Islam After MuhammadIslam After Muhammad

The First CaliphsThe First Caliphs

The word 'Caliph' means Successor to the Messenger of God, the Holy Prophet Muhammad .

The Rightly Guided The Rightly Guided CaliphsCaliphs

The First Caliph, Abu Bakr (632-634 A.C.)

The Second Caliph, 'Umar (634-644 A.C.)

The Third Caliph, Uthman (644-656 A.C.)

The Fourth Caliph, Ali (656-661 A.C.)

Islam Divides: Sunni and Islam Divides: Sunni and Shia Muslims Shia Muslims

Who should succeed Prophet Muhammad?

Sunnis, believed in appointing the successor under Arab tribal tradition

Shias, believed Muhammad's successor should be from his family, and backed Ali - Muhammad's cousin - who was also his son-in-law.

Growing Empire Growing Empire

Defeated Persia in A.D. 637 (Iraq/Iran)

Captured Jerusalem in A.D. 638 Conquered Central Asia, northern

India, and northern Africa Early caliphs came from the

Umayyad family. They moved their capital from

Medina to Damascus

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam

Growing EmpireGrowing Empire

Many different factors contributed to the growth of the Islamic empire:

1. The Muslims defeated many empires around the Arabian peninsula

2. They made treaties with conquered people◦ Included rules for Jews and

Christians

Trade Helps Islam SpreadTrade Helps Islam Spread

Due to Arabia’s crossroads location, Muslim merchants had easy access to South Asia, Europe, and Africa

Merchants spread Islamic beliefs to India, Africa, Malaysia, and

Indonesia

Muslims in EuropeMuslims in Europe

• Muslims invade Spain in A.D. 711

• The army moved on into France • The Battle of Tours • Muslims rule parts of Spain for

the next 700 years

New ProductsNew ProductsTrade brought new products to

Muslim lands◦Paper and gunpowder- came from

China◦Cotton, rice, and oranges- came

from India, China, and Southeast Asia

◦Ivory, cloves, and slaves- came from Africa

The Growth of CitiesThe Growth of Cities In addition to bringing people,

products, and ideas together, trade also created wealth, and cultural advancement

Two major cities:1) Baghdad (Iraq)2) Cordoba (Spain)

Baghdad (Iraq)Baghdad (Iraq)1. Became the capital of the Islamic

Empire in 7622. Major trading and agricultural center3. Known as “the round city” because

walls surrounded it. 4. Cultural center• Hospital • Observatory• Libraries • University• Many artists • Many writers

Cordoba (Spain)Cordoba (Spain)1. Became the capital of what is now

Spain in A.D. 7562. By the 900’s, Cordoba became the

largest most advanced city in Europe• Mansions and mosques• Busy markets and shops• Aqueducts• Public water and lighting

3. Center of learning• University• Arabic was the language of scholars