isi semantics

8/3/2019 Isi Semantics

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Semantic is the study of meaning in language. It is a fact that meaning is a part of language,

but this definition has not been clearly delineated and given fair treatment in the study of

language until very recently. In traditional linguistics, language is viewed as the vocabulary

which is contained in litery works. In the study of language, language definitions are sometimes

based on meaning, and sometimes on function.

Statements that a noun is a name of person or a thing, or a sentence is an expression of

complete thought, are definition which are based on meaning. On the contrary, statements that an

adjective is a word that modifies a noun, or an adverb is a word that modifies other words except

nouns, are definitions which are based on function. The out standing achievement in the study ofmeaning in traditional linguistics is etymology the study of origin of word meaning. The study of

meaning in traditional linguistics has not clearly shown what meaning is.

In structural linguistics, Francis defines language, among others, as an arbitrary system of

articulated sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of carrying on the affairs of

their society. (1958: 13). This definition is derived from the notion that language is the spoken

language that is used for oral communication among the members of the speech community. As

this school of linguistics is primary interested in analyzing and describing sound structures, word

structures, and sentence structures, the study of meaning in language is not seriously attempted.

Definition of Semantic (1st Group) PBI-G| 1


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1.2 The formulation of the problem

In this matter, the authors put more emphasis on definition of semantic, namely:

1) What is the definition of semantic?

2) The history of semantic?

3) What does study of semantic mean?

1.3Goal Writing

This paper is made with the following objectives:

1. To know the definition of semantic.

2. To know the history of semantic.

3. To understand what does study semantic mean.



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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Semantic

Semantics (from Greeksmantik, neuter plural of smantiks) is the study ofmeaning. It

focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words,phrases,signs and symbols, and what

they stand for, theirdenotata. The word of semantic it self denotes a range of ideas, from the

popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a problem of

understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation.

Semantic is the study of meaning in language. It is a fact that meaning is a part of language,

but this definition has not been clearly delineated and given fair treatment in the study of

language until very recently. In traditional linguistics, language is viewed as the vocabularywhich is contained in litery works. In the study of language, language definitions are sometimes


World English Dictionary :

1. thebranch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and

theprinciples that govern the relationshipbetween sentences orwords and theirmeanings

2. the study of the relationshipsbetween signs and symbols and what they represent

Medical Dictionary:

1. The study orscience of meaning in language forms.

2. The study of the relationshipsbetween various signs and symbols and what they

represent.Definition of Semantic (1st Group) PBI-G| 3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotation


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Semantic is generally defined as the study of meaning, and this is definition that we will

provisionally adopt: what is to be understood by meaning. Ever since Ogden and Richards

(1923) published their classic treatise on this topic, and indeed since long before that, it has been

customary for semanticist to emphasize the fact (and let us grant that it is a fact) that the noun

meaning and the verb to mean them selves have many distinguishable meanings1.

In linguistics, semantic is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent atthe levels of words, phrases, sentences, and larger units of discourse ( referred to as texts ). The

basic area of study is the meaning of signs, and the study of relations between different linguistic

units.

2.2. The history of semantic

Semantics term from the Greek as Sema ( noun ) signs : or mark, meaning. The term is

used by the linguistic to describe the science that studies the meaning of language. Semantics ispart of a thee level language, including phonology, grammar ( morphology, syntax ) and

semantics.

The term semantic emerging in 1984, known through the American Philological Association

Organization American philology in an article entitled reflected meaning : a point in semantic

term itself has been around since the 17th century.

Semantics is expressed explicitly as a science of meaning, new in the 1990s with the adventof the essay de semantikue, which is in the next period, was follow by language teacher who will

determine the next linguistic development, namely Ferdinand de Saussure, course de linguistikue

entitled general. Saussures view that view of the flow of structuralism. In the view of

1 Leech (1974 : I ff) suggests that the reason why semanticists have often seemed to spend an immoderate amount

of time puzzling out the meanings of meaning as a supposedly necessary preliminary to the study of their subject

is that have been trying to explain semantics in terms of other disciplines.



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structuralism de Saussure, language is a system which consists of elements which are

interconnected and constitute a unity ( the whole unified ). This view was later used as a starting

point for research, a very strong influence many areas of research, especially in Europe.

In the late 1960s, Richard Montagueproposed a system for defining semantic entries in the

lexicon in terms of the lambda calculus. In these terms, the syntacticparse of the sentenceJohn

ate every bagelwould consist of a subject (John) and a predicate (ate every bagel); Montague

showed that the meaning of the sentence as a whole could be decomposed into the meanings of

its parts and relatively few rules of combination. The logical predicate thus obtained would be

elaborated further, e.g. using truth theory models, which ultimately relate meanings to a set of

Tarskiianuniversals, which may lie outside the logic. The notion of such meaning atoms or

primitives is basic to the language of thoughthypothesis from the 1970s.

The word "semantics" itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly

technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes

down to word selection orconnotation. This problem of understanding has been the subject of

many formal inquiries, over a long period of time, most notably in the field offormal semantics.

In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or

communities within particular circumstances and contexts.

Within this view, sounds, facial expressions, body language, and proxemics have semantic

(meaningful) content, and each has several branches of study. In written language, such things as

paragraph structure and punctuation have semantic content; in other forms of language, there is

other semantic content.

2.3 The study of semantic

The study of meanings:

a. the historical andpsychologicalstudy and the classification of changes in the signification of

words or forms viewed as factors in linguistic development

b.Semiotic : a branch of semiotic dealing with the relations between signs and what they refer to

and includingtheories ofdenotation, extension, naming, and truth.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_thoughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_thoughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_thoughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemics


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The formal study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including

lexicology, syntax,pragmatics, etymology and others, although semantics is a well-defined field

in its own right, often with synthetic properties. Inphilosophy of language, semantics and

reference are closely connected. Further related fields includephilology, communication, and

semiotics. The formal study of semantics is therefore complex.

Semantics contrasts with syntax, the study of the combinatory of units of a language (without

reference to their meaning), and pragmatics, the study of the relationships between the symbols

of a language, their meaning, and the users of the language.

In linguistics, semantics is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent at

the levels of words, phrases, sentences, and larger units ofdiscourse (referred to as texts). The

basic area of study is the meaning ofsigns, and the study of relations between different linguistic

units: homonymy,synonymy,antonymy,polysemy,paronyms,hypernymy, hyponymy,

meronymy, metonymy,holonymy, linguistic compounds. A key concern is how meaning

attaches to larger chunks of text, possibly as a result of the composition from smaller units of

meaning.

Traditionally, semantics has included the study ofsense and denotative reference,truth

conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis, and the linkage of all of theseto syntax.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paronyms&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paronyms&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meronymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_conditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_conditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_conditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paronyms&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meronymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_sensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_conditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_conditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis


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CHAPTER III

CLOSSING

3.1 CONCLUTION

Semantics (from Greeksmantik, neuter plural of smantiks) is the study ofmeaning. It

focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words,phrases,signs and symbols, and what

they stand for, theirdenotata. The word of semantic it self denotes a range of ideas, from the

popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a problem of

understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation.

Semantic is the study of meaning in language. It is a fact that meaning is a part of language,but this definition has not been clearly delineated and given fair treatment in the study of

language until very recently. In traditional linguistics, language is viewed as the vocabulary

which is contained in liter works. In the study of language, language definitions are sometimes


3.2 SUGGESTION

In this chapter discussion relating to the definition of semantic, the writers provide materials

that still limited and not too perfect. Therefore, the readers are not only read this article from one

reference but also from the other references.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotation


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APPENDIX

1. . Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert;A GreekEnglish Lexicon at

Perseus Project

2. The word is derived from the Greekword (semantikos), "significant",

from (semaino), "to signify, to indicate" and that from (sema), "sign,

mark, token".

3. Neurath, Otto; Carnap, Rudolf; Morris, Charles F. W. (Editors) (1955).

International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

4. Cruise, Alan; Meaning and Language: An introduction to Semantics and

Pragmatics, Chapter 1, Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics, 2004; Kearns, Kate; Semantics,

Palgrave MacMillan2000; Cruise, D. A.;Lexical Semantics, Cambridge, MA, 1986.

5. Kitcher, Philip; Salmon, Wesley C. (1989). Scientific Explanation. Minneapolis,

MN: University of Minnesota Press. p. 35.

6. Lyons John. 1977, Semantics vol.1, Cambridge: University Press.

7. Prof. Dr. D. Adisutrisno, Wagiman, M.A .2009, Semantics ( an introduction to the

basic concepts ), Yogyakarta : ANDI

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=shmantiko/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexiconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neurathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Presshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=shmantiko/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexiconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neurathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press


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