生物多樣性資料與出版品公眾授權的議題與挑戰

邵廣昭 邵廣昭 (K-T Shao) (K-T Shao) 林朝欽 林朝欽 (C-C Lin)(C-C Lin)

中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心行政院農委會林業試驗所行政院農委會林業試驗所

20090327-- AS 資訊所 (25mins)

Issues and Challenges in Public Licensing of Issues and Challenges in Public Licensing of Biodiversity Data and PublicationsBiodiversity Data and Publications

Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia SinicaTaiwan Forest Research Institute, Council of

Agriculture

保育需要公開且足夠的資訊 (vs.智財權 )Conservation needs open and sufficient information (vs. IPR)Conservation needs open and sufficient information (vs. IPR)

►生物多樣性資料的整合與公開是達成生物多樣性公生物多樣性資料的整合與公開是達成生物多樣性公約要求完成之重要工作，唯有足夠及分享的資訊，約要求完成之重要工作，唯有足夠及分享的資訊，才能達成生物多樣性保育及資源永續利用的目標。才能達成生物多樣性保育及資源永續利用的目標。

► In order to meet the tasks stipulated by the In order to meet the tasks stipulated by the

Convention on Biological Diversity, it is Convention on Biological Diversity, it is essential that biodiversity data be essential that biodiversity data be integrated and accessible; only through integrated and accessible; only through sufficient and shared information can the sufficient and shared information can the objectives of biodiversity conservation and objectives of biodiversity conservation and resource sustainability be achieved. resource sustainability be achieved.

國際自然保育聯盟 國際自然保育聯盟 ---- 保育之創用保育之創用IUCNIUCN－－ Conservation CommonsConservation Commons

► 理念理念 (purpose)(purpose)：公開並公平的使用保育及生物多樣性：公開並公平的使用保育及生物多樣性之相關資料與數據之相關資料與數據 (1995(1995由一些組織倡議，由一些組織倡議， 20042004年由年由IUCNIUCN正式推動正式推動 ))

Free and open access & equally use the conservation Free and open access & equally use the conservation and biodiversity data, information and knowledge and biodiversity data, information and knowledge (initiated in 1995 by several organizations and formally (initiated in 1995 by several organizations and formally promoted by IUCN in 2004)promoted by IUCN in 2004)

► http://www.conservationcommons.org/

正式簽署成員包括正式簽署成員包括

►超過超過 9393個非政府組織、政府單位、博物館、學術個非政府組織、政府單位、博物館、學術單位單位和和 100100個以上的個人個以上的個人 ((團体代表團体代表 ))正式連署正式連署More than 93 NGO, GO, museums and academic More than 93 NGO, GO, museums and academic

institutionsinstitutions and 100+ individuals formally endorsedand 100+ individuals formally endorsed

►在其在其 SteeringSteering委員會中，包括的工作會員委員會中，包括的工作會員 (Staff (Staff member)member)單位有單位有

IUCN, NASA, National Geographic Society,IUCN, NASA, National Geographic Society,

BirdLife International, Nature Serve, ConservationBirdLife International, Nature Serve, Conservation

International, CRIA-Brazil, The NaturalInternational, CRIA-Brazil, The Natural

Conservancy, GBIF, UNEP WCMC Conservancy, GBIF, UNEP WCMC

Participants who signed the MoU

IUCN－Members of “Conservation Commons”

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that is working to make the world's biodiversity data accessible via internet.

Sharing primary scientific biodiversity data to benefit society, science and a sustainable future.

GBIF's members include countries and international organisations(82 members), 282 Data Providers, 170 M records.

全球生物多樣性資訊機構 GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY INFORMATION FACILITY

GBIF， http://www.gbif.org/

All GBIF data by one-degree cellAll GBIF data by one-degree cell (darker colours representing more records) (darker colours representing more records)

1.7億筆博物館標本及其分布之資料170 M georeferenced records mapped to a 1 X 1 degree grid

GBIF’s National NodesGBIF’s National Nodes

GBIF 之國家節點或入口網站 ( GBIF’s National Nodes or Portals)

82 members -- 47 countries, 35 organizations plus CBD Secretariat. Each country has its’ own NODE.

Integrate Taiwan Biodiversity National Information Network with global Integrate Taiwan Biodiversity National Information Network with global databases databases (TaiBIF/TELDAP (TaiBIF/TELDAP GBIF) GBIF)

GBIF(Global Biodiversity Information Facility)

Species 2000ITIS, BIOSBioNET-International……

Species 2000 AO, ASEANET……PACINET, PBIF

Global organisms database

e.g. FishBase

TaiBIF /TELDAP(national node of GBIF)

Global Regional (Asia, Asian Oceania or Pacific)

Taiwan

TaiBNET (species checklist & experts namelist)

NDAP (specimen database)

Local organisms database (e.g. Fish database of Taiwan)

Local

Institutions, NGO, heritages, projects and publications etc.

TBRD (distribution database)

RECOMMENDATION ON OPEN ACCESS TO BIODIVERSITY DATA

(Adopted by GBIF Governing Board on Jan. 1 2006)

• Promote that species and specimen level data and associated metadata that are generated in funded projects are made publicly available through mechanisms cooperating with GBIF, within a specified period after completion of the supported research.

GBIF – 公開生物多樣性資料之建言

由公務預算調查所得之物種及標本層級之資料在完成研究之一定期限內應予公開

最近 EU(歐盟 )正籲請科學家簽署響應「公務預算所完成之科學研究調查資料應予公開使用」

Petition for guaranteed public access to publicly-funded research results -- Our mission of disseminating knowledge is only half complete if the information is not made widely and readily available to society. Berlin Declaration, October 2003

27,629 signatories since January 17th, 2007.

http://www.ec-petition.eu/

–生物多樣性資料不易取得的原因 需有分類或生態專家的知識及經驗，才能鑑別物種並取得樣本及資料

Why difficult to collect biodiversity data – Why difficult to collect biodiversity data – 1. needs 1. needs taxonomists’ or ecologists’ knowledge and experience to taxonomists’ or ecologists’ knowledge and experience to identify species and get samples or data from the filed.identify species and get samples or data from the filed.

生物多樣性資料 vs. DNA 資料或環境因子資料 --2. 後者可經由儀噐 at lab or自環境中連續監測、自動擷取即

記錄得到，甚至可由軟 體分析。Biodiversity data vs. molecular data or environmental data --

2. The genetic or DNA data or the ordinary environmental data which can be obtained by using instrument, automatic monitoring equipment or analytic software. 故生物多樣性資料 更需尊重資料提供者之著作權。 Biodiversity data calls for more serious respect for intellectual property rights.

譬如沿岸水文水質之自動監測網The Coastal Environmental Monitoring Network of TaiwanThe Coastal Environmental Monitoring Network of Taiwan

•The data are transmitted to the data center in the Coastal Ocean Monitoring Center in National Cheng Kung University in real-time via GSM, Radio or Iridium satellite. 2.5m Disc Data buoy Total Station

Measurement Items•Waves

•Wave height, period, direction•Directional Spectrum

•Current profile•3-D currents by ADCP

•Marine Meteorological factors•Barometric Pressure•Wind speed/direction•Air Temperature•Humidity

1m Water Quality Buoy

•Water Quality•SST•pH•Dissolved Oxygen•Turbidity•Salinity•Chlorophyll a

政府政府出版品方面出版品方面，過去委託單位在與作者簽約，過去委託單位在與作者簽約時，均只載明著作權係屬於原作者，而委託單位時，均只載明著作權係屬於原作者，而委託單位只有使用權，且未明載可授權給第三者使用，或只有使用權，且未明載可授權給第三者使用，或是創用是創用 (cc)(cc)授權。授權。3. Photo has more commercial values than text

With respect to government publications, the commissioning party in the past when signing with an author merely specified that the original author holds the copyright and the commissioning party holds the right of use. The right for the commissioning party to authorize third party users was not spelt out, nor was the use of Creative Commons (CC) authorized. As a result, most of government publications, even if there are electronic files of them, can not be uploaded to the web for public use; a very regrettable practice. Therefore, government agencies in the future should request an author to sign the CC Attribution License so that publications can be made publicly available online.

The 1st Official “Catalog of Life of Taiwan”, native species checklist will be published with the CD-ROM in Dec. 2008 – Totally 50000+ native species 出版台灣物種名錄及物種多樣性研究 (97/12)

Automatic taxa counts

Automatic taxa counts

只有名錄，少照片；但照片取得不易。除非委辦單位或主管要求。但品質好的照片拍攝者常不願提供

Only species list, few photos, difficult to get photos unless boss request. People always reluctant to provide good photos.

提供上網公開的照片可給低解析度者Can provide low resolution images to the web

► 以數位典藏為例：以數位典藏為例： 典藏級 典藏級 - - 原始圖檔 解析度最佳 檔案可能非常大 原始圖檔 解析度最佳 檔案可能非常大 瀏覽級 瀏覽級 - - 公開給大眾 解析度較低 方便瀏覽 公開給大眾 解析度較低 方便瀏覽

► Image resolution:Image resolution:For For digital archivesdigital archives – original image file; resolution – original image file; resolution

highest; file size may be large highest; file size may be large For For website browsingwebsite browsing – open to the public; resolution – open to the public; resolution

lower; run fasterlower; run faster

整合資料的好處 The benefit of data The benefit of data integration:integration:► 協助資料備份（異地備份）協助資料備份（異地備份）

Assist with data backup (data stored in different places)Assist with data backup (data stored in different places)► 回饋社會，學術服務，納稅人的權利回饋社會，學術服務，納稅人的權利 ((公帑公帑 )) Repay society; academic services; rights of taxpayersRepay society; academic services; rights of taxpayers► 您的資料被點閱的機會愈多您的資料被點閱的機會愈多 Increase hits of the dataIncrease hits of the data► 協助將政府所投資之龐大科學研究及調查經費落實，將原始資料建檔協助將政府所投資之龐大科學研究及調查經費落實，將原始資料建檔保存，不致於在計劃結束後，無法取得原始數位檔案資料，或只是取保存，不致於在計劃結束後，無法取得原始數位檔案資料，或只是取得文件式報告得文件式報告

Assist government in the implementation of scientific research results which the Assist government in the implementation of scientific research results which the government investigates huge funding in; preserve raw data so that they, and not government investigates huge funding in; preserve raw data so that they, and not just the document reports, are available to the government after a project endsjust the document reports, are available to the government after a project ends

► 資料可再利用與分析，如使用資料可再利用與分析，如使用 EMLEML，， Ecological Niche Ecological Niche Model…………Model…………

Re-utilize and -analyze raw data, such as applying EML, Ecological Niche Model, Re-utilize and -analyze raw data, such as applying EML, Ecological Niche Model, etc.etc.

► 資源保育及永續利用，經營管理政策之重要工具，如生物多樣性量化資源保育及永續利用，經營管理政策之重要工具，如生物多樣性量化指標指標

As essential tools for resource conservation and sustainable use as As essential tools for resource conservation and sustainable use as well as management policies, e.g. biodiversity quantitative indicatorwell as management policies, e.g. biodiversity quantitative indicator

2005年雖己頒佈政府資訊公開法，公務預算之資料及政府出版品仍多無法上網公開

► (1)(1)著作權或智財權的問題難以釐清；著作權或智財權的問題難以釐清； The difficulty in clarifying copyright or IPR questionsThe difficulty in clarifying copyright or IPR questions, , ► (2)(2)政府機構的本位主義；政府機構的本位主義； The departmentalism of government agencies, The departmentalism of government agencies, ► (3)(3)未要求委辦計畫之資料應授權公開；未要求委辦計畫之資料應授權公開； The negligence of government to request The negligence of government to request

commissioned projects to grant it the authorization to commissioned projects to grant it the authorization to release data, release data,

► (4)(4)提供資料或建置資料庫者沒有研究的成績；提供資料或建置資料庫者沒有研究的成績； The lack of giving research credit to people who The lack of giving research credit to people who

provide primary data or build databases, provide primary data or build databases, ► (5)(5)多數研究人員均不願公開自己尚未分析及發表的資料多數研究人員均不願公開自己尚未分析及發表的資料 The reluctance of researchers to release not-yet-The reluctance of researchers to release not-yet-

analyzed or -published data; analyzed or -published data;

Although government had announced the Although government had announced the “Government information “Government information Disclosure Policy” Disclosure Policy” in 2005in 2005,, the amount of open accessed information and the amount of open accessed information and government publications on the internet are still limitedgovernment publications on the internet are still limited

Digital contents produced are requested to upload to the Union Catalog.資料需繳聯合目錄The Union Catalog planned to use the Creative Commons license model.聯合目錄用 ccTo use CC in the Union Catalog, content producers’ agreements in using CC is required.TELDAP then started IPR inventory, found that not all properties are CC suitable.但發現並非所有資料均可 cc授權，只好重新盤點

The Union Catalog now uses a page describing its copyright notices.只好用自己方式授權The Culture Portal naturally wanted to derive contents from the Union Catalog.But content producers only license to the Union Catalog.資料只授權聯合目錄，卻不能給同計劃的國際入口網用The Culture Portal then requests licenses on a per-project basis.只好重簽授權書

The Culture Portal is now composing its copyright notices.雖己簽妥，但所給資料很有限，品質亦不佳

資料不能在同一計劃的不同網站上使同

1. 在委辦計劃合約中增加要求提供分類及生態分布之數位化原始資料檔，並作為考核之依

據。 (各部會 )

1. The raw materials of research projects on taxonomic or ecological investigation granted by government agencies need to be digitized, archived and submitted, which should be regulated by relevant regulations or contracts.

解决辦法 Possible solutions

已向行政院永續會提案已向行政院永續會提案Proposal submitted to Executive Yuan, Sustainability CommitteeProposal submitted to Executive Yuan, Sustainability Committee議案名稱議案名稱：： 應積極推動生物多樣性資料跨部會之整應積極推動生物多樣性資料跨部會之整合，並要求公部門所委託計劃之主持人於計劃結合，並要求公部門所委託計劃之主持人於計劃結束後，應將原始分布資料建檔繳交，以避免資料束後，應將原始分布資料建檔繳交，以避免資料流失，亦利於未來生物資源之研究、保育與管理流失，亦利於未來生物資源之研究、保育與管理之分析及應用。之分析及應用。

Motion title: Actively promote cross-institution integration of Actively promote cross-institution integration of

biodiversity information; call for the directors of biodiversity information; call for the directors of commissioned projects to submit primary species-commissioned projects to submit primary species-occurrence data when a project ends to avoid data occurrence data when a project ends to avoid data loss, and to facilitate analysis and application of loss, and to facilitate analysis and application of future research, conservation and management of future research, conservation and management of biological resources.biological resources.

要求各部會能訂定期程逐步完成下列工作：(1) 政府各機構在各類與生物多樣性調查相關之計畫執行同意書中，加入於計畫結束後應繳交原始資料數位檔的條款。。

(2) 至於資料應公開之期限、交換平台、交換機制資料之倉儲及維護，以及各部會內如何分工、整合及共享資料等，均可再作進一步之研議。

Request government agencies to set up timeline to complete the following tasks step by step:

((1) Various government agencies, when signing execution agreements on biodiversity investigation-related work, should add a term demanding the surrender of digitized raw data after a project ends.

(2) As to how long the data should remain open to the public; what the exchange platform and mechanism for data storage and maintenance should be; and how to divide and integrate the work and to share data; they can all be discussed and decided later on.

NSCNSC研究計劃委託合約書第三點擬修研究計劃委託合約書第三點擬修正正

►生物處計劃之合約生物處計劃之合約 如係生物多樣性調查相關計畫（野外採集、觀測、樣本戶問卷），乙方應將調查所獲得之時空分布原始資料（ raw data），包含調查方法、欄位定義及監測數據等資料及授權同意書，依規定格式上傳至甲

方所委託之資料庫及網站 （上傳資料格式及授權同意書，詳見該網站）

In the case of biodiversity survey-related projects (field In the case of biodiversity survey-related projects (field collection, observation, sampling questionnaire), Party B should collection, observation, sampling questionnaire), Party B should upload, in accordance with the agreed formats, the temporal upload, in accordance with the agreed formats, the temporal and spatial distribution raw data which include survey and spatial distribution raw data which include survey methodology, field definition and monitoring data as well as methodology, field definition and monitoring data as well as License Agreement to the database and website commissioned License Agreement to the database and website commissioned by Party A (see the website for uploading format and License by Party A (see the website for uploading format and License Agreement).Agreement).

討論題綱討論題綱 Issues

1. 1. 如何蒐集並要求調查者繳交原始資料如何蒐集並要求調查者繳交原始資料 How to collect raw data and submit themHow to collect raw data and submit them2. 2. 資料公開之期限（智財權問題）資料公開之期限（智財權問題） When to make data available to the public (the IPRWhen to make data available to the public (the IPR issue)issue)3. 3. 資料之格式、交換平台資料之格式、交換平台 What are the format and exchange platform of dataWhat are the format and exchange platform of data4. 4. 資料之倉儲及維護（分散或集中式）資料之倉儲及維護（分散或集中式） How to store and maintain data (distributed or How to store and maintain data (distributed or centralized)centralized)5. 5. 部會間如何分工、整合，共享資料部會間如何分工、整合，共享資料 How to cooperate among institutions and how to How to cooperate among institutions and how to integrate and share dataintegrate and share data

Database Policy Meeting at NSC

Proposed by GBIF-ROC Committee

2.己組成「生物多樣性資訊整合委員」，含各機構代表及學者專家，如此方可相互分工、凝聚共識、齊心協力、格式統一、永續經營。 (中研院 )

2. An inter-agency committee (GBIF-ROC) on biodiversity data integration has been set up to work out a unified database format and technology to facilitate database integration in the future.

己在 2008年 3 月成立 GBIF 中華民國委員會 ► 目的：推動跨部會跨資料庫之整合及公開，並與國際接軌

► 當然委員： 中研院 (AS)、國科會 (NSC)、農委會 (COA)、內政部 (MOI)、經濟部 (MOEc)、原民會 (COAb)、教育部 (MOEd)、環保署 (EPA)及交通部 (MOT)各一位代表，共 9人。

► 聘任委員：共 16人 張清風 (國科會生物處 ) 方國運（農委會林務局保育組組長 )

邵廣昭 (TaiBIF & TaiBNET) 嚴漢偉 (中研院計中 ) 李文雄 ( 中研院多樣中心） 李德財 (中研院資訊所 ) 湯曉虞 (農委會特生中心主任 ) 廖啓成 (食品工業發展研究所副所長 )

高秋芳 (國研院資策中心組長 ) 邱祈榮 (台大森林環境暨資源學系）

林朝欽 (農委會林試所研究員 ) 呂學榮 (海大環漁系副教授 ) 周文豪 (科博館副館長 ) 劉靜怡 (臺大國家發展研究教授 )

謝長富 ( 台大生態與演化所教授 沈怡玲 (農委會林務局森林企劃組）

3. In addition to SCI reports and indicators of impact factors, digitized material such as number of records (of specimen collected, ecological distribution and DNA sequence) archived and uploaded to the Internet, i.e., “Repository Impact Factor” should also be considered in the merit system and research performance evaluation.

3. 研究成果考核除依據 SCI期刋報告之篇數及影響因子外，數位化資訊之筆數，如典藏標本數、生態分布資料、 DNA序列及上網公開等，此即” ”典藏影響因子 ，亦應列入考核研究表現評比之指標。

4. It is necessary to discuss and decide on how to collect and open access to data under the existing IPR regulations in order to remove obstacles to data collection and to build up mutual trust. The organization in charge of data integration should have only the custody but not the ownership of the data until data provider retired. The data and genetic materials must not be provided to any third party without the consent of the original owners.

4. 在現有之智財權規範下應速研訂資料收集及開放之機制，以消弭整合資料之阻力及建立互信。在資料提供者退休前 ,負責資料整合之機構應只有監護權而非所有權。在未經原提供者之同意或授權下不能逕自提供他人使用。

Biodiversity Data

Ecosystem

Persistent ? digital and physical data stores,

moderately accessible

80% ? digital

Ecological & Ecosystem Data

accessible with difficulty

<5% digital

Species- & Specimen Data

Persistent digital universally accessible data stores

95% digitalMolecular Sequence & Gene/Genome Data

Subdomain Digital Status

Common Use Licensing

Data Status

Status of Biodiversity Scientific Data

Persistent physical data stores

(Michener et (Michener et al. 1997)al. 1997)

Problem of Common Use-Data Entropy

Info

rmatio

n C

on

tent

Time

Time of publication

Specific details

General details

Accident

Retirement or career change

Death

Data Entropy

Raw data

Information/Knowledge

Management,Archiving,

&Curation

Discovery,Retrieval,

&Integration

Analysis,Synthesis,

&Forecasting

Problem of Common Use-Lack of Tools

臺灣物種名錄 Catalog of Life in Taiwan , TaiBNET

http://TaiBNET.sinica.edu.tw

Promotion and Communication of Submitting and Opening Data for Public by NSC

The EndThe End