
liTad, erTi oficialuri dokumenti ityobineba, rom
`kerZo pirebis mier adgil-mamulebis yidva-gayidva da
dagiraveba ukiduresobamdea SezRuduli. saqarTvelos
mTavarmarTebelma, generalma ermolovma, am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli kanonebis sruli darRveviT, `samar-
Tlisa da sasjelis eqspedicias~ ubrZana, sanam gasa-
yidi da dasagiravebeli adgil-mamulis kuTvnilebis
Taobaze gamoZieba ar Catardeboda da es ambavi saqar-
TveloSi mcxovreb yvela adamians ar ecnobeboda, ga-
yidvisa da giraos sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, nasyidobis
aqti ar Seedgina. msgavsi operaciebi xSirad lamis 10
weliwads grZeldeboda; myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi
ixocebodnen, anda, aqtebis Sedgenis nacvlad, warmoi-
1 Акты VII, 33.
37
Soboda sadavo saqmeebi.~1 Tavis mxriv, uzenaesi xeli-
suflebis warmomadgelebic, saqarTveloSi revizii-
saTvis rom Camodiodnen da adgilobriv pirobebsa da
Taviseburebebs srulebiT ar icnobdnen, kidev ufro
met arev-darevas iwvevdnen da saqmes ukuduresad ar-
Tulebdnen. ase magaliTad, senatorma meCnikovma,
tfilisSi yofnisas, aznaur gabaevis (gabaSvilis,
red.) saCivris safuZvelze, Seityo yalbi samefo
sigelebis Sedgenis Sesaxeb, romlebic adasturebdnen
nawyalobev dokumentacias da TavadaznaurTa warmo-
mavlobas. senators bevri ar ufiqria da iusticiis
ministrsa da general bekendorfs (Sinagan saqmeTa
ministri, red.) warudgina moxseneba, raTa maT umaR-
lesad gansaxilvelad gaegzavnaT misi moxseneba imis
Sesaxeb, rom aucilebeli iyo: 1) `rogorc sadavo, ise
TavadaznaurTa Rirsebis damadasturebeli saqmeebis
warmoebis SeCereba yvela dawesebulebaSi, dawyebuli
umdablesidan, damTavrebuli mmarTveli senatiT; 2)
gansazRvruli vadisTvis yvela qarTuli sigelisa da
dokumentis gamoTxova, romlebic TavadaznaurTa Rir-
sebasa da qonebis flobas Seexeboda da yalbi doku-
mentebis amoReba; 3) imis dadgena, vin ra qonebis
patroni iyo da vin ra wodebas atarebda 1801 wlis
manifestamde; amasTanave, marTebulad mxolod is sar-
Celebi miiCneoda, romlebic mefe giorgis (giorgi
XIII, red.) gardacvalebamde aRiZra. da (maSin) vinc
ra qonebis patroni iyo da ra wodebas atarebda, isve
etarebina! 4) es saqme, iseve rogorc ukve gamJRav-
nebul danaSaulebaTa gamoZieba, mindoboda ara adgi-
1 Акты VII , #54.
38
lobriv moxeleebs, radgan isini sxva saqmeebiT iyvnen
dakavebuli da miukerZoeblad verafers gadawyvet-
dnen, aramed gansakuTrebul komisias, romelic
Sedgeboda iusticiis, Sinagan saqmeTa da finansTa
saministroebis moxeleebisagan da senatis mdivnebi-
sagan.~1 da es absurdulze absurduli proeqti graf-
ma paskeviCma `savsebiT marTebulad da sasargeblod~
miiCnia, 1830 wlis 29 noembers ki, uzenaesi dasturi
miiRo. sadavo saqmeebis warmoeba Svidi wlis manZilze
iyo Sewyvetili, xolo aznauris wodebis maZiebelTa
saqmeebi 1844 wlamde ar garCeula; Seiqmna autaneli,
gaugebari situacia! komisias unda gadaexeda da eq-
spertiza Caetarebina 1000-ze meti dokumentisaTvis.
laparakia im komisiaze, romlis wevrebmac qarTuli,
anu am dokumetebis, ena srulebiT ar icodnen.
marTlac, uazro wamowyebis uazro ganxorcielebaa!
`komisias ramdenime aTasi dokumentis gansaxilvelad,
mravali wlis muSaoba mouwevso,~ savsebiT samarTli-
anad werda baroni rozeni. `sadavod miiCnies, zoga-
dad, yvela aqti; amgvarad, arc erT maTgans, aranairi
mniSvneloba ar eniWeboda, sanam maTi namdviloba ar
damtkicdeboda. am yvelafridan gamomdinare, Tavad-
aznaurTa Svilebs ar iRebdnen samsaxurSi im uflebe-
biT, romlebic maT wodebas hqonda miniWebuli. arc
erT mflobels ar SeuZlia Tavisi adgil-mamulis
gayidva, dagiraveba, Tu mziTvad gadacema mxolod
imitom, rom ufrosobam Caifiqra yvela aqtis Tavidan
gadaxedva imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara maT Soris
yalbi aqtebi.~
2 gavixsenoT, risTvis gaakeTa es yvela-
1 Акты VIII, 6. 2 Акты VIII, #5.
39
feri mTavrobam: Svidwliani muSaobis Semdeg, sul
mxolod 14 gayalbebuli sabuTi aRmoCnda. savsebiT
gasagebia, rom mTeli es wamowyeba sayovelTao aRSfo-
Tebisa da ukmayofilebis mets arafers moitanda.
mTavarmarTebeli baroni rozeni peterburgSi iwere-
boda: `aqaur TavadaznaurTa wreSi SeimCneva garkve-
uli gulgatexiloba, romelic ukmayofilebas uax-
lovdeba.~ marTlac, imxanad saqarTvelos Tavad-
aznaurobaSi amboxi mzaddeboda. poloneTis ajanyebiT
STagonebulma axalgazrdebma, romlebic qarTuli sa-
zogadoebis umaRles fenebs miekuTvnebodnen da pe-
terburgSi cxovrobdnen, batoniSvil iulonis vaJis,
30 wlis dimitris mesveurobiT, Tanamemamuleebs `maTi
mCagvreli xelisuflebis~ winaaRmdeg ajanyebisaken
mowodebiT mimarTes. gadawyda, rom 1832 wlis dekem-
berSi esargeblaT TavadaznaurTa yrilobiT, gaemar-
TaT didgvarovanTa mejlisi, moewviaT yvela rusi
moxele da dadgenili niSnis amoqmedebisTanave, yve-
lani daexocaT; ar unda daendoT is qarTvelebic,
romlebic moxeleebs dauWerdnen mxars. ase unda daw-
yebuliyo amboxi. zaris darekva yvela qarTvels
saqarTvelos gasaTavisuflebeli brZolisaken moux-
mobda. Tumca, uklebliv yvela moxelis ganadgurebis
sisastikem, zogierTi monawile SeTqmulebas Camoa-
Sora. garda amisa, SeTqmulTa Soris aRmoCnda qar-
Tveli gubernatoris Zma, vinme iase falavandovi
(falavandiSvili, red.), romelmac yvela Tanamonawile
gasca. isini saqarTvelodan gaasaxles. axla, rodesac
xelT gvaqvs dokumentebi, danamdvilebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom i. falavandovs romc ar eRalata, SeT-
qmulebas aranairi warmateba ar eqneboda da ara
40
imitom, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba arc Tu maincda-
mainc did ukmayofilebasa da gaborotebas amJRav-
nebda ruseTis mTavrobis mier dawesebuli reJimis
mimarT, aramed imitom, rom swored imxanad, qarTul
glexobaSi didi mRelvareba dawyebuliyo da igi
mxars ar dauWerda didgvarovanTa wodebas. saqme isaa,
rom swored im wlebSi, rodesac mzaddeboda SeTqmu-
leba rusTa batonobis gadasagdebad, qarTvel glexo-
baSi kvlav daiwyo mZlavri moZraoba batonymobisagan
gaTavisuflebis mxardasaWerad. masala jer kidev ar
aris saTanadod damuSavebuli imisaTvis Tvalis misa-
devneblad, Tu rogor mZlavrad ikidebda fexs da
TandaTanobiT ikrebda Zalas es moZraoba. general-
adiutant strekalovisaTvis, 1829 wels wardgenil
angariSSi zavileiski aRniSnavs yma glexebis mZime
mdgomareobasa da memamuleTa mxridan maT Cagvras.
misi sityvebiT, `amitomac, glexebi, marTlac araTu
keTilganwyobilni ar arian TavianTi mememuleebis mi-
marT, aramed xSirad saerTod uars amboben maT morCi-
lebaze, gansakuTebiT, SeZlebuli glexebi. memamuleebi
ki, romlebic zogjer ver axerxeben TavianT erTob
mdidar glexebTan sasurveli urTierTobis damyarebas,
gamosaRebis, begarisa da xSirad TavianTi axirebebis
mTel simZimes Ratak glexobas akisreben... magram gan-
sakuTrebul Seviwrovebasa da siduxWires ganicdian...
glexebi, romlebic TavianTi memamuleebisagan Tavisuf-
lebis mopovebas eltvian, miuxedavad mTavrobis gan-
kargulebisa imis Taobaze, rom am xalxma, gadawyve-
tilebis gamotanamde, Tavis mememuleebs mxolod is
41
begara unda uxadon, romelsac sarCelis wardgenamde
uxdidnen.~1 glexebi masiurad cdilobdnen baton-
ymuri damokidebulebisagan gaTavisuflebas. `dawesebu-
lebebi amJamad~, _ ambobs baroni rozeni,... `gadavse-
bulia Tavisuflebis maZiebelTa saqmeebiT, romlebic
TavianTi odenobiT, bundovanebiTa da gaWianurebuli
samarTalwarmoebiT, metismetad mZime tvirTad awveba
mavanTa da mavanT da Tu msgavsi saxis sarCelebs ar
davabrkolebT, rac meti dro gava, miT metad gamrav-
ldebian.~2 qarTveli glexobis am gamaTavisuflebel
moZraobaSi rusi moxeleebi glexobis mxars iWerdnen.
glexobas gansakuTrebul mfarvelobas uwevdnen sa-
samarTlos moxeleebi; isini arigebdnen maT, rogor
moqceuliyvnen.3 CvenTvis ucnobia amgvari mfarvelobis
gamomwvevi mizezebi, magram rac unda yofiliyo, sru-
liad naTelia, rom qarTveli glexoba, romelic
batonymuri damokidebulebisagan gamaTavisuflebel
brZolaSi rusi moxeleebis mxridan gvarian mxarda-
Weras grZnobda, Tavis momxreebs ver SeebrZoleboda
da monawileobas ver miiRebda wamowyebul amboxSi im
TavadaznaurobasTan erTad, romelTaganac gaTavisuf-
lebas eltvoda. im viTarebaSi, glexTa interesebi,
miuxedavad rusuli reJimis, maTTvisac mTeli simZi-
misa, ver daupirispirdeboda rus moxeleebs, radgan
glexoba jer kidev eWideboda ymobisagan mosalod-
neli gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi maTi mxridan daxmarebis
imeds. ai, qarTvel didebulebs, SeTqmulebis orga-
nizatorebs rom gaecnobierebinaT qarTvel glexTa
1 Акты VII, 26. 2 Акты VIII, 54. 3 Акты VIII, 54.
42
moZraobis mTeli seriozuloba da nabiji gadaedgaT
maTken, maT Canafiqrs, SesaZloa, ufro myari niadagi
moe
ru
povebina; magram swored es ar moxda. SeTqmulebis
naadrevad gamoaSkaravebis gareSec, saqme warumateb-
lobisaTvis iyo ganwiruli.
glexTa gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba grandiozul
masStabebs iRebda. igi arc uzenaes xelisuflebas ga-
mohparvia mxedvelobidan, magram raki aranairi war-
modgena ar hqonda saqarTveloSi batonymobis xasi-
aTsa da bunebaze, yvela administratori, Tu saqar-
TveloSi wargzavnili senatori sakiTxis gadaWras
Tavis Wkuaze cdilobda. es SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT
senatorebs, quTaisovsa da meCnikovs. isini gaaogna
qarTveli yma glexobisaTvis dawesebuli begaris mra-
valferovnebam da odenobam. maT gaixsenes, rom qar-
Tveli Tavadaznaurobis uflebebi utoldeboda ruse-
bisas da gadawyvites: `TandaTanobiT gauqmdes amJamad
moqmedi begara da ara ugvianes sami wlisa, Seicvalos
seTSi moqmedi begariT; qarTvel memamuleebs dau-
yovnebliv mieceT TavianTi glexebis jarSi gagzavnisa
da cimbirSi gadasaxlebis neba.~1 ai, mTeli sibrZne!..
moqmedi begara sam weliwadSi Seicvalos begaris
axali saxeobebiT da memamuleebs mieceT gadasaxlebis
ufleba: ucnauri logikaa, azrTa originaluri msvle-
loba! rogor uTavsebdnen batoni senatorebi qarTve-
li yma glexebis Cveulebrivi begaris Secvlis auci-
leblobas, rac TiTqos, altruistuli ganwyobiT iyo
nakarnaxevi, qarTveli mememuleebisaTvis qarTveli
glexebis gacimbirebis gadawyvetilebas? amas marto
1 Акты VIII, #8.
43
erTi axsna moeZebneba _ senatorebi, rogorc Cans,
mxolod formalizmiT xelmZRvanelobdnen: maT sur-
daT, saqarTvelo xelaxla, erT Targze gamoeWraT
zogadrusuli nimuSis mixedviT, oRond ki, garegnuli
erTferovneba da moxeleTa pativiscema yofiliyo
daculi! mTavarmarTebelma, baronma rozenma mTavrobas
miuTiTa, rom `SeuZlebelia ara Tu sam weliwadSi,
aramed rodisme mainc Seicvalos glexTa adgilobrivi
begara rusuli wes-CveulebebiT, maSin, rodesac
mxareebi sruliad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan klima-
tiT, miwis warmoebisa da memamuleTa da glexTa
cxovrebis wesiT; am dros ki, TviT ruseTSiac, am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mkacri wesi ar aris dadge-
nili.~1 man ganumarta mTavrobas, rom begara, ro-
melsac glexebi mememuleebs uxdidnen, Tumc mraval-
ferovani iyo, magram qarTveli glexebis mdgomareoba
arafriT iyo ruseTis glexobis mdgomareobaze uaresi
da rom, saerTod, qarTvel memamuleTa Semosavali
sakmaod mwiri iyo. baroni rozenis mosazrebebi dama-
jerebeli aRmoCnda xelisuflebisaTvis; magram, vai
rom, es glexuri moZraoba savalalod dasrulda!
sabralo qarTvel glexebs, nacvlad nanatri Tavisuf-
lebisa, moulodnelad Tavs ubedureba daatydaT: sena-
torTa proeqtidan xelisuflebam mxolod bolo
SemoTavazeba datova da qarTvel memamuleebs, iseve
rogorc rus didgvarovnebs, mieniWaT TavianTi gle-
xebis axalwveulebad Cabarebisa da gadasaxlebis uf-
leba. ruseTis mTavrobis gamTanasworebeli tenden-
ciebis wyalobiT, ase samwuxarod dasrulda qarTve-
1 Акты VIII, #11.
44
li glexobis gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba!.. ase rom,
glexebis imedebi mTavrobis sikeTis mimarT, gacruvda:
maTi mdgomareoba kidev ufro gauaresda. Tavadi Cer-
niSovis 1842 wlis werilobiTi gankargulebis Tanax-
mad, adgilobriv administracias evaleboda, memamu-
leTa ucilobel morCilebaSi hyoloda qarTveli
glexebi da yvelas, vinc Seecdeboda, yurad ar eRo
mTavrobis es gankarguleba, samxedro egzekuciebiT
mianiSnes, rogori sisastikiT gauswordebodnen ur-
Cebs. amas iqeT, qarTveli glexis bedi administraciis
xelSi iyo.
30-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, umaRles administra-
ciul sferoebSi gamalebiT amuSavebdnen saqarTvelos
reorganizaciis sakiTxs administraciuli da samar-
Tlebrivi kuTxiT. mTavarmarTebelTa umetesoba am
sakiTxs Zalze martivad wyvetda: sakmarisi iyo
saqarTveloSi zogadimperiuli kanonebisa da dawese-
bulebaTa Semotana da im wamidan yvelaferi mwyobrSi
Cadgeboda. baroni rozenis gamoklebiT, arc erTi
maTgani ar iTvaliswinebda, Seesabameboda Tu ara
rusuli kanonmdebloba qarTvelTa cxovrebis wess. am
sakiTxma ramdenime saintereso faza gaiara, sanam 1840
wels gaqnili senatoris, ganis, Tvalsazrisma ar
gaimarjva, romelic imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saqar-
TveloSi saswrafod da srulad daenergaT yvela
rusuli wesi da kononi. erTi wlis manZilze sruli
reorganizacia ganxorcielda: gaixsna yvela adminis-
traciuli dawesebuleba, dainiSnen senator ganis
mier SerCeuli moxeleebi, adgilobrivebi ki, ukleb-
liv yvela, gaTavisufldnen Tanamdebobebidan. gauqmda
yvela qarTuli kanoni, wylis moxmarebis uflebasTan
45
dakavSirebuli, ori muxlis gamoklebiT. da bolos,
nebadarTuli iyo gadasaxad-valdebuli wodebis yvela
piris, maT Soris, musulmani qalebis garozgva. maame-
beli senatori maRalfardovani, mliqvneluri stiliT
moaxsenebda xolme xelmwifes ganxorcielebuli gar-
daqmnebis Sesaxeb: `es ukve dasrulebuli Senobaa,
romlis WerqveS unda ganviTardes xalxis mZlavri
gonebrivi da zneobrivi Zalebi, dovlaTi da ganaT-
leba, romelic ar iqneba dasnebovnebuli Cveni sau-
kunis ideebis uwminduri minareviT, _ nageboba, ro-
melsac suli STabera Tqveni imperatoruli udidebu-
lesobis nebam da geniam... vtoveb am mxares srul
siwynaresa da simSvideSi; moxeleebi TavgamodebiT,
muyaiTad muSaoben: danaSaulis raodenoba sagrZnob-
lad mcirdeba; begarasa da gamosaRebs ixdian da bed-
nieri var, raki SemiZlia davarwmuno Tqveni impera-
torobiTi udidebulesoba, rom axleburi mowyoba
savsebiT esadageba xalxis moTxovnebs.~1 mokled, sena-
tori ganis wyalobiT, saqarTvelo bednier arkadiad
(walkotad, red.) iqca! magram ra Sors iyo es
yvelaferi WeSmaritebisagan! weliwadic ar gasuliyo,
rom senatoris tvinis Wyletis Sedegebma biZgi misca
sayovelTao ukmayofilebas; erTnairad Ciodnen moxe-
leebica da xalxic. es iyo kancelarizmisa da forma-
lizmis samefo. aSkara damnaSaves SeeZlo sasa-
marTlodan gamarTlebuli gamosuliyo da gamodioda
kidec formaluri, kanoniT winaswar dadgenili mtki-
cebulebebis ararsebobis gamo. gamarTlebulebs, brZa-
nebis Tanaxmad, cixeebSi amyofebdnen.~2 rozeni werda:
1 Акты IX, #33. 2 Иваненко, Гражданское управление Закавказьем, (с.) 298..
46
`mTeli mmarTveloba mdgomareobs marto werilobiT
saqmis warmoebaSi, uSualod saqmianobas ki, aravin
eweva. umaRlesi instanciebidan dawyebuli da udab-lesi sapolicio adgilebiT damTavrebuli, yvelani
mxolod weren da erTmaneTs ugzavnian formalur
qaRaldebs.~1 am saxelganTqmuli reformis wyalobiT,
guriaSi ajanyebam ifeTqa, oseTsa da belaqanSi mRel-
vareba daiwyo, yvelgan yaCaRTa bandebi daparpaSebdnen.
raRac, warmoudgeneli xdeboda. mTavroba TviTonve
iZulebuli Seiqna, dauyovnebliv SeeCerebina senator
ganis reformatoruli wamowyebani. da gana SeiZle-
boda, SeenarCunebinaT reforma, romlis Tanaxmadac,
publikaciebi mopasuxis soflidan gamoZaxebis Sesaxeb,
unda dabeWdiliyo gazeTebSi `sanq-peterburgskie~ da
`moskovskie vedomosti~?! es xom, naRdi karikatura
iyo! Umxolod 1845 wels, Tavad voroncovis kavkasiis
mef
isnacvlad daniSvnis Semdeg, mxaris mmarTvelobis
reorganizaciis msgavsi mcdelobani umaRles sfero-
ebSic veRar poulobda mxardamWerebs.
1856 wels ifeTqa saqveynod cnobilma glexTa
ajanyebam jer kidev avtonomiur, maSindel samegre-
loSi. is gamoiwvia didgvarovanTa mxridan qarTvelTa
saadaTo samarTlis normebis darRvevam, romelic
aregulirebda urTierTobebs memamuleebsa da yma gle-
xebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT ki, danaSaulebrivma qmede-
bebma da glexebis usindiso eqspluataciam sasaxlis
adgil-mamulebis mmarTvelis, Tavad Ciqovanis mxridan.
mRelvarebam moicva mTeli glexoba. zugdidis gzaze,
tyis piras, vrcel velze, aTi aTasamde glexi gan-
1 iqve, gv. 299-300.
47
lagda laSqrul banakad. gzebze yvela mimarTulebiT
moewyo piketebi, romlebic ityobinebodnen banakis
mimarTulebiT yoveli gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb. glexebs
mouxmobdnen sasayvire signalebiT. am moZraobis saTa-
veSi idga glexTa sami SesaniSnavi winamZRoli: koCa
Todua, marTali Todua da miqava. koCa Todua,
sabatono aznauri, 50 wlisa, tanadi da warmosadegi,
wvril vaWrobas misdevda. is `saTaveSi Caudga Tavisi
Temis glexTa moZraobas, rogorc Tavis Seuracxyo-
fil da damcirebul ZmaTa damcveli. mas Semdeg, rac
winamZRolad gamoCnda, generaliviT garemocva daiyena:
mis garemocvaSi iyvnen adiutantebi, Sikrikebi, mdi-
vani, romelic brZanebebs uwerda... mgzavrobisas, Tan
axlda mTeli amala, zogjer ki, taxtrevaniT daabrZa-
nebdnen. glexebi TavianT batonebze saCivrebiT akiT-
xavdnen. is maT (batonebs, red.) uwyebiT ibarebda da
Tu gamocxaddebodnen, arc Tu iSviaTad saqmes mSvido-
bianad agvarebda, an arada, gamohqonda ganaCeni, ro-
melsac dauyovnebliv aRasrulebdnen. Tu memamule ar
gamocxaddeboda, koCa Tavis kacebs agzavnida adgilze
masTan angariSis gasasworeblad da glexTa moT-
xovnebis dasakmayofileblad. is mkacri iyo da wesri-
gi uyvarda. memamuleebi TviTon eZebdnen mis mfarve-
lobas. is maT iRebda, usmenda da yovelTvis glexebs
rodi amarTlebda... magram vai im memamules, romelic
urCobas gabedavda! qoriviT daacxreboda mTel mis
saxleuls da sruliad ubodiSo angariSsworebas mi-
marTavda. TiTze gadasaxvevsac aRar dautovebda da
48
memamule RmerTs madlobas swiravda, mTeli da saR-
salamaTi rom rCeboda.~1
TviTmxilveli generlis, k. borozdinis sityvebs
Tu verwmunebiT, `sul sxva juris kaci iyo marTali
Todua. `marTali~ sakuTari saxeli ar gaxlavT. es
metsaxelia, romelic rusulad niSnavs `alal-
marTals~, `samarTliansa~ da `patiosans~. es metsa-
xeli tyuilad rodi Searqva xalxma! misma pirov-
nulma Tvisebebmac Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo... marTali
Todua Sinamrewveli gaxldaT da xis WurWels, um-
Tavresad, TefSebs amzadebda. Tavisi saqmis erTguli,
Sromismoyvare, RvTismosavi, ukve xandazmuli (isic
50 wlisa gaxldaT), ojaxis patroni, gansakuTrebuli
pativiscemiT sargeblobda TanasoflelebSi. xolo
rodesac salipartiano Temis glexebi amxedrdnen,
erTxmad airCies igi TavianT winamZRolad da sTxoves,
rogorme sruli simarTle mietana dedoflis, Semdeg
ki, TviT mefis yuramde. marTali Todua... Tavisi
winamZRolobis dros, mudam cdilobda misTvis Cveu-
li mSvidi da gonivruli sityviT moeToka yvelanairi
ukiduresobani glexobis mxridan... bandebTan erTad,
is ar daTareSobda. Tavis qoxSi ijda, Zveleburad,
TefSebs Tlida da xalxSi mxolod ukidures Sem-
TxvevebSi Tu gamoCndeboda.~2
mesame winamZRoli gaxldaT niWieri mWedeli miqava.
`glexTa moZraobis dasawyisSi, miqavas samWedlo
Sekrebis punqtad iqca, misma mepatronem ki, ocdaaTi-
ode wlis Wabukma, sazrianma, eSmakma ymawvilma, ise
1 К. Бороздин, Упразднение двух автономий (Исторический Вестник, 1885 г. Март, gv. 485.) 2 iqve, gv. 485-6.
49
moaxerxa winamZRolobis mopoveba, rom glexebisaTvis
Tavisi Tavi ar mouxvevia. bunebiT Jiniani, male Tava-
dac gaitaca am rolma da glexebze ganusazRvreli
Zalauleba moipova. memamuleebze misi angariSsworeba
yvelaze mgznebare da energiuli gaxldaT, moulod-
nelad Tavs esxmoda maT, rac ki ram ebadaT, arTmevda,
glexebs urigebda da batonebs xSirad tyved amyo-
febda gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT. ufro meti im
Tavadebsa da aznaurebs xvdebodaT, romlebsac sisas-
tikiT sxvebze metad gaeTqvaT saxeli. wignieri da
mWevrmetyveli... didgvarovnebisadmi siZulviliT gam-
sWvaluli, SurisZiebis aranair xerxs ar Takilobda
Tavisi saZmos aswleulebis manZilze CagvrisaTvis.~1
glexTa moZraoba daiwyo samegrelos mmarTvelis
(dedoflis, red.) iq aryofnisas. rodesac is dabrun-
da, Tavad Ciqovanis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, ver SeZlo
Rrmad Caswvdomoda saqmis arss da TanaegrZno gaRata-
kebuli da samarTlis maZiebeli glexobisaTvs. man
xalxis mCagvrelTa mxare daiWira, radgan maT qmede-
baSi mxolod amboxi da xelisuflebisadmi daumorCi-
lebloba dainaxa. Tumca, glexebi sakmaod zomier,
minimalur moTxovnebs ayenebdnen: maT undodaT, rom
adamianurad mopyrobodnen, nu datanjavdnen, urCobis
gamo jaWviT nu Seborkavdnen, saqoneliviT nu ga-
yiddnen; undodaT daecvaT saukuneobrivi normebi qar-
TvelTaTvis Cveuli batonymuri wesisa. glexTa qme-
debebSi mtrobis nasaxic ki ar iyo samegrelos
mmarTvel pirTan mimarTebiT. piriqiT, mTeli guliT
swamdaT, rom kneina maT gaWirvebas gaiTavisebda da
1 iqve, gv. 486.
50
mCagvrelebisagan daicavda. magram mmarTvel qalbatons
Tvalze libri gadahkvroda, mxolod Tavad Ciqovanis
TvaliT aRiqvamda movlenebs da amiT, rogorc es
arcTu iSviaTad xdeba aseT SemTxvevebSi, Tavadve kar-
gavda mTel im ndobasa da siyvaruls, romliTac xal-
xSi sargeblobda. mas ar SeeZlo am moZraobis saku-
Tari ZalebiT CaxSoba da dasaxmareblad rusul
xelisuflebas, quTaisis gubernators, koliubakins
mimarTa, romelic samegreloSi Camovida da glexebis
saCivris samarTlianobaSi darwmunda. moZraobis Caw-
ynarebasTan erTad, man aucileblad miiCnia samegre-
los damoukidebeli avtonomiis gauqmeba da misi
rusuli samflobeloebisaTvis SeerTeba. ase amgvarad,
mocemul SemTxvevaSic, glexTa moZraobam, adgilob-
rivi xelisuflebis sibrmavis wyalobiT, sabediswero
gavlena iqonia 1867 wels samegrelos mier avtono-
miuri uflebebis dakargvaze.
ukmayofilebis grZnoba ruseTis mTavrobis wina-
aRmdeg, romelsac fesvi gaedga dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi qarTveli glexobis imedgacruebis wyalobiT,
60-iani wlebisaTvis ganelda. xmebi mosalodneli
batonymobis da memamuleebze damokidebulebis gauqme-
bis Sesaxeb, imedian gamoxmaurebas hpovebda qarTveli
glexkacis sulSi, romelic jer kidev ocdaaTian
wlebSi eloliaveboda ocnebas amgvar Tavisuflebaze.
1864 wlis 8 noembers tfilisis guberniaSi, 1865
wlis 13 noembers quTaisis guberniaSi, 1866 wlis 1
dekembers ki, _ samegreloSi gamoica brZaneba baton-
ymobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. glexobis gaTavisuflebisas,
saqarTveloSi xelisufleba ar aRmoCnda Tavisi amo-
canebis simaRleze, rom qarTuli batonymobis WeSma-
51
rit bunebasa da xasiaTs Caswvdomoda da rusuli
batonymobisagan ganesxvavebina, amiT exelmZRvanela da
glexobis uflebebisa da interesebis dacva moexer-
xebina. ubedureba is iyo, rom qarTuli elementis
sistematurma ugulebelyofam samsaxurebriv ierarqi-
aSi da yovelgvari TviTSemoqmedebisa da Tavisufali
azris xelovnurma damuxruWebam qarTul sazogadoe-
baSi is gamoiwvia, rom imJamindel saqarTveloSi,
mTavrobas ar aRmoaCnda saWiro kadrebi inteligenti,
ideisTvis Tavdadebuli muSakebisa, romlebsac xele-
wifebodaT diadi reformis ganxorcieleba. imaze ki
laparakic ar Rirs, rom Tavadaznauroba, umciresobis
gamoklebiT, mxolod sakuTari interesebis dacvaze
fiqrobda. qarTuli batonymuri sistema rTulia,
magram savsebiT aSkarad ikveTeba ymebis zogierTi
kategoria: bevr SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvqonda ubralo
patronatTan, yma iTvleboda miwis mudmiv mflobelad,
begara da yvela sxva valdebuleba mkacrad da
samudamod iyo gansazRvruli, xSirad moipoveboda
werilobiTi pirobebi da SeTanxmebebi. es yvelaferi
yuradRebis miRma darCeniliyo da ruseTisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli sistema, romelic saqarTvelosaTvis mo-
ergoT, ukiduresi usamarTloba da qarTveli gle-
xobis uflebebis Selaxva gaxldaT. magram es jer
kidev yvelaferi da mTavri rodia! saqme isaa, rom yma
glexebs saqarTveloSi ufleba hqondaT sakuTari
saWi-roebisaTvis usasyidlod esargeblaT mamamulis
tyiTa da saZovari adgilebiT. mag.: mefe vaxtang VI-is
kanonebis §-172-Si naTqvamia: `ar SeiZleba tyiTa da
SeSiT sargeblobis akrZalva, radgan Tu baris bina-
ari saxls ver aaSenebs da SeSas ver moixmars, d
52
qveyanaSi mosaxleoba Semcirdeba, xelmwifes ki, sakma-
risi jari ar eyoleba da nadirobasac moisaklisebs.~1
magram tyis mflobels SeuZlia nadirobisaTvis miwis
erTi nakveTi nakrZalad daitovos da Cexva akrZa-
los.~2 ase rom, garda erTi nakrZali nakveTisa,
glexebs, Sinauri moxmarebisaTvis, SeeZloT memamulis
mTeli tyiT esargeblaT. Cvenamde moaRwia mefe erek-
le II-is 1785 wlis erTma brZanebulebam imis Taobaze,
rom Tavad amilaxvrebs ar gaebedaT, `aekrZalaT gle-
xebisaTvis tyiT sargebloba da urmebis asagebad
masalis gatana.~ `neba daerTos maT, aseve, aZovon Ta-
vianTi saqoneli,~ brZana mefem. xolo raki amilax-
vrebma daarRvies tyiT sargeblobis glexTa ufleba
da maTgan fulis gamoZalvas Seudgnen, erekle II-m
werilobiTi brZaneba gasca, glexebisaTvis dauyov-
nebliv mTeli Tanxa daebrunebinaT.3 xolo §-64-Si,
sadac laparakia `qarTvel mefeTa mmarTvelobis dros
kanoniT dawesebul wes-Cveulebebze~, naTqvamia: `arian
Tavadebi da aznaurebi, romelTac aqvT tyeebi, wylebi
da saTibebi mTiTa da bariT, da mavanni da mavanni
Tavis sasargeblod iyenebdnen da nebarTvis gareSe
aravis aZlevdnen am adgilebiT sargeblobis uflebas.
magram iqaur, iseve rogorc axlo-maxlo mcxovreb
mosaxleebs gamohqondaT SeSa da xe-tyis masala Ta-
visTvis da TavianTi ojaxebisaTvis da ara gasayidad.
aseve ar ekrZalebodaT maT saZovrebze saqonlis saba-
laxod miSveba. gare soflebis macxovreblebs ki,
ов грузинского царя Вахтанга, gv. 51.
. 45-46.
1 nadiroba Zvel dros saomar varjiSs cvlida. 2 Sdr. Френкель, Сборник законTargmani mTlad zusti ar aris. 3 Д. Пурцеладзе, Грузинские крестьянские грамоты, gv
53
xsenebuli adgilebiT sargeblobis ufleba eZleodaT
memamuleTa nebarTviT da isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
dawesebul fass gadaixdidnen.~1 yma glexebis gaTavi-
suflebis dros, saqarTveloSi maTTvis miniWebuli am
uflebisaTvis saTanado yuradReba aravis miuqcevia da
glexebisTvis arc aravis daudasturebia da arc raime
anazRaureba dauwesebia. es ki, igive iyo, rom qarTve-
li
a. Tumca,
bat
glexebisaTvis waerTmiaT maTi saukuneobrivi uf-
leba, radgan tyisa da saZovrebis gareSe, isini
ubralod ver iarsebebdnen.
adre Tu gvian, amas uTuod garkveuli Sedegi
mohyveboda. oRond egaa, rom glexTa batonymuri
damokidebulebisagan gaTavisuflebis dros, Tavad am
faqts iseTi damaSoSminebeli zegavlena hqonda saqar-
TveloSi, rom zemoxsenebul samarTaldarRvevebs gle-
xobaze didi STabeWdileba ar mouxdeni
onymobis gauqmebidan moyolebuli, rac meti dro
gadioda, miT metad igrZnoboda qarTveli glexebis
uflebaTa amgvari Sekvecis mZime Sedegebi.
jer kidev 1878 wels, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi,
siRnaRis mazraSi, mRelvareba daiwyo garkveulwilad
gansxvavebul niadagze. ramdenadac berlinis kongresi
erT dros avismomaswaveblad moaswavebda axali kon-
fliqtis ganviTarebas, TurqeTTan gaCaRebuli aTTvi-
ani omiT ukve daqanculi mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda,
xelaxla Sesdgomoda samxedro samzadiss. sxva
adgilebis CaTvliT, siRnRis mazraSiac gamocxadda
miliciis (samxedro SenaerTi, red.) Sekreba. maSin
mazris ufrosma, grafma tizenhauzenma soflis mama-
1 Френкель, Сборник законов царя Вахтанга, gv. 380.
54
saxlisebs ubrZana, dauyovnebliv Sesdgomodnen 19-dan
30 wlamde glexebis siis Sedgenas. es samTavrobo
gankarguleba mexiviT daatyda Tavs mTeli mazris
mosaxleobas. ukve zedized 15 weli ar yofiliyo mo-
savliani weliwadi; mosaxleoba gaRatakebuliyo, ye-
lamde valebSi ixrCoboda da mxolod ukanasknel
wels gamoegzavna zecas glexebisaTvis uxvi samkali.
soflelebs, romlebmac is iyo, TiTqos SvebiT amo-
isunTqes, mware imedgacrueba elodaT. omis dros,
glexebi iZulebuli gaxdnen jaris saWiroebebisaTvis
gareT gamoetanaT maT xelT myofi TiTqmis yvela
sazidari. saqonlis raodenobam iklo. mosaxleobis
mTeli muSa Zala mowyvites savele samuSaoebs. gle-
xebi xedavdnen, rac emuqrebodaT. soflebSi yvelgan
igrZnoboda aSkara ukmayofileba. saRamoobiT xalxi
Tavs iyrida da Tavis gaWirvebaze laparakobda.
glexis qalebi TavianT qmrebs, Zmebsa da mamebs
mouwodebdnen, mTavrobas ar damorCilebodnen, rome-
lic maT apartaxebda, magram jer kidev igrZnoboda
WoWmani. Tumca, rogorc ki soflebs moedo cnoba
miliciis Sekrebis Sesaxeb, SfoTma ukve realuri
xasiaTi miiRo. yvelam Tavi aneba samuSaos da Tavyri-
lobebisaken gaemarTa. mxurvale, mznebare sityvebi,
metadre qalebisa, gamoxmaurebas poulobda msmenelTa
gulebSi. glexebi mamasaxlisebisagan moiTxovdnen, ar
SeedginaT siebi, magram uecrad xma gavarda, rom boqa-
ulis saubno warmomadgenlebi da mamasaxlisebi sai-
dumlod ukve adgendnen gasawvevTa siebs, oRond, 15-
20 rublis qrTamis safasurad, isini, iseve rogorc
saurme begaris dros, mavanTa da mavanTa gvarebs
Slidnen da maT sxvebis gvarebiT cvlidnen. maSin
55
glexebma gadawyvites, aqtiurad emoqmedaT da mTavro-
bisaTvis ganecxadebinaT, rom maT ar xelewifebodaT
miliciis Sekreba da uars ambobdnen mTavrobis gankar-
gulebis Sesrulebaze. mosaxleobam daiwyo SeiaraReba.
qalebma wamoiwyes agitacia adgilobriv administra-
ciaze Setevis mitanis Taobaze. 4 maiss, kvira dRes,
rodesac kenWi unda eyaraT, erT did sofelSi sof-
lelebma mamasaxlisi galaxes. am sakiTxTan dakavSi-
rebiT, mazris ufrosis mier gamogzavnilma pra-
porSCikma SanSievma (SanSiaSvili, red.) Tavidan xalxi
TiTqos daaSoSmina, magram mere, erT ymawvilze gabra-
zebulma imis gamo, rom man uari ganacxada mTavrobis
morCilebaze, soflis Sikriks ymawvilis dapatimreba
ubrZana. xalxma Sikriks ymawvilis dapatimrebis
ufleba ar misca da kargadac mibegva, praporSCiks ki,
urCia, sanam mTeli da saRsalamaTi iyo, gascloda
iqaurobas. im dRes bevri soflis gaerTianebuli
yriloba tardeboda. mazris ufrosi, romelsac es
yvelaferi moaxsenes, mixvda, rom saqme seriozul
mimarTulebas iRebda da jaris gamoZaxeba gadawyvita.
amisaTvis saWiro iyo saqmis viTareba emcno generali
orbelianisaTvis, romelic am raionSi dabanakebuli
jaris ufrosi gaxldaT. mazris ufross, romelic
etliT generalTan miemgzavreboda, gzaze xalxis
uSvelebeli masa Semoeyara. xalxi SfoTavda da mkac-
rad moiTxovda etlidan mis gadmosvlas. isini gah-
yvirodnen, rom man isini jer saurme begariT daaqcia
da daRupa, axla ki, jaris SekrebiT Rupavda. mazris
ufrosma qarTveli Tarjimnis daxmarebiT ganumarta
maT, rom am yvelafers igi akeTebda xelmwifis gan-
kargulebiT da Tavad marto is SeeZlo, rom eSuam-
56
dgomla maTi mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad; igi Sea-
mowmebda yvela sias da yvela gamyalbebel damnaSaves
mkacrad dasjida. mazris ufrosma ikiTxa, aqamde
ratom ar mimarTes mas gasawvevi siebis gayalbebis
Sesaxeb saCivriT. am sityvebze erTma qalma Seaxsena,
rom mavanma da mavanma mimarTa mas aseTi saCivriT,
magram man is gamoagdo. xalxi sul ufro da ufro
SfoTavda. gaisma mazris ufrosis galaxvis mowode-
bebi, magram am dros, erT-erTi mamasaxlisi xalxSi
SeiWra da SuaSi Cadga. maSin gaborotebulma xalxma
mamasaxlisi gaimeta sacemad. ufrosma dro ixelTa da
meetles ubrZana, etli daeZra da mTeli siswrafiT
gaeWenebina. xalxi gaekida da cdilobda, gza gada-
eWra, magram ver daewia. grafma tizenhauzenma general
orbelians miaSura da yvelaferi moaxsena. rogorc ki
generalma uaxloesi samxedro nawilis saswrafod
gamocxadebis brZaneba gasca, gacecxlebuli brbo
yviriliTa da lanZRva-ginebiT maSinaTve misi saxli-
saken daiZra. maT generals ganucxades, rom daixoce-
bodnen, magram jariskacebs ar miscemdnen. generalma
ganumarta maT, rom es iyo xelmwifis brZaneba da rom
mas, mazris ufrosTan erTad, marto is SeeZlo, rom
eSuamdgomla maTi mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad, ris
Sesrulebis pirobasac iZleoda. xalxi, romelic
TiTqos odnav damSvidebuliyo, isev gaacxara erTi
qalis damcinavma wamoZaxilma, Tqven gasulelebas da
daSoSminebas ra unda, sakmarisia, ori tkbili sityva
gadmogigdono. brbo eca mazris ufrossa da generals
da orive mibegva. rodesac erTma Cafarma xanjali
daaZro da generlis dacva moindoma, man brZana, xeli
aravis axloTo. generlis am raindulma nabijma maSi-
57
naTve mis sasargeblod ganawyo aboboqrebuli brbo.
maSinve Sewyvites misi cema da oTaxSiac ki gada-
iyvanes. nacemi mazris ufrosi ki, etlSi Casves da,
yoveli mxridan garSemortymuli, samazro qalaqSi
waiyvanes, raTa aeZulebinaT, jariskacebis gasawvevi
nusxebi daexia. magram gzaSi gadaifiqres da yvela
Tav
is saxlSi wavida. xalxi ase Tu ise damSvidda.
amasobaSi, im adgilas jari Sekribes. damnaSaveebi
daapatimres da Cvidmeti braldebulidan cxra mama-
kacs da or qals sasamarTlom 45-wliani katorRa
miusaja.1
80-iani wlebidan, aleqsandre III-is mefobis dros,
saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT gamoiyenes gansakuTrebuli
policiur-represiuli zomebi: skola iqca yvelaze
ufro uceremonio rusifikatoruli politikis uSua-
lo iaraRad da dawesebulebad, sadac `erTgul qve-
Sevrdom~ maswavleblebs aRsazrdelebisaTvis `usaz-
Rvro rwmena~ da `keTilsaimedoba~ unda CaenergaT.
baton kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelT, TavianT
ZiriTad amocanad soflis skolebidan mosaxleobis
mSobliuri enis gandevna da yvela sagnis uazro
`munji~ meTodiT, anu mSobliuri enis gamouyeneblad,
swavleba miaCndaT. sasamarTlos, Tumca ki dastyoboda
aleqsandre II-is epoqis liberaluri suliskveTebis
keTilismyofeli gavlena, magram mxolod nawilobriv,
xolo yvelaze mniSvnelovani institutebi, rogoricaa
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, arCeviTi, mudmivi
mosamarTleebi, qarTuli sazogadoebis mravalgzis
1 oqmi da korespondenciebi amis Sesaxeb, dabeWdilia gazeT `Обзор~-Si 1878 wlis ivnisis, noembris, dekembris nomrebSi (gazeT `Обзор~-s gamoscemda n. nikolaZe, red.).
58
Suamdgomlobis miuxedavad, jerac ar gaxldaT dam-
kvidrebuli. garda amisa, sasamarTlo procesebi,
Zveleburad, mosaxleobisaTvis gaugebar rusul enaze
mimdinareobda. politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdi-
nare, ugulebelyofdnen qarTuli sazogadoebis mra-
valjerad Suamdgomlobas erobis danergvis Sesaxebac.
eklesiac ki, uwindeburad politikuri propagandisa
da garusebis iaraRi gaxldaT mTavrobis xelSi.
qarTuli eklesiis umaRlesi rusi ierarqebi Ria
kavSirSi imyofebodnen policiasTan saidumlo, Tu
aSkarad CveulebrivTan. saeklesio-samrevlo skolebi-
danac ki, ukiduresi daJinebiTa da SeupovrobiT
daiwyes qarTuli enis gandevna. imavdroulad, rusi
egzarqosebi da maTi mociqulebi farisevlur mzrun-
velobas iCendnen qarTvelTa tomebis mimarT da
niangis cremlebs Rvridnen imis gamo, rom maT ar
SeeZloT RvTis sityvis mosmena sakuTar kilokavze!..
saswavlo olqis mzrunvelTan saamur erTobaSi, isini
gulisamaCuyeblad cdilobdnen megrelebisaTvis, am
ZirZveli qarTuli tomisaTvis, romelmac saukuneebis
manZilze ar icoda da arc undoda scodnoda sxva
damwerloba, garda mSobliuri qarTulisa, sasuliero
da saero literaturisa, SeeqmnaT viTomcda axali,
sakuTari damwerloba, romelsac safuZvlad edo ru-
suli anbani. sapolicio samRvdeloebis warmomadgen-
lebma, axladgamoCekilma `samocdaaTma~ ganmmartebelma
brZenma mTargmnelma xeli mihyves saRvTo werilis
megrulad Targmnas (iv. javaxiSvili gulisxmobs 70
sasuliero pirs, vinc biblia laTinurad Targmnes,
red.), magram amaod! xalxs ar surda yuri egdo
RvTis sityvisaTvis, romelic samSoblos moRalateTa
59
SxamiT iyo wabilwuli da yvelgan, zizRiTa da si-
ZulviliT xvdeboda megrelTa `ganmanaTleblebs~...
amasobaSi sul ufro da ufro progresirebda mcire-
miwianoba: rodesac quTaisis guberniaSi erT komlze
saSualod modis mTeli vargisiani miwis mxolod 3.28
desetina, xolo saxnavi miwis mxolod 1.92 desetina,
tfilisis guberniaSi mTeli vargisiani miwis gaci-
lebiT naklebad nayofier niadagze, erT komlze
modis 6.84 desetina, saxnavi miwisa ki, _ marto 4.92
desetina, maSin rodesac mosaxleobis simWidrove
(udabo da qviani, mTiani adgilebis gamoklebiT) gviC-
venebs erTob sayuradRebo cifrs: 36. 21 kv. versze
tfilisis mazraSi (yaraiazis stepis udabnosTan
erTad, 3. 5 macxovrebliT 1 kv. versze), 42.3 _
goris mazris mejvrisxevis ubanze, 45.4 _ siRnaRis
mazris maCxaanis ubanze, 114.8 _ quTaisis mazris sam-
trediisa da 93.5 _ xonis ubnebze, 110.1 _ senakis
mazris abaSis ubanze, 113.4 _ Sorapnis mazris yviri-
lis ubanze. erTi sityviT, rodesac mciremiwianobam
ukidures sazRvrebs miaRwia, swored am dros, yvela
Tavisufali saxazino miwa saqarTveloSi, sakoloniza-
ciod daeTmo rus glexobas; Savi zRvis umdidresi
sanapiro ki, dainawiles batonma ministrebma da be-
disagan ganebivrebulma sxva pirebma. adgilobriv qar-
Tvel glexebs ki, mTavroba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
rTavda nebas, dasaxlebuliyo Tavisufal saxazino
miwebze. qarTveli glexoba cxadad xedavda rusi
`kolonizatorebis~ gansakuTrebul mfarvelobas, xo-
lo TavianTi mdgomareobisa Tu gaWirvebis aSkara
ugulebelyofasa da arad Cagdebas. yvelaferi iqiTken
midioda, rom moZraobis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, igi
60
qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela fenas moicavda da
grandiozul masStabebs miiRebda. da es moZraoba,
iseve rogorc uwin, agrarul niadagze daiwyo da
pirvel rigSi, glexebi moicva. aRmosavleT saqar-
TveloSi, oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan moyolebuli, sul
ufro xSirad iCenda Tavs gaugebrobani glexTa mier
saZovrebiTa da satyeo adgil-mamulebiT sargeblobis
uflebebis darRvevis safuZvelze. SeWirvebiT Seviw-
roebulni, tyis waxdenasa da unebarTvo gaCexvasac
aRar Takilobdnen, Tanac, glexebi aseT SemTxvevebSi
mudam saadaTo samarTals imowmebdnen. maT ar icod-
nen, rom es ufleba maTTvis, mefe vaxtangis
kanonebiTac iyo gamyarebuli. urTierTobani memamule-
ebsa da glexebs Soris Zalze gamZafrda. Tavad-
aznaurTa gonieri nawili ayenebda sakiTxs kanon-
mdeblobis saSualebiT am mwvave Temis da reguli-
rebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. mTavroba ki, jiutad
dumda, Tumca, saqmis viTareba Zalze seriozuli iyo.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi mwvave mciremiwianobis gamo,
miwaze saijaro fasma kolosalur masStabebs miaRwia.
raki mTavroba qarTvel glexebs Savi zRvis sanapi-
roze Tavisufal saxazino miwebze dasaxlebis ufle-
bas ar aZlevda, miwaze saijaro fasis xelovnuri
zrda kvlavindeburad unda gagrZelebuliyo. droe-
biTma afeTqebebma da mRelvarebis calkeulma gamovli-
nebebma sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo 1901-2 wlebidan.
imJamad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, guriaSi
(ozurgeTis mazraSi) Semousavlo weliwadi iyo.
isedac mZime saijaro pirobebi, imxanad sruliad gau-
saZlisi Seiqna. daiwyo yru drtvinva. 1902 wels
baTumSi, fabrikebSi, sadac muSaTa umravlesoba ozur-
61
geTis mazris umiwawylo da mciremiwiani glexebisagan
Sedgeboda, daiwyo gaficva. gaficulTagan bevri
administraciam samSobloSi (mSobliur soflebSi,
red.) gaasaxla. Sin dabrunebuli glexebi yru
drtvinvis mowmeni Seiqnen. ar kmaroda mxolod
organizaciuli saqmianoba da iniciativa saimisod,
rom am yvelafers realuri forma mieRo. swored
gasaxlebulma muSebma gamoavlines es organizaciuli
suliskveTeba da ganavrces ideebi gaerTianebuli
ZalebiT brZolis aucileblobaze sakuTari uflebebis
dasacavad. es yvelaferi maTTvis kargad nacnobi iyo
TavianTi samuSao organizaciebidan. ukve 1902 wels
erTdroulad oTx did sofelSi daiwyo agraruli
moZraoba. sofel nigoiTSi saZovrebis gamo, erTmaneTs
Seetaknen erTi msxvili memamulis mouravi da
adgilobrivi glexebi. policiam, rasakvirvelia,
pirvel yovlisa, `meamboxeni~ daapatimra. magram aman
mxolod gaauaresa urTierTobebi, radgan aRelvebulma
glexobam amaSi policiis mxridan memamuleebisadmi mi-
kerZoeba da mfarveloba dainaxa. maSin glexebi Seik-
ribnen da Camoayalibes saerTo moTxovnebi, romlebic
yvela memamules warudgines, rasac administraciam
ganmeorebiTi dapatimrebebiT upasuxa. agraruli moZr-
aobis raionSi gubernatoric Cavida, romelsac adgi-
lobrivma mosaxleobam Tavisi gadaudebeli moTxovnebi
warudgina. mxolod da mxolod am moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebas SeeZlo aRelvebuli glexebis daSoS-
mineba: 1) aucilebeli iyo miwaze saijaro gadasaxadis
Semcireba, 2) saqonlis gasareki da saZovari adgi-
lebis sargeblobisaTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadis
gauqmeba, 3) aqcizis gauqmeba aryis gamoxdaze, rac
62
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis Semosavlis erT-erT
mTavar wyaros warmoadgenda, 4) sazogadoebrivi saqmi-
anobisa da begaris gadaxdis valdebulebis daweseba
ganurCevlad yvela wodebisaTvis, 5) samRvdeloebis
sasargeblod naturaluri begaris gauqmeba. am moT-
xovnebis sapasuxod, kvlav egzekucia da represiebi
moiSvelies. administraciis amgvari saqcieliT gaRi-
zianebulma glexebma memamuleebs sruli boikoti ga-
moucxades, arc erTi memamulis miwa aravin aiRo
ijariT da aravis mouxnavs. amas, rasakvirvelia, saSi-
neli ekonomikuri krizisi unda mohyoloda qveyanaSi.
maSin, garda Tavisi Cveuli xrikebisa, administraciam,
rogorc mas gulubryvilod eCveneboda, `SeTqmulebis~
radikalurad aRmofxvris meTods mimarTa: soflis
yvela biblioTeka daxura, radgan es mcire kulturu-
li dawesebulebebi `SfoTis~ kerebad miiCnia.
magram saqmes verc aman uSvela. piriqiT, xalxma
administraciisadmi yovelgvari pativiscema dakarga.
mTavroba da sasamarTlo, romelic ukve didi xania
qarTveli xalxis didi ndobiT aRar sargeblobda,
axla, politikuri procesebis zegavleniT, mosaxle-
obis TvalSi mTlianad ganadgurda. `man boikoti
administraciasa da sasamarTlozec gaavrcela da Ta-
visi sakuTari arCeviTi administracia da arCeviTi
saxalxo sasamarTlo Camoayaliba. am dawesebulebebs,
ra Tqma unda, unaklobas ver davwamebT, magram, samagi-
erod, maT savsebiT demokratiuli xasiaTi hqondaT da
sruliad misawvdomi gaxldaT xalxisaTvis, radgan
yvelaferi qarTul enaze warimarTeboda da kon-
trols eqvemdebareboda. amaSi gamovlinda qarTveli
xalxis organizaciuli niWi da mravalsaukunovani
63
kultura. mTel saqarTveloSi erTnairi (mZime, red.)
pirobebis arseboba xels uwyobda moZraobis swraf
gavrcelebas qarTvelobis gansaxlebis mTel terito-
riaze da rac dro gadioda, es moZraoba miT ufro
ikrebda Zalas da agrarulis nacvlad, politikur
xasiaTs iRebda. ukve umaRlesi administraciac verana-
ir gamosavals ver poulobda im viTarebaSi, romelic
am mdgomareobis Sedegad Seqmniliyo. verc samTavrobo
Tanamdebobis pirebi da verc sasamarTlo veRar fun-
qcionirebda. yvelgan moqmedebda sakuTari adminis-
tracia da sakuTari sasamarTlo. qarTveli xalxis
saukuneobrivi Cagvra da yvela elementaruli ufle-
bis darRveva, Zireuli interesebis sistematuri
ugulebelyofa da fexqveS gaTelva mefis mTavrobis
mxridan, es ukanaskneli, srul zneobriv gakotrebamde
da yvelanairi ndobisa da prestiJis dakargvamde miiy-
vana!.. saqarTveloSi ar aris iseTi wodeba, romlis
pativiscemiTa da simpaTiiT SeiZleba igi sargeb-
lobdes... 1905 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvlad da-
niSnulma grafma voroncov-daSkovma, jer kidev
TbilisSi Camosvlamde, gamoucxada xalxs, rom Tavis
TanaSemwes, sulTan-krim-gireis agzavnida saqarTve-
loSi mosaxleobis saWiroebebisa da survilebis
gasacnobad da rom igi ar daayovnebda imis aRsru-
lebas, rac xelewifeboda; xolo yvelafers, rac mis
uflebamosilebas aRemateboda, xelmwifes moaxsenebda.
18 Tebervals sulTan-krim-girei ozurgeTis mazras
ewvia, soflebi Semoiara da xalxis saWiroebebs ga-
ecno. wvrilmanebs rom Tavi davaneboT, mTavari moT-
xovnebi Semdeg punqtebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili: 1)
adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis gansaxilvelad
64
Sekrebisa uflebis miniWeba da administraciisa da
sasamarTlos arCevis (TviTmmarTveloba) nebis darTva,
2) sasamarTlo da skola unda yofiliyo qarTul
enaze, 3) miwa unda mikuTvneboda miwaTmoqmeds, 4)
unda gauqmebuliyo aqcizi da arapirdapiri gadasaxa-
di, 5) unda miniWebodaT azris, sityvierad, Tu
beWdurad, Tavisuflad gamoTqmis garantia (sityvisa
da
qmis araferi Sesrulebula am mimar-
TulebiT (saqme exeba 1906 wels, rodesac es statia
iwereboda, red.). piriqiT, reaqciis zegavleniT,
`revoluciis CaxSobis~ epoqaSi, saqarTvelom iseTi
rbeva-awiokeba ganicada, TiTqos mtris Semoseva das-
tydomia Tavs.
presis Tavisufleba) da a. S. samTavrobo moxele-
ebi dagzavnes saqarTvelos sxva raionebSic. iqac
igive moTxovnebi iyo wamoyenebuli. gansakuTrebuli
daJinebiT esmeboda mxolod xazi qarTveli xalxi-
saTvis TviTmmarTvelobis miniWebis aucileblobas.
mefisnacvalma zogierTi moTxovna samarTlianad,
maTi dakmayofileba ki, SesaZleblad aRiara, Tumca,
jerjerobiT, TiT
65
wyaroebis ganmateba
iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamoyenebuli literaturisa da
1. Авалов, Присоединение - Авалов З. (Авалишвили),
узии к России, второе издание,
2.
Присоединение ГрС/Пб., 1906. Акты - Акты собранные кавказской археографи-
А. Берже ческой комиссией, под редакциейт. I - Тифлис, 1866 т. II - Тифлис, 1868 т. III - Тифлис, 1869 т. IV - Тифлис, 1870 т. V, I и II часть - Тифлис, 1873 т. VII, I и II часть - Тифлис, 1878 т. VIII - Тифлис, 1881
3. Бороздин, Упразднение двух автономии - Бороздин Корн. А., Упразднение двух автономии, «Историчес-кий Вестник», С/Пб., 1885, №1-6.
4. Грамоты - Грамоты и другие исторические докумен-ты относящиеся до Грузии, т. II, выпуск I, Грузинские тексты с 1767 по 1801 год, под редакцией А. А. Цагарели, С/Пб., 1898.
5. Дубецкий, Записки и воспоминания, «Русская стари-на», ч. IV, С/Пб., 1895 (Апрель).
6. Иваненко В., Гражданское управление - Гражданское управление Закавказьем от присоединения Грузии [к России] до наместничества великого князя Михаила Николаевича, Тифлис, 1901.
66
7. Пурцеладзе Д. П., Грузинские крестьянские - Гру-зинские крестьянские грамоты, крепостные и судеб-ные акты, грамоты и письма грузинских и персидских арственных особ (Материалы для истории древней рузии), составитель Д. П. Пурцеладзе, Тифлис, 1882.
8. рник законов грузинского царя
цГСбо - Сборник законов грузинского царя Вахтанга VI-го, издание А. С. Френкеля, под ред. Д. З. Бакрадзе, Тифлис, 1887.