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RRC Training RRC Training

Exam question focus

1. Outline common health, welfare and workenvironment requirementsin the workplace

RRC Training

List common workplace health, welfare & environment requirementsMinimum Standards


Exposure to extremes of temperatureDescribe some of the health issues associatedwith working in extreme environments?

Hot environments: Dehydration Muscle cramps Heat stress

Lethargy Headaches Fainting

Heat exhaustion Heat stroke Burns, cancer, etc.

Cold environments: Hypothermia Lethargy Frostbite Slip hazards Freeze burns injuries


Hot environments: Ventilation Insulate/shield heat sources Provide cool refuges Drinking water Frequent breaks Job rotation Appropriate clothing

Control MeasuresCold environments: Prevent or protect from draughts Shield/lag cold surfaces PPE - insulating Provide warm refuges

Frequent breaks Job rotation Access to warm food and drinks

Treat icy floors

Exposure to extremes of temperature

RRC Training

Minimum levels achieved (Lux) Natural light is best Lighting adjusted to the level of detail required Local lighting may be necessary No reflections or glare No creation of shadows No flickering Suitable for the environment, e.g. flame proof Emergency lighting should be provided

Lighting Minimum Standards


Violence in the workplaceDefine work-related violence: Any incident in which aperson is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstancesrelating to their work

Workplace violence:

An act of aggression, physicalassault, or threatening behaviorthat occurs in a work settingand causes physical oremotional harm to customers,coworkers, or managers.

Broad definitions of workplaceviolence also often include actsof sabotage on work-siteproperty.

Agg ress io n :

Feelings of anger or antipathyresulting in hostile or v iolentbehaviour; readiness to attackor confront.

What is the difference between violence and aggression?


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RRC Training

Violence in the workplaceWhat occupations are most at risk of violence and why?

Cash handling

Lone working Representing authority Wearing a uniform Dealing with people under stress Dealing with people under the

influence of alcohol or drugs Censuring or saying "no"

Hospital A&E staff

Police Social workers Bus and taxi drivers Firefighters and paramedics Traffic wardens Railway staff Estate agents

RRC Training

List some of the control measures that will reduce theincidence of workplace violence.

Central Office Zero tolerance and

prosecution Security staff CCTV Security doors Minimise queues and waiting

times Training Screens Panic alarms Pleasant environment

Conducting home visits: No work in high risk areas Incident records

Vetting customers Visit-logging Pre- and post-visit

communications Training Communication No visits after dark Not carrying cash or valuables

RRC Training

Outline some of the main symptoms that would indicate an employeemay be affected by alcohol and drugs of abuse?How would these affect the workplace?

Substance Misuse at Work

General symptoms: Late attendance Increased absenteeism Poor work quality Reduced output Dishonesty Theft Mood swings Poor relationships

Effects on safety performance:

Sensory impairment Skewed perception Impaired motor control Fatigue and drowsinessIncreased risk for: Driving Operating machinery Making decisions

RRC Training

List some of the control measures that might reduce theincidence and effects of drugs and alcohol in the workplace.

Drugs and alcohol policy: Present for workfit for duty! Noalcohol at work or during working hours Statutory legalrequirements Non-statutory requirements set by the employer Randomdrugs and alcohol testing Access for workers to rehabilitationand treatment Disciplinaryprocedures Information, instruction and training of managers,

supervisors and workers

RRC Training

Slips, trips and falls on the same level Falls from height Collision with moving vehicles

Striking by moving, flying or fallingobjects

Striking against fixed or stationaryobjects

Identify some of the major hazards that involve themovement of people within the workplace.

RRC Training

Describe the difference (and provide an example)between a slip hazard and a trip hazard. Slip hazard A slip hazard is anything that causes a person to lose one's footing

and slide unintentionally for a short distance;

Example : Smooth floor / surface , Inherently slippery, wet,

Contamination on the floor or surface, Frost and ice

Hazards involving the movement of people

Trip hazard A trip hazard is something that causes a person to catch one's foot on

and stumble or fall.

Example: Uneven or loose floor surfaces, Trailing cables, Objects lefton the floor.


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RRC Training

Construction includes: Building works Renovations Maintenance activities

Demolition workMain Construction Hazards Working at height Stacking of materials and

flammable substances Storage of materials Storage of flammable

substances Machinery and vehicles Site security Electrical safety Excavations Worker s and Contractor skills

and competency.

Covered by ILO standards: Safet y and Health in Constr uction

Conventi on 1988 (C167) Safet y and Health in Constr uction

Recommendat ion 1988 (R175)Storage of Materials Storage areas should be clearly

identified Separate areas should be used

for separate items Segregationof certain materials

and substances Areas should be kept clean and

tidy and routinely inspected Appropriate warning signs

should be displayed Storage areas not used for other

work

What are the main hazards involved on construction sites ?List some of the hazards that will reduce the incidence involving Constructionhazards workplaces.

RRC Training

Working at any heightwhere there is a risk of a fall liable tocause personal injury: Steel workers, scaffolders, roofers,

engineers, welders, maintenancestaff, painters, window cleaners

Main risks: worker falling object falling

Accidents: death neck or spinal injury broken bones

List the main hazards involved on constr uction sites ?

Falls from any height cancause injury

Vertical distance is only onefactor

Falls less than 2 metres cancause death or major injury!

Fragile roofs: Roof structure not designed to

carry loads Cement, asbestos, glass,

reinforced plastics, etc. Signs Roof ladders and crawling

boards

Sloping roofs: Pitch (camber) greater than 10 Injury made worse by

acceleration down roof

RRC Training

STACKING Each stack should be of one

material only A maximum stack height must

be set Stacks should be vertical Pallets should be used to keep

material off the ground Sufficient space must be

allowedaround stacks for safemovement

Stacks must be protected frombeing struck by plant

STORAGE OF FLAMMABLESUBSTANCES Liquids, solids and gases in separate

stores Oxygen stored separately External stores away from buildings,

drains or excavations Internal stores constructed of fire-

resistant materials and ventilated Large stores should have 2 means of

escape Stores suitably signed Hot works prohibited near storage area Correctly rated electrical equipment Fire-fighting equipment

Stores regularly inspected

List the main hazards involved on construction sites ?

RRC Training

Machinery Hazards :

Contact with moving parts

Ejection of materials

Noise and vibration

Controls:

Guarding

Maintenance

Proper use

Competent users

PPE

Supervision

Vehicles Hazards:

Overturning of vehicles

Collision with pedestrians

Collision with structures

Controls:

Site layout

Routes for pedestrians/vehicles

Warning signs

Maintenance, proper use

Competent drivers

Movements supervised e.g.banksman for reversing


RRC Training

Dumper Trucks Collision with structures and

pedestrians Overturning on slopes and

edge of excavations Poorly maintained braking

systems Unauthorised use

Cement Mixers Entanglement with rotating

drum, internal blades Entrapment by belt drives Dry cement dust and wet

cement burns

Exposure to fuel vapours Noise and vibration Overturning

Forklift Trucks Collision with structures and

pedestrians Obscured visibility especially

when reversing

Noise and vibration

Overturning


RRC Training

Site Security Public taking short cuts

Public right of way

Thieves

Children Perimeter fence and signs

Secure gates

Security staff

Good lighting

CCTV cameras and/or sitealarm

Secure all portableequipment

Remove ladders fromscaffolds

Secure all chemicals

Secure all mobile plant

Cover or barrier offexcavations



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RRC Training

Electrical Hazards Contact with overhead

power lines

Contact with buriedservicesDon't forget, direct contactisn't necessary: electricitycan arc !

Overhead Power Lines Isolating the power supply Using SSW and permit

systems Sleeve low voltage powerlines

Using barriers, signageand goal-posts

Using banksmen Using non-conducting

equipment


RRC Training

Factors to check:

Health and Safety Policy

Risk assessment

Qualifications of staff

Membership of professionalassociations

Maintenance records

Previous clients

Accident history

Enforcement actions

Adequate resources

Selecting ContractorsMain Contractor: Controls all activities

Sets site rules Manages sub-contractors Approves method statements Agrees changes


RRC Training

Deterioration of materials Unprotected edges Unstable access equipment Weather Falling materials

crumbling brickwork, loosetiles

bad storage of materials onscaffolding

gaps in platform surfaces open, unprotected edges incorrect methods of getting

materialsto and from roof

Risk Factors

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidenceinvolving Construction hazards workplaces.

will depend upon: Nature and duration of task Competence Training Planning and supervision Suitability of equipment,

maintenance Working platforms PPE, e.g. harnesses and

helmets Fall arrest systems Weather Health of workers Compliance with reg ulations

Control measures

RRC Training

Risk Prevention Hierarchy:

Avoid work at height Prevent falls Minimise the distance and

consequences


Avoidance of Work at Height Modify the work process

E.g. work from ground level

Modifying a design E.g. change design of structure

so that steel is erected atground level and craned intoplace

May not be possible to achieveMinimise distance of fall by:

Providing fall arrestequipment E.g. harness andlanyard

Minimise consequences offall by:

Providing a soft landing E.g.

safety nets, air bags, etc.


Demolition includes: Total destruction Dismantling of structures

Hazards: Premature collapse

Work at height Plant, vehicles, machinery Live overheads Buried services Asbestos Dust Explosives Biological hazards Sharps Manual handling

Demolition Controls Choice of method to exclude

people Structural surveys Disconnection of services Removal and disposal of

hazardous materials Security for the site Camping down to minimise

dust

Construction ManagementPrincipal duty holders:

Client Designer/architect Main contractor Sub-contractor Co-ordinator (health and safety aspects)

List the main hazards involved on Demolition sites ?What controls can be put in place to mitigate the risks?

RRC Training

Guardrails:

Fully enclose theunprotected edge

Robust Securely fixed High enough No large gaps

Toe-boards

Toe-board fitted at edge Brick-guards

Prevention of Falling Materials


Providing a safe workingplatform e.g. scaffold withguardrails

Properly installed personnelequipment e.g. rope accessequipment


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RRC Training

Ladders - Short duration workHazards: Falls from height:

Falling off the ladder The ladder toppling sideways The ladder base slipping out

from the wall Objects falling from height Contact with live overheads

Controls Sited away from live overheads Solid, flat base Hands on stiles, never on rungs

Correct angle (1:4 rule 75 o) Top of the ladder against solid

support Ladder secured at the top, or: guy ropes attached or, ladder should be footed Top of the ladder should extend

above working platform Only one person on ladder at any

one time Nothing should be carried while

climbing Wooden ladders should not be

painted


RRC Training

Stepladders Intended for short duration,

light work Precautions:

Daily inspections beforeuse

Fully open Locking devices in place Firm, level ground Dont work off top 2

steps Avoid over reaching Avoid side-on working

Trestles and Staging PlatformsEnsure trestles are: Large enough to allow

passage ofequipment/materials Free from trip hazards and

gaps Fitted with toe boards and

handrails Kept clean and tidy Not overloaded Erected on firm, level

ground


RRC Training

Hazards of Excavations Collapse Striking buried services People falling in Objects falling in:

vehicles spoil adjacent structures

Flooding Hazardous substances

gases and vapours contaminated ground

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidenceinvolving workplace Excavation hazards .

Precautions:Preventing people from falling:

Barriers and toe boards Good lighting and signs

Crossing points Access ladders Ladders to extend 5 rungs above edge of

excavationPreventing material / vehicles from falling in: Spoil heaps away from excavation Barriers and signs Stop-barriers (especially for reversing

vehicles) Minimise vehicles close to unsupported

excavations Hard hats, steel toe caps

RRC Training

Preventing people from falling : Barriers and toeboards Good lighting and signs Crossing points Access ladders Ladders to extend 5

rungs above edge ofexcavation

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidenceinvolving workplace Excavation hazards .

Preventing material and vehicles fromfalling in: Spoil heaps away from

excavation Barriers and signs Stop-barriers (especially for

reversing vehicles) Minimise vehicles close to

unsupported excavations Hard hats, steel toe capsPrevent striking buried services

Plans of the area Detection equipment, e.g.

metal detectors cable detectors ground radar

Hand digging

Identification, supportwhere necessary Mechanical digging

Inspection by a competent person : Before every work shift

After any accidental fall of material After any event likely to affect

strength and stability

RRC Training

Precautions Prevention of Collapse

Shoring

Battering

Trench box RRC Training

Basic Components ofIndependent Tied Scaffolds

Standards Uprights or vertical tubes

Ledgers Horizontal tubes

Transoms Short horizontal tubes spanningacross ledgers

Bracing Diagonal tubes

Base plates Underneath the standards

Sole boards Timber under base plates

Work platform Fully boarded

Guardrails Enclosework platform

Toe-boards provide lip to platform


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RRC Training

Independent Tied Scaffold

RRC Training

Independent Tied Scaffold

Side view

Front view

RRC Training

Scaffold Ties

Through tie Scaffoldtubeextends intothe buildingthrough theopening

Reveal tie Scaffold tube iscoupled to areveal pinwedged tightlyacross an

opening RRC Training

Suggest reasons why a scaffold may collapse

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce theincidence of injury involving Scaffolds .

Overloaded workplatform

Soft ground Scaffold not tied in Insufficient bracing Standards not upright Standards bent or

damaged

High winds Incorrect couplers Scaffold struck by mobile

plant Scaffold erected by

incompetent workers Scaffold not inspected prior

to use

Key Scaffold Hazards Falls from scaffold during erection Falls from work platform Falling objects Collapse

RRC Training

Inspection Often a legal requirement to inspect

When first erected After substantial alterations

After incident affecting stabilitySuch as?

Periodically

Points to consider: Condition of tubes (especially standards) Tying and bracing Condition of the work platform Edge protection Ground conditions Safe access Safe working load

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce theincidence of injury involving Scaffolds .

RRC Training

Controls: Guardrails Not overloaded Wheels locked Firm, level ground People, materials off mobile tower when moved Avoid overheads Outriggers used No climbing outside of

tower Training

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce theincidence of injury involving Mobile Tower Scaffolds .

Hazards: Falls from the work

platform Objects falling Collapse of the structure

Overturn (toppling) Unintended movement of

the wheels Contact with live

overheads


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RRC Training

Hazards: Falls Objects falling

Collapse Overturn (toppling) Contact with live

overheads Unauthorised use

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce theincidence of injury involving Mobile Elevated Work Platforms.

Precautions: Firm, stable ground Clearance of obstructions

and overheads Barriers to exclude

vehicles, etc. Guardrails Controls inside the cradle Not driven with the cradle

raised Not be overl oaded Inspected Trained, authorised staff

RRC Training

Barrier fixed to existing structure

Temporary often constructed of scaffold Can be a permanent solution Must be robust enough to withstand person falling

against it

Edge Protection Systems

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce theincidence of injury involving Working at height.

Head Protection - Working at height: Mandatory wearing of hard hats Do not protect against all falling objects Additional control measure

RRC Training

Reasonably foreseeable events Simple:

e.g. putting up a ladder Mechanical access:

e.g. mobile elevating work platform (MEWP)

Trained operatives

Emergency Rescue

RRC Training

Training depends upon nature of work To include:

Awareness of hazards, e.g. fragilematerials

Additional training for some equipment Erecting/modifying scaffold Driving MEWPS

Training

RRC Training

NEBOSH International General Certificate inOccupational Safety and Health

Transport Hazards and Risk Control

Explain the main hazards and control measuresfor the safe movement of vehicles in theworkplace

Outline factors associated with the long distancetruck driver that increase the risk of an incidentand the control measures to reduce work-relateddriving risks

RRC Training

Manage driving like any other hazard

Policy

Responsibility Organisation Systems Monitoring

Managing Work-Related Driving Risk


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RRC Training

List some of the factors that will need to be consider when you need toconsider carrying out a risk assessment for work-related driving tasks

Risk Assessment1. Identify the hazards

journey

vehicle driver

2. Identify who may be harmed3. Evaluate the risks

Eliminate the need to travel Travel by a safer means If road travel, take sensible

precautions4. Record the findings5. Review

RRC Training

Main Hazards arise from: Loss of control due to mechanical or

environmental reasons Overturning laterally or longitudinally

Collisions with other vehicles Collisions with pedestrians and fixed objects Driver error may cause or compound each of

these hazards Driver fatigue Vehicle Maintenance

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce theincidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.

Factors that can cause loss of control: Driver error , e.g. driving too fast Environmental conditions, e.g. mud on the

road Mechanical failure, e.g. brakes fail skid collision overturn of the vehicle

RRC Training

Loadinge.g. manual and mechanical

Unloading

e.g. tipping operations, etc. Securing

e.g. to sheet a lorry Coupling

e.g. attaching trailers Maintenance work

e.g. working at height

Non-Movement Hazards

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce theincidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.

Eliminate the hazard Create a safe place Create a safe person

Risk Assessment:

identify the hazards identify the groups at risk evaluate the risk record and implement review

Control Strategies

RRC Training

Vehicle-free zones Pedestrian-free zones Traffic route layout Segregation Marked walkways Separate access points Good visibility High-visibility clothing Signage Maintained roads/pathways Avoid gradients

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence ofinjury involving Vehicle Operations in the workplace .

RRC Training

The vehicle Suitable for their intended use Suitable for the environment and

conditions Maintained in safe working order Only driven by suitably trained,

qualified staff Inspected routinely before use Fitted (if necessary) with: Seat for the driver (and any

passengers) Seat belt Roll bar or roll cage Guard to protect the driver in the

event of fallingobjects Horn Audible reversing alarm Beacon or flashing light

Describe the factors that minimise the risk of thelikelihood of being involved in a road traffic accident?

The driver should be: Competent to drive the vehicle Medically fit to drive Provided with specific

information, instructionand training

SupervisedPre-journey checks Tyre pressure Parking brakes and servicing Steering Fuel, oil and water systems leak

free Batteries and chargers Lifting and tilting

systems/hydraulics Audible warning, Lights,

Mirrors RRC Training

The Driv er

Competency Drivers license checked Experience and ability

Training Advanced or defensive driving

courses Vehicle safety, pre use

inspection

Fitness and health medical examination eyesight checks drugs pol icy

Drivers should be competent, trained and healthy to drive.

Suggest some workplace controls to reduce the risk of accidents.

The Vehicle

Suitability Minimum

requirements,standards

Insurance and MOT ifprivate vehicles used

Condition Maintained Pre-use inspections Defect reporting


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RRC Training

Routes Avoid hazards, e.g.

town centres Select low risk roads,

e.g. motorways Avoid roadworks

Scheduling Avoid peak times

Avoid fatigue times,e.g. 2-6 am, 2-4 pm

Flexible deadlines

When planning a journey what precautions could be taken toreduce the risk of accidents?

Time Realistic, e.g. route,

weather, breaks

Rest breaks Statutory requirements,

e.g. Lorry drivers (HGV) Distance

Use other transport Not excess ive

Weather conditions Reliable weather forecasts No driving/additional

safetyadvice in bad weather

RRC Training

Factors that can increase the risk of forklift collisions: Driving too fast Inadequate lighting Reversing without the help of a banksman Blind spots, such as corners and entrances Bad weather conditions (e.g. rain) Obstructed visibility (e.g. overloaded forklift truck) Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points Lack of vehicle maintenance Fit for duty incl. Lack of quality sleep

List some of the hazards and risks that will contribute to an incidentinvolving forklift collisions.

Collisions can occur between the vehicle and: Other vehicles Pedestrians Fixed objects

Entrance and exit points of particular concern: bottlenecking of vehicles blind spots change in lighting levels


Factors that can cause a FLT to overturn : Cornering whilst being driven too fast Uneven loading of the forks Driving over potholes Driving with the load elevated,

especially cornering Uneven tyre pressures Driving across a slope (rather than

straight up/down the fall line) Excessive braking Collisions, especially with kerbs

List some of the hazards and control measures that will contributetoward a forklift turnover incident.

RRC Training

FOCUS QUESTIONSMusculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-related upperlimb disorders (WRULDs) in a factory workplace and

Describe some of the appropriate control measures to minimise WURLDs.

Explain the hazards and control measures which should be considered whenassessing risks from manual handling activities

Explain the hazards, precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the use of

lifting and moving equipment manual

Explain the hazards and the precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the

use of lifting and moving equipment mechanical ..

RRC Training

What control measures could you suggest to reduce

the risk of ergonomic injuries on a factor y assembly

line ?

What factors relating to the task increase the risk of

musculo-skeletal injuries?

Identify the general controls and more specific

controls needed.

Focus Questions

RRC Training

Risks WURLDS handling small components

Eye strain temporary fatigue

Back Pain sitting or standing in a fixed position

Fatigue and stress due to infrequent rests and ademanding work schedule

Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-related upper limb disorders (WURLDs) in a factory workplace


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RRC Training

Identify some of the common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)injuries on a factory or manufacturing assembly line? (6)

Outline what control measures could you suggest to reduce the riskof MSD injuries? (6)

Explain what factors would need to be considered when carryingout a manual handling risk assessment. (8)Use the following headings: Task Individual Load Environment


Back injuriessittingor standing in a fixed position Back muscle strain Ligament damage Disc injury

Work-related Upper Limb Disorders(WRULDs)

handling small components Carpal tunnel syndrome Tenosynovitis

Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) Vibration white finger

Eye strain Temporary Permanent industrial blindness

Fatigue and stressdue to infrequent rests and ademandingwork schedule

Some of the common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) injuries on afactory assembly line?

Task Repetition Force Posture Twisting RestEnvironment Lighting Other environmental parametersEquipment Equipment design Equipment adjustabilityAdapt the workplace / task Adapt workplace to the worker Not the

worker to the workplace! Adapt the task - avoid or do it differently

review the tools / equipment used, theworkplace environment

RRC Training

Back injury Tendon and ligament injuries Muscle injuries Hernias WRULDs (Work-related-upper-limb-

disorders) Cuts, burns, dislocations and broken

bones

What common injuries occur due to inappropriatemanual handling?

RRC Training

Height and weight of the load Repetition of movement High work rate Distance Awkward position

Stooping Twisting

Rest breaks Vertical distance Liftingabove shoulder height Distance of load frombody

The task Weight Size and bulk Easy shape to lift? Stability Centre of gravity Grip points/handles? Is it hot, sharp, etc?

The load

Space restrictions Floor condition

slippery? uneven?

Changes in level Light levels Temperature Humidity

The Environment Unusual ability required? Significant risks to vulnerable people?

pregnant workers workers with back pain

The Individual


The Task: Rest breaks or job

rotation Eliminate stooping or

twisting

Table liftThe Load: Smaller loads Several workers Stabilise loads Mark centre of gravity Attach handles

Controls ModifyThe Environment: Rearrange workspace Level floors Additional lighting

The Individual: Match individual

capabilities to the activity

RRC Training

Factory Assembly Line- Specific Control measures

Automate

Re-layout the workstation

Seating

Comfortable shoes and floor mats

Short, frequent breaks or job rotation

Appropriate lighting

Ergonomically designed hand tools


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RRC Training

Eliminate Assess manual handling which remains

Use handling aids Modify the:

task load environment

Match individual capabilities to the activity

Minimising the Risks


Automation Mechanisation Conveyor systems Forklift trucks Pallet trucks Cranes Hoists

Elimination

RRC Training

Trolleys Barrel lifts Gin wheels Trucks Hoists and lifts

Handling Aids


Describe sa e manua an ing Tec niques w enlifting a heavy object.

Before lifting Check the load Plan the route of the carry Establish a firm grip

The lift Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift Keep the back upright Keep the load close to the body

Avoid twisting, over-reaching, jerking

Setting down Use the same principles as lifting

Maintain good balance

Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight


Manually Operated Load MovingEquipment

Caged Platform Truck

Two-wheeledPlatform Truck

Sack Truck

Pallet Truck RRC Training

Manually Operated HandlingEquipment

Includes trucks, trolleys and pallet trucksHazards: Manual handling risks Instability of the lo ad Moving up, down or across slopes Poor parking Other pedestrians may be struck Trapped feet


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RRC Training

Controls: Trained workers

only Follow

manufacturersrecommendations

Avoid unevenground and slopes

Use ramps oversteps

Safe working load Secure Load

Manually Operated Handlin gEquipment

Use the brakes (iffitted)

Care when moving orlowering the load

Safe parking andstorage

Routine inspectionand maintenance

Safety shoes or boots

RRC Training

Used for moving people

Can me manual or powered Can be mobile or fixed

Consider the environment e.g. difficult to push

on carpeting

Inspection needed

Patient Hoists

A ceiling mounted poweredhoist(Source:http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg225.htm)

RRC Training

Slidesheets Slide patient from trolley to be Avoids lifting the person

Wheelchairs Can be powered though most are pushed

Other Patient Handling Equipment

RRC Training

Suitable for the task and appropriatelyrated

Equipment stable and secure Visibly marked with SWL Lifting operations planned and carried

out by competent persons Equipment for lifting persons may

require additional inspections

General Requirements


Forklift Trucks

Pedestrian PalletStacker PedestrianCounterbalanced Truck

Four-directional Truck

Reach Truck Side Loading Truck

RRC Training

What accidents could occur with the useof a forklift truck?

Group Syndicate Exercise
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg225.htm)http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg225.htm)


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RRC Training

Overturn of the truck

Fall of the load Striking pedestrians Fall or entrapment of

persons riding on forks Fall from a loading dock

Forklift Truck Hazards

RRC Training

Trained operators only Routine visual inspections Routine maintenance Only lift people with correct working

platform Load secure and stable Dont exceed SWL Speed limits followed Travel with forks lowered Clear line of vision

General FLT Precautions


Risks: Explosion from hydrogen

gas whilst charging Corrosive acid Manual handling Arcing, shock, burns or

fire Environmental -battery

disposal Silent running Battery leads can

short

Battery-Powered Trucks

Precautions: Charge batteries:

in well-ventilated areas no ignition sources

Use PPE when handlingacid

Mechanise batteryhandling

Electrical safety insulated tools gloves


Risks: Dermatitis from the

diesel Slip hazards Environmental pollution

from large spills Toxic exhaust fumes Bulk storage of diesel

Diesel-Powered TrucksPrecautions: Use in well-ventilated

areas Spill kits Use gloves when

handling diesel


Risks: Explosion risk from

Liquid PetroleumGas (LPG)

Toxic exhaustfumes Manual handling Storage of LPG

cylinders or bulk

Liquid Petroleum Gas-Powered FLTs

Precautions: Use in well-

ventilated areas Mechanise LPG

cylinder handling Store spare

cylinders in a: secure safe well-ventilated

location

RRC Training

Hazards:

Falling objects Being struck by the load

Entanglement in moving parts Falls from height Being struck while riding on

the platform of the lift by: landing levels parts of any enclosure other projections

Lifts and Hoists


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RRC Training

Precautions: Suitable for its intended use Preventing people getting:

underneath the lift platform access to an unprotected landing edge struck by landing and obstructions when

being carried on the platform Maximum safe working load Safety devices, e.g. brakes working Competent operators Information, instruction and training Routine maintenance Routine inspection and thorough examination

Lifts and Hoists


Conveyors

Belt conveyor

Roller conveyor

Screw conveyor

RRC Training

In-running niphazard

Hazards: In-running nips Entanglement Contact with moving parts

Conveyors

Entang lement hazard RRC Training

Precautions: Warnings to alert prior to moving Guards on moving parts Emergency stops Guards beneath overhead conveyors to catch

falling objects Barriers to exclude people Information, instruction and training No loose clothing/long hair/ jewellery Inspection and maintenance

Defect reporting system

Conveyors


Cranes

Mobile Crane Tower Crane


What could go wrong with a crane and itsoperation?

Try to explain why.


Tower Crane Mobile Crane


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Hazards

The crane collapsing or toppling over

The arm (jib or boom) striking structures Falling load The load striking objects or people Contact with live overhead cables

Mobile Cranes


Factors causing instability:

Overloading Uneven or unstable ground Not using outriggers

correctly Use in high winds Extending the jib or boom

too far Structural failure

Mobile Cranes

RRC Training

Precautions: Use within the safe

lifting capacity Careful siting Maintenance and

examination Trained and

competent operators Lift to be planned

and supervised

Mobile Cranes

Banksman(signaller)

Safety devices Check weather Use outriggers

correctly Never lift the load

over a person PPE

RRC Training

Lifting Accessories

Lifting accessories need to be inspected

RRC Training

Thorough examination: Before it is used for the first time Periodically After an event that may have

affected its strength and stabilityFrequency of thorough examination: Every 12 months - where not used to carry

people Every 6 months - where used to carry people Every 6 months -lifting accessoriesBy a competent engineer

Statutory Examination of LiftingEquipment

RRC Training

1. What are the general precautionswhich should be taken when usingforklift trucks?

2. What are the specific risks associatedwith the use of an LPG poweredforklift truck?

3. What are the main hazards andprecautions associated with the use ofconveyors?

End of Section Quiz


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FOCUS QUESTIONS

Outline general principles for selection, use and

maintenance for work equipment

Explain the hazards and controls for hand-held tools

Describe the main mechanical and non-mechanical

hazards of machinery

Describe the main control measures for reducing risk

from machinery hazards


Types of Work Equipment

Hand held tools Hand heldpower tools

Single machines

Mobile workequipment

Machineassembl


Work equipment should be carefully selected toensure it is appropriate for the: Task Environment

Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992

Machine meets basic safety standards, e.g. BSEN Is CE marked

Suitability

RRC Training

Work Equipment use restricted totrained and competent operators Highly specialised equipment Range of hazards

Maintenance of work equipmentrestricted to trained and competentpersons

Restriction of Use

RRC Training

Workers low risk reading instructions high risk formal training, check effectiveness

Management of operators Maintenance staff

specific information, instructionand training

minimise risk understand maintenance requirements

Information, Instruction &Training

RRC Training

Maintenance Conditions Planned preventive maintenance (PPM)

e.g. oil change scheduled at regular intervals

Condition-based maintenance e.g. vehicle break pads following routine inspection

Breakdown maintenance emergency repairs

Maintenance, Inspection &Testing


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RRC Training

Guards and enclosures removed

Safety devices removed or disabled Power sources exposed Stored power released, e.g.

compressed spring Access awkward Manual handling heavy parts Additional hazards, e.g. power tools

Maintenance Risk

RRC Training

Safe system of work (see IGC Unit 1) to include: Competent staff Power sources isolated/locked off Stored power released or secured or:

cover live parts with insulating material use additional PPE

If dangerous moving parts are accessed: run at very slow speed fit purpose-made maintenance guards

Precautions for safe access Use manual handling aids

Maintenance Precautions

RRC Training

Some equipment must be inspected bylaw Lifting equipment Pressure systems

Carried out by competent inspector Often insurance company employee

Frequency determined in law

Statutory Inspections

RRC Training

Controls should be: Well designed, easy to use Suitably located Easily identifiable In good working order Compliant with relevant standards Emergency stops:

Buttons Pull cords

Equipment Controls

RRC Training

Equipment should be: stable controls appropriately marked

have appropriate warning signs Lighting should be:

adequate suitable (note "strobe" effect) environmentally suitable

Space should be adequate

Environmental Factors

RRC Training

Operators should: Only operate equipment authorised to use Follow instruction and training

Only use equipment for its intended purpose Carry out safety checks before use Not use equipment if it is unsafe Report defects immediately Not use equipment under the influence of

drugs or alcohol Keep equipment clean and in safe order

Operators


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RRC Training

1. Work equipment must be suitable

what should you consider whendeciding which equipment issuitable?

2. What is an emergency stop? Whereshould emergency stop controls belocated?

End of Section Quiz


Tool may shatter Handle may come loose Tool may be blunt requiring

excessive force Human error, e.g. hits thumb with

hammer Misuse, e.g. wrong tool for job

Hazards of Hand-Held Tools


Tools suitable for the task Information, instruction and training Visual inspection of tools Substandard tools maintained or

discarded Maintenance of tools Supervision of practices

Precautions

RRC Training

Higher risk because: Forces are greater, meaning - potential for severe

injury Hazards associated with power tools:

electricity fuel noise vibration dust ejection of materials trip hazards

Hand-Held Portable Power Tools

RRC Training

Careful selection task environment

Instructions manufacturer's instructions in-house rules

Training and information, competence Supervision Routinely inspected Regular maintenance

Controls for Safe Use of PowerTools

RRC Training

Tools used for intended purpose Guards and safety devices in place PPE used Power cables controlled Ejected parts controlled, e.g. secured work area Control of:

noise dust vibration petrol electrical equipment

Further Controls


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RRC Training

1. What hazards can arise from the use of a hammer?

2. Suggest controls to reduce the risk of injury when using

hammers.3. What hazards can arise from the use of a portable mains

powered drill?

4. Suggest controls to reduce the risk of injury when using

drills.

Focus Questions

RRC Training

Mechanical hazards

Contact with or being caughtup in moving parts

Non-Mechanical hazards From power source or things

being emitted by the machine

Mechanical and Non-MechanicalHazards

RRC Training

Crushing Shearing Cutting or severing Entanglement Drawing in or trapping Impact Stabbing or puncture Friction or abrasion High pressure fluid injection

Outline the mechanical hazards which are associatedwith machinery?


Outline the non-mechanical hazards which areassociated with machinery?

Focus question

Electricity

Noise

Vibration

Hazardous substances

Ionising radiation

Non-ionising radiation

Extreme temperatures

Ergonomics

Slips, trips and falls

Fire and explosion

RRC Training

Non-Mechanical ControlsMachinery Guards

Fixed guards

Completelyprevent access to dangerous parts ofmachinery,

limitations : Are fixed in place, require a tool forremoval

Adjustable/self-adjusting guards

Used when it is not possible to preventaccess to dangerous parts

Adjustable guard

Set manuallyto a range of positions bythe operator

Self-adjustingguard

Usually spring-loaded to adjust itself tothe work piece

Requires no adjustment by the operator

Limitations

Trip devices

Not a physical barrier

Use sensors to detect presence

of operator and stop themachine

Theyinclude:

pressure mats

trip bars

photo-electric devices

Limitations??

Interlocked guards

Guard open:

Power to the machine is disabled when theguard is open and it will not operate until theguard is in place

Guard closed:

The guard is locked shut until the machine hasreturned to asafe condition

The act of opening the guard stops thedangerous parts of the machinery anddisables power

Limitations:

Can bypass the systemPerson maygainaccess by closing the guard around themNeeds rule to be enforced

RRC Training

Designed to protect theoperator's hands

controls should be more than ahand span apart

must activate at the same time(within 0.5s of each other)

releasing controls must stop themachine immediately.

Limitations??

Two-Hand Controls

Designed to keep operatorshands away from danger

Include: Push-sticks Jigs Clamps

Protective Appliances

Emergency Stop Controls Should bring the machine to

a safe stop as quickly aspossible

Machine can only berestarted using the resetbutton

Release of the button shouldnot restart the machine

limitationsCharacterist ics of a Guard or Safety Device Suitable for intended purpose Adequate strength Meets relevant standards Compatible with machine

operation Not easy to defeat Maintained, not rough or

sharp Allow maintenance without

removal Doesnt increase overall risk


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Chose one of the specific machines andoutline: The hazards (mechanical and non-

mechanical) and Control measures



Office machinery: Photocopier

Document shredder

Manufacturingmachinery: Bench top grinder Pedestal drill

Agricultural machinery: Cylinder mower Strimmer Chainsaw

Specific Equipment

Retail machinery: Compactor

Checkout conveyorsystem

Constructionmachinery: Cement mixer Bench mounted

circular saw


ELECTRICAL SAFETY FOCUS QUESTIONS

Outline the principles, hazards and risks associated withthe use of electricity in the workplace.

Outline the control measures that should be taken whenworking with electrical systems or using electricalequipment in normal workplace conditions

RRC Training

Electric shock Heart fibrillation

Muscle Contraction

Burns

Arcing

Fire and explosion Secondary effects

The Hazards of Electricity

RRC Training

Electrical ShockCurrent (Ma) flowing

through the bodyEffect

0.5 -2 Threshold of sensation

2 -10 Tingling sensations Muscle tremor Pain

10 - 60 Muscle contractions Unableto release grip Unable to breathe

60 +

Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest Extreme muscular

contractions Burns RRC Training

Voltage the higher the voltage, the greater thecurrent

Duration the length of time that a person isexposed

Current path

the route that the electricity takesthrough the body

Frequency of the AC current

Resistance skin condition, clothing, etc.

Contact surface area the more skin that is incontact, the more severe the injury

Environmental factors metal surfaces, humidity,etc.

Severity of Shock Influenced By:


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RRC Training

Direct contact

Current flowing through the body

Entry and exit point and internal

Indirect contact

As result of arcing, fire or explosion followinan electrical accident

Electric Burns

RRC Training

Causes

Electrical equipment may be faulty andoverheat

The system may be overloaded

Equipment may be misused

A flammable atmosphere may be present

Electrical equipment may produce heat orsparks as part of its normal operation

Poor internal connections

Fire and Explosion

RRC Training

Build-up of potentialdifference (volts) betweensurfaces

Caused by friction

Surfaces become"charged"

Spark caused on contact

with earth

Static Electricity

RRC Training

Ability of electricity to jump across anair gap

Usually involves high voltage Main hazards

Electric shock Burns (direct, indirect) Damage to eyes from UV radiation emitted

Arcing

RRC Training

Physical injury caused by an electricalincident, such as:

Cuts Bruises Broken bones

Secondary Effects

RRC Training

Describe what type of incidents couldoccur when using portable electricalequipment?

Focus Question


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RRC Training

Accidents with Portable Electrical Equipment can bedue to: Using unsuitable equipment Using in damp conditions Misuse Physical abuse such as driving

over cables Repairs carried out improperly Continued use of faulty, defective equipment Chemical/ abrasion damage to the flex Lack of inspection testing or maintenance

Describe what type of incidents could occur whenusing portable electrical equipment?

RRC Training

Insulated to prevent contact with liveconductor: Cable coverings unbroken Equipment casing intact

Inspect to ensure protection is in place Ensure electrical panels are locked

Protection of Conductors

RRC Training

Outline what factors you think should beconsidered when selecting suitable electricalequipment for use on a construction site?

Focus question

RRC Training

Factors to be considered include: Suitability for task Capabilities not exceeded

(manufacturers guidelines) Foreseeable types of damage Environmental conditions

Weather, natural hazards, temperature, dirtand contamination, corrosive chemicals, wetconditions, flammable liquids and vapours

Outline what factors you think should be considered when selectingsuitable electrical equipment for use on a construction site?

RRC Training

Fuses Earthing Isolation of supply

Reduced and low voltage systems Residual Current Devices (RCDs) Double insulation

Outline what Protective Systems you think should be considered whenselecting suitable electrical equipment for use in the workplace.

RRC Training

Designed to protect the equipment not the people!

Form a weak link in a circuit

Designed to overheat and melt if the current exceeds thefuse rating

Rating should be above operating current required byequipment but less than the current rating of the cable inthe circuit

Fuses


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RRC Training

Protects equipment notpeople

Electro-mechanical devicewhich does the same thingas a fuse

Rating should be aboveoperating current requiredby the equipment but lessthan the current rating ofthe cable in the circuit

Tamperproof

Circuit Breaker

RRC Training

Outer metal casing

connected to earth bywire

Provides fault currentwith a low resistancepath to earth

Electric shock should beminor

Will usually blow the fuse

Earthing

RRC Training

Deprives the circuit ofpower

Ensures that it cannot bere-energised by applyingsome form of lock

Should be clearly labelled

Circuit should be tested

Often referred to as Lock-off/ Tag-out

Isolation and Lock-Off

RRC Training

For hand tools, the 110 volt centre-tapped(CTE) system is recommended

System relies on the mid-point of thereduced voltage transformer beingearthed

Maximum shock voltage is 55 volts, butfull 110 volt supply powers the equipment

Systems reduced to 25 volts are oftenused for lighting on construction sites

Low Voltages

RRC Training

Designed to protect people! Interrupt supply in event of a small leak

of current to earth Very sensitive: 30 mA Very fast: 30 ms Compare current in live and neutral Should be regularly tested

Residual Current Devices

RRC Training

Live parts cannot be touched

2 layers of insulation

Either layer sufficient to provideprotection

Eliminates need for earth protection

Double Insulation


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RRC Training

Knowledge

Of electricity and electrical work Ability

Understanding of the system, hazards andprecautions

Understanding of when it is safe/unsafe

Training Experience

Experience of electrical work

Competent Persons

RRC Training

Work dead whenever possible

Work on or near live electricalequipment only under exceptional circumstances and if controlled tightly

Safe Systems of Work

RRC Training

Before working on a machine check thefollowing:

Isolation and lock-off Warning signs Prove test equipment Prove dead Prove test equipment again

Working On a Dead System

RRC Training

May be controlled by national laws

Safe system of work to include: Permit-to-work Competent person Insulating PPE

Boots, gauntlets

Insulated tools

Designated work areas

Working On a Live System

RRC Training

May be struck during excavations Can result in:

Arcing, shock, burns, fire

Precautions Check plans Detection equipment Expose by hand digging Identify and label

Buried Cables

RRC Training

Usually uninsulated Protect by:

Isolation Safe systems of

work/permit-to-work Barriers, signs, goal-posts Banksmen Non-conducting

equipment

Overhead Power Lines


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RRC Training

What action should be taken on finding

a person suspected to have suffered anelectric shock?

Group Syndicate Activity

RRC Training

Dont touch the casualty Call for help Isolate from the power supply Call for ambulance Check for breathing

Recovery position if breathing Start CPR if not breathing

Treat burns Treat for physical shock Ensure medical help is obtained

Emergency Action

RRC Training

Applies to:

Fixed wiring systems

Portable electrical appliances

User checks

Formal visual inspection

Combined inspection and testing

Inspection and Maintenance

RRC Training

Damage to cable sheath

Damage to plug

Flex fully insulated no kinks/splits

Inadequate joints

Unsecured sheath

Wet or contaminated

Damage to casing of equipment

Burns/scorch marks

User Checks

RRC Training

User checks plus :

Remove plug cover andcheck fuse

Check cord grip

Check terminals are secureand no signs of internaldamage

Done by competent person

Formal Visual Inspection

RRC Training

Often known as PAT testing Visual inspection may fail to detect:

Loss of earth integrity Deterioration of insulation

Inspection and test is justified: When suspect equipment is defective After repair/modification At appropriate intervals

Combined Inspection and Test


28/60

RRC Training

Frequency is determined by: Legal standards and codes of practice

Type of equipment Manufacturers recommendations Initial integrity/soundness of the equipment Age of the equipment Working environment Frequency and duration of use Foreseeable abuse of the equipment Effects of any modifications or repairs Analysis of previous maintenance records

How Often Should You Test?

RRC Training

What are the advantages and limitations

of Portable Appliance Testing?

Group Question

RRC Training

Advantages:

Demonstrates legal compliance

Detects faults not visible to the eye Allows early removal/repair of unsafe

equipment

Identifies trends or patterns of faults

Advantages and Limitations ofPortable Appliance Testing

RRC Training

Limitations:

Provides proof of safety at one moment intime only

Does not ensure safe use or preventmisuse

Items may be missed and then remainuntested

Can't be applied to all equipment (e.g.computers)

Advantages and Limitations ofPortable Appliance Testing

RRC Training

1. What are the advantages andlimitations of fuses?

2. What do we mean by the termisolation?

3. Live working is only permitted undercertain circumstances what arethese? What controls are needed?

4. What things should be checked duringroutine, visual, user inspections?

End of Section Quiz

RRC Training

1. Ou tl ine what steps could be taken to control the presence

of flammable materials in the workplace?

2. Describe what controls should be implemented when

carrying out hot work?

3. Iden tif y what controls might be implemented within a

building to control the spread of fire and smoke?

4. List who might require special consideration in a fire risk

assessment?

FOCUS QUESTIONSFIRE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT


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FIRE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Describe the principles of fire initiation, classification and spread

Outline the principles of fire risk assessment

Describe the basic principles of fire prevention and the prevention

of fire spread in buildings

Identify the appropriate fire alarm system and fire-fighting

equipment for a simple workplace

Outline the factors which should be considered when

implementing a successful evacuation of a workplace in the event

of a fire


Definition : Fire is a rapid chemical process inwhich oxygen combines with anothersubstance in the presence of a source of heat

This reaction is called combustion

During this reaction heat , flames and smokeare produced

What is Fire?

Class A - solid materials

Class B - liquids and liquefiablesolids

Class C - gases

Class D - metals

Class F - high temperature fat

Classification of Fires

RRC Training

Electrical equipment Deliberate ignition (arson) Hot work Smoking

Cooking appliances

Heating appliances Unsafe use & storage of

flammable liquids and gases

Mechanical heat Chemical reactions

Causes of Fires Direct burning Convection inside outside

Conduction

Radiation

Methods of Fire Spread

People killed and injured Damage to buildings and

contents including smokedamage

Environmental damage, e.g.water run off

Consequences of Fires

RRC Training

Identify the fire hazards

Identify the people who might beharmed

Identify and implement the fireprecautions that are required

Record findings, plan and train

Review and revise as necessary

Identify the key steps in conducting a Fire RiskAssessment

RRC Training

Identify Fire Hazards

Fuel sources Heat/ignition sources Oxygen sources

RRC Training

Walk around an area of the building, asdirected by your tutor, and identify sourcesof: Fuel

Ignition Oxygen

(consider all sources even if well controlled)

Inspection


30/60

RRC Training

Fuels

paperpackaging materialsfurniturehighly flammable liquids and gases

Ignit ion sources hot workelectrical equipmentportable heaters

Oxygen sources oxygen cylindersoxidising substances

Identify the Fire Hazards

RRC Training

Indentify Who May BeHarmed

Suggest who should be considered in

the fire risk assessment for a sportscentre

What group of people may need specialconsideration in the risk assessment?

RRC Training

People who are on the premises: Workers Visitors/contractors/public People in isolated locations

Special consideration tovulnerable groups Disabled/mobility impaired

Children/young persons Visually or hearing impaired

Indentify Who May BeHarmed

RRC Training

Identify and ImplementPrecautions

Fire prevention Prevention of the spread of smoke and

flames Fire detection and alarm Fire-fighting equipment Means of escape Signs and notices

Lighting

RRC Training

Record Findings, Planand Train

Record the significant findings Develop emergency plans Provide information and instruction Train workers

RRC Training

Review

Review and Revise As necessary

Significant changes Fire emergency

Periodically To keep assessment up to date


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RRC Training

Fire safety applies to all workplaces

Fire risk assessment also needed fortemporary workplaces

E.g. construction sites

Changes to workplace may requirereview of fire risk assessment E.g. extensions, changing internal layout May also need approval from fire

authority

Temporary Workplaces


Fire Prevention

Control flammable substances: Solids, liquids, gases

Control ignition sources: Systems of work, smoking, arson

Systems of work: Hot processes Machinery Electrical equipment

Good Housekeeping: General tidiness Waste control and disposal

RRC Training

Eliminate use altogether

Substitute for lower risk

Minimise quantities

Stock control, housekeeping, waste management

Safe use and storage in protected, dedicatedbuildings

Control Flammable Materials

RRC Training

Should be stored outside Storage area should be separate

Area should be secure, locked gate Warning signs

Ignition sources eliminated Bottles chained upright

Separate from other buildings

Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas

RRC Training

Empty bottles stored separately fromfull ones

Oxygen bottles should not be storedwith LPG

Use minimum bottles required atworkplace

Return to store immediately after use

Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas

RRC Training

Electrical equipment

Hot work

Smoking Cooking activities

Mechanical heat

Arson

Control Ignition Sources


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RRC Training

Typical hot work precautions:

Flammable materials removed from thearea

Cover items that can't be removed

Sweep the floor

Damp down wooden floors

Provide fire extinguishers

Fire-watcher present in the area

Check area after work has finished

Systems of Work

RRC Training

Remove waste regularly

Keep area tidy and returnflammable materials to thecorrect storage area

Fuel and ignition sourcesseparated

Maintain clear escape routes

Housekeeping

RRC Training

Flammable liquids: Flash point 21 oC -55 oC Easily ignited with a heat source, e.g. a match Maximum storage in work area:


33/60

RRC Training

Able to withstand fire for a set time

Fitted with self-closing devices Fitted with intumescent strip Fitted with a cold smoke seal Have vision panels of fire-resistant glass Clearly labelled

Fire Doors

RRC Training

Common Building Materials Concrete Usually performs well in a fire

Steel Severely affected by high

temperatures Brick Usually very resistant

Timber Thin timber will burn quite quickly;thicktimber will survive for longer

Surface treatment can affect fire performance,e.g. Encasing steel in concrete Intumescent paint Insulation Wall coverings

RRC Training

Concrete usually fire resistant

Steel severely affected by high

temperatures

Brick very resistant to fire

Timber thin timbers burn, thick joists char

Common Building Materials

RRC Training

Steel: Encased in concrete

Coated with intumescent (fire resistant)foam or paint

Insulation: Must be fire retardant

Wall coverings can be flammable

Protecting Building Materials

RRC Training

Doors close major openings Other penetrations through

compartments Pipe penetrations

Gaps above ceilings

Air handling ducts

Lift shafts

Must be fire-stopped or blocked

Protection of Openings and Voids

RRC Training

Flammable gas/vapour/dust mixedwith air can be explosive

Electrical equipment can ignite themixture

National legislation controls use ofelectrical equipment Atex is EU legislation

Electrical Equipment for Use inFlammable Atmospheres:


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RRC Training

Electrical Equipment for Use inFlammable Atmospheres:

Gases,VapoursMists

Dust

Explosive atmospherepresent for long periods

Zone 0 Zone 20

Explosive atmospherelikely to occuroccasionally

Zone 1 Zone 21

Explosive atmospherenot likely to occur

Zone 3 Zone 23

RRC Training

1. What steps could be taken to control

the presence of flammable materialsin the workplace?2. What controls should be implemented

when carrying out hot work?3. What controls might be implemented

within a building to control the spreadof fire and smoke?

End of Section Quiz

RRC Training

The sophistication will depend on thecomplexity of workplace

Simplest system someone shouts "Fire!"

Simple with more noise hand bell, whistle or air horn

Manually-operated fire alarm manual call points

Automatic fire detection and alarm automatic detectors, manual call points, linked to

sounders/lights

Fire Detection and Alarm Systems

RRC Training

Smoke detectors Detect small smoke particles

Two main types: ionising and optical

Can give rise to false alarms

Heat detectors Detect excess heat generated by a fire

Usually less sensitive and give later warning

Two main types: rate of rise and fixed temperature

May not detect fires that are giving off smoke but not

much heat

Fire Detection

RRC Training

Portable Fire Extinguishers

Extinguisher Class of Fire

Water A

Carbon dioxide A and B

Foam A and B

Dry powder All

RRC Training

MUST use the correct extinguisher onthe fire Water can boil, causing burning liquids to

explode in a fireball Water conducts electricity so NEVERuse

on electrical fires Powder is effective but

may destroy electricalequipment

Limitation of Extinguishers


35/60

RRC Training

Fire blankets

physically smothers fires, e.g. fat fires in kitchens Hose reels used in large buildings for fire teams

Sprinkler systems sited in buildings and warehouses automatically dowses the fire

Other Fire-Fighting Equipment

RRC Training

On fire exit routes

Close to exit doors

Close to specific hazards

Clearly visible and signed

Unobstructed access

Siting of Extinguishers

RRC Training

Inspection Regular and frequent

Ensure they're in place In good working order

Maintenance Usually once a year

Certificated engineer

Inspection, testing, dismantling

Records kept in Fire Log (subject to local regulations)

Maintenance of Extinguishers

RRC Training

Theory training

Types of extinguisher

Hands-on experience

Records kept in line with local regulations

Training

RRC Training

Under your tutors direction, take atour of an area of the building you arein

Note: Fire compartmentation, e.g. stairwells,

fire doors, etc. Travel distances Fire detection and alarms

Fire extinguishers, etc.

Emergency lighting, signage


RRC Training

1. What are the different ways ofdetecting fire and sounding the alarm?

2. Name the different types of fireextinguisher and the class of fire theycan be used on.

End of Section Quiz


36/60

RRC Training

Should include:

Who is on premises

Action to be taken on discoveringfire

Means of escape

(shown on building plans)

Fire fighting equipment

Action to be taken after evacuation

Training

Fire Plan

RRC Training

Available to every person in the workplace No use of lifts Must take staff to a place of safety Two or more separate routes may be required Travel distance should be short Adequate width Clearly signed Appropriately lit Emergency lighting No obstructions

Means of Escape

RRC Training

Depends upon:

Number of people occupying a room Fire risk:

e.g. low risk, low number - 1 exit up to 45mdistance

e.g. high risk, high number - several exits lessthan 25m distance

Final exit - place of total safety Storey exit - protected stairway

Separate fire compartment - to a final exit

Travel Distances

RRC Training

Stairs, Corridors and Doors

Stairs and corridors: Fire-resistant protection Adequate width Unobstructed No storage of materials or equipment Consider wheelchair users

Doors: Easy to open Adequate width Open in direction of travel

Not locked

RRC Training

At night or where there is nonatural light

To indicate escape routes

To indicate call points and firefighting equipment

Regular maintenance

Routine inspection/testing

Emergency Lighting

RRC Training

Easy to understand

Clearly visible

Sited correctly Meet local regulations/standards

Fire Exit and Direction Signs


37/60

RRC Training

Safe distance from building

Safe location Further escape possible if

needed

Must not impede fire-fighters

Clearly signed

'Refuges' for disabled workers

Assembly Points

RRC Training

Emphasis is on personal safety:

Sound the alarm Get out of the building

Stay out of the building!

More complex procedures needed forsome workplaces, e.g. hospitals

Evacuation Procedures

RRC Training

Check if alarm is "real"

Check all areas are evacuated

Assist disabled workers

Ensure fire escape routes are kept clear

Ensure windows and doors are closed

Conduct roll call at assembly point

Fire Marshals

RRC Training

Training

Records kept

Fire drills: Usually once a year Records kept

Roll calls Ensure all persons accounted for

May not be practical, e.g. supermarkets

Evacuation of the Workplace

RRC Training

Training for staff Who use portable extinguishers

Fire Marshalls

Assist disabled people Members of the fire team

Information: Fire safety procedures

employees contractors visitors and the public

Training and Information

RRC Training

Staff with disabilities may needpersonal evacuation plans Assist with travel downstairs

Alert those with hearing impairment

May need to consider temporarydisabilities, e.g. use of crutches

Consider also evacuation ofyoung/elderly

Provision for Infirm and Disabled


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RRC Training

1. What general principles should be

applied when establishing means ofescape?2. What is the purpose of emergency

lighting?3. What might fire marshals do in the

event of an evacuation?

End of Section Quiz

RRC Training

The physical form greatly affects the

hazard presented and the route ofentry into the body Dust

Fume Gas

Mist Vapour

Liquids

Chemicals in the work place

RRC Training

Fungie.g. Farmers lung

Bacteriae.g. legionnaires disease, leptospirosis

Virusese.g. HIV, Hepatitis B

Prions E.g. CJD

Biological Agents

RRC Training

Classification of ChemicalsHazardous to Health

Physico-chemical e.g. highly flammable, explosive, oxidising

Toxicological e.g. toxic, carcinogenic

Environmental e.g. harmful to aquatic life

RRC TrainingCorrosive

Classification of ChemicalsHazardous to Health

Carcinogenic

Harmful (Xn)

Irritant (Xi)

Toxic

Respiratory Sensitiser

RRC Training

Toxic Small doses cause death or serious illness

Harmful Larger doses cause death or serious illness

Corrosive Destroys living tissue

Irritant Inflames skin or mucous membranes

Chemical Classifications


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RRC Training

Carcinogens Cause cancer

Respiratory sensitisers Cause asthma, e.g. flour dust, isocyanates

Skin sensitisers Cause allergic dermatitis, e.g. eopxy resin

Mutagens Causes hereditary genetic mutation

Toxic for reproduction Causes sterility or is harmful to unborn child

Chemical Classifications

RRC Training

1. What are the different physical forms

of chemicals?2. What are the different types of

biological agent?3. What does toxic mean in relation to

chemicals?4. What is a corrosive chemical?

End of Section Quiz

RRC Training

List how can a chemical or biologicalorganism enter the body?

Which is the most harmful risk route ofentry and why?

FOCUS QUESTIONS

RRC Training

Inhalation inhalable dust respirable dust (


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RRC Training

Hazardous nature of substance Potential ill-health effec ts Physical forms Routes of entry Quantity Concentration Number of people Frequency of exposure Duration of exposure Existing control measures

Factors to Consider When AssessingHealth Risk

RRC Training

Product Labels

Name of substance Hazardous components Risk phrases indicating danger Precautions Details of supplier Manufacturers data sheets

Sources of Information

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Manufacturers Safety Data Sheets:

Outline the type of information youwould expect to see on a safety datasheet for a domestic weedkiller in orderto assess the risks.



1. Details of substance andsupplier

2. Composition ofsubstance

3. Hazard identification4. First-aid measures5. Fire-fighting measures6. Accidental release

measures7. Handling and storage8. Exposure controls/PPE

Safety Data Sheet Contents

9. Physical/Chemicalproperties

10.Stability and reactivity11.Toxicological information12.Ecological information13.Disposal requirements14.Transport information15.Regulatory information16. Other information

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The maximum concentration of an airbornesubstance, averaged over a reference period,to which employees can be exposed byinhalation

Legal limits differ around the world UK has WELs, US has TLVs, EU has OELs

Occupational Exposure LimitDocuments

Substance Formula CASNumber

LTEL (8-Hour TWAReference Period)

STEL (15-MinuteReference Period)

ppm mg/m 3 ppm mg/m 3

CarbonMonoxide

CO 630-08-0 30 35 200 232

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Information sources provide generalinformation only

Dont consider the specific conditionsof use

Individual susceptibility Mixed exposures Based on current knowledge

Limitations of Information


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When:

Failure or deterioration ofthe controls can result inserious health effects

To ensure a WEL is notexceeded

To check effectiveness ofcontrol measures

After any change occurswhich could effect control

Hazardous Substance Monitoring

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Advantages

Used for longer term monitoring Can be very accurate

Disadvantages Expensive

Provides average of results

Tampered with

Continuous Monitoring Devices


Stain Tube Detection

Final concentration =50 parts per million (ppm)


No pumping mechanism Long-term sampling Gases and vapours Sample diffused on to

absorbent surface Laboratory analysis Highly accurate Can be used for personal

monitoring of TWA

Passive Samplers

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Simple devices Generate inert smoke Visualise air currents Assess effectiveness of extraction

systems

Smoke Tubes/Sticks


Worn by worker whilst working Indicates personal exposure Pre-weighed filter Pumped air Filter re-weighed Gives average value over time

Dust Monitoring Equipment


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Strong beam of light Highlights fine particles of dust Used to determine efficiency of

exhaust ventilation

Dust Lamp (Tyndall Lamp)

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Accuracy of results

Variations in personal exposure Absence of a standard Other exposure routes

Limitations of Monitoring

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1. What are the four main routes ofentry chemicals can take into thebody?

2. How is the respiratory systemdefended?

3. Name 3 different types of monitoringequipment

End of Section Quiz

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The maximum concentration of an airbornesubstance averaged over a reference period, towhich employees may be exposed byinhalation. Legal status in national law

Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs)

Time period Combat ill-health effects of:

Short term exposurelimits (STEL)

15 minutes Acute effects

Very high exposure for a shorttime

Long term exposurelimits (LTEL)

8 hours Chronic effects Lower exposure over longer

period

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Being below a limit does notprove it is safe: Only concerned with inhalation No account of individual

sensitivity or susceptibility Many developed on male

physiology No account of synergistic or

combined effects Invalid if normal environmental

conditions change

Limitations of Exposure Limits

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Organisation may not realisethat controls are no longereffective and limits are notadhered to

Monitoring equipment maybecome inaccurate

Some limits are onlyguidelines

Non-inhalation effects, e.g.Dermatitis, arent considered

Limitations of Exposure Limits


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UK Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs) Published by HSE, full legal status

USA Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) Published by American Conference of

Government Industrial Hygienists Guidelines, no legal status

No global standard as yet EU Indicative limit values

International Variations

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1. What are WELs?

2. What is the difference between: An 8hr TWA A 15 minute STEL

End of Section Quiz

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Prevention of exposure is the best If not possible to prevent exposure,

adequately control it Ensure WELs are not exceeded

Prevention of Exposure

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1. Minimise emission, release and spread ofhazardous substances

2. Choose effective and reliable controls3. Use control measures proportionate to the risk4. Use PPE where control cannot be achieved by

other means5. Implement personal hygiene and protection

regimes6. Carry out health and medical surveillance7. Check control measures regularly8. Additional controls for carcinogens, asthmagens

or mutagens

The Principles of Good Practice

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A gardener is spraying a weed killer in adomestic garden in windy conditions.

The gardener has no means of washing his

hands, etc. and the house owners havechildren and a dog. The weed killer is an organophosphate,labelled toxic.Using the hierarchy of control,discuss how the risk may bereduced.


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Elimination or substitution Process change Reduce exposure times Enclosure or segregation Local Exhaust Ventilation PPE Personal hygiene and protection Health Surveillance/monitoring

Common Methods of Control


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Elimination and Substitution

eliminate process,

e.g. outsource paintingchange work,

e.g. screw rather than glue

dispose of unwanted stocksubstitute hazardous for non-

hazardous, e.g. irritant to non-hazardous floor

cleaner, or corrosive to irritant

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Do the job differently

E.g. applying solvent by brush rather thanspraying

Vacuuming rather than sweeping to keepdust levels down

Change the Process

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Job rotation Exclude non-essential personnel Link to WELs

Reduce Exposure Times

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Enclosure Totally enclose the substance

Prevent access to it

Segregation Keep people away

Designated areas

Enclosure or Segregation

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Local Exhaust Ventilation

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Discuss the reasons that the effectivenessof LEV may be reduced



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Poorly positioned intake hoods Damaged ducts Excessive amounts of

contamination Ineffective fan Blocked filters Build up of contaminant in the

ducts Sharp bends in ducts Unauthorised additions to the

system

The Effectiveness of LEV

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Routine visual inspection

Integrity checks, e.g. filters, contaminantbuild up, etc.

Planned preventative maintenance e.g. replacing filters, lubricating fan

bearings, etc.

Periodic testing Ensure air velocities are adequate

Inspection of LEV Systems

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Diluting the contaminant Changes the air Passive dilution - vents Active dilution - powered fans Used where:

WEL is high formation of gas or vapour is slow operators are not close to contamination

Important to know whether contaminant islighter or heavier than air

Dilution Ventilation

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Not suitable for highly toxic substances Compromised by sudden release of large quantities

of contaminant Do not work well

for dust where the contaminant is released at a point of source

Dead areas may exist

Limitations of Dilution Ventilation

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Two types: Respirators

filter contaminated air

Breathing apparatus (BA) oxygen depleted atmospheres provide clean source of air

Respiratory Protective Equipment(RPE)

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Filter Face-piece Respirators

Use and benefits LimitationsCheap Low level of protectionEasy to use Seal not effectiveDisposable Uncomfortable


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Half Mask or Ori-nasal Respirator

Use and benefits LimitationsGood level of filtration Nobuilt in eye protectionGood fit Negative pressure inside

face-pieceEasy to use Uncomfortable

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Powered Respirator

Use and benefits Limitations

Intermediate level of filtration Heavy to wearAir movement cools wearer No tight face sealAir stream prevents inwardleak Limited battery life

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Air demanded by user or Pumped

Fresh Air Hose BA


Air from outside theworkroom

Hose must be tethered

Supply not time restricted Bends or kinks make breathingdifficultUser restricted by limited hose length

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Air under pressure

Compressed Air BA


Supply of air is not time-restricted Hose can be long, butnot endless

Positive pressure inside face-piece

Wearer not burdened with cylinder

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Pressurised cylinder

Self-contained BA

Use and benefits LimitationsComplete freedom ofmovement

Supply is time-restricted

Positive pressure inside face-piece

Equipment bulkyand heavy

More technical training required

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Selection of RPE

What factors do you think should betaken into account when selecting RPEfor use by workers?

Group Discussion Point


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Factors to consider: Concentration of the contaminant and

its hazards Physical form of the substance Level of protection offered by the RPE Presence or absence of oxygen Duration of time that it must be worn Compatibility with other items of PPE Shape of the users face Facial hair Physical requirements of the job Physical fitness of the wearer

The Suitability of RPE

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Users should understand:

How to fit the RPE How to test it to ensure that it is

working effectively The limitations of the item Any cleaning requirements Any maintenance requirements (e.g.

how to change filter)

RPE Information, Instruction andTraining

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Hand protection gloves, gauntlets chemicals, biological agents, infection

through cuts

Eye protection spectacles, goggles,

visors

Body protection overalls, aprons, whole body

protection

Other PPE

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Hand-washing routines Careful removal and disposal of PPE to

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