iv -...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis qristianobis istoriis mimarTuleba da

studentTa samecniero-kvleviTi centri (Tbilisi)

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbisisi State University,

Faculity of Humanities’s History of Christianity and Center of students’s in the History of Christianity (Tbilisi)

ISSN 1987-7129

qristianobis kvlevebi

Christian Researches

IV

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2010

Tbilissi 2010

2

UDC (uak) 27+271.22](479.22) q-731

~qristianobis kvlevebi” warmoadgens qristianobis

kvlevebis periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdisciplinuria da masSi ganTavsebulia qristianobasTan mimarTebaSi mecniere-

bis sxvadasxva dargSi gamokvleuli samecniero problemebi.

mTavari redaqtori: qeTevan pavliaSvili

profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori

mxatvar-dizaineri mixeil Cxenkeli, istoriis

(kulturologia) mecnierebaTa

doqtori

saredaqcio kolegia: mixeil qarTveliSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile,

doqtoranti)

eTer bokelavaZe (pasuxismgebeli mdivani, magistranti)

daviT yolbaia (poloneTi, varSavis universitetis pro-

fesori)

dekanozi henrik paprocki (poloneTi, varSavis universi-

tetis profesori)

giorgi papuaSvili (istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori)

giorgi oTxmezuri (profesori)

lela xaCiZe (profesori)

vaxtang liCeli (profesori)

nani gelovani (profesori)

nana gelaSvili (profesori)

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-

tis wminda grigol feraZis saxelobis qristianobis kvlevebis stu-

dentTa samecniero centri, 2010

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2010

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

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’’Christian Researches’’ is the journal which introduce christian researches periodical edition. The Journal is interdisciplinary and it consists with different scientific branches problems who are already explored and has relation with Christianity. Chief Editor Ketevan Pavliashvili Professor, Doctor of Historical Science Painter-Designer Mikheil Chkhenkeli Doctor of historical (Culturology)Science Reviewers Board: Mikheil Kartvelishvili (Assistant of Chief Editor, Phd Student) Eter Bokelavadze (Executive Secretary, MA Student) David Kolbaia (Poland, Professor of Warsaw’s University) Archpriest Henrik Paprotsky (Poland, Professor of Warsaw’s University ) Giorgi Papuashvili (Doctor of historical Science) Giorgi Otkhmezuri (Professor) Lela Khachidze (Professor) Vakhtang Licheli (Professor) Nani Gelovani (Professor) Nana Gelashvili (Professor)

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sarCevi

Contents

RvTismetyveleba (Theology)

giorgi gvasalia

wminda grigol feraZis erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi Sexeduleba (`mamao Cvenos” ganmartebis mixedviT) ........................................................... 10

Giorgi Gvasalia The national-religius appareances of Saint Grigol Peradze (accordong to “Our Father” s interpretation)...............................................................10

saeklesio wyaroTmcodneoba da istoriografia

(Church sourcestudies and Historiography)

mixeil barnovi

ioane RvTismetyvelis “gamocxadeba” rogorc dasavleTis

qristianobis istoriis wyaro ..........................................................................16 Mikheil Barnov Mediator of Jesus’, Saint John’s, “Apocalypse” - the source for the history of western Christianity ...............................................................16 daviT rekvava

samvel karapetianis ruka-cnobaris uguleblyofisaTvis ................22

David Rekvava About the ignore of the Samuel Karapetian’s map-reference book.......22 ledi markozaSvili, lia giuaSvili qristianobis istoriis mkvlevarebi IV-VII saukuneebis dasaw-

yisis eklesiaze (“gamocxadebis” analizis

safuZvelze) ................................................................................................................27 Ledi Markozashvli, Lia Guiuashvili The Researchers of history of Christianity about the Church of IV-VII centuries (bazed to analized to Apokaliphs)...........................................27

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eklesiis istoria (History of the Church) qeTevan pavliaSvili

qristianoba saqarTvelos politikur-kulturuli orientaci-

is problemebSi............................................................................................................34

Ketevan Pavliashvili Christianity in Political-Cultural Problems of Georgia ..........................34 sofio andRulaZe

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba XX saukunis

20-ian wlebSi da episkoposi stefane bodbeli

(vasil karbelaSvili).............................................................................................48 Sopio Andguladze The Relations of the Church and the State in the 1920s and the Bishop of Bodbe Stephane (Vasil Karbelashvili ................................................48 irma kecxoveli

qarTveli qali da qristianuli mrwamsi ...................................................59

Irma Ketskhoveli Georgian Woman and Christian belief ..................................................59

lela giorgaZe

ruseTis eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi

aleqsi II-is patriarqobis periodSi.............................................................65 Lela Giorgadze Main tendences of the processus in the Russian church under the period of patrarchate of Alex II ..............................................................68 eka silagaZe

mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris Tvisobrivi xasiaTi da muSaobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi .............................................................................73

Eka Silagadze ,,Antireligion fighter alliance’’ and and character of works in Georgia ...................................................................................................73 mixeil qarTveliSvili, eTer bokelavaZe

sabWoTa saeklesio diplomatia da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli

eklesia XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi. ..........................................................85

Mikheil Kartvelishvili, Eter Bokelavadze Soviet Church diplomacy and Russian Orthodox Church in 40-s years of XX century.........................................................................................85

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Tamar tlaSaZe

ierusalimis wminda miwebisaTvis konfliqti da rusuli po-

litika (XVIII-XIX ss). ........................................................................................92 Tamar Tlashadze Conflict for the Jerusalem holy lands and the policy of Russian............92 Tamaz vaCnaZe

qarTveli da poloneli xalxebis erovnuli TavisuflebisaT-vis brZola ruseTis winaaRmdeg (1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi

petre zavilenskis monawileobis sakiTxisaTvis). ................................100

Tamaz Vachnadze Struggle of Georgian and Pole People for National Freedom Against Russia (participation of Peter Zavilensky in conspiracy of 1832........................................................................................................100 laSa doxnaZe, lela mebaRiSvili

saqarTvelos sazogadoebis socialuri fenebis damokidebule-ba wmida ninos fenomenisadmi .............................................................................108

Lasha Dokhnadze, Lela Mebagishvili The Dependence of the social layers of Geprgian society to the phenomena of Saint Nino .......................................................................108 nino bokelavaZe

wminda Sio mRvimelis Rvawli qarTuli ber-monazvnobis gan-

mtkicebaSi.......................................................................................................................115 Nino Bokelavadze The merit of Shio Mgvimeli in the strengthening of the Georgian monasticism............................................................................................115

kulturologia, xelovnebaTmcodneoba (Cultural Studies, Art Studies)

Tea kobaxiZe

oSkis sakaTedro taZris erTi reliefis Sesaxeb /sainforma-

cio xasiaTis statia/ ...........................................................................................121 Tea kobakhidze About one relief of Oshki cathedral /Informational Article/ ..................121 Михеил Чхенкели Символическая связь Премудрости Божией и Евхаристии в сербском монументальном искусстве XIII-XIV в. ) ..................... 132 Mikheil Chkhenkeli

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Symbolic connection between the Holy Wisdom and the Eucharist in the Serbian Monumental Art of XIII-XIV centuries ...132

literatura

(literature)

lela xaCiZe

aTonze qarTvelTa moRvaweobis istoriidan .................................144 Lela Khachidze Towards the Activity of Georgians on Mount Athos ........................144 ia grigalaSvili wmida ninos vinaobisaTvis sakiTxisaTvis ...................................................151 Ia Grigalashvili The Question of St Nino’s Title .............................................................151 naira bepievi, nino popiaSvili

qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da qristianobis gav-

rceleba osebSi ...........................................................................................................158

Naira Bepievi, Nino Popiashvili The state thinking and distribution Christianity at the Ossetin ..............158 eka vardoSvili Tamar mefis paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis..................................164

Eka Vardoshvili Paradigmatic expression of the King Tamar ..........................................164 levan beburiSvili

,, hgavda wmindansa igi wamebuls. . .~ ( ilias ,,gandegilis~

Sesaxeb ) ..........................................................................................................................169

Levan Beburishvili “ He looked like a martyr saint…” (About the Ilia’s “Ascet”) .............169

ana doliZe

wminda ninos saxe mecxramete saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi ......176

Ana Dolidze The image of saint Nino in the georgian whiting in nineteenth century....................................................................................................176 qeTevan afTaraSvili

“abdulmesiani” (qebis obieqti da avtorobis sakiTxi)....................182

Ketevan Aftarashvili “Abdulmesiani” (the object of the appology and the question of the autorship)................................................................................................182

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salome wulukiZe

“vefxistyaosnisa” da hagiografiis idealebi (erTi aspeqti)......188

Salome Tsulukidze The ideals of the “The Knight in the Tiger Skin” and hagiography (one aspect) ............................................................................................188 Tamar adamia

erovnul - qristianuli motivebi guram doCanaSvilis moT-

xrobaSi “cal-calke da erTad”.......................................................................192

Tamar Adamia The National-Christian motives in Guram Dochanashvili’s story: “Separately and together”.......................................................................192

samarTalmcodneoba (Law Studies)

naTia Skubuliani

saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da qarTuli eklesiis urTierTo-

bis sakiTxisaTvis.......................................................................................................198

Natia Shkubuliani On the question of relation between State og Georgia and Georgian Church ....................................................................................................198 cira SaloSvili qorwinebis registraciis forma qristianuli msoflmxedve-

lobisa da Tanamedrove qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT.....................205

Cira Shaloshvili The form of wedding registration with Christian ideology and modern Georgian law aspects ..........................................................205

filosofia, fsiqologia, sociologia (Philosophy, phsycology, Sociology)

salome daviTuliani

TaobaTa Soris urTierTobebi, mSoblebisa da Svilebis maga-

liTze, qristianuli da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebiT...........................212

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Salome Davituliani The relations between generations in the example of parents and childrens with the christian and aspects .................................................212

Targmanebi

(Translations)

b. kolocovi, t. pavlova

terminebis “marTlmadidebelisa” da ~marTlmadideblobis~

etimologiisaTvis......................................................................................................218

jorj eldon leddi

axali aRTqmis Teologia_ioane naTlismcemeli....................................226

ana mebardi

~mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris’’ istoriidan

(ideologiuri aspeqti)..........................................................................................238

dekanozi vasili zaevi

albaneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia XII-XIX ss................................243

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RvTismetyveleba (Theology)

giorgi gvasalia



humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis

qristianobis istoriis specialobis

II kursis magistranti

wminda grigol feraZis erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi Sexedule-

ba

(`mamao Cvenos” ganmartebis mixedviT)

qadageba, romelic sauflo locvas _ `mamao Cvenos”

ganmartebas miuZRvna wminda grigolma (feraZe), saukeTeso ni-

muSia egzegetikuri Txzulebisa. aRniSnuli qadagebis erT-erT

Rirsebas warmoadgens moZRvris damokidebuleba mrevlisadmi,

Tavisi samwysosadmi, rac aSkarad gvaxsenebs saeklesio isto-

riaSi warmodgenil mraval wminda mamas da am niSniT wminda grigoli maT Rirseulad umSvenebs gverds. Tumca, imdenad,

ramdenadac saqme egzegetikur Txzulebas exeba, aRvniSnavT,

rom mocemuli qadagebiT wminda grigoli Zlier gvaxsenebs

wminda ioane oqropirs. saqme is aris, rom zogadad, wminda

werilis egzegetika wminda mamaTa TxzulebebSi or nawilad

SeiZleba davyoT. erTi nawili aRniSnuli Sromebisa uSualod egzegetikuri mizniT aris Seqmnili,1 xolo meore nawili, Ta-

vis mxriv, homilias warmoadgens, anu Seqmnilia mrevlTan qa-

dagebisas da mis warmoTqmas konkretuli mizani gaaCnia.2 cxa-

dia, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ar igulisxmeba is, rom qadage-

1 vTqvaT, wminda efrem asuris egzegetika moses

xuTwigneulze an wminda maqsime aRmsareblis ganmartebebi; 2 saamiso magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT wminda basili didis

homiliebi bibliur Sesaq,esTan dakavSirebiT an wminda ioane

oqropiris qadagebebi;

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bis warmomTqmel mamaTa mizani iyo wminda werili maTTvis sa-

intereso miznebisaTvis gamoyenebuliyo. ubralod, am SemTxve-

vaSi wminda mamebi cdilobdnen TavianTi mrevlisaTvis eCvenebi-naT wminda werilis is mxare, romlis gaazrebac maT sulier

winsvlaSi daexmareboda. swored am ukanaskneli niSniT

wm. grigoli Tavisi qadagebiT eklesiis svets _ wm. ioane oq-

ropirs gvaxsenebs.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cven wm. grigolis warmodgenil

egzegetikur naSroms mTlianad ar SevexebiT. amjerad Cveni mizania mxolod zogadad mimovixiloT igi da gamovyoT is um-

niSvnelovanesi Strixi, rac wm. grigol feraZes dagvanaxebs

rogorc saintereso egzegets, saeklesio da erovnul moRva-

wes.

`mamao Cvenos” ganmarteba wm. grigolis mier warmoTqmu-

lia mrevlis winaSe da am qadagebis ZiriTadi mizani Tavad eg-zegetikis SesavalSive irkveva. moZRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania

samSoblodan Sors wasuli qarTvelebi ar mowydnen istori-

ul fesvebs da rac mniSvnelovania, wminda mama am miznis mi-

saRwevad saRvTo moZRvrebis marTebul gagebasa da wvdomas

moiazrebs.

wm. grigolis qadagebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs wminda mamis saxarebiseuli simboloebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba. magali-

Tad, Tavisi qadagebis TavSive wminda wminda mamas Semoaqvs ve-

naxis simbolo, riTac is mis msmenel qarTvel morwmuneebs

miuTiTebs saxarebiseul venaxze, rac bibliuri moZRvrebis

Tanaxmad saRvTo ers ukavSirdeba, (1: 33-46) Tumca aqve Semo-

aqvs originaluri xedva am simbolosi: wminda grigolTan mo-cemul venaxSi SesaZlebelia ramdenime saxis vazi vixiloT da

maTgan gamovarCioT is, romelic metadaa misaxedi. zogadad,

bibliuri egzegetikisaTvis niSneulia venaxis erT mTlianobad

gageba da masSi raime danawileba ar gvxvdeba (2: 234-237). aq-

ve davZenT, rom qadagebaSi, Sesabamis adgilas, yuradReba ga-

maxvilebulia Tavad mevenaxis rolze da aq mevenaxe Tavis bib-liur simbolos ubrundeba da masSi sulieri mwyemsi moiaz-

reba (3: 35).

aseve mniSvnelovania wminda grigolis simbolizmis is

tradiciuli saxe, romelic wminda mamaTa egzegetikaSia moaz-

rebuli. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT aseTi Sedareba:

wminda grigoli cecxls adris macxovris mier warmoTqmul

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sityvebs, romelic Zvel iudeaSi aRegzno (3: 37) aq aSkarad

ikveTeba paraleli wminda kirile aleqsandrielis egzgegeti-

kasTan, romelic aelvebuli mayvlovanis simbolos ganmartavs. wminda kirilesaTvis, gansxvavebiT sxva wminda mamebisagan,3

aelvebuli mayvlovani, romelsac cecxli ekida, magram ar iw-

voda, gaxlavT saxe iudevelebisa, romelTa Sorisac saxarebi-

seuli cecxli aenTo, Tumca is maT ar Sexebia (6: 295-260).

mniSvnelovania wminda grigol feraZis xedva sityva

`locvasTan” dakavSirebiT. misi miTiTebiT is `saxls” unda niSnavdes da Sesabamisad, rogorc sacxovrisis gareSe ver

iarsebebs kaci, aseve ulocvelad ver icxovrebs kaci (3: 36).

es gaxlavT swored is xedva, romelic mocemul qadagebaSi

egzegetikuri kuTxiTaa gasaTvaliswinebeli da Sesabamisad Ta-

visi mizanmimarTulebac gaaCnia, rogorc es ukve zemoT aR-

vniSneT. swored aRniSnuli miznis erTgvar realizebas warmo-adgens wminda grigolis mier `venaxis” gaazreba. misTvis vena-

xi saqarTveloa da aq kidev erTxel ikveTeba wminda mamis, vi-

Tarca erovnuli TviTSegnebiT gajerebuli udidesi morwmunis

saocari saxe. wminda grigolisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia ucxoe-

Tis cis qveS moqceulma qarTulma mrevlma ar daiviwyos is,

rom saqarTvelo swored im savenaxes warmoadgens, sadac qristes muSakebi unda muSakobdnen. Sesabamisad, wminda grigo-

lisaTvis mTeli saqarTvelo moazrebulia viTarca eklesia

(romlis sakuTrivi simboloc gaxlavT venaxi) da swored

aqeTken svlisaken miuTiTebs igi Tavis msmenels.

umniSvnelovanesia warmovadginoT erT-erTi ZiriTadi

motivi, ris gamoc wminda grigoli aRniSnul egzegetikas mo-cemul qadagebaSi warmoadgens. saqme is aris, rom im periodSi

(XX s-is 30-iani wlebi), rodesac aRniSnuli qadagebaa war-

moTqmuli, saqarTvelosa da mis eklesias sakmaod mZime cxov-

reba uwevda. praqtikulad qveyana nacionalur TviTmyofadobas

iyo mowyvetili da mravalsaukunovani saqarTvelos eklesia

TiTqmis `ufunqciod” darCeniliyo. amgvari mdgomareobidan ga-

3 magaliTad, wm. grigol noseli aelvebul mayvlovanSi,

romelic ar iwvoda, yovlad wminda RvTismSoblis simbolos

xedavs ( 5:41-42), aelvebuli mayvlovanis simbolo, viTarca

RvTismSoblisa, eklesiaSi sxva simboloebze ufro Zlier

damkvidrda

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momdinare gasagebi xdeba, rom wminda grigolisaTvis umTavre-

si saSuri saqme swored qarTuli ideis gacocxleba xdeba da

is amas gacilebiT iolad axerxebs ucxoeTSi, vidre msgavsi ramis keTeba maSindel sabWoTa saqarTveloSi iyo SesaZlebe-

li. wminda grigolis qadagebaSi aSkarad Cans idea: axla qar-

Tuli eklesiis SenarCuneba erovnuli TviTmyofadobis Senar-

Cunebis aucilebeli winapirobaa.

amasTan, yuradReba misaqcevia imazec, rom wm grigoli

Tavis qadagebaSi emigraciis mniSvnelobasac usvams xazs. mis-Tvis emigraciuli yofa Tavadaa ganmsazRvreli imisa, rom aq

xalxi moklebuli iqneba farTo Semoqmedebas, Tumca amaSi, er-

Tgvarad, eris kulturuli istoriis gamomaCinebeli saRvTo

gangebulebacaa danaxuli. wm. grigols miaCnia, rom `emigraci-

aSi yovelTvis jami keTdeba eris sulieri cxovrebis” (3:

42). Sesabamisad, sulieri moZRvris SegonebiT, qarTulma emig-raciam iqac, sadac is axlaa moqceuli, istoriul-nacionalu-

ri missia unda itvirTos; es missia ki ganuxorcielebeli

darCeba RmerTTan kavSiris gareSe, kavSirisa, romelic masTan

saubris, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT locvis gareSe ver SenarCun-

deba. es locva ki, sauflo locvaa, mimarTuli Svilisagan ma-

misadmi. aqve mniSvnelovania is, rom wminda grigolisaTvis sa-

qarTvelo mxolod misi lamazi mTa da velebi an Tundac is-

toriuli taZrebi da cixe-koSkebi araa. saqarTvelo es umTav-

resad is qarTveli eria, romelic qarTul sulier kulturas

qmnis (3: 40). Sesabamisad, wminda grigolisaTvis mniSvnelova-

nia SenarCunebul iqnas uwinares yovlisa, swored qarTvelo-ba, misi nacionaluri TviTSegneba da es mxolod eklesiaSia

SesaZlebeli. aq Cven aSkarad vawydebiT bibliur moZRvrebas

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom RvTisaTvis rCeuli xalxi da am

xalxis saxelmwifo ganuyofel erTobaSia moazrebuli, Tumca

qveynis arsebobis principi ganxilulia rogorc mocemul qve-

yanaSi mcxovrebi naciis RmerTTan erTobis aucilebeli piro-ba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aucilebelia xalxisagan jer eri

Sedges da is RmerTs unda daukavSirdes; mxolod amis Semdeg

SeuZlia am xalxs Seqmnas saxelmwifo. aRniSnuli idea bibli-

aSi asea warmodgenili: RmerTs iakobis modgma jer egviptis

monobidan gamohyavs, mere aZlevs rjuls (rac nacionalur

konstituciad moiazreba da RmerTsa da xalxs Soris dade-

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bul xelSekrulebas gulisxmobs), riTac es xalxi erad, na-

ciad Camoyalibdeba da mxolod amis Semdeg Sehyavs isini aR-

Tqmul miwaze, anu aZlevs saxelmwifos (1: gam. XII-XX; isu naves-Ze. I-XI) saxelmwifoebriobis mospobis gzac ukusvliT

xasiaTdeba: nacia jer kargavs erovnulobas (Sordeba RmerTs

da iviwyebs rjuls) da Semdeg saxelmwifoc iSleba. swored

amisi SiSi aqvs wminda grigols da Sesabamisad, gamosavalic

erovnulobis SenarCunebaSi aqvs moazrebuli, rac oden ekle-

siaSi, RmerTTan erTobiTaa SesaZlebeli (3: 41). wm. grigolis mier swored am konteqstSia ganxiluli

Tavad eklesiurobis principi. macxovris macxovnebeli vnebis

Semdgom kacobriobis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi ram moxda:

qriste aRsdga mkvdreTiT da zecad amaRlda. macxovris aR-

dgomiT moxda adamianis gamoxsna, xolo amRlebiT _ gamoxsni-

li adamianuri bunebis saRvTo wiaRSi Seyvana. yuradReba max-vildeba imaze, rom amaRleba ieso qristes miwieri moRvaweo-

bis ukanaskneli movlenaa (4: 201). amis Semdgom ar wydeba

saRvTo zrunva adamianze da amaRlebidan meaTe dRes suliw-

mindis gardamosvla xdeba, anu arsdeba axali aRTqmis ekle-

sia. Tuki macxovarma gamoixsna adamiani, es jer kidev ar niS-

navs imas, rom calkeuli pirovnebebi gamoxsnilni arian. mac-xovris macxovnebeli vneba adamianuri bunebis xsnas ukavSir-

deba, xolo pirovnebaTa cxoneba ukve eklesiaSi aResruleba

suliwmindis moqmedebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, eklesia gax-

lavT is wiaRi, sadac ieso qristes macxovnebel moZRvrebas

pirovnebebi eziarebian da mis cxovelmyofel saidumloSi mo-

nawileobiT caTa sasufevlisaken ikvalaven gzas. eklesia, es aris pirovnebaTa krebuli. wm. grigoli swored am pirovneba-

Ta krebulze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da brZanebs: `ieso qris-

tes sityvac Cavardnili massebSi, ar eZebs massebs, aramed

mxolod amisTana madlian pirovnebebs...eseTi pirovnebebi qmnian

eklesias” (3: 41).

swored RmerTTan erTobis ideas eZRvneba sauflo loc-vis _ `mama Cvenos” mTeli egzegetika. am ideiTaa gajerebuli

wminda grigolis qadageba. am niSniT is erT-erT umniSvnelo-

vanes wyaros warmoadgens XX saukunis I naxevris qarTuli

ideologiis istoriisa da saqarTvelos eklesiaSi arsebuli

saRvTismetyvelo mecnierebaTa _ egzegetikisa da homiletikis

istoriis Sesaswavlad.

15

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. 1.. biblia. saqarvelos sapatriarqo. Tbilisi. 1989;

2. wm. ioane oqropiri. Targmanebai maTes saxarebisai.

Targmani wm. efTvime mTawmindelisa. wigni 3.Tbilisi. 1996

3. wm. mRvdelmowame grigoli (feraZe). qadagebebi da narkve-

vebi. Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi.

2001; 4. .О вере и нравственности по учению православной церкви. Издание Московской патриархии. 1991 5. .Святитель Григорий Ниский. О жизни Моисея законодателя. Храм свв. Космы и Дамиана на Маросейке. 1999; 6. Творения святого отца нашего Кирилла Александрийского. Глафиры или искусные объяснения избранных мест из пятокнижия Моисея. Т. IX. Кн. 2. Москва. 2001.

Giorgi Gvasalia

Ivane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University Faculity of Humanities

Direction-History of Christianity II year MA degree

The national-religius appareances of Saint Grigol Peradze (accordong to “Our Father” s interpretation)

Summary

Saint Grigol Peradze in his sermon “Our Father”’s interpretation means main theological question-unity of the man with the God according the prayer. The main motive of Saint Grigol’s sermon is restoration national identity of the Georgian diaspora in the emigration and only power of this is unity with God. For him only church is the space. Also Saint Grigol considered this prnsiple: the State is concretly nation and dispiration of the nation is dispiration of State

16

saeklesio wyaroTmcodneoba da istoriografia (Church sourcestudies and Historiography)

mixeil barnovi



humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis qristianobis istoriis specialobis

I kursis magistranti

ioane RvTismetyvelis “gamocxadeba” rogorc

dasavleTis qristianobis istoriis wyaro

bibliis axali aRTqmis kanonSi erT-erTi umniSvnelova-

nesi adgili uWiravs ieso qristes mociqulis, ioane RvTis-

metyvelis “gamocxadeba”-s. rogorc cnobilia, qristianobis

istoriis mkvlevarni da Teologebi axali aRTqmis kanonikur wignebs Sinaarsis mixedviT sam jgufad hyofen: istoriuli

wignebi (saxarebani da mociqulTa saqmeebi); samoZRvro (kaTo-

like 7 epistole da pavle mociqulis 14 epistole); sawinas-

warmetyvelo (wm. ioane mociqulis “gamocxadeba”). swored Si-

naarsobrivi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare (sawinaswarmetyvelo),

ioane RvTismetyvelis “gamocxadeba” dRidan misi Seqmnisa Zvirfasi wyaro aRmoCnda rogorc qristianuli eklesiisaTvis,

ise sruliad kacobriobisaTvis.

“gamocxadeba” Sinaarsobrivad sakmaod mdidaria. amasTan,

nawarmoebi imgvarad aris dawerili, rom TiToeuli winadade-

bis Tu sityvis gaazreba gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas iTxovs da friad saSuria, rameTu gamoirCeva Rrma SinaarsiTa da amo-

uwuravi sibrZniT.

saeklesio tradicia iuwyeba, rom “gamocxadeba” (iseve

rogorc axali aRTqmis kanonikuri wignebi) iqmneboda araCveu-

lebriv pirobebSi, radgan wminda wignis Sinaarsi Tavad uf-

lisgan momdinareobda - RmerTi gamoecxada wm. ioane moci-

17

quls da mas Tavisi saTqmeli, gafrTxileba auwya. wm. ioane-

mac rogorc “RvTis sityvis WurWelma” daitia es informacia

da adamianebs wignis saxiT uanderZa. “gamocxadebis” erT-erT nawilSi ufali wm. mociquls

esaubreba 7 eklesiaze: efesos, smirnis, pergamos, Tiatiris,

sardiis, filadelfiisa da laodikiis. wm. ioanes cxovrebis

dros aRniSnuli eklesiebi (pirveli qristianuli Temebis sa-

xiT) ukve Camoyalibebul saxes atarebdnen da viTardebodnen.

ufali swored aseT pirvel qristianul kerebs aRwers da “gamocxadeba”-Si axasiaTebs.

qriastianobis istoriis mkvlevar-mecnierebma yuradRe-

biT Seiswavles wignis es monakveTi da sakiTxis dasmis saxiT

Semdegi mosazreba gamoTqves: gamomdinare iqidan, rom mTlia-

nobaSi “gamocxadeba” winaswarmetyveluri xasiaTisaa, Svidi

eklesiis daxasiaTeba maTi wm. ioanes Tanadrouli mdgomareo-bis aRwerac aris da erTgvarad winaswaruwyeba momavali sau-

kuneebis Sesaxeb.

amgvarad, mecnierTa erTi nawilis SexedulebiT Svidi

eklesiis aRwera aris winaswarmetyveleba qristianobis isto-

riis Svid periodze, anu msoflios qristianuli eklesiis

Svid epoqaze. winamdebare naSromSi ganxilulia “gamocxadebis” erTi

fragmenti - mimarTva sardiis eklesiisadmi, romelic mecnie-

rebma qristianobis istoriis mexuTe periods miusadages. es

is droa, rodesac dasavleTis eklesiaSi safuZveli daedo sa-

eklesio reformaciis mtkivneul process.

sardiis eklesiisadmi mimarTvis saTauri Semdegnairia - “CemTan ivlian TeTri samosiT”. mimarTva Seicavs sul xuT ab-

zacs. isini ideurad da Sinaarsobrivadac erTmaneTisgan gan-

sxvavdebian, magram mTlianobaSi, zogadad aRweren saeklesio

reformacias.

saeklesio istoriografiis Tanaxmad, reformacia kaTo-

likuri eklesiis wiaRSi warmoiSva. pirvel sam abzacSi sauba-ria reformaciis ideaze da am moZraobis mTavar mizanze - ek-

lesia daubrundes pirvelqristianul mdgomareobas.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mimarTvis meoTxe-mexuTe ab-

zacebi. swored aq vxvdebiT zemoaRniSnul saTaurs - “CemTan

ivlian TeTri samosiT”, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom es abza-

ci erTgvarad mimarTvis sakvanZo da Zalze mniSvnelovan mo-

18

nakveTs warmoadgens; aqve iSifreba mexuTe periodis sardiis

eklesiaSi ganviTarebuli mTavari movlenebi da misi mdgomare-

oba. savaraudod mkvlevarebi aq dasaSvebad moiazreben Cex ian huss da mis mier wamowyebul reformacias (husituri moZrao-

ba). “Tumca sardeSi gyavs ramodenime kaci, romelTac ar wau-

bilwavs TavianTi samoselni, da CemTan erTad ivlian TeTreb-

Si, vinaidan isini Rirsni arian” (1,494),-aRniSnulia “gamocxa-

debaSi”. Tu protestant RvTismetyvelTa mosazrebas davey-

rdnobiT da ian husis moRvaweobas Tvals gavadevnebT unda vi-fiqroT, rom es sityvebi swored misdamia mimarTuli, anu hu-

sia is gamorCeuli pirovneba reformaciaSi, romlis miznebic

kaTolikur eklesiaSi krizisis aRmofxvras emsaxureba.

ian husis periodis CexeTi germanul-laTinur sivrceSi

moiazreboda. Cexi reformatori saTaveSi Caudga erovnul-

slavur moZraobas. ian husis mimdevrebs - Cex ers - “mebarZi-meebsa” (1) da “uTraqvistebs” (2) uwodebednen. Tu TiToeul

sityvas ganvmartavT, ian husi moiTxovda wminda ziareba bar-

Zimidan (1) ganxorcielebuliyo (rogorc es aResruleboda

aRmosavleT qristianobaSi); amasTan, husi moiTxovda mrevlis

ziarebas qristes wminda sxeulis orive (2) nawiliT, sisxli-

Tac da xorciTac (utraque - “orivesaxiT”). kaTolicizmSi ki morwmuneTa ziareba barZimidan ar xdeboda, morwmuneebs mxo-

lod qristes xorciT aziarebdnen. aseve, kaTolikeTaTvis miu-

Rebeli iyo bibliis laTinuri enis garda sxva romelime ena-

ze arseboba, maT Soris Cexurzec, rasac ian husi ewinaaRmde-

geboda. misi kaTolicizmisadmi protesti didi wveris tarebi-

Tac gamoixateboda (dasavleTis samRvdeloebaSi wveris tare-bis tradicia miuRebeli iyo).

kaTolikeTaTvis bunebrivad miuRebeli aRmoCnda ian hu-

sis moRvaweoba. is konstancis saeklesio krebaze miiwvies

1415 wels, brali wauyenes, rogorc eretikoss da koconze

dawves. amiT “husisturi moZraoba” ar Sewyvetila; piriqiT,

ufro gaZlierda, rameTu ian huss Cexi eris saxiT bevri Ta-namoazre da mimdevari hyavda. protestantuli azrovnebis Ta-

naxmad, swored am krebulzea naTqvami “gamocxadebaSi”: “CemTan

erTad ivlian TeTrebSi...”

ian husma sicocxleSive bevri iRvawa miznis misaRwevad;

sainteresoa misi memkvidreobac. moZRvrisa da winamRZolis

gardacvalebis Semdeg misi mimdevrebi cdilobdnen urTierTo-

19

ba daemyarebinaT konstantinepolis sapatriarqosTan. es mcde-

loba 1451 wels mizanTan axlos iyo, magram 1453 wels kon-

stantinepolis dacemam da osmaleTis laSqrobebma molapara-kebebi CaSales. amis Semdeg, husis mimdevrebma gadawyvites

multanskSi myof marTlmadidebel episkoposTan gaegzavnaT

xeldasxmisTvis momavali mRvdelmsaxurebi. amasTan, husis Ta-

namoazre Cexebis nawilma moraviel ZmaTa damoukidebeli Temi

Camoayaliba, romelic dResac moqmedebs CexeTSi. ian husis

ideologiam Cex xalxSi moaxerxa orTodoqsaluri qristiano-bis aRorZineba da im fundamentis ganaxleba, romelsac jer

kidev IX saukuneSi safuZveli daudes wm. kirilem, wm. meTo-

dem, wm. mTavarma borvirim da wm. liudmila dedofalma. husma

ganaaxla orTodoqsaluri bazisi CexeTSi, romelze dayrdno-

biTac moxda pirvandeli kavSiris aRdgena aRmosavleTTan.

dReisTvis, CexeTisa da slovakeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevli Seadgens 200 000 adamians oTxi eparqiiT;

moqmedebs 216 taZari, msaxurobs 140 sasuliero piri.

mRvdelmsaxurTaTvis moqmedebs oTxwliani marTlmadidebluri

saRvTismetyvelo fakulteti q. reSovSi, gamoicema oTxi dasa-

xelebis saeklesio Jurnali da a. S.

orTodoqsaluri qristianobis kuTxiTac ian husi mniS-vnelovanes pirovnebad Camoyalibda CexeTis istoriaSi. is yve-

laze rTul da sakvanZo momentebSi idga CexeTisa da slovake-

Tis orTodoqsaluri qristianuli eklesiis tradiciebis sa-

darajoze. dasaSvebia is faqtic, rom sardiis eklesiisadmi

naTqvam zemoaRniSnul sityvebSi moazrebuli iyos husic: “ga-

marjvebuli Caicvams TeTr samosels da mis saxels ar amov-Sli sicocxlis wignidan, da vaRiareb mis saxels Cemi mamis

winaSe da misi angelozebis winaSe” (1,494).

20

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi

1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, bibliis Targmnis instituti,

stokholmi, 1991 w.

2. ogicki d., kozlovi g., romauli kaTolicizmi, Tb., 2004 w.

3. Sua saukuneebis istoria, g. kutalias redaqciiT, t. I, Tb.,

2004 w.

4. tivaZe g., Sua saukuneebis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1967 w. 5. gazeTi “kandeli”, #13 (284), 11-17 aprili, 2008 w. 6. Михневич Д. Очерки из истории католической реакции, М., 1955 г. 7. Южная Моравия, Издание областного национального комитета Южной Моравии в Брно, Прага, 1974 г. 8. Cehoslovacka, Izdavacki zavod “Orbis”, Prag, 1966 9. Рубцов Б.Т., Ян Гус, 1958 г. 10. Пичета В.И., История Чехии, 1947 г. 11. Поснов М., История Христианской Церкви, Брюссель, 1964 г.

21

Michael Barnov Ivane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University Faculty of Humanities

Direction - History of Christianity I year, MA degree

Mediator of Jesus’, Saint John’s, “Apocalypse” - the source for the history of western Christianity

Summary

New testament includes books of saint John, mediator of Jesus. One of them is “Apocalypse”. In one of passages of “Apocalypse” god talks to John about seven churches. Among them, in chapter three, the fifth is the church of Sardia.

Western scientists of Christianity put forward hypothesis about those seven churches. According to their opinions: in that talk god of course describes the seven churches that are of the period of Saint John, but furthermore, generally these are the seven periods of world’s Christian church. That is like prophecy about church’s future centuries. Scientists think that talk addressed to church of Sardia is belonging to the fifth period of history of Christianity. That is period when reformation started in Europe and in talk there are described some events that took place during reformation.

In this article is discussed this hypothesis about Sardia from the point of view of protestant church scientists. According to them we can see main person in the prophecy about Sardia. It is Jan Hus, Czechian reformer who was defending national interests and was in disagreement with Roman Catholicism. Also there are discussed Jan Hus’s attempts in order to get more familiar with orthodox Christianity.

22

daviT rekvava

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis




samvel karapetianis ruka-cnobaris ugulebelyofisaTvis

qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis tenden-

ciuri gaSuqeba, ZiriTadad Zveli somxuri isoriografiis yve-

laze gavleniani warmomadgenlis _ movses xorenacidan iRebs

saTaves, misi Semdgomi ganviTareba ki sagareo faqtoris ze-moqmedebis Sedegi iyo, ramac metadre negatiuri saxe kavkasia-

Si rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis droidan miiRo, romlis

gamoZaxili dResac sakmaod igrZnoba.

yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoebac, rom garkveuli

mizezebis gamo, saqarTveloSi didi xnis win damkvidrda som-

xuri mosaxleobis erTi nawili da dResac maTi naSieri sakma-od didi raodenobiT cxovrobs saqarTveloSi.

marTalia, qarTvelebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi

varT, xolo somxebi monofiziti qristianebi, magram orive

eri xom mainc qristiania da maT mezoblobas qristianuli mo-

rali, zneoba, principebi unda dadeboda safuZvlad. moxda ki

es ase? isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTvel-somexTa saeklesio ganxeTqileba VII saukuneSi xdeba da amgvari ram III-IV as-

wleulebSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mkafiod ar SeimCneva.

ucxoel dampyroblebs gamoridebuli somexi

ltolvili saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi talRa-talRa Semovida

saqarTveloSi da myudro TavSesafari hpova. guSindeli boga-

no materialurad momagrda Tu ara, maSinve sakuTar monofi-zitur aRmsareblobaze iwyo zrunva da Znelbedobis Jams mi-

tovebuli, qarTuli eklesiebis dasakuTrebas mihyo xeli. ase-

ulobiT qarTuli eklesia somxurad aqcia. falsifikaciis

procesi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba da am saTakilo

gziT momravlda `somxuri~ eklesiebi saqarTveloSi. am isto-

riul process or periodad vhyofT: I _ uZvelesi droidan

23

1801 wlamde _ ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiamde; II _

XIX-XX saukuneebi. es periodebi garkveuli niSniT gansxvav-

deba erTmaneTisagan. pirvel periodSi, saqarTvelos samefos gauqmebamde, qarTveli mefis, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriar-

qis nebarTvis gareSe raime sakulto nagebobis aSeneba ar Se-

iZleboda, miT umetes somxuri monofizituri eklesiis, rome-

lic jer kidev VII saukunidan mwvaved iyo dapirispirebuli

qarTul samociqulo avtokefalur eklesiasTan.

marTalia, somxuri eklesiebis arseboba saqarTveloSi faqtia, magram sakiTxavia, samarTlebrivad ramdenad kanonieri

iyo maTi aSeneba Tavis droze. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, Tu ar aris qarTveli mefis an kaTolikos-patri-

arqis sigeli an werilobiTi nebarTva ama Tu im somxuri ek-

lesiis aSenebis Sesaxeb, maSin 1801 wlamde arsebuli yvela

somxuri eklesia saqarTveloSi ukanona. kanonis darRveviT aris aSenebuli. es erTi, meore _ qarTveli mefis brZanebis

an kaTolikos-patriarqis nebis gareSe mtrisagan gaveranebuli

romelime qarTuli eklesiis gadakeTeba-gadmokeTeba, masze da-

Seneba, miSeneba da somxur eklesiad qceva aseve arasamarTleb-

rivi aqtia da miiCneva naZaladev qmedebad, mitacebad. amitom

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo uflebamosilia amgvari `somxuri~ eklesiebi Sexedulebisamebr gankargos, aRadginos maTze Tavi-

si kanonieri iuridiuli ufleba.

bevri somexi mecnieri cdilobs daamtkicos mravali

`somxuri~ eklesiis arseboba saqarTveloSi sakuTari naSrome-

bis safuZvelze. yvelaze sruli naSromi aris 1995 wels ere-

vanSi somxur enaze gamocemuli ruka-cnobari _ `somxuri ek-lesiebi saqarTveloSi~. am gamocemis avtoria profesori sam-

vel karapetiani. es is karapetiania, romelmac galanZRa saqar-

Tvelos prezidenti, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia

II da qarTveli xalxi.

aRniSnuli naSromis (ruka-cnobari) Sesavlis mixedviT,

somxuri eklesiebi saqarTveloSi 40 raionSi yofila ganTav-sebuli da maTi ricxvi Turme 650 aRwevs. Tumca siis mixed-

viT `somxuri~ eklesiebi saqarTveloSi aris 638. rukaSi Se-

tanilia Tbilisis surb-nSanis (qarTuli wm. jvris) eklesia,

aseve, Tbilisis beTlemi, romelic Turme somxebs auSenebiaT,

xolo 1900-1991 ww. gaqarTulebula anu qarTvelebs miuTvi-

sebiaT, magram Tu mivyvebiT eklesiis istorias, vnaxavT, rom

24

Tbilisis beTlemi daarsebulia vaxtang gorgaslis mier V

saukuneSi, aseve mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli Tbilisis

sionis, metexis, wm. jvris, golgoTis, wm. miqael mTavarange-lozis eklesiebis aSeneba. Tbilisis odiTganve qarTulobis

ugulebelyofa arakeTilsindisierebaa, rasac kadrulobs zo-

gierTi somexi mkvlevari.

ruka-cnobarSi Setanilia Tbilisis ormoc wamebulTa

eklesia. romelic qarTul istoriografiaSi miRebulia, ro-

gorc mefe vaxtang gorgaslis dros (V s.) aSenebuli taZari. profesor s. kakabaZis TqmiT, es taZari ver aSendeboda VI-VII

ss-Si, radgan amis pirobebi qarTlSi, kerZod TbilisSi, ar

iyo. rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnuli taZari Tavidanve yofila

marTlmadidebluri (3: 229).

vaxuSti batoniSvili Zveli Tbilisis eklesiebis saub-

ris Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `kualad ugumbaTo oTxi aw upyravT somexTa~. `aw upyravT somexTa~ imas niSnavs, rom manamde

sxvas, e.i. qarTvelebs ekuTvnodaT es eklesiebi (5: 326).

s. karapetianis ruka–cnobaris mixedviT samcxe-javaxeT-

Si sul aris 127 somxuri eklesia. aqedan 40 aSenebulia

1800 wlamde. 1800_1900 wlebSi, 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,

somxebs 87 eklesia auSenebiaT samcxe-javaxeTSi. XX saukune-Si samcxe-javaxeTSi eklesia ar aSenebula. gamodis 100 wlis

ganmavlobaSi axalqalaqis, axalcixis, adigenis, aspinZis da

borjomis raionebSi sommxebi weliwadSi sul cota erT ek-

lesias aSenebdnen. unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom es ekle-

siebi fundamenturi mkvidri nagebobebia da aranaCqarevad, sa-

xeldaxelod agebuli xuxulebi. amdeni eklesiis aSeneba im-droindeli CoCiala urmiT da SiSveli xeliT warmoudgene-

lia. XIX s-Si ki ara, dRes, meqanizebuli mSeneblobis epoqa-

Sic ki Znelia drois aseT mcire monakveTSi amdeni Senobis,

miTumetes eklesiis ageba. amave dros, darRveulia somxuri

saeklesio kanoni, romlis mixedviT somxuri eklesia unda

Sendebodes zustad 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

aRniSnul ruka-cnobarSi kidev bevri qarTuli eklesiaa

`monaTluli~ somxurad, magram faqtia, rom amis dasturi

aris ara logikuri argumentebi da somxebis mware sicrue,

romelic, gamokvlevis Semdeg, Cemi azriT, SeiZleba sasaci-

lod ar eyos adamians.

25

mizezi ruka-cnobaris aseTi elviseburi gamocemisa aris

1995 wlis gazafxulze TbilisSi axalSenis (noraSeni) ekle-

siis irgvliv atexili aurzauri, delegacia eCmiaZinidan da sxva. amis gamo erevanSi saswrafod Seqmnes es ubadruki ruka-

cnobari da `dokumenturad~ daafiqsires 650-mde `somxuri~

eklesia saqarTveloSi (6: 103-104).

jer kidev dasadgenia rodis aSenda pirveli somxuri

eklesia TbilsSi da saqarTveloSi. am sakiTxs tendenciurad

udgeba erTi somexi mecnieri da Tbiliss somexTa sagareubno cixesimagred miiCnevs (ambobs bondo arvelaZe) (2: 14).

rogorc bondo arvelaZe aRniSnavs, sapatriarqos Seuq-

mnia qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis damdgeni komisia. komi-

siaSi albaT Sedian istorikosebi, xelvnebaTmcodneebi, pale-

ografebi da sxvebi. (2: 29).

didi somxeTis idea dResac cocxlobs. somxuri tradi-ciiT ki, did somxeTSi naxevari saqarTvelo mainc unda moeq-

ces. saqarTveloSi 650 eklesiasac am mizniT iTxoven. imedi

aqvT, rom mdidari, gavleniani somxuri diaspora, kerZod ame-

rikis somxuri diasporac aqtiur monawileobas miiRebs am

saqmeebSi. somexTa garkveuli wreebi fiqroben, rom saqarTve-

loSi somxur eklesiebs somxuri erovnuli ideologiis kere-bad aqceven. amgvari ideologia ki saqarTvelos winaaRmdegaa

mimarTuli.

faqtia, rom saqarTvelos mefeebi somxebs asaxlebdnen

saqarTveloSi im miznT, rom maT Soris momxdariyo daaxloe-

ba, raTa erTad ebrZolaT mtris winaaRmdeg. samwuxarod es

ar moxda da amaSi damnaSaveebi somxebi arian. amitom usamar-Tloa somexTa moTxovna qarTuli eklesiebis maTTvis gadace-

mis Sesaxeb.

26


1. a. abdalaZe (abudalaZe) _ `saqarTvelo da somxeTi~,

Tb., 2008 2. b. arvelaZe _ `qarTuli eklesiebis misakuTreba some-

xi mecnierebis mier grZeldeba...~, Tb., 2006

3. s. kakabaZe, `vaxtang gorgasali da misi xana~, Tb.,

1959

4. g. maisuraZe _ `qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis isto-

riografiidan~, Tb., 2008 5. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, 1973 6. Б. Арвеладзе “Армянские или грузинские церкви в

Грузии?!”, Тб., 1996 г.

David Rekvava Ivane Javakhishvili



About the neglectation of the Samvel Karapetian’s map-reviw

Summary

In this article is considered in 1995 in Armenian language in Erevan published Samvel Karapetian’s map-reviw “the Armerian churchs in Georgia”. In this map is fixed 65o armenian churches, in this article is considered this question.

27

ledi markozaSvili


Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis



lia giuaSvili





qristianobis istoriis mkvlevarebi IV-VII saukuneebis

dasawyisis eklesiaze

(“gamocxadebis” analizis safuZvelze)

“gamocxadebis” berZnuli Sesatyvisia apokalifsi, rac “xilvas” niSnavs. am saTaurs atarebs axali aRTqmis erTader-

Ti winaswarmetyveluri wigni, romelic “wminda wignis” mTe-

li wris bunebriv dasrulebas warmoadgens.(4)

apokalifsis avtorad saeklesio tradicia ioane RvTis-

metyvels asaxelebs. aRniSnuli mosazrebis irgvliv samecnie-

ro wreebSi azrTa siWrele arsebobs. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili ioane RvTismetyvelis avtorobas ar eTanxmeba. rac Seexeba

RvTismetyvelT meoTxe saxarebis, sami kaTolike epistoles

da apokalifsis avtorTa gaigivebisaTvis sakmaris argumetad

miaCniaT enobrivi, terminologiuri da Tematuri siaxlove.(6)

polemikuri sakiTxia “gamocxadebis” daTariRebac. erTni

misi Seqmnis drod asaxeleben 60 wels, sxvani 68 wels, wmin-da epifane 41-54 wlebze mianiSnebs, rac savaraudoa, rameTu

qristianTa cxovrebis im droindeli mdgomareoba ,rogorc is

“gamocxadebaSia” gadmocemuli, metyvelebs misi Seqmnis ufro

gviandel TariRze.(4) asiis Svidi eklesiidan yvelas, romel-

sac ioane RvTismetyveli mimarTavs ukve gaaCniaT Tavisi is-

toria da met-naklebad religiuri cxovrebis mimarTulebac

28

gansazRvruli aqvT. Aam TvalsazrisiT apokalifsis daweris

drod moiazreben 95-96 wlebs, rodesac ioane imperator do-

micianes dros gadaasaxles kunZul patmosze.(5) aRniSnul va-rauds iziareben wminda ieronime, irineosi, evsevi kesarieli

da klimenti aleqsandrieli.

amgvarad, “gamocxadeba” imTaviTve qristian moazrovneTa

gansaxilvel Txuzulebas warmoadgenda. XIX saukunis dasaw-

yisidan nawarmoebi samecniero kvlevis seriozuli obieqti

gaxda, rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleTis qristianobis mkvlevar-mecnierTaTvis, “gamocxadebis” irgvliv mraval mecni-

ers posnovi, talbergi, bolotovi da a.S. aqvs gamoTqmuli

mosazreba. Tanamedrove epoqaSi mkvlevarebma daiwyes “gamocxa-

debis” calkeuli fragmentebis eklesiaTa istoriul proce-

sebTan SejerebiTi Seswavla. Aam gziT miRebuli samecniero

Sedegebi uamrav polemikuri xasiaTis msjelobas, Tu axal sakvlev problemas wamoWris. warmodgenili naSromis mizania

Tanamedrove etapze mecnierTa didi umravlesobis kvlevis Se-

degebis warmoCena, maT mecnierul obieqturobaze msjeloba.

“gamocxadeba” moicavs ocdaor Tavs, romelic Tavisi

Sinaarsis mixedviT ramdenime nawilad iyofa. masSi gadmocemu-

lia winaswarmetyveluri informacia samyarosa da eklesiis dasasrulze, romelic iwyeba imperator neronis droindeli

devnis aRweriT da sruldeba “wuTisoflis aRsasrulze” uw-

yebiT.(6)

am etapze, sakvlev problemad warmoCenilia “gamocxade-

bis” meore Tavi, romelSic gadmocemulia asiis Svid eklesia-

ze winaswarmetyvelebani. aRniSnul eklesiaTagan TiToeulis mimarT Sesabamisad mocemulia darigebis cikli; maTi mrevlis

qristianuli cxovrebisa da WeSmariti rwmenis xotba, maTSi

arsebuli naklovanebebis gamo gakicxva, Segoneba, nugeSi da

dapireba. niSandoblivia, rom mocemuli pirdapir esadageba

asiis eklesiebis mdgomareobas; amavdroulad winaswarmetyve-

leba gankuTvnilia zogadad qristianuli eklesiisa da kon-kretulad,ioanes epoqaSi moqmedi yvela eklesiisaTvis.

“gamocxadebis” meore TavSi mocemul Svidive eklesiaSi

mecnierTa erTi nawili pirobiTad moiazrebs qristianobis is-

toriis Svid periods: e.w. samociqulo periodidan vidre

“qveynierebis daasasrulamde.” am eklesiebis mimarT Sedgenili

epistole winaswarmetyveluri xasiaTisaa da Seesatyviseba

29

qristianobis ganviTarebis calkeul periods, romelic dasaS-

vebia misadagebul iqnas qristianobis yvela periodis istori-

ul axsnasTan, Tumca gansakuTrebuli sisavsiT aris gadmoce-muli qristianobis adreuli periodis istoriuli suraTi,(5)

romlis SesaniSnavi magaliTia, pergamos eklesiis istoria.

(IV-VII ss)

naSromis dasawyisSi xotba aqvs Sesxmuli pergamos ek-

lesias, qristianuli moZRvrebisadmi erTgulebis gamo_“er-

Tguli mowmis, antipas dReebSic ki, romelic moikla...” (ga-mocx.2.13) aRniSnuli ganpirobebuli iyo qristianobis mimde-

varTa devniT. Tu gadavxedavT qristianobis istorias, misi

gavrcelebis pirvelive saukuneebidan vidre konstantine di-

damde, qristianobam gauZlo devnis umZimes periods (3)_”vici

saqmeni Seni da Tu sada mkvidr xar, sada-igi ars saydari eS-

makisai” (gamocx. 2.13) da ganviTarebis gza gaagrZela. Aam gza-ze axal msoflgagebas ukiduresad saSiSi winaaRmdegobebi ga-

uCnda: Tu warmarTi romaeli imperatorebis xanaSi eklesiis

fizikuri ganadgurebisaTvis mimdinareobda brZola, eklesiis

katakombebidan gamosvlis Semdeg, misi Tavisufali moRvaweo-

bis xanaSi, mas Seeqmna bevrad ufro saSiSi mdgomareoba, ekle-

sias moeZala cru swavlebis nakadi, rac hqmnida winapirobas misi erTianobis rRvevisa da WeSmaritebis gzidan gadaxvevi-

saTvis.

saeklesio istoriografiis Tanaxmad, qristianobis is-

toriis IV-VII saukuneebi msoflio saeklesio krebebis epoqaa.

aRniSnuli ganpirobebuli iyo pirvelqristianobidan rigi ga-

daxrebiTa da dogmaturi sakiTxebis garSemo mimdinare dapi-rispirebebiT. Kkrebebze dagmobil iqna cru swavlebani da

qristianobisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovni sakiTxebi ga-

dawyda, ramac SemdgomSi misi ganviTarebis procesze dadebiTi

zegavlena iqonia: Camoyalibda samebis dogmati da Sedgenil

iqna sarwmunoebis simbolo; dagmobil iqna arianeloba, nes-

torisa da monofizitobis eresebi; miRebul iqna kanonebi: Cvil bavSvTa naTloba, RvTismSoblis xatis Tayvaniscema, mic-

valebulTa wesis ageba da a.S.

didi brZolebis Sedegad “sada-igi eSmaki mkvidr ars”

(gamocx.2.13) qristianulma eklesiam SeZlo Tavi daeRwia cru

swavlebisgan da mtkiced daecva WeSmariti rwmena. Mmecnier-

mkvlevarTa azriT, aRniSnuls iuwyeba uflis sityviT RvTis-

30

metyveli-“mtkiced gipyries saxeli Cemi da ara uar-hyav sar-

wmunoebai Cemi” (gamocx. 2.13.)

“gamocxadebis” amave nawilSi aRniSnulia saeklesio cxovrebis uaryofiTi elementebic, romlis paralelebic moi-

Zieba qristianobis istoriis zemoT miTiTebul periodSi; ker-

Zod, SeiniSneba saero xelisuflebasa da sasuliero ierarqias

Soris mimdinare dapirispirebis procesebi.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis politikuri kursi mimarTu-

li iyo eklesiis mTavrobis interesebisamebr gamoyenebisaken, misi saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Cayenebisaken. Bbunebrivia aseTi

politika eklesias akargvinebda Tavis ZiriTad funqcia-mova-

leobas. niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnuli periodi xasiaTdeba

qristianobis progresuli Zalebis brZoliT saero xelisuf-

lebasTan. saeklesio wyaroebi iuwyebian, rom imperatorebi aq-

tiurad monawileobdnen saeklesio krebebSi da xSir SemTxve-vaSi es krebebi maTi uSualo brZanebiT imarTeba. iyo SemTxve-

va, rodesac saero xelisufleba uxeSad Caeria dogmatur sa-

kiTxebSic, ris gamoc eklesia mas aqtiurad daupirispirda.(7)

miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, negatiuri procesebis

gverdiT arsebobda uamravi istoriuli faqti, rodesac impe-

ratorebi da patriarqebi erToblivad iRwvodnen saxelmwifo-ebriv-sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebis mosagvareblad; xSirad impe-

ratorebi Zalis gamoyenebiTac cdiloben saeklesio ganxeTqi-

lebis SeCerebas.

miuxedavad saero da sasuliero mTavrobas Soris aSka-

ra Tu dafaruli dapirispirebisa, saxelmwifo Tavisi inte-

resebidan gamomdinare mainc icavs eklesiis mTlianobas; Tavis mxriv, eklesiac mtkice ideologiur sayrdens warmoadgenda

saxelmwifoebriobis siZlierisaTvis. aRniSnulis naTeli maga-

liTia IV-VI s-ebis mijnaze saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTi-

erTobaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba.(5)

IV saukuneSi berZnul-romaul samyaros barbarosi xal-

xebi mieZalnen da romis imperia mis uZveles kulturasTan erTad nangrevebad iqca. qristianuli eklesia aRmoCnda is re-

aluri Zala, romelmac itvirTa politikuri ususurobis da-

balanseba; mitovebuli qalaqebis dacva da sasowarkveTili mo-

saxleobis gamxneveba. Eeklesiis Tavganwirva da simtkice

aRafrTovanebda mrevls. sasuliero krebuli cdilobda impe-

riis SenarCunebas da barbarosTa Semosevebis mogeriebas.(7)

31

amgvrad, samRvdeloebam nebsiT Tu uneblied itvirTa sa-

moqalaqo da sasuliero pasuxismgebloba, ramac mogvianebiT

dasavleTis eklesiaSi saxe icvala da mankier mxared Camoya-libda.

mimdinare garemoebaSi, aucilebel pirobad dadga barba-

rosi xalxebis qristianul rwmenaze moqceva, risTvisac ekle-

siam miznad daisaxa maT grZnobebsa da warmodgenebze zemoqme-

deba, gaizarda religiur ceremonialTa ricxvi, maTi aRniS-

vnis mravalferovneba da brwyinvaleba. swored am gziT moqme-debda warmarTebze eklesia didi warmatebiT.

warmarTebi axal rwmenas Rebulobdnen ara Sinagani moT-

xovnilebisa da mrwamsis gamo, aramed angariSianobiTa da ga-

morCenis molodiniT. isini mxolod garegnulad iyvnen qris-

tianebi,realurad ki warmarTebi, TaviaanTi Cvevebisa da crur-

wmenebis SenarCunebiT. swored zemoaRniSnulSi vlindeba “ga-mocxadebaSi” mxileba_”gyavs mand zogierTni, balaamis moZ-

Rvrebis mimdevarni balaamisa, romelmaca aswavla balaks, sac-

Turi daedo israelis ZeTa winaSe, raTa eWamaT kerpTaTvis

Senawiri da emruSaT” (gamocx.2.14)

am xalxebis winaSe eklesia uZluri aRmoCnda. ibrZoda

ra barbarosebis gaqristianebisaTvis, TviT eklesias daemuqra gadagvareba; daiwyo qristianuli saidumloebebis warmarTul

grZneulebasTan gaigivebis procesi, ramac qristianuli mrwam-

sis damaxinjeba gamoiwvia.(7) “gamocxadebaSi” sayveduria ga-

moTqmuli mimdinare garemoebis gamo_”Senca gyvanan, romelTa

upyries swavlai igi nikolaelTai” (gamocx.2.15)

winaswarmetyveleba pergamos eklesiis mimarT mTavrdeba nugeSiTa da dapirebiT: “romelman sZlos mivsce mas mananaisa

misgan dafarulisa da mivsce qvai spetaki da qvasa mas Tana

saxeli axali dawerili, romeli aravin uwyis, garna, romel-

man miiRos” (gamocx.2.17) mkvlevarTa erTi nawili manans Zvel

aRTqmidan nasesxebad da zeciuri puris winasaxed anu ieso

qristed miiCnevs. isini mananis saxiT iazreben ufalTan moma-vali netari cxovrebis cocxal urTierTobas, xolo “TeTr

qvas ki qristianebis siwminded da ucodvelobis simbolod,

ris gamoc momavalSi jildod daubrundebaT.(4) Ees ki imaT

miecemaT, vinc qristes saxelsa da rwmenas Seuryevlad dai-

cavs”_aRniSnavs mkvlevari s. serovi.

32

amgvarad, aSkaraa rom “gamocxadebis” Sinaarsi mkafiod

asaxavs qristianobisa da misi eklesiis istoriis konkretul

periods, rac imis dasturia, rom mis Sinaarss istoriuli safuZveli aqvs da udidesi mniSvneloba yvela drois eklesii-

saTvis. sxva sakiTxia mkvlevarTa gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi ze-

moaRniSnulis irgvliv, am etapze warmodgenilia mecnierTa

erTi pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac “gamocxadebis” damrigeb-

lur-didaqtikuri xasiaTi gansazRvravs qristianuli eklesiis

Semdgomi ganviTarebis istoriul etapebs. “gamocxadebis” calkeuli nawilebis kvleva ki iZleva, rogorc eklesiis war-

suli cxovrebis calkeul fragmentTa mkafio suraTs, ise da-

rigeba-rCevebs misi samomavlo cxovrebis irgvliv.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, faqtia, rom

ioanes “gamocxadeba” yvela drois eklesiis moRvaweobis Ses-

wavlis upirobo wyaros wamoadgens.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi

1. axali aRTqma Tb; 2004w.

2. vi. bolotovi-saeklesio krebebi Tb; 2009w.

3. g. koplataZe-qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tb; 2007w.

4. ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis (apokalifsis) ganmarte-

ba, wminda andria kesarielis ganmartebaze day-rdnobiT Tb;2006w.

5. q pavliaSvili- qristianobis istoria, (xelnaweri) Tb;

2009w..

6. n. papuaSvili- axali aRTqma da misi qarTuli Targmanebi

7. Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi, t.3. Tb; 2005w 8. msoflio saeklesio krebebi-Targmna da komentarebi daurTo arCil xaCiZem Tb; 2009w 9. М Поснов, История Христианской Церкви, Брюссель, 1964 г. 10. М, Талберг, История Христианской Церкви, М., 1991

33

Ledi Markozashvili Ivane Javakhishvili



Lia Giuashvili

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Faculty of Humanities


The researcher’s of the history of the christianity about the IV-VII centuries church

(according to the analize to “Apokaliphs”) Summary

In this article is considered the ideas of The researcher’s of the history of the christianity and scientific conclusions II chapter of “Apokaliphs”, where is the prophecy of seven churchs of asya, it is cycle of preach at several church: appologie the truth faith, critic of the defects, comfort and precept, that is all for state of churchs of Asyas. In “Apokaliphs”, concretly second chapter is according seveb churchs and the scienist things that is sven period of chistian church, from the apostolic period to the end of the world. As example it’s considered analyze of Pergamo’s church in the period during the centuries of IV-VII. The epistle of this church corectly the history of this centuries, ger positives or negatives part, knowladge with the prophecy.

34

eklesiis istoria (History of the Church)

qeTevan pavliaSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis profesori

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

qristianoba saqarTvelos politikur-kulturuli

orientaciis problemebSi

istoriulad, saqarTvelos mravalferovan samyarosTan

uxdeboda urTierToba, rac gavlenas axdenda mis kulturaze, sarwmunoebasa da Sesabamisad politikur orientaciazec.

qarTuli kulturis raobis Sesaxeb msoflios samecnie-

ro wreebSi gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs: 1) sxva kul-

turasTan Serwymis Sedegad warmonaqmeni kultura; 2) sxva-

dasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli kulturuli fenebis daSrevis

Sedegi; 3) sasazRvro tipis kultura; 4) romelime civiliza-ciis periferia da bolos 5) TviTmyofadi, damoukidebeli

kultura. (19: 17)

qarTveli eris kulturis istoria cxadhyofs, rom qar-

Tuli kultura ar ganekuTvneba e.w. `sufTa~ kulturaTa

ricxvs, romelic yalibdeba da viTardeba romelime civiliza-

ciis wiaRSi. geopolitikuri da aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis civilizaciaTa gzasayarze mdebare saqarTvelos, istoriam ise-

Ti kultura Camouyaliba, romelic dasaSvebia mxolod sasaz-

Rvro kulturaTa ricxvSi moviazroT. aRniSnulma gansazRvra

saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciis problemebis dayeneba –

gadawyvetac (1 : 101-102)

saukuneebis manZilze, qarTvelebs imave kulturul ga-remocvaSi uxdebodaT cxovreba, romelic epoqis ideals war-

moadgenda; amitom iyo, rom qarTveli eri erTdroulad ake-

Tebda kulturul-religiur, civilizaciur da bolos, yove-

35

livedan gamomdinare, politikur arCevansac. istoriis TiToe-

ul periodSi, saqarTvelos mier arCeulma politikur-reli-

giurma orientaciam ganapiroba civilizaciuri parametrebis Camoyalibebac da Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos uxde-

boda xan `dasavluri~ da, xanac `aradasavluri~ modelis sa-

xelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis mecadineoba. mTeli istoriis manZil-

ze, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli civilizaciur paradigmebze

(TviTidenTifikacia, religia, saxelmwifo institutebi) msje-

lobas mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom zogjer is SesaZlebelia mo-viazroT aRmosavlur-qristianuli, bizantiuri, xanac sxva,

civilizaciis nawilad. (11 : 13-15 ; 22 ; 30 ; 32)

gansxvavebul kulturebTan sistematuri kontaqtebi, am

kulturaTa gadakveTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze, bunebriv

safrTxes uqmnida qarTuli kulturis TviTmyofadobas magram

gare agresorTa safrTxe, saqarTvelos politikuri orienta-ciis gamokveTasac aiZulebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qar-

Tveli eri iazrebda kulturul-politikuri agresiis saf-

rTxes, wina rigSi wevda praqtikul argumentebs; amasTan,

TviTmyofadobis gadarCena – SenarCunebisaTvis ayalibebda ide-

ur Teoriebsac. (17 : 137-139)

saqarTvelo uZvelesi kulturuli da politikuri tra-diciebis qveyanaa. erovnuli TviTmyofadobis gaZlierebis saq-

meSi odiTgan wamyvan rols qristianuli religia, eklesia da

erovnuli samRvdeloeba asrulebda. saukuneebis manZilze, ek-

lesiis Rvawlma aiZula qarTuli mentaloba qristianoba

erovnul niadagze daeyenebina. Sedegad, qarTuli erovnuli

cnobiereba qristianobas gadaeWdo da mTeli misi istoriis manZilze mis Semdgom cxovrebas laitmotivad gahyva. (20 :

47-50, 8 : 4-6 ; 7 : 2-3 ; 31 : 23)

saqarTvelos istoriaSi yovelTvis arsebobda ori opo-

ziciuri realoba _ dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis samyaroTa

saxiT; Sesabamisad, qarTveli eris cnobierebac am ori samya-

rodan gamomdinare impulsebis urTierTqmedebebis fonze ya-libdeboda. am saqmeSi saqarTvelos eklesia arc Tu umniSvne-

lo rols asrulebda. (4, 5:100-104 ; 34 ; 40 : 412-415)

qveynis samomavlo bedis gansazRvraSi eklesia ers gzas aCve-

nebda da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis dacviT qristianul sam-

yarosTan mWidro kavSirebisagan ubiZgebda. miuxedavad aRmosav-

leT mahmadianur samyarosTan mWidro mezobluri urTierTobi-

36

sa, qarTvel ers arasdros hqonia fataluri swrafva misken.

qarTvelTa mizani iyo SesaZleblobebis mixedviT aRmosavleT-

Tan gamijvna da dasavleTTan kavSirTa gzebis Zieba. dasaSvebia, rom, radgan saqarTvelosken agresia aRmosavleTidan modioda,

Sesabamisad es samyaro qarTvelma mtris xatTan gaaigiva, gan-

sxvavebiT misTvis Soreuli dasavleTisagan.

Tavisi adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare, romelime qveya-

naze, qarTvelTa politikuri arCevani, am ukanasknels dam-

pyrobelad ayalibebda da qarTvel ers mudmivad uxdeboda po-litikuri alternativis Zieba.

gaazrebuli hqonda, ra qarTvel xalxs misi geopoliti-

kur-geostrategiuli upiratesoba da aqedan gamomdinare gare

samyaroTa misdami politikuri interesebi, eri cdilobda Si-

da Zalebis konsolidacias, iseTi ideuri Teoriis SemuSavebas,

romelic zogadad kavkasias daicavda globalizaciuri proce-sebisagan. aseT idead saukuneebis manZilze SemuSavebuli er-

Tiani kavkasiuri saxelmwifos Seqmna warmoadgenda. am ukanas-

knelma met-naklebi doniT SeZlo formireba (XI-XII-ss.), mag-

ram msoflioSi mimdinare procesebma misi arsebobis Semdgomi

SesaZleblobebi faqtobrivad aRmofxvra. (2 : 173-175, 23)

qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri orientaciis ZiebaSi qarTvel ers gezi evropaze hqonda aRebuli da miuRe-

beli aRmosavluri agresiisagan Tavdaxsnis mokavSired mas yo-

velTvis evropa-dasavleTi esaxeboda. qarTuli da ucxouri

wyaroebi adastureben, rom Suasaukuneebidan moyolebuli qar-

Tul saxelmwifoebriv azrovnebaSi mokavSired myarad figuri-

rebs evropa. am saqmeSic isev qristianuli religia da qar-Tveli samRvdeloeba asrulebs hegemonis rols. sazRvargareT

moqmedi qarTuli sulierebis savaneebi diplomatiuri uwyebebi

da qarTveli ber-monazvnoba diplomati elCebis misiiT gamo-

diodnen. isini Suamavlis rols asrulebdnen evropis qveyneb-

Tan da evropaSi kaTolikur eklesiasTan qarTvelTa `naTesa-

vis~ Ziebis saqmes misdevdnen. am mxriv, sakmarisia dasaxeldes aTonis wminda mTis qarTveli berebis cxoveli kavSirebi ben-

diqtelTa ordenis berebTan, qarTveli didi ganmaTavisufleb-

lebis, saeklesio mamebis petre iberisa da ioane mTawminde-

lis aqtiuri moRvaweoba saerTaSoriso-saeklesio diplomati-

ur asparezze(2, 4 : 215, 18: 21). Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis istoriaSi dasavluri orienta-

37

ciis gaCena qveynis xelisuflebis politikuri partnioris Zi-

ebaze migvaniSnebs. niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelo eZiebs ara

mfarvels, aramed politikur mokavSires da am ukanasknelad dasavleTs – evropas moiazrebs. aRniSnulis mizezi saZiebe-

lia im Seqmnil garemoSi, romelSic mTeli Suasaukuneebi sa-

qarTvelos uxdeba arseboba. saqarTvelo, daRlili erTmor-

wmune bizantiis imperiis e.w. `mfarvelobisa~ da aRmosavluri

samyaros Ria agresiisagan, evropas politikur alternativad

moiazrebs. aRniSnulis magaliTebi moiZieba rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour wyaroebSi. magaliTad, normandiuli qronikis

(1136 w.) Tanaxmad, 1123-1124 wlebSi saqarTvelos mefe daviT

IV-e da kilikiis mTavris Zma erToblivi ZalebiT anTavisuf-

leben sulTanTan tyved myof raindebs; aseve romis papis 1211

wlis 7 ivnisis epistole, romliTac romis eklesiis meTauri

saqarTvelos mefes wminda miwis dacvisaken mouwodebs. evro-puli wyaroebi ixsenieben qarTvel mefe – xucess, vinme ioa-

nes (qarTuli istoriografiis Tanaxmad, ioaneSi moiazreba

daviT IV-e, an misi Ze demetre), igive Pex David –s, romel-

sac moiazreben evropis mxsnelad monRolTa agresiisagan da

a.S. (2, 4 : 215, 18: 21) amrigad, faqtia, qarTveli eris

ltolva dasavleTisaken da qarTul saxelmwifoebriv cnobie-rebaSi evropis mokavSired gaazreba. kvlevis sxva sakiTxia,

evropasTan mWidro urTierTobebi gamoiwvevda, Tu ara droTa

viTarebaSi qarTuli samyaros daaxloebas dasavleTis civili-

zaciasTan da Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi civilizaciuri (aRmo-

savlur-bizantiur-marTlmadidebluri) maxasiaTeblebis cvli-

lebas. miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, saqarTvelos ar gadauxve-

via kulturul – politikuri tradiciebis dacvis gzidan da

marTlmadidebluri qristianobisadmi erTgulebam warmoaCina

qarTuli sarwmunoebriv _ saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis Zi-

riTadi etapebi. am etapebma epoqebTan SesatyvisobaSi gansaz-

Rvra politikuri orientaciebi, romlebic warmoCndnen nair-gvari formebiT. yvela etapze, saqarTvelo radikalurad ar

gamijvnia dapirispirebul samyaros da lavirilebis meTodiT

igeriebda Tavsmoxveul mis agresias. (23 : 47-50.

qarTuli religiur – saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis Zi-

riTadi etapebi Semdegi saxiT SesaZlebelia dajgufdes:

38

1). IV-VI saukuneebi. am epoqaSi, saqarTveloSi qristia-

nobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam warmoaCina misi po-

litikuri orientacia bizantiis imperiisaken. amave periodSi, ideologiur-politikuri xasiaTis bizantia-sparseTis omebis

cikli saqarTvelos teritoriaze ayalibebda erTian saqarTve-

los da Sesabamisad erTiani kavkasiis ideas, romelmac mogvia-

nebiT XI saukuneSi hpova realizeba. (2: 162-164 20: 44-45).

zogadad VI-VII saukuneebis kavkasiaSi religiuri pozi-

ciebis Camoyalibebis procesi mimdinareobda, rac mWidro kav-SirSi iyo amierkavkasiis qveynebis politikur-kulturuli

orientaciebis garkvevasTan. amave periodSi, mZlavri ideolo-

giuri brZolebi mimdinareobs Sida kavkasiur sivrceSi kavka-

siis gaerTianebis hegemonobisaTvis.

2). VII-VIII saukuneebi. aRniSnul periodSi saqarTvelos

aRar hyavs saxelmwifo xelisufleba, magram isev arsebobs sa-xelmwifo institutebi. saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia

aSkarad bizantiis mxaresaa; Sesabamisad, mimdinareobs bizanti-

uri kulturis intensiuri aTvisebis procesi; TandaTanobiT

yalibdeba saqarTvelos kulturul-politikuri cneba, rom-

lis wiaRSic ganisazRvra saqarTvelos eklesiis diofizitu-

ri mimarTuleba. zemoaRniSnuls Sedegad mohyva: monofizitur samyarosTan dapirispirebaSi, erovnul ZalTa konsolidacia;

aseve, kavkasiaSi hegemonuri poziciis ganmtkiceba, rac imis

mauwyebeli iyo, rom qarTuli samyaro emzadeboda politi-

kur-eklesiuri gaerTianebisaTvis da eklesiam SeZlo eris re-

ligiuri konsolidacia, riTac is politikuri gaerTianebis

bazisad Camoyalibda. (4, 5, 10: 20-27, 20: 103-106) 3). IX-XIII saukuneebi. am epoqaSi ukve Seiqmna erTiani

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, romelmac itvirTa sruliad kavka-

siis gaerTianebis istoriuli misia. mimdinare garemoeba bizan-

tiis imperiis politikur interesebSi ar Tavsdeboda. saqar-

Tvelos eklesia, romelmac niadagi Seamzada saqarTvelos xe-

lisuflebis hegemonobiT kavkasiis gaerTianebisa, bizantiis imperiisaTvis kategoriulad miuRebeli iyo, rameTu is kar-

gavda Tavis gavlenas kavkasiaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, bizantiam

daiwyo saqarTvelos eklesiis damcrobis mimarTulebiT muSa-

oba da erovnuli eklesiis avtokefaluri ufleba eWvqveS da-

ayena. kavkasiaSi, saqarTvelos gavlenis Sesustebis mizniT bi-

zantia somxuri eklesiisadmi lioaluri politikis gzas da-

39

adga. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam da saeklesio ierarqiam ga-

mowvevas farTo erovnuli ideologiuri frontis gaSliT

upasuxes. aRniSnul epoqaSi saqarTvelom isev daayena politi-kuri alternativas Ziebis sakiTxi, raSic mas daxmarebas uwev-

da saerTaSoriso asparezze mimdinare procesebi.

mimdinare periodSi ganviTarebulma jvarosnulma laS-

qrobebma sinTezireba moaxdina ramdenime saazrovno sistemisa:

dasavlur – qristianulis, aRmosavlur _ qristianulisa da

islamuris. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Sexvedram da aq dam-xdurma kulturulma tradiciebma Tvisobrivad axali Sinaar-

sis kultura Camoayaliba, romelic erTis mxriv zemoCamoT-

vlili kulturul maxasiaTebelTa Sejerebis Sedegad dadama-

xasiaTebeli gaxda mxolod qarTuli samyarosTvis da meoris

mxriv, qarTvelebs axali politikuri orientaciis (dasavleTi

– q.p.) gza daanaxa, evropuli orientaciis wina rigSi wamowe-vam, erTiani saqarTvelos mefeebs islamuri samyaros winaaR-

mdeg brZolis gagrZeleba daakisra, rameTu mahmadianuri qvey-

nebis politikuri interesebi kavkasiaSi hegemonobaze saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifoebriv interesebTan kategoriul winaaR-

mdegobriobaSi modioda. saqarTvelos winaSe dasaxuli prob-

lemis gadawyvetas gonivrulad uZRveboda misi xelisufleba. politikuri islamis Zlevis misia naTlad aisaxa qarTveli

monarqebis epiTetebSi: `mesiis maxvili~, `yovlisa aRmosavle-

Tisa da Crdiloisa mflobeli~ da a.S. (10: 9-11; 19:7 2: 99-

102 6: 111-112, 17: 80-89 21: 66-68)

4). XIV-XVII saukuneebi. am epoqaSi bizantiuri civili-

zaciis kraxma aRmosavlur qristianobas sazogadoebis ganvi-Tarebis wamyvani funqcia daakargvina. yovelives Sedegad, sa-

zogadoebrivi progresi sagrZnoblad Seferxda. paralelurad,

aqtiurad mimdinareobda islamuri samyaros aRzevebis proce-

sic. ori didi, agresiuli mahmadianuri imperiis (osmaleTi da

irani _ q.p.) formirebam, erTmaneTSi ZalTa gadanawilebisaT-

vis uwyvetma brZolebma, saqarTvelo am dapirispirebis poli-gonad aqcia. marTalia, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobas ar-

seboba ar Seuwyvetia, magram misi ganviTarebis procesi as-

wleulobiT SeCerda. qarTvel erze iZulebiT Tavsmoxveulma

aRmosavlurma kulturul-politikurma interesebma seriozu-

li vneba moutana qarTul erovnul fsiqikas da is xangrZli-

vi droiT erT doneze gayina; Sesabamisad, SeCerda erTiani kav-

40

kasiuri ideis Semdgomi ganxorcielebac da saqarTvelom dah-

karga erTiani kavkasiis formirebaSi hegemonobis istoriuli

pozicia. (10: 9-11; 19:7 2: 99-102 6: 111-112, 17: 80-89 21: 66-68)

aRniSnul periodSi, saqarTvelom kidev ufro gaaaqtiu-

ra dasavlur orientaciaze mecadineoba. Soreul aRmosavleT-

Si vatikanisa da dasavleT evropis politikuri interesebi

saqarTvelos sakiTxs evropisaTvis aqtualurs xdida. saqar-

Tvelo, rogorc kaTolicizmis aRmosavleTSi gavrcelebis placdarmi ara mxolod evropisTvis iyo saintereso, aramed

Tavad saqarTvelosTvisac (18: 597-614, 26: 127-131; 27: 133-

137). saqarTvelos xelisufleba dasavlur orientacias moi-

azrebda islamuri agresiisagan ganTavisuflebis erTad-erT

saSualebad. marTalia, saqarTvelos monawileobam antiosma-

lur koaliciebSi warmateba ver moipova, magram mis xelisuf-lebas dasavluri orientaciisagan gamijvna, arc Semdgom sau-

kuneSi (XVIII s.) ucdia.

5). XVIII saukune. XVIII saukune faqtobrivad wina sau-

keneebSi gamokveTili dasavleTisaken saqarTvelos politiku-

ri orientaciis gagrZelebas warmoadgens mahmadianuri rkali-

sagan TavdaxsnisaTvis. paralelurad aRniSnulisa, saqarTvelo politikur orientacias CrdiloeTisakenac eZiebda; gansakuT-

rebiT im dros, rodesac is xelmocaruli rCeboda evropisa-

gan.

politikuri Ziebis gza ZiriTadad kulturuli kavSire-

bis damyarebaze gadioda. mZime pirobebis miuxedavad, qarTve-

lebi energiulad cdilobdnen urTierTobebis damyarebas po-litikur-kulturulad dawinaurebul dasavleT evropis sa-

xelmwifoebTan da saxelmwifoebrivi aRmavlobis gzaze mdgom

erTmorwmune ruseTis imperiasTan.

islamuri izolaciisagan daxsnisaTvis dasavleTis aspa-

rezze qarTvel moRvaweTa diplomatiurma aqtiurobam _ Sede-

gi ver gamoiRo da saqarTvelos politikur alternativad erTaderTi ruseTis marTlmadidebluri qveyana darCa.

ruseTis imperiis aRmosavluri qristianobis mimdevari

xalxebis islamuri agresiisagan e.w. `dacvis misiam~ da `mesa-

me romad~ gamocxadebam, ruseTs marTlmadidebeli erebis

TvalSi mimzidveloba da avtoriteti SesZina. saqarTvelos-

41

Tvisac ruseTi `Tavis gamoxsnis, dacva-gadarCenis~ erTad-erT

qveynad iqca.

Tavis mxriv, ruseTSi agresiuli dampyrobluri poli-tikuri kursi SemuSavda mezobeli qveynebis mimarT, gansakuT-

rebiT kavkasiisadmi. misi politikur-kulturuli aTvisebis

centrad ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelo moiazra da misi

daqvemdebarebis mimarTulebiT mizanmimarTuli muSaoba daiwyo.

(12: 217-219; 28: 607 14, 24, 25).

6). XIX-XX saukunis 10-iani wlebi. XIX saukunis da-sawyisSi saqarTvelo erTmorwmune ruseTTan dapyrobil mdgo-

mareobaSi aRmoCnda. qarTveli eri imTaviTve ar Serigebia dap-

yrobil mdgomareobas da daiwyo erovnuli konsolidaciis

procesi erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis. es

procesi ruseT-saqarTvelos mwvave dapirispirebis fonze mim-

dinareobda rogorc fizikur, ise ideologiur frontze. qar-Tveli eris yuradReba mimarTuli iyo erovnuli rwmenis, fa-

seulobebis, kulturisa da TviTmyofadobis gadarCena-SenarCu-

nebisaken. qarTveli eris konsolidaciis procesSi aqtiuri

adgili ekava saqarTvelos eklesiasa da qarTvel samRvdeloe-

bas. aRniSnulis Sedegi iyo qarTveli eris didi gamarjveba –

erovnuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena, rasac maleve moh-yva saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenac(9, 24, 25, 13, 37).

7). 1918-1921 wlebi. aRniSnuli periodi qarTuli de-

mokratiuli saxelmwifos gamocxadebisa da aRmSeneblobis

droa. axladaRmocenebul saxelmwifos rTuli Sida da gare

viTarebebi Seeqmna. burJuaziuli ruseTisaTvis saqarTvelo klavindeburad ruseTis saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawils war-

moadgenda. ruseTis politikuri Zalebi yvelanairad cdilob-

dnen saqarTvelos Sida areulobis provocirebas. qarTuli

politikuri orientaciebi klavindeburad dasavleTisaken iyo

mimarTuli, magram am mxriv, miRebulma imedgacruebam saqar-

Tvelos bedi ukuRma Seabruna. yovelives Sedegad, 1921 wlis TebervalSi ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos aneqsia da is xan-

grZlivi droiT mowyvita gare samyaros, Caketa sabWouri sis-

temis daxSul sivrceSi.

pirveli qarTuli demokratiuli saxelmwifos damcoba-

Si uaryofiTi wvlili Tavad mis xelisuflebasac miuZRvis:

1). qveynis saTaveSi iyvnen social-demokrati menSevikebi, ro-

42

melTaTvisac ucxo iyo erovnuli sakiTxi; da 2). xelisufle-

bis antisarwmunoebrivi politika, erovnuli eklesiis gamij-

vna saxelmwifo interesebisagan, qarTuli eklesiis istori-ul-tradiciuli funqciis dakargva da a.S. (9, 24, 25, 13, 37).

XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi. mimdinare wlebSi yalib-

deboda sabWoTa socialisturi sistema da saxelmwifoebrio-

ba, romlis nawili saqarTveloc iyo. qarTveli eri, ise, ro-

gorc sabWoTa imperiaSi Semavali sxva dapyrobili erebi

erovnuli Semecnebis diskreditacias ganicdida. sabWoTa impe-riis ideologia agebuli iyo sabWouri eris Seqmnaze, rome-

lis kulturac formiT erovnuli da SinaarsiT socialistu-

ri unda yofiliyo. erovnuli TviTmyofadobis, kulturis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolaSi Seiqmna mebrZoli aTeisturi moZraoba, ro-

melic mwvaved daupirispirda erovnul eklesias, rameTu es

ukanaskneli erovnuli konsolidaciis, erovnuli grZnobebis gaRvivebisaTvis iyo mowodebuli (15, 16, 24, 25, 13)

30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare erovnuli dau-

morCileblobebis moZraobam saxelisuflebo represiebi gamo-

iwvia, romelsac yvela socialuri fenis progresuli Zalebi

emsxverplnen (15, 16, 24, 25, 13, 38; 39). saqar-

TveloSi socialisturi ideis gamarjvebisaTvis sabWoTa xe-lisuflebam saqarTvelos eklesiis iersaxis ganadgureba dai-

saxa miznad da daiwyo eklesiis mizanmimarTuli modernizacia

_ diskreditaciis mimarTulebiT muSaoba. qarTuli marTlma-

didebloba da saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia, rogorc

erovnuli ideologiis birTvi politikuri angariSsworebis

sakiTxi gaxda (29). qarTveli eri SeZlebisdagvarad cdilob-da eklesiasTan siaxloves, sulieri simSvidis mopovebas, sa-

momavlo imedis ganmtkicebas.qarTvelma xalxma mTeli Sinagani

energia erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebisaken warmarTa da

cdilobda politikurad xelsayrel garemoebas saTanadod

erovnul-ideologiuri, erovnul-mentaluri simtkiciT Sex-

vedroda.

43


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39. Постановление Пленума ЦК КПСС. Тезисы ЦК КПСС, М., 1967г. 40. Тойнби А. Джж Постижение истории, М., 1997

Ketevan Pavliashvili

Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Doctor of Historical Sciences

Christianity in Political-Cultural Problems of Georgia

Summary

Historically, Georgia happened to face aggression from the diverse world, what effected its culture, religion and accordingly its political orientation.

There is a different viewpoints in scientific circles of the world regarding essence of Georgian culture: 1. A culture appeared as a result of influence of other culture; 2. a result of stratifying of different cultural groups in different epochs; 3. Border type culture; 4. a periphery of some civilization and finally 5. Original, independent culture.

The history of Georgian nation proves that Georgian culture is not among so called "pure" cultures, being established and developed within some civilization. In Georgia located at the crossroad of East and West civilizations the history served for establishment of such a culture, which can be considered to be a border one only. The above determined both raising and solving of political orientation problems of Georgia.

During centuries Georgians had to live in the same cultural surrounding, which presented to be an ideal of the epoch; that's why Georgian nation was simultaneously making cultural-religious, civilization and finally – proceeding from all the latter –political choice. In each period of the history, political-religious orientation selected by Georgia served for establishment of civilized parameters and accordingly, Georgia happened to try its best for making sometimes "West Type" and sometimes "East Type" State model. When discussing civilization paradigms (self-identification, religion, state institutes) established in Georgia during the whole history, we come to a

46

conclusion, that sometimes it can be considered as a part of east-Christian, Byzantium or other civilization.

Systematic contact with different cultures, intersection of these cultures on the territory of Georgia was a serious danger for originality of Georgian culture but a jeopardy coming from foreign aggressors made for revelation of Georgian political orientation. In such case, when Georgian nation shared a danger of cultural-political aggression, practical arguments were foreground; besides, for survival-preservation of its originality was establishing ideological theories as well.

Georgia is a country of ancient cultural and political traditions. From the very outset in strengthening of national originality Christian religion, church and national clergy had leading role. During centuries, merit of Church made Georgian mentality to raise Christianity on national ground. As a result Georgian national consciousness merged with Christianity and during the whole history became a burden of its life followed.

In the history of Georgia there always were two oppositional realities – in the form of west and east world; accordingly, consciousness of Georgian nation was being established against a background of interaction of impulses coming out these two worlds. In this case Georgian Church had significant role. In determination of country's future fate the church had a leading role and defending traditional values stimulated for strengthening ties with Christian World. In spite of close neighboring relations with East Moslem World Georgian nation never fatally strived for it. Georgians, according to possibilities, always aimed at isolation from the East and connection with the West. Due to the fact, that Georgia always experienced aggression from the East, it's logical that the latter was the enemy for Georgians unlike the distant West.

Due to its location, political choice of Georgia was permanently changing, because selected country always happened to turn into conqueror and the latter had nothing to do, but to search for alternative.

Realizing its geopolitical and geo-strategic advantage and accordingly political interests of outer world towards it Georgian people tried its best to consolidate internal forces and to elaborate such ideological theories, which would protect the Caucasus in general from globalization processes. Such idea was creation of united Caucasian State. The latter was more-or-less founded (XI-XII cen.), but the world processes actually eradicated possibilities of its future existence.

Searching for Georgian state political orientation the nation made selection on the Europe, because the latter seemed to be an ally for

47

Georgia in aggression coming from the East. Georgian and foreign sources stated that beginning from Middle Ages Georgia's state thinking was always definitely attracted towards the Europe. In this case Christianity and Georgian clergy is of leading role as always. Georgian spiritual cloisters located abroad, diplomatic agencies and Georgian monk hood took upon diplomatic mission. They were acting as mediators between Georgia and Europe and were searching for "ties" with Catholic Church. In this case it's enough to name lively ties of Georgian monks from Holy Athos with black monks (Benedictines); also activities of great Georgian liberator monks Peter the Iberian and Ioane Mtatsmindeli in the field of international-ecclesiastic diplomacy.

Appearing of west orientation in state thinking of Middle Ages Georgia was a sign of searching for political partner by the Power. It's significant, that Georgia was not seeking for protector, but for political ally and considered the west, the Europe to be the latter. The reason for the above can be laid in the environment, in which Georgia used to live during ht middle ages. The Europe was a political alternative for Georgia tired from so called "protection" of coreligionist Byzantium and from obvious aggression of East World. The examples of the above can be found both in Georgian and in foreign sources. For example, according to Norman chronicles (1136) in 1123-1124 Georgian king David IV and a brother of Cilician prince by common efforts were releasing knights being in captivity by Sultan; also in epistle of June 7, 1211 the Pope was applying to Georgian King for defending the Holy Land. European sources mention Georgian king – a certain Ioane (according to Georgian historiography under Ioane there is meant David IV or his son Demetre) the same Pex David, who was considered to be a savior of Europe from Mongols etc. Thus, aspiration of Georgians towards the west and regarding the Europe as ally by state Georgian thinking is obvious. The other issue of the survey is whether close ties with Europe would provide for assimilation of Georgian nature with west civilization and accordingly alteration of civilizational characteristics (east-Byzantium-orthodox) in Georgia.

Besides of the above, Georgia did not give up cultural and political traditions and remained devoted to Orthodox Christianity and this revealed main stages of Georgian religious-state consciousness. These stages in accordance with epochs determined political orientations revealed in different forms. At all stages Georgia was not radically isolated from the opposite world and was parrying coming aggression using manoeuvring method.

48

sofio andRulaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba XX saukunis 20-ian

wlebSi da episkoposi stefane bodbeli

(vasil karbelaSvili)

saukuneebis manZilze qristianulma eklesiam saxelmwi-fosTan urTierTobis rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi etapebi gan-

vlo. eklesiis saero xelisuflebisadmi damokidebulebis um-

Tavresi aspeqtebi upirveles yovlisa axali aRTqmis teqsteb-

Sia saZiebeli. saxelmwifo qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis aR-

moceneba da Camoyalibeba ki imperator konstantine didis

(306-337) moRvaweobidan iRebs saTaves. droTa ganmavlobaSi, saxelmwifos sazogadoebriv-politikuriBda socialuri struq-

turebis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, Seicvala saero xelisufle-

basa da eklesias Soris damokidebulebis formebic. uaRresad

mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom eklesiasa da saxelmwifos

Soris harmoniuli urTierTobis mtkice garants qveynis demok-

ratiuli struqturebis arseboba ganapirobebs. demokratiuli mmarTveloba, romelic xalxis Tavisufal nebas da principebs

efuZneba, xels uwyobs eklesiis Tavisufal da stabilur Tana-

arsebobas saxelmwifosTan, xolo rac ufro totaluria sa-

xelmwifo mmarTveloba, miT ufro devnili da Seviwrovebulia

eklesia, rameTu aseTi xelisufleba erTpirovnul an klanur

msoflmxedvelobaze agebul damokidebulebas gamoxatavs zoga-dad sarwmunoebisa da eklesiis mimarT. eklesiisa da saxelmwi-

fos urTierToba Tanamedrove etapzec upirveles yovlisa am

umniSvnelovanes aspeqtSi ganixileba da maT Soris urTierTo-

bis detalebze msjeloba swored aqedan unda daviwyoT.

saqarTvelos, romelic saukuneebis manZilze klasikuri

marTlmadidebluri qveynis nimuSad moiazreba da Sesabamisad msoflio qristianuli samyaros nawils Seadgens, sakmaod mdi-

dari gamocdileba gaaCnia eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTier-

Tobis TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesii-

sa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis istoria, erTi SexedviT,

TiTqos arafriT gansxvavdeba msoflio saqristianos danarCeni

nawilis istoriisagan, magram es daskvna mxolod zedapirulia.

49

arsebuli sakiTxis Rrma da detaluri Seswavla, romelic Ta-

namedrove etapzec grZeldeba, safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT,

rom Tavisi arsebobis manZilze qristianuli msoflmxedvelobi-sa da mrwamsis gansakuTrebuli simtkiciT dacva-SenarCunebam

saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur eklesias saero xelisuflebas-

Tan damokidebulebis uaRresad brZnuli da daxvewili meTod-

xerxebi gamoumuSava, ramac urTulesi msoflio politikuri

kataklizmebis miuxedavad, ganapiroba ara mxolod eklesiis

TviTmyofadoba da mTlianoba, aramed misi maRali avtoriteti saxelmwifoSi.

aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvlevisas uaRresad didi mniSvnelo-

ba aqvs axali da uaxlesi istoriis monakveTis zedmiewvniT

Seswavlas am mimarTulebiT, rac zemoaRniSnul daskvnas ufro

met damajereblobas SesZens. miT umetes, rom istorias garkve-

ulwilad ganmeorebadoba axasiaTebs da warsuli gakveTilebis gaTvaliswineba samomavlod swori konturebis moxazvis saSua-

lebas mogvcems. Cveni kvlevis periodi, XX saukunis 20-iani

wlebi, romelic totalitaruli reJimis damyarebisa da gan-

mtkicebis aqtiur periods warmoadgens, sainteresoa aRniSnuli

sakiTxis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT. gansakuTrebiT sagulis-

xmoa am periodSi moRvawe sasuliero ierarqTa Sexedulebebi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb, im gzebisa da

saSualebebis ganxilva-gaanalizeba, ramac saqarTvelos mar-

Tlmadidebeli eklesia ara mxolod gadaarCina fizikuri ganad-

gurebas, aramed, garkveuli nabijebic gadaidga saxelmwifosTan

jansaRi da stabiluri urTierTobis dasamyareblad. gvinda yu-

radreba gavamaxvloT aRniSnuli epoqis erT-erTi TvalsaCino sasuliero piris. episkoposi stefane bodbelis (vasil karbe-

laSvilis) moRvaweobaze am mimarTulebiT. gavaanalizoT, Tu

rogor xedavda is eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis da-

regulirebis problemis gadawyvetas saqarTvelos istoriis am

ukiduresad rTul periodSi da zogadad ra wvlili Seitana

man erovnuli eklesiis gadarCenis saqmeSi. vidre uSualod aRniSnuli periodis ganxilvas Seudge-

biT, mokled gavaSuqebT im etapebs, rac saqarTvelos eklesiam

ruseTis TviTmyrobeluri reJimidan moyolebuli bolSevikuri

xelisuflebis damyarebamde ganvlo. imdenad, ramdenadac saqar-

Tvelo ruseTis uzarmazari imperiis SemadgenlobaSi moiazre-

boda, Sesabamisad, misi eklesiac, damoukidebloba dakarguli

50

da uflebaayrili, ruseTis eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebo-

da. es is droa, rodesac ruseTis saxelmwifos mier eklesiis

bizantiuri “Caxuteba” ukidures zRvramde iyo misuli [3; 23-25]. “saqarTvelos saegzarxosos” saxelwodebiT arsebuli dev-

nili da Seviwrovebuli saqarTvelos eklesia ki Tavisuflebis

aRsadgenad ibrZoda. rogorc cnobilia, es brZola 1917wlis

12 marts avtokefaliis gamocxadebiT dagvirgvinda. saqarTve-

los eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg eklesiasa da sa-

xelmwifos Soris garkveuli problemebi warmoiSva (eklesiis adgili saxelmwifoSi, saeklesio qonebis sakiTxi, eklesiisa da

saganmanaTleblo sistemis urTierToba da sxva). SemdegSi, sa-

qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis (1918-1921)

mier miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, antisarwmunoebrivi xasia-

Tis miuxedavad, eklesias mainc aZlevda arsebobis saSualebas.

1920 wlis 19 noembris proeqtiT eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos eklesia saxelmwifosagan damo-

ukideblad cxaddeboda ara marto materialurad, aramed igi

ganTavisuflebul iqna saxelmwifo funqciebsganac (qorwineba,

dabadeba, gardacvaleba da sxva). marTalia am proeqtis ZaliT

saqarTvelos eklesias arsebobis saxsari gamoecala, magram mas

ufleba eZleoda Seeqmna samrevloebi da sazogadoeba-kavSirebi. am ukanasknelT iuridiuli piris ufleba eniWebodaT da eqvem-

debarebodnen saero xelisuflebas. im droisaTvis aRniSnul

proeqts qarTveli samRvdeloebis protesti mohyva. menSevikuri

mTavrobisagan gansxvavebiT, eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyo-

fis sakiTxs qarTveli samRvdeloeba aseT formulirebas uke-

Tebda: eklesiis sruli Caurevloba saxelmwifos politikur cxovrebaSi, romelsac mxolod sazogadoebis sarwmunoebriv-

zneorivi kulturisa da aRzrda-ganspetakebisaTvis unda ezru-

na. Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifoc unda gaTavisuflebuliyo yovel-

gvari saeklesio-sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTis funqcia-movaleobisa-

gan. aseTnairad gagebuli da warmodgenili urTierToba eklesi-

asa da saxelmwifos Soris aramc Tu aZlevda saxelmwifos ne-bas waerTmia eklesiisaTvis kuTvnili qoneba, an axlis SeZenis

saSualeba moespo, aramed eklesiis Senaxvisganac ar aTavisuf-

lebda mas [6]. Cvens mier Seswavlili da gaanalizebulia ekle-

siisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba saqarTvelos demokratiuli

mmarTvelobis periodSi, sadac saqarTvelos eklesiaSi moRvawe

imdroindel samRvdeloebasTan erTad, warmoCenilia episkoposi

51

stefane bodbelis (vasil karbelaSvili) Sexedulebebi da mo-

sazrebebi aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT [2; 105-114].

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, ruseTis mier saqarTve-los aneqsiis Semdeg, eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTi-

erToba ukiduresad daiZaba. saqarTvelos revkomis 1921 wlis

15 aprilis dekretiT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia

iuridiuli statusis armqone organizaciad gamocxadda. Tu

menSevikuri mTavrobis dros marTlmadidebeli eklesia gaTanab-

rebul iqna sxva religiur mimdinareobebTan, bolSevikuri re-Jimis damyarebis pirvelsave wlebSi daiwyo sastiki brZola

religiis winaaRmdeg. komunisturi sistema religiisadmi

mtrul saxelmwifo sistemas warmoadgenda, romelmac eklesia

kontrrevoluciur Zalad gamoacxada. zemoaRniSnuli dekreti

sindisis TavisuflebaSi antireligiur da aTeistur gagebas

gulisxmobda. sindisis Tavisufleba ar iyo TviToeulisaTvis samarTlebrivad uzrunvelyofili avtonomia, romelic saSua-

lebas iZleoda wes-Cveulebisa da religiuri pasuxismgeblobis

gaTvaliswinebiT arCevani gaekeTebinaT WeSmaritad Secnobilis

sasargeblod. igi ufro niSnavda sindisis Tavisuflebas rali-

giisagan [7; 49]. saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofis principi

niSnavda saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis saqmianobis yvela sfe-ros sekularizacias. am droisaTvis eklesiis statusi gani-

sazRvreboda deviziT: ”keisars keisrisa da RmerTs RvTisa”.

saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gamijnuli

ori radikalurad gansxvavaebuli sfero gaxda. es iyo mdgoma-

reoba, rasac praqtikulad da sulieri TvalsazrisiT ganic-

dida Tavdapirveli eklesia, anu saxelmwifosagan Tavisufali, magram devnili da Seviwrovebuli eklesia, romelmac icis

soflis buneba da xelmZRvanelobs principiT, rom yoveli am-

qveyniuri xelisufleba, rogoric ar unda iyos igi, erTis

mxriv miwieria da meore mxriv igi RvTisganaa (rom. 1;1) [3; 23-

25]. swored am principiT xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos ekle-

siis am periodSi moRvawe sasuliero krebuli, romelic bolSevikuri wnexis pirobebSi cdilobda gamosavlis povnas.

sabWoTa imperiis masStabiT gaCaRebuli antisarwmunoebrivi

politika damangreveli ZaliT emuqreboda ara mxolod rusul,

aramed mis periferiebSi Semaval erovnul eklesiebsac. aRniS-

nuli politika XX saukunis 20-iani wlebisaTvis or etapad

warimarTa, romelTagan pirveli metad uxeSi da Zaladobrivi

52

formebiT gamoixata da igi lenin-trockis saxelebs ukavSirde-

ba. meore etapi, romelic 1922 wlidan daiwyo da saxeSecvli-

li formiT, Tumca igive SinaarsiT ganagrZobda eklesiis dev-na-Seviwrovebas, stalinuri saeklesio politikis dasawyisad

aris miCneuli. es is periodia, rodesac saxelmwifos meTauris

winaSe dadga sakiTxi eklesiis sferoSi reformebis gatarebi-

sa, romelsac unda uzrunvelyo saeklesio organizaciis arse-

boba da misi sabWoTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi CarTva [5;

445]. rogorc cnobilia, aseTi politikis wyalobiT, rusuli eklesiis wiaRSi ganxeTqileba (sqizma) warmoiqmna da igi tra-

diciuli marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis aRmsarebel e.w. “ti-

xonovelebad” da “obnovlenebad” gaiyo. es ukanaskneli iyo

swored is axali modernizebuli eklesia, romelsac sabWouri

avtoritaruli sistemis ideologis funqcia unda etvirTa.

yvelaze umTavresi, riTac igi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda tradi-ciul marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan gaxladaT is, rom “obnov-

lenebs” anu “ganmaaxlebelTa moZraobis” warmomadgenlebs eva-

lebodaT qristianuli swavlebis Sinaarsisa da xasiaTis Sec-

vla-Selamazeba komunisturi idealebiT, rac miuRebelia zoga-

dad qristianuli swavlebis normebiT.

bunebrivia, rom sabWoTa imperiis masStabiT warmoebuli antisarwmunoebrivi politika did safrTxes uqmnida saqarTve-

los erovnul eklesiasac, romlis SigniTac opoziciurad gan-

wyobil samRvdeloTa frTa Camoyalibda. mis warmomadgenlad

episkoposi stefane bodbelic (vasil karbelaSvili) gvevlineba,

romelic 1926 wlis dekemberSi q. quTaisSi gamarTul saekle-

sio krebas daeswro. opoziciuri frTis Camoyalibeba saqarTve-los eklesiaSi ganpirobebuli iyo samRvdeloebas Soris arse-

bul azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gamo, rac ar SeiZleba gaigivebul

iqnas ruseTis eklesiaSi mimdinare modernizaciis procesTan.

opoziciurad ganwyobil samRvdeloebas gaumarTleblad miaCnda

eklesiis aSkara dapirispireba saero xelisuflebasTan, radgan

arsebuli politikuri realoba aiZulebda mas Seecvala brZo-lis taqtika. am ukanasknelis aucilebloba gansakuTrebiT

TvalsaCinod wmida kaTalikos-patriarq ambrosis (xelaia) mier

genius saerTaSoriso konferenciaze gagzavnili memorandumis

Semdeg gamoikveTa. sadavod ar migvaCnia imaze msjeloba, rom

totalitaruli reJimis damyarebis pirvel etapze, kaTalikos-

patriarq ambrosis (xelaia) mier gansakuTrebuli simamaciT

53

gaJRerebulma protestma msoflio sazogadoebis mimarT pir-

naTlad Seasrula Tavisi roli. upirveles yovlisa, aRniSnuli

saprotesto nota imis maniSnebeli gaxldaT, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli eklesia, romelic saukuneebis manZilze mtkiced idga

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sadarajoze, iolad ar dasTmob-

da poziciebs. magram 1924 wlis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, mka-

fiod gamoikveTa imis aucilebloba, rom saqarTvelos eklesias

loialuri kursi unda aeRo saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi. loi-

aloba gulisxmobda sakuTari politikuri da zneobrivi krite-riumebis arsebobis pirobebSi aSkarad, radikalurad ar dapi-

rispireboda gabatonebuli partiis ideologias, komunistur

saxelmwifos [4; 403].

qarTvel samRvdeloTa opoziciuri frTis mier 1926

wlis dekemberSi gamarTul krebaze, romelSic aqtiurad mona-

wileobda episkoposi stefane bodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili), Seiqmna sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTveloba

mitropolit qristefores (cicqiSvili) TavmjdomareobiT. mis

TanaSemwed ki dadgenil iqna stefane bodbeli. Cven Seviswav-

leT da gavaanalizeT episkoposi stefane bodbelis monawileo-

ba aRniSnul krebaze, sadac SeZlebisdagvarad warmovaCineT misi

roli am procesebSi [1; 252-259], amitom masze aRar SevCerde-biT. sagulisxmoa, rom “quTaisis krebaSi” aqtiuri mnawileo-

bis miuxedavad, episkoposi stefane bodbeli mkveTrad radika-

lur da uaryofiT damokidebulebas amJRavnebda axali tota-

litaruli reJimis mimarT. erT-erT mimarTvaSi saeparqio kre-

bis mimarT igi aRniSnavda , rom axali politikuri reJimi uki-

duresad saxifaTo iyo, romelic Zirfesvianad iRebda kacis gu-lidan sarwmunoebas, anadgurebda da angrevda mis ojaxs da ayi-

ravebda mis zneobas, imitom, rom isini qristes gareSe amkvid-

rebdnen axal “qristianobas” [9; 12-20]. “...……maTi miswrafeba

aris daamyaron mTel qveynierebaze socializmi, romelsac sa-

fuZvlad udevs leSi da misi fufuneba, xolo sulze zrunva

maT Wian tyemlis fasadac ar uRirT (miaCniaT); qristes moZ-RvrebiT ki suli udidesi faqtoria kacis cxovrebaSi, ro-

melSic unda gamosWviodes viTareba ufrore sulisa, vidre

xorcisa”[10; 268-273] – aRniSnavda igi. istoriuli gamocdi-

lebis gaTvaliswinebiT mas sjeroda, rom urwmunoeba sabolo-

od gamarjvebas ver miaRwevda [9; 12-20]. igi miiCnevda, rom ar-

sebul reJimTan dapirispireba isev eklesiis gadarCeniTa da

54

gaZlierebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. saamisod saero xelsuflebasTan

urTierToba uaRresad frTxili da diplomaturi formiT unda

warmarTuliyo. mas miaCnda , rom qarTul eklesias moxerxebu-lad unda aevlo gverdi modernizaciis Seuqcevadi procesisas-

Tvis, rasac ase eswrafoda bolSevikuri xelisufleba da qris-

tianuli msoflmxedvelobis Seucvlelad, saeklesio kanonebis

ganuxreli dacviT unda ebrZolaT urwmunoebis dasaZlevad. ek-

lesiis msaxurTa garkveul daTmobebze wasvla ki imis gaTva-

liswinebiT unda momxdariyo, rom dogmaturi swavleba ar damaxinjebuliyo.

am periodSi episkoposi stefane bodbelis mTeli Zalis-

xmeva sabWoTa mTavrobis mier gamocemuli sarwmunoebrivi xasi-

aTis dekretebis realuri warmarTvisaken iyo mimarTuli, rad-

gan eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba swored aRniSnuli

dekretebis safuZvelze xdeboda. magram xelisuflebis mier ga-mocemuli sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTis dekretebi formaluri iyo

da cxovrebaSi misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba ar xdeboda.

episkoposi stefane bodbelis, rogorc bodbis eparqiis mmar-

Tveli mRvdelmTavris pirad arqivSi mravlad gvxvdeba misi mi-

marTvebi rogorc adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenle-

bis, ise sakavSiro xelisuflebis organoebis mimarT, sadac aR-niSnulia RvTismsaxurTa da morwmuneTa uflebebis uxeSi dar-

Rvevis, maTi devna-Seviwrovebis, eklesiaTa ngrevisa da daxur-

vis faqtebi. mas kargad esmoda, rom adgilebze gamovlenili

uamravi SemTxveva RvTismsaxurTa da morwmuneTa Seviwrovebis

Sesaxeb, swored centraluri organoebidan wamosuli direqti-

va iyo da ara mxolod adgilobrivi xelisuflebis upasuxis-mgeblo da gulgrili damokidebulebis Sedegi, magram radganac

eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris saurTierTobo ena im dekre-

tebze gadioda, rasac sakavSiro centraluri organoebi gamos-

cemdnen, amitom is iZulebuli iyo reagireba swored maTgan

moeTxova. Zneli warmosadgeni ar unda iyos imdroindel RvTis-

msaxurTa gausaZlisi mdgomareoba Tundac im faqtidan gamomdi-nare, rom mRvdelmTavrebs saero xelsuflebis nebarTvis ga-

reSe taZrebSi Sesvla da RvTismsaxurebis aRvlena ekrZalebo-

daT. 1927w. 20 maiss, #189 mimarTvis safuZvelze, episkoposi

stefane bodbeli, rogorc eparqiis mmarTveli mRvdelmTavari,

siRnaRis mazris prokuror konstantine gogiSvilisagn nebar-

Tvas iTxovda wmida ninos eklesiis mosalocad da RvTismsaxu-

55

rebis aRsavlenad [9; 198]. mis arqivSi mravali amgvari doku-

menti moiZebneba sxvadassxva Tanamdebobis mqone saero xelisu-

falTa saxelze, sadac sabWoTa xelisuflebis dekretebis gaT-valiswinebiT saTanado reagirebas moiTxovda RvTismsaxurTa

da morwmuneTa devna-Seviwrovebis, eklesiaTa daxurvis da sxva

gamovlinebebis Sesaxeb. werilebidan da mimarTvebidan naTlad

Cans, rom yvela eparqiaSi, morwmuneTa Soris dapiripireba da

SfoTis Setana gareSe pirTa meSveobiT, xelovnurad xdeboda.

gansakuTrebiT rusi da qarTveli erovnebis morwmuneTa Soris [9; 60]. 1925 wlis dekemberSi bodbis saeparqio krebis warmo-

madgenlebi episkopos stefane bodbels Semdegi Sinaarsis we-

rils werdnen: “…...……karga xania mTavrobam gamosca dekreti-in-

struqcia Sesaxeb eklesiebis gaxnisa, qonebis Cabarebisa da sa-

religio moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisa,……magram ra mizezia,

rom yvelgan ver ewyoba da kalapotSi ver dgeba. amis mizezia viRaca boroti enebis gavlena ”mTavroba gatyuebTo”. Cven bod-

bis eparqiis sxvadasxva kuTxidan Sekrebulni gTxovT umorCi-

lesad, miiRoT mamobrivi zrunva da Sroma, rom moaxsenoT, sa-

dac jer ars, rom alagmon amgvari boroti “bacaca molaparake-

ni” da mTavrobisa gankargulebisa ar aRmasrulebelni, riTac

yoveli pativiscema da Zala ekargeba kanonsac da kanonis mde-belsac…” [8; 130]. rogorc Cans, morwmuneT gulubryvilod

sjerodaT, rom aRniSnuli procesebi, romelic destabilizaci-

as iwvevda eklesiaSi, mxolod provokatorTa, e.w. ”bacaca mo-

laparakeTa” meSveobiT xdeboda, romlebic xels uSlidnen

mTavrobis gankargulebebis Sesrulebas da mRvdelmTavars

TxovniT mimarTavdnen, raTa saTanado reagireba moexdina yove-live zemoaRniSnulze.

episkoposi stefanes alaverdis eparqiaSi moRvaweobis pe-

riods ganekuTvneba misi moxseneba sssr ak cakis Tavmjdomaris

mixa cxakaias mimarT, sadac is moiTxovda 1918 wlis 23 ian-

vris eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofisa da saswavleblis

eklesiisagan CamoSorebis kanonis Sesrulebas da cxovrebaSi gatarebas. aseve yvela sxva danarCeni kanonisa da dekretis gan-

kargulebebis uklebliv Sesrulebas rogorc umaRlesi xel-

mZRvanelobis mxridan, ise maTi qveSevrdomebisagan. alaverdis

eparqiis mdgomareobis magaliTze igi ganixilavda eklesiebisa

da RvTismsaxurTa gausaZlis mdgomareobas sruliad saqarTve-

loSi. moxsenebaSi igi aRniSnavda, rom yovelive amas adgilob-

56

rivi xelisufleba dumiliT da gulSi sixaruliT xvdeboda,

romelsac aviwydeboda rom aseTi saqcieli, upirveles yovlisa,

saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis Segineba da gaqirdva iyo. igi TxovniT mimarTavda mixa cxakaias raTa jerovani gankarguleba

moexdina misdami daqvemdebarebul dawesebulebebsa da aRmasru-

lebel organoebze yvela gaugebrobisa da usamarTlobis Tavi-

dan asacileblad, raTa xeli aeRoT sarwmunoebisa da morwmune

eris gamasxaravebaze, eklesiebis ngrevaze da a.S. [10; 90-91].

cnobilia, rom jer kidev 1923wels, episkoposma stefanem igive Sinaarsis werili sabWoTa saxelmwifos meTaurs i.b. stalin-

sac gaugzavna, sadac gabedulad gailaSqra sabWoTa antireli-

giuri politikis winaaRmdeg [13].

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis daregulire-

bas exeboda agreTve mis mier sxvadasxva dros Sedgenili

programebi, proeqtebi da wesdebebi. am sakiTxebze yuradrebis gamaxvilebas igi saeklesio krebebzec moiTxovda da eklesiis

saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis dekretis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad

RonisZiebebs saxavda [12; 101]. amave sakiTxs eZRvneba sruliad

saqarTvelos teritorialur avtokefalur eklesiaTa episko-

posTa krebisaTvis mis mier SemuSavebuli programa-wesdeba, ris

mixedviTac krebis TviToeul wevrs unda miemarTa ssr centra-luri aRmasrulebeli komitetisa da amierkavkasiis centralu-

ri komitetis TavmjdomareebisaTvis da ecnobebinaT saqarTve-

los eklesiis mTel teritoriaze, adgilobriv eparqiebSi arse-

buli mZime viTareba. programa-wesdebaSi mas punqtobrivad aqvs

Camoyalibebuli yvela is RonisZieba, rac xels Seuwyobda ek-

lesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis daregulirebis process [11; 27].

amrigad, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebSi, saxelmwifosa da

eklesias Soris ukiduresad daZabuli viTarebis miuxedavad, im-

droindeli saqarTvelos eklesiis sasuliero krebulis sasaxe-

lod unda iTqvas, rom maT SeZles arsebuli viTarebis eklesi-

is sasargeblod Semobruneba da gamWriaxi, diplomaturi poli-tikis wyalobiT, SeinarCunes eklesiis mTlianoba da simtkice.

am periodSi moRvawe gamoCenil qarTvel sasuliero pirTa So-

ris gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs episkopos stefane bod-

bels (vasil karbelaSvili), romelmac sworad auRo alRo im-

xanad Seqmnil mZime politikur viTarebas da rogorc saqarTve-

los eklesiis erT-erTma maRalma ierarqma, saxelmwifosTan

57

urTierToba imgvar kalapotSi warmarTa, rom qristianuli

msoflmxedvelobis dacva-SenarCunebis pirobebSi, xeli Seuwyo

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis daregulirebis pro-cess.


1. andRulaZe s., “quTaisis kreba” (1926wlis dekemberi) da

episkoposi stefane bodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili), qristia-

nobis kvlevebi II, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulte-

tis qristianobis istoriis mimarTuleba da studentTa sa-

mecniero-kvleviTi centri, Tb., 2009; 2. andRulaZe s., vasil karbelaSvilis mosazrebani eklesiisa

da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli mTavrobis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1918-1921), kul-

turis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis kulturis istoriisa

da Teoriis kaTedra, Tb. 2004; 3. kiknaZe z., eklesia saxelmwifoSi, saerTaSoriso konferen-

cia “religia da sazogadoeba – rwmena Cvens cxovrebaSi”,

2004w. 4-7 Tebervali , Tb.2007;

4. naTmelaZe m., dauSvili a., jafariZe m., wenguaSvili k., sa-

qarTveloSi totalitaruli reJimis damkvidrebisa da gan-

mtkicebis Taviseburebani XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, Tb. 2008;

5. pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadideblu-

ri eklesiis istoria (1800-1945), naw.I, Tb. 2008;

6. sscuia, fondi #1459, aRw.1, saqme #41;

7. cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tb.2001;

8. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fondi, saqme #54;

9. iqve, saqme #55;

10. iqve, saqme #56;



13. iqve, saqme#371.

58

Sophio Andghuladze

Doctor of History

The Relations of the Church and the State in the 1920s and the Bishop of Bodbe Stephane

(Vasil Karbelashvili)

Summary

The 20’s of the 20th century were the years of active establishment and strengthening of the totalitarian Bolshevik regime that influenced all spheres of social and political life of the country. This influence was much vulnerable for the traditional Orthodox Church of Georgia as the Communist system was a hostile state system towards religion. Bolshevik government announced the church as a counterrevolutionary force and broke a merciless war towards it and clergy. In such circumstances the necessity of clergy’s consolidation to rescue the church was inevitable as ever before. Very often it was equal to selflessness. Despite the extremely tense relations between the church and the state the spiritual fathers of those days Church of Georgia could manage to change the situation in the favor of the church, to maintain the unity and firmness of the church that was the result of their vise, diplomatic police.

Among the prominent Georgian religious figures of those days the Bishop of Bodbe Stephane (Vasil Karbelashvili) is worthy of special note. He could manage to become aware and understand the whole difficulties of those days political situation. As one of the high hierarchs of the Church of Georgia he could manage to lead the relations of the church and the sate in the right channel so that to defense and maintain Christian outlook He also promoted the regulation of the church and the sate relations.

59

irma kecxoveli

saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-

sitetis profesori

qarTveli qali da qristianuli mrwamsi

yovel kulturas aqvs Tavisi rwmena-warmodgenebis sis-

tema samyaroze, istoriaze, maT Soris, sqesTa urTierTobazec. es warmodgenebi yalibdeba mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze da

gadmoicema mentalitetis Sinaarsis saxiT, romelic TavisTa-

vad moicavs fsiqikis, rogorc cnobier, ise aracnobier plas-

tebsac.

mentalitetis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebul rols as-

rulebs is religiuri warmodgenebi, romelsac aRiarebs da misdevs mocemuli kultura; religiuri msoflmxedveloba

warmoadgens erTgvar zneobriv normas, zneobrivi principebis

erTianobas, romelic safuZvlad edeba sazogadoebis arsebobis

sxvadasxva sferos. gansazRvravs misi cxovrebis wess, dawye-

buls samarTlebrivi sferoTi da damTavrebuls yoveldRiu-

robiT. Sesabamisad, kulturuli mentaliteti moiazrebs gar-kveul crurwmenebsac da stereotipebsac, damaxasiaTebels am

kulturis matarebeli xalxisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, isto-

riulad epoqaTa kvali rCeba konkretuli xalxis fsiqikaSi

da, Sesabamisad, aisaxeba cxovrebis wesSi.

qalis tradiciul imperativs qarTul azrovnebaSi adgi-

li iman ganumtkica, rom qristianulma religiam saqarTvelo RvTismSobel mariamis wilmxvedril qveyanad aRiara. yovlad-

wminda RvTismSoblis mowiweba da Tayvaniscema imiTac warmoC-

nda, rom mis saxelze uamravi taZaria agebuli saqarTveloSi.

isic aRsaniSnavia, rom IV saukunis I meoTxedSi RvTis gange-

biT RvTismSoblis monacvled qali iqna warmodgenili, qar-

TvelTa ganmanaTleblobis uwmidesi movaleoba wilad xvda ka-padokiel wminda ninos, romelic mociqulTa sworadaa miCneu-

li wyaroebSi, xolo zogierTi mociquladac aRiarebs, maga-

liTad, nikoloz gulaberisZe, arsen bulmaisimis Ze [sulava,

gv. 28-43].

qristianoba saqarTveloSi oficialur saxelmwifoebriv

religiad IV saukunis damdegs gamocxadda, 325 wlis nikes I

60

msoflio saeklesio krebidan erTi wlis Semdeg, 326 wels.

„wminda ninos cxovreba“, „moqcevaœ qarTlisaœ“ dawvrilebiT

mogviTxroben wminda ninos mier saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa nikoloz

gulaberisZis Txzuleba „sakiTxavi seutisa cxovelisa, kuar-

Tisa saufloœsa, da kaTolike eklesiisaœ“, romelic, rogorc

varaudoben, Tamaris gamefebasTan dakavSirebiT daiwera.

ivane javaxiSvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila nikoloz gu-

laberisZis saZiebel problemaze, Tu ratom moavlina RmerTma saqarTveloSi qali ganmanaTleblad? kaTalikosi wers: „ pir-

velad ese saZiebel ars, Tu raჲsaTჳs ukue dedakaci aCina da warmoavlina RmerTman Cuenda momarT, romeli-ese gonierad

isminneT. ukueTu RmerTman inebos gulisჴmisyofad Cuenda, ugunurTa ganmabrZnobelman, rameTu Tqumul ars ese, viTarca

uwyiT, WeSmariti da ucilobeli, viTarmed Semdgomad vnebisa

RmrTisa da macxovrisa Cuenisa iesu qristÀssa da aRdgomisa

da zecad amaRlebisa misisa brZanebiTa uflisaჲTa kideTa que-yanisaTa warivlinnes mociqulni israd rCeulad da elvad

naTlisad TiToeulsa adgilsa, viTarca suli miscemda“ [gu-

laberisZe, gv. 11].

nikoloz gulaberisZem ori mimarTuleba gamokveTa: 1. „mas Jamsa ukue yovlad sanatreli igi da ufroÁsad

kurTxeuli dedaÁ RmrTisaÁca surviel iyo da mecadinebda

warslvad qadagebad Zisa misisa RmrTeebisa da gulisTqumiT

wadier iyo aRmosavaliT kerZoTa maT warmoslvad Sesabamiso-

bisaTÂs saxelisa misisa, viTarca iwodebis aRmosavaliT mzisa

simarTlisa“ [gulaberisZe, gv. 12]. rodesac saqarTvelos moq-

cevis saboloo Jami moaxlovda, „ xolo vinaჲTgan igi deda-kaci iyo yovladsanatreli da kurTxeuli, uzeSTaesi igi de-

daTaჲ da mamaTaჲ da zecisa ZalTaჲca, amisTჳsca ukue ukua-naჲsknelTa JamTa, raJams RmerTman ineba wya-lobaჲ da cxore-baჲ naTesavisa Cuenisaჲ, dedakacive warmoavlina, viTar vhgo-

neb me, gamoTxoiT da xuaiSniTa dedisa RmrTisaჲTa Zi-sa

Tჳsisa Tana, vinaჲTgan nawilica iyo dedisaჲ RmrTisa; amis-Tჳs ufroჲsRa sagonebel da saeWuel ars da ese ars erTi

WeSmariti da ueWueli mizezi“ [gulaberisZe, gv. 12]. 2. meore WeSmarit mizezad nikoloz gulaberisZe asaxe-

lebs qarTvelTa Tvisebebs: „xolo meore da uWeSmaritesi ese

61

ars, vinaჲTgan yovelTa naTesavTaჲsa umZჳnvaresni da uvelu-

resni iyvnes ese naTesavni, amisTჳsca dedakaci warmoavlina,

raჲTa umetes sacnaur iqmnes Zali RmrTeebisa misisaჲ da ara-visi enaჲ kadnier iqmnes amaoჲsa mTxzvelobisaTჳs cudisa

metyuelebad, viTarmed simÃneman da sibrZniT filosofosoba-

man~ [gulaberisZe, gv. 12].

ivane javaxiSvilma SeniSna, rom nikoloz gulaberisZes „azric ki ar ebadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom uveluresi xalxis mo-

saqcevad swored Zlieri pirovnebis gagzavna iyo mosalodne-

lica da srulebiT bunebrivic“ [8]. mecnierma isic aRniSna,

rom nikoloz gulaberisZes miznad dausaxavs saqarTveloSi

qristianobis qalis mier gavrceleba-qadagebis safuZvliani

axsna, am movlenis filosofiur-istoriuli Sefaseba: „wminda ninos moRvaweobis Rirebulebis kerZo sakiTxi sazogado

TvalsazrisiT aqvs gaSuqebuli da amis gamo mas ebadeba kidev

erTi axali, „sxuaÁca saZiebeli RirsebisaTÂs dedaTa pativi-

sa“ [gulaberisZe, gv. 13-14], anu Tanamedrove terminebiT rom

gamovTqvaT misi azri, qalTa ufleba-Rirsebis Sesaxeb [java-

xiSvili, gv. 406]. marTalia, avtorma qalTa fizikuri „uZluri bunebaœ“

SesaniSnavad icis, magram yuradRebas aqcevs erT garemoebas:

„rameTu ganmacxovelebelsa mas aRdgomasa RmrTisa da macxov-

risa Cuenisa iesu qristessa dedanive Rirs iqmnes zeSTa neta-

rebisa didsa pativisa xarebisasa“ [gulaberisZe, gv. 13]. es di-

di pativi xarebisa wmida maxareblebs aRwerili aqvT. es epi-zodi, macxovris aRdgoma pirvelad menelsacxeble dedebs rom

euwyaT, araerTgzis aris gaanalizebuli samecniero litera-

turaSi.

r. siraZem „dedaTa pativis“ simbolika TviT sveticxo-

vels daukavSira, risTvisac moixmo is saRvTismetyvelo saxe-

lebi, romlebic wm. andria kritelma ganmarta Tavis sakiTxav-Si „SobisaTÂs RmrTismSoblisa“. „saxl RmrTisa“, „taZar

wminda“, „sion“ - am simboloebiT sveticxovels SeeZlo

RvTismSoblis gansaxovneba [siraZe, gv.134].

arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom pirvelma qarTvelma hagiog-

rafma iakob xucesma qristes rjulisaTvis pirvelwamebulad qali warmoaCina. varsqen pitiaxSis meuRle SuSanik dedofa-

li, rwmenauryevi, suliT mtkice, amaRlebuli qalia, romelic

62

Tavis privilegirebul mdgomareobas, uzrunvel cxovrebas,

uyoymanod anacvalebs rwmenas da umaRles nebisyofas iCens

Tavis arCevanSi, ar erideba tanjva-gvemiT sikvdilsac ki. amave dros aRsaniSnavia agreTve, SuSanikis wigniereba da ganswav-

luloba, rodesac varsqenis uzneo saqcieliT aRSfoTebulma

protestis niSnad sasaxle miatova da taZars miaSura: „Tana

waritanna evangele Tvisi da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani“,

romelTac, sxva saeklesio wignebTan erTad, Semdgomi eqvsi

wlis patimrobis manZilze kiTxulobda („rameTu eqvsi weli cixesa mas Sina aResrula da wesierebiTa saRmrToTa yvaoda

marxviTa, maradis mRviZarebiTa, zedgomiTa, TayvaniscemiTa uw-

yinad da kiTxviTa wignTaÁTa mouwyineblad~ [Zeglebi, gv. 17]

da ufro qvemoT: „xolo wmindaman SuSanik... didisa gulmod-

ginebiTa xelTa aRixuna daviTni da mcireTa dReTa Semdgomad

asergasni fsalmunni daiswavlna, romelTa igi dRe da Rame zesknelisa mis meufisa mimarT saTnosa mas galobasa Seswir-

vida cremliT“ [Zeglebi, gv. 18].

qalis pirovnebisadmi damokidebulebis aRmosavlur da

dasavlur fonze gansakuTrebiT amaRlebulad moCans qalisad-

mi damokidebuleba qarTul sinamdvileSi. saqarTveloSi qris-

tianobamac angariSi gauwia erovnul tradicias da erTgvarad gadauxvia bizantiuri orTodoqsiidan, qarTvelTa ganmanaTle-

bel wminda ninos STaagona „ara mamakacebad, ara dedakacebad,

aramed yovelni erTi xarT“.

qalis koncefcia yvelaze naTlad gamovlinda XII sau-

kunis miwurulis saqarTveloSi Seqmnil msoflio literatu-

ris SedevrSi „vefxistyaosani“, romelic, _ rogorc mecniere-baSi aRiarebulia, _ qarTul istoriul sinamdviles asaxavs.

qarTul sinamdviles warmoaCenen masSi moqmedi personaJi qa-

lebi. SoTa rusTavelis damokidebuleba qalisadmi wminda qar-

Tuli movlenaa. „vefxistyaosanSi“ personaJ qalTa mTeli

pleadaa warmodgenili _ nestan-darejani, TinaTini, asmaTi.

isini, garegnuli silamazis foniT, ganasaxiereben sikeTes, sibrZnes, gonierebas. maTSi Sezavebulia garegnuli da sulie-

ri Rirsebebi. qali: mefe da mmarTveli! am TvalsazrisiT sa-

gangebod gadavavloT Tvali Tamaris mefobis periods, rode-

sac qalma moikriba udidesi gamZleoba, SorsmWvreteloba. man

SeZlo is, rac xSirad ar xelewifeba mamakacs.

63

ra mizezebma, ra Taviseburma konkretul-istoriulma

movlenebma ganapiroba qalis gansakuTrebuli Rvawli qarTve-

li eris istoriaSi? cnobilia, rom qalis wamyvani roli ojaxSi matriarqatis epoqidan iRebs saTaves. uZveles reli-

giur rwmena-warmodgenebSic qali gandidebulia imiT, rom

mzis RvTaeba qalad, dedad aris warmodgenili („mze dedaa Ce-

mi...“).

qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi umniSvnelovanesia qa-

lis dedobrivi funqcia. es aspeqti Cvens sinamdvileSi, war-sulSic da amJamadac gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia. mudmivi Tav-

dacvis da mterTan gamudmebuli brZolebis gamo, deda-qalma,

romelic mudmivad SeiTavsebda mamakacis funqciasac, iyo oja-

xis wamyvanic da aRmzrdelic. amitom Svilis aRzrdaSi dedis

funqcia iyo wamyvani. igi yovelTvis iCenda mimteveblobas Svi-

lis mimarT, ris Sedegic iyo gansakuTrebuli emociuri kavSi-ri SvilTan, romelic Svilis infantilurobis safuZveli gax-

da, anu Svili mudmiv bavSvad miaCnda dedas. Cemi azriT, deda

mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze dedaSviluri urTierTobis

gadaWarbebul Semsruleblad gvevlineboda. es damokidebuli

iyo socialuri da yofiTi movlenebis xSir cvalebadobaze.

amrigad, saqarTvelos istoriaSi mudmivi socialuri daZabulobis gamo, dRes qali, gansakuTrebiT, ojaxis deda,

iqca socialurad Zalze mniSvnelovan fenomenad, vinaidan

swored mas daekisra umniSvnelovanesi funqcia, ojaxis mov-

la-patronoba da gaZRola. erTi mxriv, qristianoba qarTul

ojaxSi rwmenis danergvis burjad miiCneoda, rac Zalze mniS-

vnelovani iyo araqristianuli xalxebiT garSemortymuli sa-qarTvelosaTvis, xolo istoriulad qarTvelebisaTvis qris-

tianoba eTnikuri identobis mniSvnelobis mniSvnelovan ele-

mentad miiCneoda.

64

Ggamoyenebuli literatura:

1. iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, Tb., 1979.

2. nikoloz gulaberisZe, sakiTxavi, galobani, paraklisi, da-

ujdomeli sveticxovelisani, gamosacemad moamzada nestan su-

lavam, Tb., 2007.

3. r.siraZe, qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba,

Tb., 1992. 4. r.siraZe. „wminda ninos cxovreba“ da dasawyisi qarTuli

agiografiisa, Tb. 1997.

5. n. sulava, arsen bulmaisimisZis „galobani wmidisa moci-

qulisa ninosni“, Jurn.„literatura da xelovneba“, 1999.

rma Ketskhoveli Professor of Georgian

Technical University

Georgian Woman and Christian belief

Summary

Woman always played significant role in Georgian history. The

position of Woman in Georgian selfwarness has been strengthened also because Christianity avowed Georgia as the share of most Holy Mother of the God.

The reign of Tamar is one of the most significant periods in Georgian history, Queen Ketevan through her heroic selfsearificing immortalized her name. Western and Oriental historic sources countain numerous data about Georgian diplomat woman Gulchora.

Woman was lso cherished in other countries, but in Georgia respect towards ladies demonstrated at the same time gratitude to them. In modern Georgian society economic and social troubles forces women to take to more vigorous ways in order to more overcome them and to make most of their abilities. Social studies reveal that in modern Georgian family values exercisalty women need detailed investigation.

65

lela giorgaZe



saqarTvelos istoriis specialobis

doqtoranti

ruseTis eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi aleqsi II-is patriarqobis periodSi

patriarqi aleqsi II (eriskacobaSi aleqsei ridigeri)

1990 wlis ivnisidan saTaveSi Caudga ruseTis marTlmadide-

bel eklesias. misi moRvaweobis xana sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis

periods daemTxva. am istoriul cvlilebaTa periodSi yvelaferi Tavidan

an xelaxla iyo gasakeTebeli, radgan icvleboda bevri ram:

saxelmwifo wyoba, ideologia, msoflxedveloba... mosaZebni da

gadasadgmeli iyo mTeli rigi politikuri, diplomatiuri da

ideologiuri nabijebisa.

patriarqi aleqsi II metad moRvawe pirovneba iyo. sasu-liero wreebSi aRiarebdnen, rom man Rirseulad, arCevnebis

gziT daikava ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mwyemsmTav-

ris taxti. aleqsi II-s uyvarda eparqiebis monaxuleba, siwmin-

deebis molocva, arc Tu iSviaTad stumrobda Soreuli epar-

qiebis rigiT soflebs da aRasrulebda wirvebs adgilobriv

eklesiebSi. misi patriarqobis periodSi aSenda da aRdga axa-li da Zveli eklesia-monastrebi, mTeli sisruliT gaiSala

saeklesio moRvaweoba ruseTis mTel teritoriaze, gaizarda

monasterTa ricxvi. Sesabamisad, gaizarda mrevlis raodenoba.

Tumca, misi moRvaweoba arc Tu umtkivneulod mimdina-

reobda. es iyo did cvlilebaTa xana. Sesabamisad, winaaRmde-

goba didi iyo, rogorc sazogadoebis, ise xelisuflebisa, Tu Tavad sasuliero pirTa mxridan. unda aRiniSnos, rom eklesi-

is gaaqtiurebam da religiisTvis tabus moxsnam sazogadoebis

garkveul wreebis gaRizianeba gamoiwvia, ris gamoc 1990-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi gaxSirda sasuliero pirTa mkvlelobebi.

patriarqis intronizaciis dRidan dRis wesrigSi dadga

mTeli rigi upirvelesi da umiSvnelovanesi sakiTxebisa; maT

66

Soris iyo eklesiis statusis sakiTxi axal, postaTeistur

xanaSi. amis miRweva mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli Tavad

patriarqis iniciativasa da unarze: ise aewyo urTierToba sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebasa da politikosebTan, rom gaemyarebi-

na eklesiis Rirseba da statusi. amis unari aleqsi II-m maSin-

ve gamoavlina: is dauaxlovda politikur moRvaweebs da re-

ligia saxelmwifo ideologiis rolSi gamoiyvana.

1991 wels ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi Tavi

iCina ganxeTqilebam e.w. tradicionalistebsa da reformistebs Soris. ganxeTqilebis mizezad ramdenime sakiTxi iqca, maT So-

ris: saxelmwifosa da eklesiis saeWvod mWidro urTierToba,

eklesiis warmomadgenelTa istoriuli TanamSormloba suk-

Tan, eklesiis doqtrinisa da eklesiologiis gamartivebis sa-

kiTxi, Zveli slavuri saRvTismsaxuro enis axliT Secvla,

ekumenuri urTierTobebis gafarToebis moTxovna da sxv. 1990-ian wlebis reformistebSi marto sasuliero pi-

rebi ar moiazrebodnen. eklesiis reformirebaSi aqtiur mona-

wileobas iRebdnen e.w. `saeronic~ (eriskacebi), anu iseT po-

litikur ZalTa warmomadgenelni, romelTa moRvaweobis amo-

saval wertilad marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba miiCneoda. es

kidev erTi faqtia, roca politika aqtiurad ereoda saekle-sio sakiTxebSi da piriqiT, eklesia monawileobda politikur

saqmianobaSi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 1993-94 wlebis mij-

naze patriarqma aleqsi II-m specialuri gancxadebac gaakeTa,

radgan eklesiis warmomadgenelTa monawileoba politikur

procesebSi ukve sakmaod TvalSi sacemi iyo da arc Tu iSvia-

Tad xdeboda ise, rom erTiani eklesiis warmomadgenelni sxva-dasxva, erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebul politikur mxares

xvdebodnen. uwmindesma aseT mRvdelmsaxurebs SesTavaza arCe-

vanis gakeTeba: gaenebebinaT politikisTvis Tavi an ganegrZoT

politikuri moRvaweoba anaforis gareSe.

1990-ian wlebSi ruseTis eklesiaSi kidev erTi ucnau-

ri movlena gamovlinda, e.w. “младостарчество”: naklebad ga-mocdili mRvdelmsaxurebi ametebdnen TavianT uflebebs sam-

wysos mimarT da sakuTar nebas umorCilebdnen mrevls. patri-

arqs amazec mkveTri reaqcia hqonda. sakiTxi ganixiles sinod-

ze da gamoitanes Sesabamisi ganmarteba msgavsi moqmedebebis

aRaskveTad.

67

saerTod, patriarq aleqsi II-is mizani iyo inteleqtua-

lurad aemaRlebina rwmena sazogadoebaSi da misi xedviT, es

mrevlis cnobierebis amaRlebiT unda dawyebuliyo. amisaTvis saWiro iyo kvalificiuri RvTismsaxurebi, Sesabamisi sasulie-

ro literatura..., rac aleqsi II-is patriarqobis pirvel

etapze iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, patriarqis ini-

ciativiT, daiwyo didi muSaoba am mimarTulebiT: iTargmnebo-

da literatura, ixsneboda samrevlo skolebi, xdeboda

RvTismsaxurTa gadamzadeba da sxv. patriarqis aseTi moRvaweobisa da aTeisturi xanis das-

rulebis Sedegad rusulma sazogadoebam didi interesi gamo-

avlina religiis mimarT. gaizarda religiuri aqtiuroba, ro-

melmac piks 1990-94 wlebSi miaRwia. amis Semdeg daiwyo mar-

TlmadideblobiT dainteresebis SeCereba da kleba. amis mize-

zad iqcnen Tavad eklesiis mesveurni: gapolitikurebuli re-ligia – roca xelisufleba xSirad iyenebda marTlmadideb-

lobas sakuTari interesebis gasatareblad; eklesiisa da

uSiSroebis warmomadgenelTa mravalwliani TanamSromloba;

mouwesrigebeli kanonmdebloba; eklesiis wiaRSi warmoSobili

dapirispireba tradicionalistebsa da reformistebs Soris

da sxv. ruseTis mougvarebeli kanoni `religiis Sesaxeb~ sazo-

gadoebaSi gaurkvevlobas da gaRizianebas iwvevda. konceptua-

lurad es kanoni emyareboda miTiur `saerTaSoriso~ stan-

darts, magram sinamdvileSi azianebda ruseTis teritoriaze

myofi erebis sulier identurobas. kanonSi ar iyo gaTvalis-

winebuli sxvadasxva religiebis problemuri sakiTxebi, rom-lebic gansxvavebul, individualur midgomas saWiroebdnen.

arsebuli kanoniT ki xdeboda ara imdenad konfesiaTa

iuridiuli gaTanasworeba, ramdenadac Zaladobrivi, faqtobri-

vi gaTanabreba.

aseTi dabrkolebebis arsebobis gamo sazogadoebam sxva

`rwmenis obieqtebis~ Zieba daiwyo. aman ki mniSvnelovnad Se-uwyo xeli ruseTSi sxvadasxva warmomavlobisa da mimarTule-

bis seqtebis SeRwevas. mosaxleobaSi gazrdili religiurobis

garda, ruseTSi seqtebis SeRwevas mouwesrigebeli kanonmdeb-

lobac daexmara, romlis mixedviTac daSvebuli iyo religiu-

ri pluralizmi. sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg, pirvelive SesaZ-

leblobisTanave ruseTSi aTasobiT sxvadasxva warmomavlobis

68

mqadagebeli gamoCnda. 1998 wels mkvlevarma sabrina rametma

Caatara kvleva da 300 000-mde saxalxo mkurnali, mCxibavi,

jadoqari Tu fsiqologi aRricxa. kanonmdeblobis mowesrigeba daaCqara da seqtebTan da-

kavSirebuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxi gaamZafra àum Sinrikios4~

seqtasTan dakavSirebulma skandalma5. Tumca kanonmdeblobis

da saerTod, sarwmunoebrivi situaciis mowesrigebas xels

uSlida ruseTis mosaxleobis religiuri siWrelec. 1990-

2000 wlebSi Catarda aTobiT sociologiuri gamokiTxva re-ligiur sakiTxebze, magram zusti monacemebi mainc ar arse-

bobs. saSualod ruseTis mosaxleobis 50% marTlmadideblo-

bas akuTvnebs Tavs, Tumca imave gamokiTxvebidan gamomdinare,

ruseTSi religiurobis xarisxi mis procentul maCvenebelTan

SedarebiT Zalian dabalia, anu, es ar niSnavs imas, rom isini

4 àum Sinrikio~ aseve cnobili rogorc àlefi~ 1987

wels iaponiaSi daaarsa sioko asaharam. esaa qristianobis,

budizmisa da induizmis narevi. aum Sinrikio – sanskritsa da

kanjis enebze daaxloebiT niSnavs `WeSmaritebis religias~,

ùmaRles simarTles~. 2000 wels organizaciam Seicvala

saxeli da dairqva ebrauli anbanis pirveli asos saxeli àlefi~. 1995 wels iaponiaSi mas hyavda 9000 mimdevari,

maSin rodesac msoflioSi misi mimdevrebis raodenoba 40 000

aRwevda. misma damfuZnebelma sioko asaharam, romelic tokios

erT-erT gareubanSi erToTaxian binaSi cxovrobda, Tavis

binaSi daiwyo iogasa da meditaciis swavleba, misi mowafeTa

ricxvi gaizarda. moizida axalgazrdebi da Camoayaliba religia elitisaTvis. igi gaemgzavra indoeTsa da tibetSi da

gaecno ra budizms da iqaur filosofias, Seqmna axali

religia. igi qadagebs apokalifsis aCqarebul moaxloebas,

romlis Sedegadac gadarCeba mxolod misi mimdevari. manamde

misi gaTvliT apokalifsi jer kidev 1997 wels unda

momxdariyo. (Wiki) 5 àum~ seqtam 1995 wels iaponiis metroSi asobiT mgzavri

mowamla gaziT. gamoZiebam aRmoaCina tokiodan 100 km-is

daSorebiT seqtis mier Seqmnili bio iaraRis mwarmoebeli

qarxana, romelic cdebis Catarebas arc adamianebze

Takilobda.

69

zedmiwevniT aRasruleben marTlmadideblur wesebs, aramed es

ufro fsiqologiuri movlenaa, rogorc kulturuli kuTvni-

leba an ubralod, modis ayola (es tendencia ZiriTadad 1990-ianebis dasawyisSi SeiniSneboda).

seqtebis garda, ruseTis federalur kanonmdeblobaSi

arc aTeizmia gaTvaliswinebuli, es ki religiur eqstremis-

tebs aZlevT samarTlebriv safuZvels, aRiqvan aTeistebi spe-

cifiur seqtantebad, romelTac RmerTis ararsebobis swamT.

sxvaTa Soris, 1992-94 wlebidan gamoCdnen pirveli postko-munisturi aTeistebi, romelTa ricxvi aqtiurad matulobda

da 2000 wlisTvis SemaSfoTebeli masStabebi miiRo. unda

aRiniSnos, rom axal aTeistTa absolutur umetesobas axal-

gazrdoba Seadgenda. umravlesoba Tavad mivida am e.w. `axal

rusul aTeizmamde~, romelsac CamoSorebuli hqonda marqsis-

tul-leninisturi gadmonaSTebi. patriarq aleqsi II-is moRvaweobis manZilze, rogorc

aRvniSneT, SeiniSneboda eklesiisa da xelisuflebis daaxloe-

ba. amis ramdenime mizezis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve visaubreT. ori-

ve mxares xels aZlevda es daaxloeba – eklesia amiT saydens

iZlierebda da maRldeboda saxelmwifo religiis donemde, sa-

xelmwifo ki, iyenebda ra sasuliero pirTa siaxloves adamia-nebTan da maT sulebTan, cdilobda Tavisi Sida politikisa

da ideologiis gatarebas. swored aseTma damokidebulebam ga-

moiwvia sazogadoebis didi winaaRmdegoba.

erT-erTi sakiTxi, ramac xalxis nawili aRaSfoTa, iyo

marTlmadideblobis aqtiuri propaganda ara mxolod masobri-

vi sainformacio saSualebebiT, aramed skolebsa da sxva sas-wavlo dawesebulebebSic. maTi azriT, es iyo marTlmadideb-

lobis Tavs moxveva da sxva religiebis uflebebis Selaxva

da diskriminacia, radgan maSin konstituciiT arc erT reli-

gias ar eniWeboda upiratesoba. marTlmadi-deblobis propagan-

da ki xdeboda TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovan sferoSi – ganaT-

lebasa Tu masmediaSi. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis axlo urTierTobam eklesiis

qonebasa da Zalauflebazec iqonia gavlena. Tuki XX s-Si mis

sameurneo-finansur saqmianobas mkacrad akontrolebda sabWo-

uri xelisufleba, 1990-iani wlebidan suraTi radikalurad

Seicvala. sul ramdenime weliwadSi ruseTis marTlmadide-

belma eklesiam miiRo uzarmazari sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi;

70

moaxerxa gamxdariyo mompovebeli da gamsaRebeli navTobpro-

duqtebis, saiuveliro nakeTobebis, alkoholuri sasmelebisa;

monawileobda konversiiT miRebul SeiaraRebaSi. garda amisa, is uSualod monawileobda uSvelebeli ucxouri humanitaru-

li daxmarebis miReba-ganawilebaSi. Tumca, am yovelives finan-

suri aRricxvis miReba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. miCneulia,

rom ruseTis eklesia erTaderTi Tu ara, erT-erTi yvelaze

didi kapitalistia ruseTSi da verc prezidenti, verc xeli-

sufleba gverds ver uvlian mis komerciul interesebs. es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia im movlenebisa, rac ru-

seTis eklesiaSi xdeboda uwmindesi aleqsi II-is patriarqobis

periodSi. saerTo jamSi, unda iTqvas, rom patriarqma didi

wvlili Seitana ruseTis sulierebis ganviTarebaSi postkomu-

nistur xanaSi. samocdaaTwliani aTeizmis Semdeg mravalmili-

oniani da eTnikurad da religiurad Wreli ruseTis mar-Tlmadideblobaze moqceva metad did Zalisxmevas saWiroebda.

patriarqma aleqsi II-m SeZlo ruseTis marTlmadidebeli mo-

saxleobis metnaklebad eklesiisken mobruneba, eklesiis avto-

ritetis amaRleba, sasuliero muSaobis ganvrcoba da mr. sxv.

patriarqi verc xelisuflebasTan axlo urTierTobas

auvlida mxars, radgan im xanebSi eklesiisaTvis damoukideblad amdenis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda. garda amisa, ruseTisTvis

tradiciulia eklesiisa da xelisuflebis TanamSrobloba sa-

xelmwifo interesebis gatarebis mizniT. Tumca, sazogadoebis

mxridan es nabiji ar iyo didad mowonebuli. gapolitikurebu-

li religia aramarto Sida gankiTxvis, aramed saerTaSoriso

sasaubro Temadac iqca. yvela erTxmad aRiarebda, rom msgavsi movlena ruseTis saxelmwifos dromoWmulobis maCvenebeli iyo.

71

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. http://index.org.ru/journal/11/dubin.html Борис Дубин Массовое православие в России (девяностые годы) 2. http://index.org.ru/journal/11/verh.html Александр Верховский Русская Православная Церковь и свобода выражения в светском обществе 3. http://www.ateism.ru/ Новый Русский Атеизм и РПЦ 4. http://www.opeterburge.ru – Анна Тирле – Реванш РПЦ и экспансия заморских религиозных сект. Часть I 5. http://www.opeterburge.ru – Анна Тирле – Реванш РПЦ и экспансия заморских религиозных сект. Часть II 6. http://index.org.ru/journal - Борис Дубин “Массовое православие в России” 7. www.wikipedia.com – Русская церковь в патриаршестве Алексия II 8. Независемая Газета 1991 4.М №56, стр. 6 И. Близнюк – Молодежное религиозное движение набирает силу 9. http://index.org.ru - Борис Дубин “Массовое православие в России” 10. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/ Александр Музафаров ГОД ПРАВОСЛАВНОЙ РОССИИ 11. www.pravoslavie.ru/analit/ - И. Куницин Защита религиозной идентичности в эпоху глобализации 12. http://pridurki.org/ Секретный отдел КГБ (тринадцатый) РУССКАЯ ПОРНОСЛАВНАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ МОСКОВСКОЙ ПАТРИАРХИИ КАК ФИЛИАЛ ГОСБЕЗОПАСНОСТИ СССР-РФ 13. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/analit/ ЗАЩИТА РЕЛИГИОЗНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ В ЭПОХУ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

72

Lela Giorgadze Ivane javakhshvili Tbilisi State University

Faculity of Humanities Direction-history of Georgia

Phd Student

Main tendences of the processus in the Russian church under the period of patrarchate of Alex II

Summary

Patriarch Alexy II had to lead the Russian Orthodox Church during a difficult historical period of changes. In 1990, when he became the leader of the church, the USSR had collapsed and the era of atheism had ended. Changes took place in every sphere of society: politics, economics, ideology and religion as well. New ways of relations and development had to be found. During his reign many churches and monasteries were founded or reconstructed; ecclesiastical activities had been spread all over the country… One of the main goals of Alexy II was to improve religious knowledge and skills in parish. Much had to be done, so patriarch never stopped. Though there were serious problems during his reign to solve: contradistinction between traditionalists and modernists; discursive legislation about religion; intrusion of sects, insufficient number of educated clerics; too close relationship between state and church, which caused suspicion among population, etc. What was main lack of Alexy II’s politics and what were advantages – is discussed in the thesis.

73

eka silagaZe



saqarTvelos istoriis specialobis

doqtoranti

mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris Tvisobrivi xasiaTi da muSaobis

Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi

BO

bolSeviki liderebis mier kargad gaazrebul, zogjer

evropis antisarwmunoebrivi publicistikidan nasesxeb lozun-

gebs, ubralo masebSi propaganda sWirdeboda. swored am miz-niT, saTaveSi mosvlidan mcireoden xanSi, Sesabamisi bazis

momzadebis Semdeg, ruseTis sinamdvileSi saWiroebam moiTxova

organizacia ,,mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris’’ Camoyalibeba.

Tavdapirvelad, antireligiuri kampaniis warmarTvis fargleb-

Si, 1924 wels, ruseTSi, severodvinis raionSi, sazogadoeba

,,aTeisti’’ Camoyalibda, romelic 3500 wevrs aerTianebda. ima-ve wlis 27 agvistos, sazogadoeba ,,aTeistis’’ perioduli ga-

mocemis, ,,uRmerTos’’ redaqciaSi Semdgar krebaze, damswreTa

mier miCneul iqna antireligiuri organizaciis Seqmna. airCies

sabWo, marTvis yvela uflebiT, safuZveli Cauyares organiza-

cias, romelsac saTaveSi ukve staJiani uRmerTo aTeisti, emi-

lian iaroslavski Caudga. aRniSnuli organizaciis saqmianoba, Tavdapirvelad religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas moicavda, rome-

lic komunisti ideologebis gagebiT xels uSlida progressa

da ganviTarebas, maSasadame leniniseul ,,kulturul revolu-

cias’’. antisaeklesio ganwyobis danergvis mizezi mkafiod ga-

moxatuli unda yofiliyo. amitom, axalma wyobilebam, samefo

xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg, eklesia monarqiis dasayrde-nad gamoacxada da yvelanairad ecada am ideologiis dasabu-

Tebas. eklesiis diskreditaciis mizniTa da antireligiuri

ideologiis dasanergad gamiznul periodul gamocemebSi ibeW-

deboda sxvadasxva statiebi. ase magaliTad, statiaSi ,,cota

ram prostituciis Sesaxeb’’, avtori xatavs ruseTis sinamdvi-

leSi arsebul problemas am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da as-

74

kvnis, rom, ,,Tuki rusul sasuliero pirTa da monasterTa

roli jer kidev araa gamorkveuli, unda iTqvas, rom am sa-

kiTxSi rusuli eklesia ar CamorCeboda dasavlurs da araTu anadgurebda, aramed xels uwyobda qalTa morCilebis qadage-

biT eqspluatatorebs da amiT, prostituciis fuZemdeblad

gvevlineboda’’(13, 17). miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlmadidebeli

sarwmunoeba xorciel vnebaTa Soris yvelaze mZafrad siZvasa

da mruSobas gmobs, bolSevikebi ar Takilobdnen am braldebis

wayenebasac, raTa religia gabatonebul klasTa iaraRad gamo-ecxadebinaT. komunistebma religia, rogorc araprogresuli

da dromoWmuli movlena, xalxisaTvis sazianod gamoacxades.

,,RmerTi mxolod bavSvuri koncefciaa gamowveuli SiSis

grZnobiT,’’ espaneli revolucioneris francisko fereris es

sityvebi, volteriseul ,,gavsrisoT aramzada’’ exmianeba, rome-

lic ,,aramzadaSi religias gulisxmobs. ,,qristianoba, es aris uweso mkrexeloba uflis wminda saxeze’’(4, 225). germaneli

moRvawe, k. fon gogerni wers: ,,me Rrmad var darwmunebuli,

rom dadgeba dro, roca aTeizmi saerTosakacobrio principad

iqceva’’.. ,,antisarwmunoebrivi doqtrina uazrobaa sindisis Ta-

visuflebis aRiarebis gareSe. es aRiareba antireligiurobaSi

eklesiasTan mtrul damokidebulebas aRzrdis, radgan eklesia arsebiTad sindisis Tavisuflebis aRiarebis mowinaaRmdegea (2,

186). ,,energiulad davuWiroT mxari TiToeulSi sindisis Ta-

visuflebas, magram ganuxrelad gamovucxadoT omi yvela re-

ligias, radgan isini arsiT mTeli kacobriobis mtrebi arian’’

(8, 128). aRniSnuli moZRvreba bolSevikebma konstituciura-

dac gaamyares da sindisis Tavisufleba gamoacxades. ,,moqala-qeTaTvis sindisis Tavisuflebis uzrunveyofis mizniT, ekle-

sia saqarTvelos ssr-Si gamoyofilia saxelmwifosagan da

skola eklesiisagan, religiuri kultebis Sesruleba da anti-

religiuri propagandis Tavisufleba aRiarebulia yvela moqa-

laqisaTvis (7, 30).

bolSevikebis mier ganxorcielebuli politikis wyalo-biT, eWqveS ara mxolod marTlmadidebeli eklesia, aramed

yvela saxis religiuri aRmsareblobis arseboba-ararsebobis

sakiTxi dadga. Tumca maTi lideris, ioseb besarionis Ze sta-

linis xedva gacilebiT SorsmWvreteluri aRmoCnda. man daina-

xa eklesiisa da sarwmunoebis ideologiuri Zala da isic,

rom mZlavri antireligiuri organizacia ,,mebrZol uRmerTo-

75

Ta kavSiris’’ saxiTac ki, uZluri iyo religiis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi, amitom, yofilma seminarielma, marTlmadidebeli

religiis daxmarebiT, ruseTis ,,mesame romad’’ gardasaxva dai-saxa miznad, Tumca ar dascalda. religiuri tradiciebis

moSla da damaxinjeba moxerxda, religiur wreebSi dainerga

specialuri agentura, romelsac konkretulad saeklesio ie-

rarqiis diskreditacia evalebodaT. saxelmwifo gamocxadda

aTeisturad, magram aTeizmi zedapirul xasiaTs atarebda da

sxvadasxva erebi kvlavac identificirdebodnen im Zireul re-ligiur aRmsareblobasTan, romelsac isini saukuneebis man-

Zilze atarebdnen. ,,bolSevikTa politikis ZiriTadi amocanaa

praqtikul cxovrebaSi absoluturi sekularuli saxelmwi-

fos realizeba. amdagvari saxelmwifo mmarTveloba sruliad

ganTavisuflebuli unda iyos qristianuli tradiciebisagan.

bolSevikuri xelisufleba qristiauli zneobisa da WeSmarit smarTlebriv principebs acxadebda yalb da farisevlur for-

mebad, romlebic emsaxurebodnen sazogadoebis umecrebaSi yof-

nas; da romelnic akmayofilebdnen eqsploatatoruli klase-

bis ambiciebs; xels uwyobdnen maT mier mSromeli masebis Cag-

vras (10, 31). ,,mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris’’ sabWoTa sinam-

dvileSi aRmoceneba imdenad kanonzomieria, ramdenadac komu-nizmi da socializmia antireligiur-antisarwmunoebriv-an-

tiklasobrivi ideologiis matarebeli. komunizmis ideolo-

gebs sabWoTa kavSirSi, pretenzia hqondaT, rom TviT komuniz-

mia axali rwmenis saxeoba da mas araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs

iseT movlenasTan, rogoricaa religia. swored aqedan gamom-

dinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiri mkveTrad sabWoTa movlenaa, verc bolSevikebma auqcies gverdi

im udao WeSmaritebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, ,,yvelgan da yo-

velTvis, politikas, rogorc kacobriobis sxva sulier mov-

lenasac, axlo damokidebuleba aqvs sarwmunoebasTan. swored

sakvirvelia ambobs komunisti prudoni, rogorc ki SevtopavT

politikaSi, maSinve RvTismetyvelebas wavawdebiT. es asec un-da iyos. sarwmunoeba xom, es kavSiri RvTisa da adamians So-

ris, aris amasTanave saZirkveli kacobriul kavSirTa da saime-

dodamcvelTa WeSmarit uflebisa da saukuno normaTa, romli-

Tac unda xelmZRvanelobdes politika’’ (1, 3-4). ,,saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis saero institutebsa da eklesias Sorisi ur-

TierTobebi viTardeba ramdenime ZiriTadi socialuri scena-

76

riT: 1) Teokratiuli variantis SemTxvevaSi, eklesia flobs

maqsimalur sulier da praqtikul Zalauflebas sazogadoeba-

ze da saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi ganviTarebuli arc er-Ti procesi eklesiis Carevis gareSe ar viTardeba; 2) demok-

ratiuli sistemis saxelmwifoSi, am ukanasknelisa da eklesi-

is institutebi TanamSromloben SeTanxmebis sawyisebze da

inawileben gavlenis sferoebs urTierTis saqmeebSi Caurevlo-

biT; 3) saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis avtoritaruli modeli,

rodesac saero xelisufleba Zalauflobs saeklesio ierarqi-aze da masze daqvemdebarebulad moiazrebs. aseT dros, ekle-

sia Zlier zewolas ganicdis saero xelisuflebisagan. yvela

zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,

yoveli qristianis movaleobaa daemorCilos moqmed xelisuf-

lebasL,,rameTu ufrosni saSiSni arian ara keTili saqmeebisaT-

vis, aramed borotTaTvis... saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba ori saxis xelisuflebis mmarTvelobiT vlindeba; esenia RvTismo-

SiSi da uRmerTo xelisuflebebi. rusi sociologi pitirim

sorokini aRniSnavda: gonieri SorsmWvreteli mmarTvelebi da

politikosebi pativs miageben religias, ar uaryofen RmerTs

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini urwmunoni arian. aseTi pozicia

aisaxeba imiT, rom isini RmerTSi damxmare Zalas xedaven, ro-melic kontrols uwevs samoqalaqo socialur normebs’’. . .

niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom ruseTis imperiis wiaRSi Camo-

yalibebulma bizantiizmis Taviseburebebma da misiT gamowve-

ulma uaryofiTma Sedegebma ukiduresad maxinji xasiaTi SeiZi-

na da aSkarad daarRvia qristianuli moZRvrebiT gaTvaliswi-

nebuli saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi. aRniSnulis dasturia rogorc carizmis ruseTis zogierTi istoriuli

etapi, ise sabWouri da postsabWouri mmarTvelobis sisteme-

bi’’ (10, 30). sabWoTa wyobilebis damyarebas saqarTveloSi

win uswrebda menSevikuri mTavrobis mmarTveloba. xanmokle

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis pirobebSi, menSevikuri xe-

lisufleba noe Jordanias meTaurobiT, marTalia socializmis principebidan gamomdinare religiur sakiTxsac mraval aspeq-

tSi bolSevikebis msgavasad ganixilavda, magram bolSevikTaT-

vis, menSevikuri xelisufleba sxva saxis safrTxes warmoad-

genda, radgan isini evropasa da gansakuTrebiT germaniaze

orientirebdnen, amitom, saqarTveloSi, rogorc sabWoTa saz-

Rvrispira qveyanaSi, yuradRebis moduneba ar SeiZleboda.

77

bolSevikurma xelisuflebam, marTalia aRadgina saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, magram qveynis SigniT avtonomiebis Ca-

moyalibebiTa da separatistuli ideologiis waxalisebiT, mudmivi manipulirebis SesaZleblobas itovebda. saqarTvelos

CamoeWra istoriuli mniSnvelobis teritoriebi mezobeli

respublikebis sasargeblod. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo

moCvenebiTi aRmSeneblobisa da ,,kulturuli revoluciis’’

gzas ganuxrelad daadga. ,,mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris’’ sa-

qarTvelos ujredis amoqmedebis saWiroeba, Tavidanve gamoikve-Ta. 1918-1921 wlebSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxa-

debas, 1917 wels marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRdgena uswrebda win. eklesia yovelTvis erovnuli ideolo-

giis warmmarTvel Zalas warmoadgenda qarTuli saxelmwifos

arsebobis manZilze, romelsac, iseve uwevda carizmis winaaR-

mdeg brZola, rogorc progresulad moazrovne qarTul mowi-nave sazogadoebas. magram rodesac moxda saqarTvelos gasab-

Woeba, bolSevikebma erovnuli ideologiis arsebobis mavneb-

loba sxvadasxva erebSi da metadre saqarTvelos magaliTze

mkveTrad dainaxes, miTumetes, rom erovnulobis qadagebas, me-

fis ruseTis pirobebSic ki, romelic dReniadag qarTuli ek-

lesiisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis rusifikatorul politi-kas awarmoebda, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mamamTa-

varni mainc axerxebdnen. bolSevikebma kargad aprobirebul me-

Tods mimarTes da xalxis Txovnis gaTvaliswinebis sababiT,

romlis safuZveli ,,koleqtiuri werilebi’’ xdeboda, daiwyes

eklesiebis daxurva da samRvdeloebis Seviwroeba represiebis

gziT. masiuri xasiaTi eklesiebis daxurvas mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT 1923 wlidan mieca. eklesiebis simravli-

dan gamomdinare, es gansakuTrebiT daetyo saqarTvelos. sab-

WoTa kavSiris aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier, gaica braneba

wmindanTa nawilebis amoRebis Sesaxeb. ,,siwmindeebi, es mooq-

rovili kuboebi, savaraudod ,,uxrwneli’’ sxeulebi Zveli

drois klasTa mmarTveli warmomadgenlebisa, aucilebeli iyo rogorc masebis dagipnozebisaTvis, viTomdac religiuri miz-

nebisaTvis. amitom: 1) adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli komitetebi

unda daeyrdnon mSromelTa masebis revoluciur azrovnebas,

amasTanave gamoricxon yovelgvari orWofoba aRniSnuli aqte-

bis ganxorcielebisas (6, 106). orWofoba an raime saxis ga-

daxra, bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mxridan sastikad isjebo-

78

da. maTi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, TandaTan nadgurdeboda qar-

Tuli inteligenciis TvalsaCino nawili, masobriv wmendas

araerTi rigiTi adamiani emsxverpla, magram eris gonebrivi na-wilis ganadgureba iyo umZimesi dartyma qarTuli sazogadoe-

bisaTvis, romlis wiaRSi mravalwliani rusifikatoruli

mmarTvelobis pirobebSic ki erovnuli damoukideblobis idea

mainc aRmocenda. erTerTma qarTvelma patriotma, quTaisis eT-

nografiuli muzeumis damaarsebelma, mogvianebiT ki 1937

wlis represiebis msxverplma, trifon jafariZem, udidesi Rvawli gaswia, raTa dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod quTais-

Si, mniSvnelovani kulturuli Zeglebi gadaerCina. ,,1923

wlisaTvis, saqarTveloSi masiurad daiwyes eklesiebis daket-

va, saSiSroeba Seeqmna maTSi dacul qarTul Weduri xelovne-

bis nimuSebsa da unikalur xelnawer wignebs. tr. jafariZem

yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom samoqmedo zonaSi arsebul eklesiebSi daculi erovnuli simdidre gadaerCina. ,,radgan

qalaqSic da soflebSic daiwyes eklesiebis daketva da nivTe-

bis gamotana, werda igi vukol beriZes, me vacnobe aRmaskoms

Cemi movaleoba-daniSnuleba da movsTxove mTel mazraSi yvela

TemisaTvis ecnobebina da nivTebi pasuxismgebel pirebs Cabare-

boda da Cvens unaxavad araferi dakarguliyo. davusaxele ek-lesiebi, saidanac nivTebis garda, TviT Senobebia freskebianad

dasacavi da ar waexdinaT. gelaTis arximandrits miveciT da-

sacavad qaRaldi. mowameTas nivTebi Camoitanes profkavSirSi.

iq mivedi kondakovis wigniT xelSi da movsTxove yovelive

CemTvis gadasarCevad eCvenebinaT (5, 41). eklesiis gadasarCenad

trifon jafariZe saeklesio muzeumis Seqmnis sababiT adgi-lobriv xelisuflebas mimarTavda, raTa muzeumi qalaqis cen-

trSi mdebare sakaTedro taZarSi ganTavsebuliyo, marTalia

taZari qvaSveTis taZrisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac bolSevikebs

abanos mowyoba surdaT, ganadgurebas ver gadaurCa, magram qu-

Taisis muzeums eklesiis kuTvnili araerTi simdidre gadaeca.

ase gadarCa gelaTis monastris Weduri xelovnebis nimuSebi da xelnawerebi, romelTa xilva quTaisis eTnografiul muze-

umSia Sesalebeli. aseve argveTis mTavrebis, wminda mowameTa

daviT da konstantines neSTi, romelic 1923 wels uRmerTo-

ebma mowameTa monastridan gamoitanes da Seuracxyves (10).

aseT moqmedebas win uswrebda 1923 wlis 4 marts gazeT ,,mu-

Sa da glexSi’’ dabeWdili statia rubrikiT ,,brZola crumor-

79

wmuneobis winaaRdeg’’, masSi saeqimo komisiis oqmi daviT da

konstantines neSTebis Sesaxeb gvauwyebda: ,,18 Tebervals qu-

Taisis eqimTa da bunebismetyvelTa sazogadoebis wevrTa mier, moxda neSTebis daTvaliereba raTa dadgeniliyo maTi saswa-

ulmoqmedebis unari. komisiis mier gamotanili daskvniT, neS-

Tebs araviTari saswaulmoqmedi daniSnuleba ar aRmoaCnda’’

(11, 73). neSTi saswaulebrivad gadaurCa ganadgurebas da ga-

daeca muzeums. aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT, sergo orjo-

nikiZe aRniSnavs: ,,saqarTveloSi, quTaisTan axlos, mowameTas monasterSi, sadac daviT da konstantines neSTebi inaxeboda,

quTaiselebma Sekribes yvela mazridan moxuci qristeanebi,

samRvdeloeba, eqimebi, gaxsnes da iq aRmoaCines mxolod fer-

fli Zvlebisa, qristeanebze am faqtma didi gavlena iqonia’’

(3, 22). sergo orjonikiZe ambobda, rom eklesiebis daxurva

saqarTveloSi, pirveli nabijia aTeizmisaken. quTaisis mTava-rangelozis sasaflaos eklesiis winamZRvari, dekanozi a.

SaniZe, arqeologiuri naSTebis gamges, jafariZes mimarTavs:

,,gacnobebT, rom Cemdami rwmunebulis, quTaisis sasaflaos

mTavarangelozis eklesiis galavanSi yofil Zveli eklesiis

naSTs angreven wiTelarmielebi, razedac warmoadgines quTai-

sis aRmaskomis nebarTva. naSTis qvebi unda gaixmaron gzis mo-sakenWad’’ (16). usargeblod gamocxadebuli saeklesio nagebo-

bebis umetesoba TandaTan nadgurdeboda. gansakuTrebiT daemCna

eklesiebis ganadgurebis procesi gurias, radgan iq umeteswi-

lad xis nagebobebi iyo. nivTieri faseulobebis amoRebis pro-

cesi qarTuli eklesiis wiaRidan sakmao dros moiTxovda, ami-

tom, sadac ver moaswres uRmerToebma maTi amoReba, amjobi-nebdnen evloT morwmuneebs, raTa maTi winaswari dataceba ar

momxdariyo. amis magaliTia araerTi grifiT saidumlo werili

qalaq quTaisis sabWos Tavmjdomaris, vinme gvelesianis mier

dawerili: ,,rogorc Semosul cnobebidan Cans, TqvenTan mor-

wmuneebi mosulan gancxadebiT adgilobriv mTAvarangelozis

eklesiaSi wirva locvis nebarTvis Sesaxeb, razedac Tqven Se-ufereblad migimarTavT maTTvis da uari giTqvamT, rom TuUek-

lesia moqmedia da misi nivTebi ar yofila gamotanili, Tqven

araviTari ufleba ar gaqvT msurvel glexebs aukrZaloT ek-

lesiaSi siarulio (17). iqve aris meore mimarTva, mitropo-

lit simeon quTaTel gaenaTelisa: quTaisis aRmaskomis Tav-

mjdomares mimarT:L,,dRes 16 agvistos, CemTan gamocxaddnen

80

quTaisis raionis ofuCxeTis Temis, sofel gumaTis morwmune-

Ta warmomadgenlebi da ganacxades, rom maT moutaniaT adgi-

lobrivi Temis aRmaskomis TavmjdomaresTan gumaTis morwmune-Ta xelmowerili gancxadeba Tavisi religiuri wesebisa da ma-

riamobis marxvaSi, Cveulebrisamebr, wirvalocvis nebarTvisaT-

vis adgilobriv mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi, romelic rogorc

ganacxades, morwmuneTa gankargulebaSia sabWoTa xelisufle-

bisagan gadacemuli. TemaRmaskomis Tavmjdomares, ZnelaZes, es

gancxadeba waurTmevia, daulanZRavs isini, Seuginebia maTi sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba da gamougdia. amis ufleba mas, sabWo-

Ta xelisuflebisgan gamocemuli kanonmdeblobaTa mixedviT ar

hqonda’’ (17, 21). saqarTveloSi 1920 wels momxdari miwis-

Zvris gamo, araerTi taZari isedac dazianda da SekeTebas sa-

Wiroebda. 1917 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos teritoriaze 1500 ek-

lesis 1600 mRvdeli, medaviTne da diakoni emsaxureboda, 1921 wlisaTvis maTi ricxvi 2000-ia, 1930 wlisaTvis 1050

eklesia da samlocvelo saxlia, 1200 meti kultmsaxuriT.

1935 wlisaTvis quTaisis mazraSi gamocxadebuli uRmerTo

xuTwledis sapasuxod, sul 58 samlocvelo darCa, aqedan 16

iyo moqmedi, 31 daketili, 5 klubad da 6 sawyobad gadakeTe-

buli. ,,1936 wels, foTis sakaTedro taZrisTvis, berias brZa-nebiT, sakurTxeveli moungreviaT, saparado minaSenebi gaukeTe-

biaT da Sig Teatri SeusaxlebiaT’’ (17, 4). ukve 1937 wli-

saTvis, moqmedi eklesiebis ricxvi 187–de Semcirda, xolo

1940 wlisaTvis ki 78-s ar aRemateboda. ,,moZRvris gareSe

darCenil mrevls Seesivnen komunisti propagandistebi. Zveli

da saSualo Taobis umravlesoba eklesiis da moZRvris gare-Sec inarCunebda RvTisadmi rwmenas, magram axalgazrdoba aseT

rwmenas moklebuli iyo, maTze damRupvel gavlenas axdenda

demagogiuri komunisturi partia’’(14, 67). ,,bolSevikuri xe-

lisuflebis mxridan eklesiebis daketvas xSir SemTxvevaSi

qarTveli mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobac mohyveboda xolme, ami-

tomac, partiuli muSakebi arc Zalis gamoyenebas eridebodnen. gorSi, sofel qvemo xandakSi SeiaraRebuli oTxi partiuli

Cavida da sazogadoebas eklesiis gauqmeba acnoba: _ ,,Cven vke-

tavT eklesias, es Cveni nebaa!’’(14, 21). eklesiis mesveurni,

isev gabedulad cdilobdnen stiqiurad ganviTarebuli movle-

nebis SeCerebas, mimarTavdnen yvela instancias. 1923 wels.

Tavis werilSi guria-samegrelos episkoposi daviT kaWaxiZe

81

mixa cxakaias mimarTavda weriliT da rCeva darigebas aZlevda:

,,me Tqven gicnobT, jer kidev maSin, roca vswavlobdi Tbili-

sis seminariaSi, roca Tqven moswavleTa Soris sTesdiT soci-alizmis Teslsa. . . komunizmis gaZlierebisTvis umjobesia

sabWoTa xelisuflebam umaRlesi saero mTavrobis #25 dek-

reti sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb daicvas. xolo, Tu saeklesio we-

sebSi da samRvdeloebaSi raimea dasagmobi, mizezi TviT reli-

giaSi _ qristianobaSi ki ar unda veZioT, aramed Tavad sam-

Rvdeloebaa ,,gasaCoTqi’’(stili daculia)’’ (14, 23). ,,1925 wlisaTvis, sabWoTa kavSirSi sikvdiliT iyo dasjili

250 000 RvTismsaxuri (mitropoliti, mTavarepiskoposi, epis-

koposi, arqimandriti, iRumeni, xucesi, diakoni, beri, monazo-

ni)’’. ,,gasaCoTqad’’ mowodebuli uRmerToebis muSaoba ufro

metad organizebuli rom yofiliyo, ukve 1928 wels, ,,meb-

rZol uRmerToTa kavSiris’’ saqarTvelos filiali dafuZnda. momdevno wlis 1 ivniss Catarda yrilobac, romelsac gamoc-

dili aTeisti cixelaSvili waruZRva, man moxsenebis far-

glebSi ganacxada: ,,Cven erTxanobas gatacebulebi viyaviT ek-

lesiis daxurviT da administraciuli zomebis miRebiT, Sem-

degSi, rodesac aman ar mogvca kargi Sedegebi, mogvixda ukan

daxeva, eklesiebi zogierT alags davubruneT da yvela is or-ganizaciebi romlebic awarmoebdnen muSaobas sulierad daec-

nen. Cveni klasiuri mtrebi wamodgnen fexze da am mxriv mog-

velis didi muSaoba’’ (15, 3). ukve 1930 wels gamarTul yri-

lobaze, mTel rig igive problemaTagan, win iwevs finansuri

sakiTxi da uRmerToni daufinanseblobaze da agitaciis nakle-

bobaze Civian. Tumca farTod gaSlili represiebis fonze, aR-niSnuli organizaciis xelgaSlili dafinanseba sabWoTa xeli-

suflebisaTvis araxelsayreli unda yofiliyo, amitom, uRmer-

ToTa kavSiris wevrebma sawevro gadasaxadi daaweses organi-

zaciaSi daregistrirebulTaTvis, TumcaRa, Semosuli Tanxebi

araerTxel gaiflanga.

,,mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris’’ politikur-ideuri da-niSnuleba da Tvisobrivi xasiaTi emsaxureboda sabWoTa kavSi-

ris umTavres mizans, soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciasa da

leniniseuli ,,kulturuli revoluciis’’ ganxorcielebis saq-

mes, radgan komunisturi ideologiiT ,,qristianoba kerZo sa-

kuTrebis winaaRmdeg ar amxedrebula, piriqiT, igi adastureb-

da da mxars uWerda mas’’ (9, 69). xolo muSaobis Tavisebure-

82

biT, saqarTvelos ujredi gamoirCeoda gacilebiT meti sisas-

tikiTa da SeuwynareblobiT, marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi bol-

Sevikebi mTeli sicxadiT xedavdnen ideur mters, radgan maTi-ve moZRvrebiT, ,,antiqristes sarwmunoeba aris bolSevizmi’’

(15, 15). antireligiuri kampaniis samizned qceuli marTlmadi-

debeli eklesia saqarTveloSi, RvTismsaxurebis sicocxlis

riskis fasad, cdilobdnen qarTvel erSi sulieri balansis

SenarCunebas. SesaZloa maTi mcdeloba gacilebiT uSedego yo-

filiyo, rom ara ioseb besarionis Ze stalinis mier, antire-ligiuri kampaniis Sesustebis politika, romelic meore

msoflio omis dawyebam ganapiroba. komunizmis beladma anti-

sarwmunoebrivi politika Secvala da rusuli marTlmadidebe-

li eklesiis qveS gaerTianebuli danarCeni eklesiebis saerTo

saruseTo saqmianobaSi CarTvis mizniT, meore msoflio omis

dros sarwmunoebriv dargSi loialuroba gamoavlina. ,,meb-rZol uRmerToTa kavSirma’’ arseboba 1947 wels Sewyvita,

xolo misi wevrebi, sazogadoeba ,,znanieSi’’ gadanawildnen.

stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, xruSCovis politikis wya-

lobiT, religiuri devna-Seviwroveba isev ganaxlda, Tumca

gansxvavebuli saxe miiRo. ,,uRmerTo saxelmwifos politiku-

ri kursis bolSeviki Teoretikosebi da praqtikosebi mizanmi-marTuli programebis meSveobiT, ideurad devnidnen sarwmuno-

ebas da zneobriobas. aTeizmisa da materializmis apologeteb-

ma moxerxebulad aiTvises marTlmadidebluri qristianobis

dogmatikuri toni da garegnulad TavianT Tezisebsa da ga-

mosvlebSi dabejiTebiT msjelobdnen, asabuTebdnen socialis-

tur ideebs. uRmerTo xelisufleba mizanmimarTulad iRwvoda Zveli ideis – saxelmwifos, rogorc ,,miwieri keTildReobis

ideis aRorZinebisaTvis’’(10, 33).

amrigad, ,,mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris’’ saqarTvelos

ujredis saqmianobam, udidesi roli iTamaSa axali Taobebis

antisarwmunoebrivi suliskveTebiT aRzrdis saqmeSi, e.w. ,,axa-

li adamianis’’ formirebaSi. agitaciis paralelurad, namgali-Ta da uroTi xelSi, ingreoda ara mxolod erovnul-kultu-

ruli memkvidreoba, aramed mTlianad sulieri samyaro calke-

uli erebisa, romlis aRdgenas jer kidev didi dro esaWiro-

eba.

83


1. ,,aTeizmi’’, q. quTaisi, 1910.

2. ,,Акация’’, 1903 II 3. Второй съезд коммунистических организаций кавказия

1923 т 19-23 марта 4. ,,масонские итальянские обозрение’’ 1886 г 5. mumlaZe c. trifon jafariZe. quTaisi 1993

6. О религии и церкви’’ moskovi, 1965 7. rezolucia, ssr ,,mukis’’ meore yriloba, Tb., 1930 8. ,,safrangeTis didi loJis konventi’’ 1922, oqtomberi

9. ,,qristianoba’’ ,,mukis centraluri sabWo, 1936

10. ,,qristianobis kvlevebi’’, III, Tbilisi 2009

11. gazeT., ,,mowameTa’’ #7-8., ivnis-agvisto, 1990 w

12. gazeT., muSa da glexi, 1923 w 4 marti

13. gazeT., uRmerTo dazgasTan’’ #12, 1929 14. Jurnali saarqivo moambe 2008 #1

15. suica, f 1547, aRw 1, saqme 3

16. qcssa, 8659 f1 EE192 17. qcssa, f 149, aRw 1 saqme 381

84

Eka Silagadze Ivane javakhshvili Tbilisi State University


Phd Student

,,Antireligion fighter alliance’’ and and character of works in Georgia

Summary

The new policy of Bolsheviks demanded antireligious

propagation. The state of the Unions has been declared by atheistic. For this purpose leaders of Bolsheviks have created the new organisation by name of ,,Antireligion fighter alliance’’, which cell, has been opened and in Georgia 1928. Having come to the authorities communist party declared religion the enemy of new thinking. Have started to close churches, repressioned many religious people and confessors. 1925 they arrested abd also have killed about 250 000 spiritual hierarches orthodox churches. Bolsheviks carried on propaganda among Christian, which of for fear gradually transformed in atheists and entered into ranks of party. During board of communists the quantity of operating churches in Georgia is considerable reductioned. The church in Georgia always supported patriotic spirit among Georgians and showed resistance of new ideology. ,,Antireligion fighter alliance’’ have an influence over cultural-religious development of Georgia.

85

mixeil qarTveliSvili



qristianobis istoriis specialobis doqtoranti

eTer bokelavaZe





sabWoTa saeklesio diplomatia da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli

eklesia XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi

Tanamedrove etapze udidesi SemecnebiTi da praqtikuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba yofili sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri is-

toriis mecnierul Seswavlas, radgan sruliad aSkaraa, rom

mis obieqtur gaazrebaze didwiladaa damokidebuli Tanamed-

rove viTarebis piruTvneli Sefaseba da saxelmwifoebrivi

ganviTarebis samomavlo perspeqtivebis met-naklebi sizustiT dasaxva.

sabWoTa saeklesio-diplomatiis Seswavlis Tvalsazri-

siT erT-erT yvelaze saintereso da Tavisebur periods war-

moadgens didi samamulo omis (1941-45 ww) periodi, rodesac

metad sainteresod ganviTarda saxelmwifosa da eklesiis ur-

TierTobis mravali mniSvnelovani aspeqti, gamoikveTa maTi da-axloeba-urTierTTanamSromlobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.

sayuradRebod migvaCnia xazi gavusvaT im faqts, rom

jer kidev meore msoflio omis dawyebamde, XX saukunis 30-

iani wlebis miwuruls, aSkara gaxda sabWoTa xelisuflebis

saeklesio kursSi radikaluri cvlilebebisaTvis samzadisi.

sabWoTa saxelmwifo CarTuli iyo saerTaSoriso asparezze mimdinare movlenebSi da zedmiwevniT informacias flobda mo-

salodneli omis sakiTxebze. aRniSnul garemoebaSi sabWoTa

xelisufleba yvelanairad cdilobda Tadarigis daWeras, raTa

~socializmis monapovars~ Sida da gare “mtruli elemente-

86

bisgan” safrTxe ar Seqmnoda. upirveles yovlisa, qveynis Sig-

niT esaWiroeboda sando dasayrdeni Zala, romelic sazogado-

ebaSi stabilizaciis da gare agresiis winaaRmdeg Tavdadebu-li, erTguli brZolis garanti iqneboda. aseTad saxelmwifo

xelisuflebas marTlmadidebeli eklesia miaCnda.

swored aRniSnuli mizeziT sabWoTa mTavroba icvlis

eklesiasTan midgomis gzebsa da meTodebs; mTeli ZalisxmeviT

cdilobs misi xalxSi arsebuli didi ndoba-avtoritetis Ta-

vis sasargeblod gamoyenebas; mosaxleobis darazmvas da mis Cabmas omSi samSoblos dacvis mowodebiT; eklesiis Carevis

erovnuli interesi antifaSisturi mimdinareobis erT-erT um-

Tavres ideologiad Camoyalibebis, eklesiasTan keTilmegob-

ruli urTierToba-TanamSromlobis damyarebis, msoflios mas-

StabiT politikuri ndobis aRdgena-mopovebis, am ukanas-

knels gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan saerTaSo-riso sazogadoeba sabWoTa mTavrobas xSirad sayvedurobda sa-

eklesio ideologiis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli RonisZiebebis ga-

mo, amitom eklesiisadmi mTavrobis loialur damokidebulebas

unari Seswevda msoflios qveynebi dadebiTad ganewyo sabWo-

Ta saxelmwifosadmi.

omis sawyis periodSive ruseTis saeklesio ierarqebma zustad gansazRvres da Seafases Seqmnili uaRresad rTuli

samxedro-politikuri mdgomareoba, maT SesaniSnavad gaiazres,

rom saWiro iyo eklesiis ideurad swori, taqtikurad ga-

marTlebuli pozicia daekavebina.

dawyebis pirvelive dRes ruseTis patriarqis taxtis

monacvlem, moskovisa da kolomenskis mitropolitma sergim (stragorodskim) dawera epistole, romelSic gadmocemuli

iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis sruli mxardaWera, samSoblos da-

sacavad omSi monawileoba yvela marTlmadideblis uwmindes

movaleobad gamocxadda.

1942 wlis 22 ivnisis epistoles Semdeg mitropolitma

sergim kidev 23 epistole gaugzavna samRvdeloebas da mrevls, am epistoleTa saerTo azri iyo, rom RmerTis Sewev-

niT saboloo gamarjveba sabWoTa kavSirs darCeboda (1, 80).

aseve sruli mxardaWera gamoecxada centraluri xelisufle-

bis yvela saxis moqmedebas, romelic saxelmwifos dacva-gaZ-

lierebisken iyo mimarTuli. patriarqis mowodebebis werilo-

biTi versiebi sistematurad ibeWdeboda centralur presaSi.

87

saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT is faqti, rom ruseTis ek-

lesia mxolod epistoleebisa da mimarTvebis gagzavniT ar Se-

mofarglula da gadawyvita saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomi-kuradac dadgomoda gverdiT, kerZod eklesia imTaviTve Seud-

ga mrevlSi fuladi saxsrebisa da sxva Sesawiris (oqro-ver-

cxlis nivTebis, Zvirfasi qvebis da sxv.) Segrovebas omis sa-

WiroebisTvis

1943 wlis 4 seqtembers ioseb stalinma miiRo patri-

arqis taxtis monacvle, moskovisa da kolomenskoes mitropo-liti sergi (stragorodski), leningradisa da novgorodis

mitropoliti aleqsi (simanski) da patriarqis egzarqosi uk-

rainaSi, kievisa da galiCis mitropoliti nikolozi (iaruSe-

viCi). Aam Sexvedraze gadawyda ruseTis episkoposebis krebis

mowveva da patriarqis arCeva. (1)

ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis episkoposTa kreba Sedga moskovSi 1943 wlis 8 seqtembers. krebas eswreboda 19

ierarqi (3 mitropoliti, 1 arqiepiskoposi, 5 episkoposi).

EepiskoposTa krebam ruseTis patriarqad airCia patriarqis

taxtis monacvle, moskovisa da kolomenskoes mitropoliti

sergi (stragorodski). 1943 wlis 12 seqtembers Sedga ax-

ladarCeuli patriarqis intronizacia. sayuradRebod migvaCnia is faqtic, rom samamulo omis wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizar-

da ruseTSi moqmedi eklesiebis ricxvi. 1944 wlis gazafxu-

lisTvis ruseTis marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi daaxloebiT

40 eparqia arsebobda. mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda saeklesio

literaturis gamocemis saqme. 1943 wlis seqtemberSi ganax-

lda “moskovis sapatriarqos Jurnalis” gamocema. Jurnalis pirveli redaqtori patriarqi sergi iyo.

1943 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTis marTlmadidebeli ekle-

siis saRvTo sinodma daamtkica sasuliero ganaTlebis sis-

temis proeqti. proeqtis mixedviT moskovSi unda gaxsniliyo

marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo instituti, xolo epar-

qiebSi – saRvTismetyvelo kursebi. am faqts uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda: gamocemisa

da ganaTlebis uflebis miniWebiT sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuf-

lebam eklesias didi mxardaWera gamoucxada, aRniSnuli ru-

sul da evropul istoriografiaSi savsebiT samarTlianadaa

miCneuli eklesiis institutis gaZlierebisaken gadadgmul

mniSvnelovan da Segnebul nabijad.

88

sabWoTa saeklesio politikis erT-erT saintereso mi-

marTulebas warmoadgenda ruseTis eklesiis brZola wminda

miwaze arsebuli yofili caristuli ruseTis droindeli qo-nebis dabruneba-dakanonebisaTvis.

rogorc cnobilia ruseTis saxelmwifos saeklesio-po-

litikur interesebs wminda miwisadmi mravalsaukunovani is-

toria aqvs. man metad rTuli evoluciuri gza ganvlo; isini

wminda politikuri mizniT iyo ganpirobebuli, saeklesio dip-

lomatiis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda da mravalmxrivi ganviTa-rebiT xasiaTdeboda.

jer kidev XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan ruseTis sa-

imperatoro karma SeimuSava saeklesio-diplomatiuri misiebis

originaluri proeqtebi, romelSic sagangebo adgili wminda

miwas da macxovris saflavs ekava (petre didis, ekaterine

IIis proeqtebi) (5). XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi ki impera-tor nikoloz I-is rezoluciiT, 1847 wlis 11 Tebervlidan

safuZveli Caeyara ~ruseTis sasuliero misias palestinaSi~.

wminda miwaze xangrZlivi moRvaweobis dros, ruseTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebaSi gadavida mniSvnelova-

ni teritoriebi : uflis saflavis taZris axlos; agreTve

Zveli ierusalimis Crdilo-dasavleTiT (~moskobia~); eleonis mTaze (macxovris amaRlebis adgilTan); gorneSi (yovladwmin-

da RvTismSoblisa da elisabedis Sexvedris adgilas); qebron-

Si, iaffasa da ierixonSi. SeZenil teritoriebze aigo masSta-

buri samonastro kompleqsebi, Camoyalibda didi rusuli Te-

mi, romelic istoriografiaSi ~rusuli palestinis~ saxel-

wodebiTaa cnobili (5). XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ~misias-Tan’’ daarsda rusuli e.w. ~marTlmadidebluri palestinuri

sazogadoeba~, romelmac wminda miwaze farTo saganmanaTleb-

lo saqmianoba gaaCaRa. sazogadoebam saswavlo dawesebulebebi

daarsa aramxolod palestinaSi, aramed siriasa da libanSi.

90-ian wlebSi ki antioqiis patriarq spiridonis iniciativiT

~sazogadoebis~ ganmgeblobaSi gadavida damaskos qalTa skola da ramdenime sasuliero saswavlebeli (5).

sasuliero misiis warmatebebma mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica

rusuli diplomatiis poziciebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi Tum-

ca viTareba radikalurad Seicvala 1917 wlis oqtombris sa-

xelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg, rodesac xelisuflebis sa-

TaveSi mosuli bolSevikuri mTavroba eklesia-saxelmwifos

89

tradiciuli urTierTTanamSromlobis nacvlad antisaeklesio

politikis gatarebas Seudga, ramac Tavis mxriv saintereso

asaxva hpova wminda miwaze arsebul politikur bataliebSi. palestinis sasuliero misia kanonikurad mowyda moskovis sa-

patriarqos da rusul saeklesio qonebas ruseTis emigran-

tuli eklesia daeufla. am ukanasknelis materialuma uZlu-

rebam da mWidro politikurma kavSirebma kapitalistur qvey-

nebTan, Sedegad gamoiwvia is faqti, rom 1918 wlidan wminda

miwaze rusuli misiis uZrav-moZravi qoneba inglisis koloni-uri mmarTvelobis daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCnda, romelmac 1922

wels ruseTis saeklesio qoneba kanonieri mflobelis sanqci-

is gareSe, erTa ligis mandatiT daikanona. am droidan ingli-

si wlebis manZilze aRniSnul qonebas savaWro-komerciuli

miznebiT iyenebda, riTac didZal mogebas iRebda (8, 231).

viTareba radikalurad icvleba meore msoflio omis pe-riodSi, rodesac zemoT Cvens mier naxsenebi saeklesio poli-

tikis liberalizaciis paralelurad sabWoTa xelisufleba

interesdeba wminda miwaze ruseTis eklesiis qonebis mdgoma-

reobiT. is faqti, rom sabWoTa kavSiri antihitleruli koa-

liciis saxelmwifos warmoadgenda mas metad mniSvnelovan da

momgebian poziciaze ayenebda. aRniSnul procesebSi koreqtivebi Seitana 1948 wlis

14 maiss, israelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebam. am teritoria-

ze ruseTis sakuTrebis dabrunebis mizniT farTo diplomati-

uri moZraoba gaiSala, raSic aqtiurad monawileobdnen, ro-

gorc saero, ise saeklesio moRvaweebi. 1948 wlis 14 oqtom-

bers ioseb stalinma xeli moawera ssrk-s ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebas ~sabWoTa kavSiridan israelis saxelmwifoSi

mudmivi saqmianobisTvis arqimandrit leonides (ruseTis sasu-

liero misiis xelmZRvanelis statusiT) da vladimer evgenio-

viCis (misiis mRvdlis statusiT) gagzavnis Sesaxeb~. (5) ga-

naxlda ruseTis sasuliero misiis moRvaweoba wminda miwaze.

misiis muSaobam saTanado Sedegi gamoiRo : israelis xelis-flebam moskovis sapatriarqos palestinis rusuli misiis uZ-

rav-moZravi qoneba srulad gadasca, Tumca mogvianebiT isra-

el-arabeTis saomari viTarebisa da maT Soris samSvidobo za-

vis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoTaSorisma gamyofma zolma ruseTis

saeklesio kuTvnilebazec gaiara : israelis saxelmwifos saz-

RvrebSi moqceuli rusuli uZravi qoneba daubrunda sabWoTa

90

xelisuflebas, xolo iordaniis teritoriaze arsebuli ek-

lesia-monastrebi ki ruseTis emigrantuli eklesiis iurisdi-

ciaSi moeqcnen. amrigad sabWoTa xelisuflebis saeklesio-diplomatiur-

ma politikam wminda miwaze realizeba mxolod nawilobriv

moaxerxa.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XX saukunis 30-

ian wlebis miwuruls dawyebulma saeklesio politikis libe-

ralizaciam arsobrivi gagrZeleba meore msoflio omis wleb-Si hpova, rac saxelmwifosa da eklesiis mniSvnelovan daax-

loebaSi gamoixata. sabWoTa xelisuflebam aqtiuri saekle-

sio-diplomatiuri brZola awarmoa wminda miwaze ruseTis ek-

lesiis kanonierad kuTvnili qonebis dabrunebisTvis, rac mTe-

li rigi obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo met-nakle-

bi warmatebiT dasrulda.


1. vaCnaZe m, guruli v ruseTis eklesiis istoria, t. 3, naw. I (1900-1945), Tb., 2008

2. pavliaSvili q. sabWoTa imperiis saeklesio politika max-

lobel aRmosavleTSi XX saukunis 20-60-ian wlebSi (“sta-

linis proeqti” da e.w. ~forToxlis garigeba”), kr. “axali

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi” #2 (6), Tb., 2009

3. pavliaSvili q. saeklesioo globalizaciis istoria kavkasi-aSi, Tb., 2008

4. pavliaSvili q. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo

eklesiis istoria (1800-1945), naw. I, Tb., 2008

5. Россия в Святой Земле. Документы и материалы, т. I, М.,

2000

6. Цыпин Вл., История русской церкви (1917-1997), M., 1998 7. Lane C, Christian Religion in the Soviet Union : A Sociological Study, New-York, State University of New York Press, 1978 8. Maurice J. Le destin du christianisme pendant le regime sovietique (1917-1978), Paris. 1997 9. Shubin D, A History of Russian Christianity, Vol. IV, New-York, 2006

91

Mikheil Kartvelishvili Ivane javakhshvili


Direction-History of Christianity Phd Student

Eter Bokelavadze Ivane Javakhishvili



Soviet Church diplomacy and Russian Orthodox Church in 40-s years of XX century

Summary

The scientific study of the Soviet Union's history in modern

stage has it great theoretical and practical important, because it's obvious the dependent today's state development objective analysis and the plan of the future perspectives in more or less exactness.

In this article is considered the Soviet church diplomacy during the 40-s years of XX century, problem of Palestiniana, In the history of russian church Holy Land was the great importance, it was much of proects, during the soviet era Iosef Stalin begans the new proect and this this was realized only partially.

92

Tamar tlaSaZe

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis,




ierusalimis wminda miwebisaTvis konfliqti da rusuli po-

litika (XVIII-XIX ss)

ierusalimsa da wminda miwas yvela qristianis cxovrebaSi

gamorCeuli adgili ukavia. mravali saukunis manZilze msofli-

os TiTqmis yvela eri cdilobda wminda miwis aRorZinebaSi sa-kuTari sulieri da kulturuli wvlili Seetana.

wminda miwaze uflebebis mopovebisaTvis konfesiaTa Soris

konfliqts, mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. masSi monawileo-

bas iRebda qristianuli aRmsareblobis TiTqmis yvela mimdina-

reoba, romelTa Soris mTavar mowinaaRmdegeebad Zlieri da

gavleniani kaTolikeebi da marTlmadidebeli berZnebi iTvlebod-nen. am ukanasknelTa konfliqts hqonda Rrma dogmaturi da

politikuri safuZveli, risi mizeziTac jer kidev XI saukune-

Si qristianuli eklesia gaiyo aRmosavleT da dasavleT ekle-

siebad.

XI saukuneSi ierusalimi jvarosanTa xelSi aRmoCnda, ra-

mac wminda adgilebze bizantiis eklesiis monopoliuri kon-trolis dacema ganapiroba. romma ierusalimSi Tavisi patriarqi

dasva, xolo marTlmadideblebs CamoerTvaT qristianuli siw-

mindeebis mfarvelobis ufleba.

jvarosanTa gandevnis Semdeg, muslimanebma marTlmadideb-

lebs CamorTmeuli taZrebi da monastrebi daubrunes. Turq-sel-

Cukebi maT ufro ndobas ucxadebdnen, vidre kaTolikeebs, rad-gan am ukanasknelTagan jvarosnul revanSs moelodnen.

mogvianebiT, osmaleTis imperiasa da evropis saxelwi-

fos Soris savaWro urTierTobaTa gafarToebis Sedegad, dasav-

leTis eklesiam evropel monarqTa mxardaWeriT, wminda miwaze

Tavisi uflebebi moiTxova. TandaTanobiT daiwyo ierusalimSi

93

kaTolikeTa poziciebis AaRdgena, rac xSirad adgilobrivi xe-

lisuflebis mosyidviT xerxdeboda.

imisa, rom jvarisan-raindTa wminda miwaze ,,moRvaweobis” Sedegad, kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi mravali sauku-

nis manZilze persona non-grantad iTvlebodnen, XIV saukunis

Sua xanebSi maT mflobelobaSi iyo ierusalimsa da beTlemSi

arsebuli mravali taZari da siwminde. romma wminda miwis mfar-

velad frnciskanelTa ordeni gamoacxada. Aam ukanasknelTa moq-

nili diplomatiis wyalobiT kaTolikurma eklesiam wminda mi-waze Tavisi poziciebi gaimyara.(3)

marTlmadidebeli berZnebi aprotestebdnen dasavleTis ek-

lesiisaTvis miniWebul uflebebs da mTvar argumentad mohqon-

daT xalifa omaris mier 636 wels gamocemuli sigeli, romlis

Tanaxmadac, swored marTlmadideblebs eniWebodaT qristianul

siwmindeebis mflobelobis ufleba. Ffranciskanelebi amis sapa-suxod amtkicebdnen, rom VII saukuneSi, rodesac sigeli Sedga,

qristianebi jer kidev erT ojaxad iyvnen da amitom xalifas

brZaneba romis eklesiazec vrceldeboda.

mravalsaukunovani mtroba da urTierTundobloba aRmo-

savleT da dasavleT eklesiebs Soris, ierusalimSi wivevda gan-

sakuTrebulad mwvave formis konfliqtebs. zogjer macxovris saflavze pirvelobisaTvis brZolisas berebs Soris xdeboda

sisxlisni Setakebebi.

osmalTa batonobisas, mTeli qristianuli sakuTreba mu-

sulmanTa xelSi iyo, romlebsac dampyroblebi TavianTi Sexedu-

lebebisamebr gankargavdnen. qristianul kulturul dawesebu-

lebaTa nawili maT gadaakeTes meCeTebaT. mxolod mcire maTgani agrZelebda pirvendeli daniSnulebiT funqcionirebas.

aRmosavleT da dasavleT eklesiebs Soris wminda adgile-

bisaTvis kamaTSi, gadamwyveti sityva sulTans ekuTvnoda. ama Tu

im mxarisaTvis dadebiTi gadawyvetilebis miReba damokidebuli

iyo osmaleTis imperiasa da evropel meTaurTa Soris urTier-

Tobebis mogvarebaze, aseve didi mniSvneloba hqonda Tu vin gai-Rebda yvelaze didi odenobis qrTams. amis Sesabamisad, sxvadas-

xva dros taZrebsa da siwmindeebs mflobelebic sxvadasxva hyav-

daT.(3)

XVII saukuneSi wminda miwebis mflobelebad xan kaToli-

keebi gvevlinebian, xanac marTlmadideblebi. Tuki saukunis da-

sawyisSi macxovris saflavis ekvderi ekuTvnoda laTinebs, 1612

94

wlidan igi marTlmadidebelTa da somexTa xelSi gadavida. sa-

bolood, 1675 wlidan berZnebi macxovris taZris kuvukliis

erTpirovnuli mflobelebi gaxdnen. franciskanelebma ki 1690 wlisTvis beTlemis mRvime daisakuTres.(3)

1719 wels kaTolikeebma Turqebisagan macxovris saflavis

taZari da misi maTvari gumbaTis rekonstruqciis ufleba mii-

Res, rac imas niSnavda, rom dasavleTis eklesia iqneboda misi

erTpirovnuli mflobeli.

XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi safrangeTi aqtiurad gamodis politikur asparezze da aRmosavleTSi aZlierebs Tavis pozi-

ciebs. Ayovelive aman Seqmna xelsayreli pirobebi dasavleTis

eklesiisTvis, raTa moexdina Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkiceba

wminda miwaze. 1740 welis TurqeT-safrangeTis molaparakebebis

Sedegad franciskanelebs SeunarCundaT yvela is upiratesoba,

riTac adre sargeblobdnen ierusalimis wminda adgilebSi. amri-gad, rogorc Canda, kaTolikurma eklesiam moaxerxa sakuTari

Tavi daemkvidrebina qristianuli siwmindeebis mTavar mfarve-

lad,Yramac marTlmadideblebis Zalian didi ukmayofileba gamo-

iwvia.

ierusalimis wminda adgilebis istoriaSi gardatexis pe-

riodad iqca 1757 weli. Turqebma, imperiis teritoriaze mcxovreb

marTlmadidebelTa mRelvarebis Tavidan asacileblad(radgen

isini mosaxleobis umetesobas Seadgendnen), kaTolikeebs specia-

luri firmaniT CamoaWres wminda adgilebze miniWebuli ufle-

bebi.. berZnul eklesias daubrunda beTlemis Sobis taZari da

zeTisxilis baRTan mdebare RvTismSoblis akldama. Mmacxovris saflavze ki orive qristianulma mimdinareobam Tanabari ufle-

bebi miiRo. zogierTi wyaros cnobiT, 1757 wlis firmani didi

veziris rahib faSas CareviT Sedga, romelmac TiTqos berZnebis-

gan qrTami aiRo.(3)

1757 wlis firmaniT, marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikeebs

Soris gayofilma uflebebma miiRo statuskvo, romelic amJama-dac am saxiT moqmedebs.

XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi kaTolikeTa gavlena osmale-

Tis imperiaSi Sesustda. wminda miwebisadmi iklo politikosTa

da sazogadoebis interesmac. Eevropeli monarqebi adrindeli

gulmodginebiT aRar icavdnen aRmosavleTSi dasavleTis eklesi-

95

is interesebs. yovelive es ki ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi adamia-

nis azrovnebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegi iyo.(2)

am periodSi axlo aRmosavlur arenaze gamovida ukve se-riozul metoqed qceuli ruseTis imperia. Mmoskovma, gaacnobie-

ra ra Tavis Tavi bizantiis memkvidred, jer kidev ivane III-is

periodSi, cdilobda ganemtkicebina Tavisi kavSirebi marTlmadi-

debel aRmosavleTTan. ruseTis sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli mis-

wrafebani wminda miwisadmi upirveles yovlisa, qveynis politi-

kuri interesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da saeklesio diplomati-uri kavSirebiT xorcieldeboda. (1)

rusuli saistorio wyaroebis Tanaxmad, wminda miwaze

rusuli diplomatiis pirvel nabijad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ek-

lesiis mamamTavris, mixeil sirielis elCoba ierusalimSi, rom-

lis mizezebisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb cnobebi aRar mogvepoveba.

momdevno saukuneebSi aRosavleTSi ukve xSirad igzavneboda dazverviTi funqciiT rus momlocvelTa jgufebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis monarqebs, petre I-sa da ekate-

rine II-s SemuSavebuli hqondaT specialuri programa axlo aR-

mosavleTis asaTviseblad. ruseTis imperiisaTvis saerTaSoriso

asparezze damkvidreba uSualod ukavSirdeboda qristianobis

wminda adgilze mis fexis mokidebas.(1) Tavis mxriv, bizantiis memkvidris pretenziiT gamosul

ruseTis saxelmwifoSi aRmosavleTis sasuliero ierarqia xe-

davda mxsnels, romelic gaanTavisuflebda maT Turqi dampyrob-

lebisgan. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mamamTavrebisagan ruseTis

eklesiam jildod patriarqobis institutis dadginebis ufleba

miiRo(1589w). swored am faqtiT moaxdines aRmosavleTis ekle-siebma marTlmadideblur diptixSi cvlilebis Setana da ruse-

Tis eklesias mexuTe adgili dauTmes. (1)

1768-1774wlebSi mimdinare ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, ruseTis

warmatebebi aiZulebda stambuls daTanxmeboda samSvidobo mo-

laparakeebs. 1774wlis quCuk-kainarjis xelSekrulebiT TurqeT-

ma ikisra valdebuleba mtkiced daecva qristianuli kanoni da eklesiebi.

XIX saukuneSi aRmosavleTis sakiTxSi rusuli politika

axal fazaSi gadavida. imperiam sabolood ganimtkica Tavis Tav-

Si mTel aRmosavleT saqristianoSi marTlmadidebelTa mfarve-

lis roli. Mmisi politikuri da finansuri mxardaWeriT ber-

96

Znul-marTlmadidebeli eklesia ierusalimsa da beTlemis wminda

adgilebze inarCunebda kontrols.(2)

1808 wels macxovris saflavis taZarSi momxdarma xanZar-ma mniSvnelovnad daaziana kuvuklia. xanZris specialurad mow-

yobaSi kaTolikeebi, marTlmadideblebi da grigorianelebi er-

TmaneTs adanaSaulebnden, romlis mizanic taZris nawilebze

kontrolis xelaxeli gadanawileba iyo, rac iZulebiTi rekon-

struqciiT moxdeboda. marTlmadideblebma moaxerxes Turqi Ci-

novnikebis mosyidva da aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis Catarebis ufleba miiRes. Aam saqmeSi ki maT mniSvnelovani finansuri daxmareba

ruseTis saxelmwifom aRmouCina. axlidan iqna amoyvanili kuvuk-

lia, risi wyalobiTac berZnebs qristianuli siwmindeebis ma-

farvelis statusi unda ganemtkicebinaT. magram kaTolikeebma

1811 wels moaxerxes macxovris saflavis egvteris xelSi Cag-

deba. Mxolod 1817 wels rusuli diplomatiis ZalisxmeviT sa-marTlianoba aRdga da berZnebs macxovris saflavze RvTismsaxu-

rebis ufleba miecaT. 1829wlidan ki damyarda taZrebis erTob-

livi flobis wesrigi, kaTolikeebs, marTlmadideblebsa da gri-

gorianelebis Soris.(3)

XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi, prusiis mefem fridrix-vilhem

IV-em wamoayena proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda ierusalimisa da nazareTis qristian mosaxleobaTa eqsteritoriulobas.

proeqtis Tanaxmad TiToeuli qristianuli sazogadoeba-mar-

Tlmadideblebi, kaTolikeebi da protestantebi, gamodioda

sulTnis iurisdiqciidan da eqvemdebareboda e.w. rezidentTa

kontrols, romlebic daniSnulni iqnebodnen Sesabamisad ruse-

Tis, avstriis da safrangeTis, inglisis da prusiis mier.(3) ruseTisTvis es proeqti miuRebeli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac

ewinaaRmdegeboda axlo aRmosavleTSi mis politikur zraxvebs.

fridrixis am gegmas ufro politikuri miznebi hqonda,

vidre ,,Zmuri siyvaruli” aRmosavleTis qristianebisadmi.

XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi wminda qalaqze evropelTa

zewoliTa da kaTolike-protestantTa gaZlierebuli prozeli-tizmis Sedegad, ierusalimSi pirveli protestanti episkoposi

gamiCnda. 1847 wels rommac aRadgina ierusalimis laTinuri sa-

patriarqo.

1843 wels ruseTis imperiis mier, ierusalimSi momloc-

velis saxiT, gagzavnil iqna arqimandriti porfire, romelsac

dazverviTi saqmianoba unda ewrmoebina. Amis ,,moRvaweobis” Sem-

97

dgom, rusuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifo diplomatiss erTob-

livi ZalisxmeviT, 1847 wels ierusalimSi daarsda organiza-

cia- ,,rusuli sasuliero misia ierusalimSi”. amdenad, marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris wminda

adgilebisaTvis gaCaRebulma brZolam xeli Seuwyo mZime omis

dawyebas, ramac ruseTis imperias evropasa da aRmosavleTSi

mTeli rigi poziciebi daaTmobina. sinamdvileSi wminda miwebi-

saTvis brZola iyo mxolod niRabi, romlis qveSac imleboda

ufro seriozuli politikuri, ekonomikuri da teritorialu-ri zraxvebi, risi mizeziTac ruseTi daupirispirda TurqeTs.

yirimis omi istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc ,,beTlemis taZris

gasaRebisTvis” dawyebuli omi.

am procesSi safrangeTis xelisuflebac CaerTo, romelic

cdilobda wminda miwaze franciskanelTa uflebebis kvlav aR-

dgenas. es ki ruseTis gaRizianebas iwvevda. sabolood, 1852 wels TurqeTis sulTanma gamosca firma-

ni qristianuli wminda adgilebis Sesaxeb, riTac faqtobrivad

1757 wlis statusi iqna aRdgenili. amavdroulad laTinur ek-

lesias mcire upiratesobac mieca: beTlemis taZarsa da macxov-

ris Sobis mRvimes daubrunda kaTolikuri vercxlis varskvla-

vi, xolo ierusalimSi laTin episkoposs gadaeca macxovris So-bisa da saflavis taZris gasaRebis dublikati.(3)

mgvarad, wminda adgilebTan dakavSirebuli kamaTi, rome-

lic lokaluri mniSvnelobis iyo, gadaizarda did saerTaSori-

so dapirispirebaSi.

rogorc omis dasrulebis Semdeg, parizis msoflio kon-

gresze gamoCnda, evropelTa interesi wminda miwisadmi, gamowve-uli iyo ruseTis, rogorc qristianTa damcvelis ambiciebis Se-

sazRudad.

1877-1878 wlebis omSi TurqeTis damarcxebam evropul

arenaze ruseTs mdgomareoba ufro ganumtkica. Bberlinis kon-

gresze miRebuli trqtatiT, TurqeTi iRebda valdebulebas da-

ecva Tavisi moqalaqeTa uflebebi miuxedavad maTi aRmsareblo-bisa. Aaseve evropis diplomatiur korpuss ganumtkicda qristi-

anul dawesebulebebsa da momlocvelebze meurveobis ufleba.

Gganmtkicda agreTve palestinis siwmindeebis statuskvo.

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi evropulma sakonsuloebma, maT

Soris 1858 wels ierusalimSi gaxsnilma ruseTis sakonsulom,

98

daiwyo aqtiuri dacva qristiani mosaxleobisa musulmanTa ze-

wolisagan.

didi konkurencia gamoiwvia wminda qalaqSi mniSvnelovani adgilebis dakavebam. rogorc aRmoCnda aqac gamarjvebuli ruse-

Ti gamovida. XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ierusalimis Crdilo-

dasavleT nawilSi, agebul iqna didi rusuli kompleqsi, rom-

lis centrSic bizantiuri stiliT Sesrulebuli wminda samebis

taZari idga. droTa ganmavlobaSi rus momlocvelTa ricxvi ga-

izarda, rac kompleqsisi gafarToebas moiTxovda.(6) amgvarad, XIX saukunis bolos ruseTma wminda miwaze

sakmaod mtkice poziciebi daikava. igi iqca axlo aRmosavleTis

regionSi mTavar moTamaSed da imdenad ganimtkica Tavisi pres-

tiJi, rom evropuli saxelmwifoebi mas seriozul mowinaaRmde-

ged aRiqvamdnen.


1. pavliaSvili q, saeklesio globalizaciis istoria kavkasiaSi Tb. 2008w

2. Киняпина Н.С. Внешняя политика России второй половины ХIХ века. М., 1974.

3. Несенко Т.В. Конфликт вокруг святых мест в Иерусалиме и политика России (конец - вв) М.1970г 4. Лисовой Н.Н. Храмы Русской Палестины. СПБ. 1910 г 5. Лисовой Н.Н. Русская духовная миссия в Иерусалиме /

История и духовное наследие. Жур. Богословские труды. М.1999г 6. Путилов Сергей, Храм Гроба Господня - разделенная святыня 7. Крылов А.В. Сорокина Н.М, Русская Палестина

internet saitebi:

8. http://www.kiev-orthodox.org 9. http://www.baznica.info 10. http://ricolor.org

99

Tamar Tlashadze Ivane Javakhishvili



Conflict for the Jerusalem holy lands and the policy of Russian

Summary

The work is about the conflict which rose during the

division of the holy lands of jerusalem by confessors, and also about the Russian empire’s interest towards these lands, the later was conditioned by the countries political interest and was being carried out via ecclesiastical diplomatic links . Russia’s disire to gain its honorary place among the other powerful countries in an international field would come true only if it managed to control some of these holy lands.

Confessions have been fighting for their rights concerning the holy lands through centuries. In this conflict almost every branch of christian confession was involved, among which the main rivals were believed to be the powerful catholics and greek orthodox christians. Through centuries the owners of the holy lands were wheather catholics or orthdox christians.The Russian empire was lobbying the orthodox church intensively.

By the end of nineteenth century Russia had strengtenthed its possition in the holy lands. It became a main figure in the near east and its prestige increased greatly. As the result of this European countries considred Russia to be their serious opponent.

100

Tamaz vaCnaZe

varSavis saxelmwifo

universitetis, aRmosavleT evropis specialobis magistranti

qarTveli da poloneli xalxebis erovnuli

TavisuflebisaTvis brZola ruseTis winaaRmdeg

(1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi petre zavilenskis

monawileobis sakiTxisaTvis)

XIX saukunis damdegs saqarTveloSi dawyebuli, ruse-

Tis batonobis winaaRmdeg, mimarTuli erovnuli moZraobis

logikur gagrZelebas warmoadgenda 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, romelic saqarTvelos istoriaSi saxelmwifoebriobis aRdge-

nisaTvis brZolis Tvisobrivad axali safexuri iyo.

cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi 1832 wlis movlenebs win

uswrebda poloneTSi 1830 wlis 30 noembers dawyebuli ajan-

yeba ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg, romelic moicavda litvas,

belorusiis nawils da ukrainis dasavleT teritoriebs da, romelmac 1831 wlis oqtombramde gastana.

winamdebare gamokvlevis mizania gaSuqdes poloneli da

qarTveli xalxis kontaqtebi saerTo mtris – ruseTis winaam-

deg brZolaSi, romelmac mkafio gamoxatuleba SeiZina polo-

neTis 1830-1831 wlebisa da saqarTvelos 1832 wlis SeTqmu-

lebis procesSi. marTalia, poloneTis 1830-1831 wlis ajanyebasTan qar-

TvelTa organizaciuli kavSiris damadasturebeli pirdapiri

dokumentebi ar gagvaCnia, magram arc es kavSiri unda miviCni-

oT saTuod. poloneTis ajanyebisadmi qarTvel SeTqmulTa yu-

radReba SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rameTu mas udidesi saerTaSori-

so rezonansi hqonda da progresulad moazrovne evropac am ajanyebas udides istoriul mniSvnelobas aniWebda.

saarqivo monacemebze dayrdnobiT unda miviCnioT, rom

polonelTa monawileoba qarTvelTa 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi

SemTxveviTi xasiaTis ar unda iyos. poloneTis 1830-1831

wlis ajanyebis damarcxebiT daiwyo poloneTis didi emigra-

cia dasavleT evropaSi. imperatorma nikoloz I-ma Sepyrobili

101

ajanyebulebi ruseTis imperiis sxvadasxva guberniebSi gadaa-

saxla. gadasaxlebulTa adgil-samyofeli ruseTis aRmosavleT

guberniebi : cimbiri, Crdilo yazaxeTi da e.w. `samxreT cimbi-ri~-kavkasia iyo. aRmosavleT guberniebSi gadmosaxlebul po-

lonelTa moRvaweoba, arc sabWoTa da, arc polonur istori-

ografiaSi saTanadod Seswavlili ar aris.

qarTvel da polonel amboxebulTa ZiriTadi urTierTo-

bebi poloneTis ajanyebis CaxSobisa da kavkasiaSi polonele-

bis gadmosaxlebis droidan iwyeba. am etapze ki naSromSi yu-radRebaa gamaxvilebuli saqarTveloSi yofil samoqalaqo gu-

bernator polonel petre zavilenskis monawileobas SeTqmu-

lebaSi, romlis irgvlivac samecniero literaturaSi azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs.

1832 wlis SeTqmulebis sagamomZieblo komisiis aqtebSi

ruseTis, poloneTisa da vilniusis arqivebSi, daculi cnobe-bi, gvaZleven safuZvels mtkicebisas, rom qarTveli SeTqmule-

bi cdilobdnen ajanyebaSi gadmosaxebuli polonelebis Car-

Tvas.

represirebul polonelTa garda, TbilisSi ruseTis bi-

urokratiul aparatSi msaxurobdnen da maRali Tanamdebobebi

ekavaT. polonur warCinebulTa gvaris warmomadgenlebic, ro-melTa Soris iyo saqarTvelos yofili samoqalaqo guberna-

tori petre damianes Ze zavilenski.

qarTveli SeTqmulebi sagamomZieblo komisiis winaSe

xSir SemTxvevaSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebiT gamodi-

odnen, erTi da igive piris irgvliv gansxvavebul azrs gamoT-

qvamdnen. aRniSnuli sabuTebi mkvlevarTa dabnevas iwvevs, ra-mac ganapiroba petre zavilenskis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa sxvadas-

xva pozicia misi SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis Taobaze.

p. zavilenskis biografiis Sesaxeb cnobebi 1832 wlis

masalebis meSveobiT mogvepoveba, romlebic exeba mis Camos-

vlas saqarTveloSi, saxazino eqspediciis ufrosis Tanamdebo-

baze daniSvnas da aqedan samoqalaqo gubernatoris postze da-winaurebas.

rogorc masalebidan irkveva, sagamomZieblo komisiam da-

kiTxulTagan gamohyo 145 kaci, romlebic danaSaulis mixed-

viT dahyo aT jgufad. me-8 jgufSi (am jgufSi iyvnen eWvmita-

nilni, romlebmac an winaswar icodnen SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb,

an maT TanaugrZnobdnen) sxva pirebs Soris dasaxelebulia sa-

102

qarTvelos yofili samoqalaqo gubernatori petre zavilen-

ski.

rogorc maRali Tanamdebobis piri p. zavilenski cxadia, uSualod ar kontaqtobda SeTqmulebTan, igi mxolod xel-

mZRvanel pirebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. SeTqmulebis erT-erTma

aqtiurma monawilem aleqsandre orbelianma 1833 wlis 15 Te-

bervals sagamomZieblo komisias misca Cveneba : `warsuls 1831

odesRa movida anbavi polSam ibuntao da ramodenime xani ga-

vida, gazafxuli iwyeboda, maSin erT Rames, meTerTmete saaTi iqneboda, SinaTagan karze mivel, saWiroebisaTvis, TulfiT da

odesaca kibid an Zirs Camoved, erT xma mamesma rusulad, kni-

az sovetnik orbelianovi Sin ariso, me uTxari vin xar meTqi

– Rubernatorma dagibarao – saCqaroT Cavicvi da wavedi.

odesac movedi Tavis samwerlo stols win ujda, miTxra da-

jeqio, roca mis siaxloves daujeqi, - laparaki daviwyeT – laparaks Soris miTxra, sayvarelo aleqsandrev aqac unda

ecado, rom bunti moxdeso, me pirvelad gamikvirda da Semdeg,

radganac rom mwyalobda, davijere, mivuteve kargi meTqi vec-

debi uTuod da avdeq wasasvlelad, miTxra, wadiT da vinc

Seniani Tavadi da moqalaqe iyvnen moixvie da SemoierTeo. me

amis gamgone vifiqre, amas uTuod CemgniT surs moqmedeba meT-qi da wamosvlis dros miTxra manam aRar dagibaro, nuRar

moxvalo – Semdeg aRarc davubarebivar da aRarc mivsulvar~.

sagamomZieblo komisias al. orbelianma Tavi ise moaCve-

na, TiTqos man SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb 1831 wlis gazafxulamde

araferi icoda da mxolod p. zavilenskisgan Seityo. cxadia

p. zavilenskim icoda saqarTveloSi SeTqmulebis mzadebis Se-saxeb, amitom man poloneTis ajanyebis dros daavala Tavis

xelqveiTs al. orbelians `buntis~ mowyoba `vinc ki Seniania,

Tavadi an moqalaqeni iyvnen moixvie da SemoierTeo~. ra Tqma

unda, aleqsandres gancxadeba, rom mas pirvelad gaukvirda

Tavisi ufrosis es saubari, magram radganac samsaxurSi swya-

lobda, xaTri veRar gautexa da winadadebaze daTanxmda. es aleqsandre orbelianis mier Tavis gameamitebas ufro unda mi-

vaweroT, vidre gulaxdil aRiarebas. al. orbeliani arc Tu

ise gulubryvilo pirovneba Cans, rom saxelmwifos winaaR-

mdeg gamosvlaze carizmis oficialur moxeles daTanxmdebo-

da, Tu adre kavSiri masTan ar eqneboda. Zneli dasajerebelia,

agreTve TviT is faqti, rom mefis gubernatori Tavis xelqve-

103

iTebs aseT winadadebas amboxebulT SesTavazebda. safiqrebe-

lia, rom p. zavilenskisa da al. orbelianis gacnoba 1831

wlis gazafxulze ki ara, gacilebiT adre 1828 wlidanaa sa-varaudebeli e.i. im dros, rodesac zavilenski pirvelad Camo-

vida saqarTveloSi; arc is movlenaa gamoricxuli, rom po-

lonel didgvarovanTa fenis warmomadgenlebi ruseTis TviT-

mpyrobelobis samsaxurSi idgnen da dakisrebul valdebule-

bebs zedmiwevniTi sizustiT asrulebdnen. dasaSvebia, rom p.

zavilenski am kategoriis warmomadgeneli iyo da misi gasaub-reba orbelianTan dazverviT xasiaTs atarebda.

oqropir batoniSvili, rom SeTqmulebis erT-erTi mTa-

vari organizatori da sulisCamdgmelia qaTul istoriogra-

fiaSi karga xnis dadgenilia. aRniSnuli cnobili iyo Tavad

sagamomZieblo komisiis wevrebisTvisac.

oqropir batoniSvili SeTqmulebis msvlelobisas mudmi-vad moskovSi cxovrobda. aq gamvlel-gamomvlel SeTqmuleb-

Tan, visTanac ki axerxebda, awyobda saubrebs saqarTvelos be-

disa da saidumlo organizaciis irgvliv. im organizaciis

zogierT wevrs metad mniSvnelovan darigebasac aZlevda. oq-

ropir batoniSvili `droebiT~ Camovida TbilisSi 1829 wels

da mniSvnelovani muSaoba Caatara SeTqmulebis organizaciuli da sxvadasxva sakiTxebis mogvarebisaTvis. rogorc SeTqmule-

bis masalebidan, ise sxva saarqivo dokumentebidanac dgindeba,

rom mas SeTqmulebis xelmZRvaneladac moiazrebdnen. saintere-

soa swored is faqti, rom zavilenski axlo urTierTobaSia

oqropir batoniSvilTan da, rogorc SeTqmulTa Cvenebebi

adastureben samsaxurebriv saqmeebze mimavali zavilenski yo-velTvis Cerdeboda moskovSi, oqropir batoniSvilTan da sxva

SeTqmulebTan saTaTbirod. aRniSnuli faqti sakmao safuZvels

iZleva vifiqroT, rom zavilenskis SeTqmulTa mesveurebTan

mWidro urTierToba unda hqonoda, rogorc moskovSi, ise

TbilisSi; amitomaa, rom SeTqmulebis monawileTa umetesoba,

marTalia zavilenskis piradad ar icnobda, magram maT kargad icodnen misi ganwyobileba.

rogorc SeTqmulTa masalebidan Cans, Tbilisis safran-

geTis sakonsulos yofil mdivans letelies qarTvelTa SeT-

qmulebaSi TvalsaCino adgili hqonia. is dakiTxuli ar yofi-

la, radgan SeTqmulebis gamomJRavnebisTanave samSobloSi dab-

runda. Lletelies SeTqmulebaSi monawileobas ki SeTqmulTa

104

Cvenebebi adastureben. Ggrigol erisTavs letelie gaucvnia

farnaoz batoniSvilTan erT-erTi Tavyrilobis dros, rode-

sac qarTulad molaparake litelies usaubria saqarTvelos umweo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da qarTvelebs Tavisuflebisken

mouwodebda. maT saidumlo saubars eswreboda erT-erTi po-

loneli moxele. Ddimitri orbeliani CvenebaSi aRniSnavs:

`rodesac giorgi erisTavi SvebulebaSi miemgzavreboda, wamos-

vlis wina dres viyaviT konsulis mdivan frang leteliesTan,

sadac pirvelad gamacno giorgi. amasTan erTad iyo erTi po-lonelTagani, ar vici arc saxeli, arc gvari. Ees Cemi pirve-

li Sexvedra iyo polonelTan. Didxans gvelaparaka letelie

qarTulad, giorgi erisTavs ki frangulad da saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb ki gviTxra, rom mTavroba maT usamarTlod eqceva, ar

cdilobs arafriT mis gamTlianebas da erTi sityviT surs mi-

si daqveiTeba, ris gamoc saqarTvelom unda ecados Tavi gain-Tavisuflos.~

zemoTE motanili cnobebi Cvens yuradrebas Semdegi ga-

remoebiT imsaxurebs: 1. orive SeTqmuli, rogorc giorgi

erisTavi, ise dimitri orbeliani xazgasmiT aRniSnaven moskov-

Si farnaoz batoniSvilis binaze ucnobi polonelis daswre-

bas maT saubarSi. rogorc cnobilia, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi momamzadebeli periodi, gasaidumloebu-

li iyo da misi arseboba mefis mTavrobam mxolod bolo

dros gaigo. aseT saidumlo organizaciaSi SeTqmulebi ucxo

pirs ar daaswrebdnen da Tu aseTi ram moxdeboda, maSin sasa-

ubro Tema ajanyeba ar iqneboda. `viRac poloneli moxele~

rom SeTqmulebis monawile iyo, eWvgareSea, radgan ucxo pi-ris TandaswrebiT SeTqmulebaze Tavisuflad laparaki gamo-

ricxulad migvaCnia. Ee.i. `viRac poloneli~ SeTqmulebis aq-

tiuri monawilea, romelic eTanxmeba `baton letelies mosaz-

rebas~ da Tavisive azrsac gamoTqvams saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

misi bedisa da momavali ajanyebis gamo. M2. `viRac polone-

li~, rom SeTqmulebis aqtiuri monawilea, migvaniSnebs Semde-gi garemoebac: SeTqmulebi ar asaxeleben mis saxelsa da

gvars, xolo leteliesTan saubarSi mis pirovnebas sasxvaTa-

Soriso damswred warmogvidgenen. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom

SeTqmulebis monawileebma, TavianT CvenebebSi faqtobrivad ar

gaamxiles SeTqmulebis mTavari momentebi da sagamomZieblo

komisias saqme ise warmoudgines, rom es SeTqmuleba unda yo-

105

filiyo realur Sinaarss moklebuli ajanyeba da igi zerele,

fuW ocnebad warmoadgines. SesaZlebelia da dasaSvebia Cveni

varaudi, rom `viRac poloneli~ an axali, CvenTvis ucnobi poloneli wevria, an p. zavilenskia, an sulac identurebi,

erTi da igive pirebi arian. zavilenski ucxo piri rom yofi-

liyo, misi TandaswrebiT ajanyebis momzadebisa da gegmebis

irgvliv laparaki rom ar SeiZleboda amas igive dimitri or-

beliani erT-erTi pasuxiT amJRavnebs: `moskovSi me viyavi za-

vilenskisTan, is aqebda saqarTvelos da TavadiSvilebs, gansa-kuTrebiT ki aleqsandre WavWavaZes, rom is misi megobaria da

patrioti... man ganacxada, rom surs Cemi gacnoba, radgan, ro-

desac ambobda, Cemi Zma aleqsandre misi megobari iyo. Mmas sa-

qarTveloze meti araferi uTqvams, radgan iq ucxo piri iyo~.

metad sainteresoa p. zavilenskisa da aleqsandre WavWa-

vaZis urTierToba. romantikosi poeti ar uaryofs p. zavilen-skisTan urTierTobas da mas megobradac ki aRiarebs. `p. zavi-

lenskis – acxadebda al. WavWavaZe – Zalian kargad vicnobdi.

Ppirvelad vnaxe igi karatinSi, abanoebis karebs iqiT. Ggraf

paskeviCis qebam moafiqrebina misi axlo gacnoba da bolos

masSi vipove ra Taviseburebani sakadrisi keTilSobil da ke-

Tilgonier adamianisa, mas saboloo davumegobrdi~. Aal WavWa-vaZe imasac acxadebda, rom `me da zavilenski male davuax-

lovdiT Cveni azrebis msgavsebisa gamo~.

rogorc cnobilia, SeTqmulebs SemuSavebuli hqondaT

ajanyebis dawyebisa da ganviTarebis gegma, romelsac SeTqmul-

ni `pirveli Ramis gankargulebas~ uwodebdnen. Ees gegma aris

erTaderTi SemorCenili saprogramo dokumenti da igi Seudge-nia iase falavandiSvilis CvenebiT dimitri orbelians. Ggeg-

mis mixedviT gadanawilebuli iyo sayaraulo da sxva adgile-

bi, romelic unda daekavebinaT ajanyebis xelmZRvanelebs Tavi-

anTi razmebiT. rac Seexeba `pirveli Ramis gankargulebis~ me-

9 punqts, aq aRniSnuli iyo, rom Sesakrebi adgili TaTris

moedani iyo, sadac unda daekra aziur musikas, da aq unda Sekrebiliyvnen Tavadi luarsab orbeliani, marSali dimitri

da mamuka orbelianebi, Tavadi luarsab erisTavi. Aqve unda

yofiliyvnen polonelebic da unda emoqmedaT saWiroebis mi-

xedviT. qarTvelTa SeTqmulebaSi polonelTaTvis aseTi ro-

lis mikuTvneba da maTdami ndoba, sxva araferia, Tu ara qar-

TvelTa da polonelTa mier erToblivi ajanyebis momzadeba.

106

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruli safuZveli gvaqvs vi-

fiqroT, rom p. zavilenski ara marto piradad iyo dakavSire-

buli SeTqmulebTan, aramed igi unda yofiliyo saqarTveloSi e.w. gadmosaxlebuli (xSir SemTxvevaSi ruseTis mTavroba im-

periis sxvadasxva guberniebidan anawilebda Cinovnikebs kavka-

siaSi, rac maTi Tanamdebobaze erTgvari daqveiTebis maniSnebe-

li iyo), an aq mefis samsaxurSi myofi polonelebis saerTo

ideuri da praqtikuli xelmZRvaneli, romelic akavSirebda

polonelebs qarTvelebTan. Ggasakviri ar unda iyos is faq-tic, rom polonelebs da qarTvelebs eTanagrZnoT erTmaneTi-

saTvis, rogorc ori TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli eri.


1. gozaliSvili g., 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, t. 1, Tb, 1935, 2. nikoleiSvili n., “1830-1831 wlebis poloneTis ajanyeba

da saqarTvelos mowinave sazogadoeba”, Jurnali “macne”

1967w #2

3. soxaZe b., dekabristuli moZraoba da qarTuli sazogadoe-

ba, Tb. 1976

4. surugulaZe a., nikoloz baraTaSvilis epoqa, Tb., 1968 5. xundaZe s., dimitri yifiani, Tb., 1936

1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi

(SemdegSi sscsa), fondi, 1457, saqme 13, furceli 2385

2. sscsa, fondi. 1457, saqme 13, furceli 2359-2360 3. Акты, собравнные Кавказкою Археолографическою коммисиею, главного управления Кавказкого, под ред. Ад. Берже, Т. VIII, Тифлис 1881, стр. 292-293 4. “Польская эмиграция до и во время последнего мятежаэ1830-1831 гг”, ( нзвлечение из журнала “Вестник” западнои России), Вилно, 1866 Г.

107

Tamaz Vachnadze Warsaw State University

Direction-Eastern Europe MA Student

Struggle of Georgian and Pole People for National Freedom

Against Russia (participation of Peter Zavilensky in conspiracy of 1832)

Summary

Conspiracy of 1832 was a logical continuation of national

movement, which took place in the beginning of XIX century in Georgia against Russian domination. The above event followed after Poland rebellion against tsarism in 1830-1831.

The present work reveals unions of Georgian and Pole people in struggle against mutual enemy – Russia. The event was more vividly expressed after rebellion of 1832, when a number of Pole rebels, together with other governors, were exiled by Russia to so called "South Siberia" – Georgia.

Presented work investigates the event concerning participation of Pole former civil governor – Peter Zavilensky in conspiracy of 1832; the work elucidates interrogation minutes of rebellion participants and compared to the events taking place in Russia.

There are different viewpoints in Georgian historiography regarding participation in 1832 Poland rebellion. The survey also considers the idea of P. Zavilensky's being an agent of Empire as one of the officials of Emperors Court.

At the same time, the present work reveals confirmation documents of P. Zavilensky's private relation with Georgian conspirators: Prince Ioane, Dimitri Orbeliani, Alexander Chavchavadze, Prince Okropir etc.

The work concluded that P. Zavilensky was not only personally connected with conspirators, but he would be "exiled" to Georgia in the form of tsarism official. It may be also assumed, that he was ideological-practical leader of Poles, who connected them with Georgians. These people condole to each other as nations, struggling for freedom against Russian domination.

108

laSa doxnaZe





lela mebaRiSvili





saqarTvelos sazogadoebis socialuri fenebis

damokidebuleba wmida ninos fenomenisadmi

kabadokieli qalwulis wmida ninos moRvaweoba umniSvne-

lovanesi movlenaa qarTul sinamdvileSi. igi sruliad axal-

gazrda movida qarTul miwaze da qadagebiT, saswaulTa aR-srulebiT, wminda cxovrebiT da udidesi RvawliT samudamod

datova kvali Cveni qveynix istoriaSi. wm. nino aris aramar-

to istoriuli piri, sazogado moRvawe misioner-mqadagebeli,

aramed udidesi wmindani, romelsac wilad xvda pativi moci-

qulTa sworis wodebisa.

qarTul saeklesio istoriografiaSi cnobilia, rom qristianobis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi iwyeba mociqulTa

moRvaweobiT. maTi RvawliT Cvens qveyanaSi daarsda qristianu-

li Temebi, gaCndnen WeSmariti RmerTis mimdevrevi, rasac

adasturebs, rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi, ise arqeologiu-

ri masala (3:87)

saeklesio istoriografiis Tanaxmad, IV saukunis pir-vel naxevramde ar momxdara qristianobis saxelmwifo reli-

giad gamocxadeba, rasac rigi faqtorebi ganapirobebda: qarTu-

li saxelmwifoebrivi ideologiis-warmarTobis arseboba, qar-

Tveli eris arasaTanado mzadyofna qristianuli ideis gasaaz-

reblad, qristianTa represiebi da a. S.

109

mociqulTa mier dawyebuli saqmis srulyofis pativi

wilad xvda kabadokiel qalwuls-ninos. ninos saxasiaTo moR-

vaweobam is sruliad gamorCeul movlenad Camoayaliba qar-Tul sinamdvileSi.

samecniero wreebSi did interess iwvevs maSindeli qar-

Tuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis damokide-

buleba wmida ninos fenomenisadmi. miiRo Tu ara wmida ninos

pirovneba, Seiwynara Tu ara mis mier naqadagebi sjuli qar-

Tulma sazogadoebam, dawyebuli samefo ojaxidan damTavrebu-li “wvril eramde.” aRniSnulze msjeloba dasaSvebia wmida

ninos cxovrebis Sesaxeb arsebul wyaroebSi fiqsirebuli

cnobebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom wmida ninos qarTlSi samisionero

moRvaweobis dawyebis dros mirian mefes ukve sakmao codna

hqonia qristianobis Sesaxeb, amitom “ara daabrkolebda igi qadagebad ninos da mowafeTa misTa” (1:103) Cans, rom mefes

hqonda Sinagani brZola-mieRo Tu ara axali rjuli, magram

rigi garemoebebis gamo am sakmaod mniSvnelovani nabijis ga-

dadgmisgan Tavs ikavebda. Samagierod nana dedofali ar swya-

lobda ninos da mis sarwmunoebas-“xolo nana dedofali gul-

ficxel iyo umetes da Seuracx hyofda qadagebas mas” (1:103) mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac mZi-

med daavadebuli qarTlis dedofali wmida ninom RvTis nebiT

gankurna, ramac misi qristes rjulze moqceva ganapiroba.

Ggaqristianebis Semdeg, nana dedofali dauaxlovda wmida ni-

nos da cdilobda ufro Rrmad gaecno axali moZRvreba:” da

mieriTgan Seiqmna igi megobrad Tvisad Sinaurad, da maradis hkiTxavn da gamoiwvlilavn sjulsa qristessa” (1:105)

aRsrulebuli saswaulis miuxedavad, mirian mefe axali

rjulis miRebisgan mainc Tavs ikavebda. ufro metic, sanadi-

rod wasuls, borotis STagonebiT, qristianTa, maT Soris na-

na dedoflis ganadgurebis azri eufleboda. igi gons TxoTis

mTaze aRsrulebuli saswauliT moegeba da ukan dabrunebuli maSinve mayvlovanSi locvad damdgar wmida ninos estumreba.

madlierebiT aRvsili mefe Tavs qristianad Tvlis da eubneba

mociqulTa swors:”aw Rirs var saxelisdebad saxelisa RvTi-

sa Senisasa da mxsnelisa Cemisasa”(1:111) niSandoblivia, rom

mirian mefe srulad iziarebs wmida ninos azrovnebis mniSvne-

lobas da mis mociqulebriv misias, ris gamoc udidesi pati-

110

viscemiT ganewyoba qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis mimarT da mis

TiToeul sityvas gansakuTrebul mniSvelobas aniWebs. mas

survili aqvs aRaSenos taZari iq, sadac wmida nino miuTi-Tebs:”sada aRuSeno saxli RmerTsa?” (2:137) Tavis mxriv, wmi-

da nino adasturebs pativiscemas mefis mimarT da taZris ad-

gilsamyofelis gansazRvras mas miandobs:”sadaca mefeTa gone-

bai mtkice ars”(2:137)

aRsaniSnavia, rom wmida ninosadmi Rrma pativiscemiT

ganwyobilia ara mxolod mefe da samefo ojaxi, aramed qar-Tlis maRali sazogadoebac, rodesac mefe da dedofalma tax-

tis memkvidre revisagan da salome ujarmelisagan wmida ninos

dasneulebis ambavi Seityves:”Sekrba mas zeda simravle erTa

ZlerTa, rameTu xedvida yoveli igi eri pirsa ninossa, viTar-

ca pirsa ecisa angelozisasa... da iZulebiT evedrebodes yo-

velni dedofalni garemos mxsdomni, romelTa gardamodiodes cremlni TvalTagan maTTa ganSorebisaTvis moZRvrobisa maTsa

da moRvawisa da sneulTa mkurnalisa xelvanisa”(2:126). niSan-

doblivia, rom amqveyniuri aRsasrulis Qjams mirian mefis

rZali “salome ujarmeli da peroJavra sivnieli, da maT Taa-

na erisTavni da mTavarni”(1:127) sTxovdnen wmida ninos, raTa

moeTxroT misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb.Yyovelive zemoTqmulidan Cans, Tu ra did pativs miagebda maSindeli qarTlis warCine-

buli sazogadoeba kabadokiel qalwuls.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wya-

roebi nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben sazogadoebis dabali fene-

bis cxovrebis aRweras. Mmiuxedavad amisa, wmida ninos moRva-

weobis Sesaxeb arsebuli wyaroebiT SegviZlia vimsjeloT da-bal socialur safexurze mdgomi mosaxleobis damokidebule-

bis Sesaxeb wmida ninos fenomenisadmi. wmida ninos moRvaweo-

bis mizani iyo qarTvelTa gaqristianeba, anu WeSmariti sit-

yvis davaneba yoveli qarTvelis gulSi, ganurCevlad imisa,

romel socialur jgufs miekuTvneba igi. am miznis misaRwevad

qadagebda, kurnavda, saswaulebs axdenda igi, rogorc mefisa da warCinebulTaTvis, ise msaxurTa da glexTaTvis.

wmida ninos qadagebiT moqceul mefesa da didebulTa

msgavsad, mdinare mtkvarSi naTels iRebs sruliad qarTlis

mosaxleoba, garda mTielTa erTi nawilisa da ebraelTa:”da

simravleman qarTlisaman, Tvinier xolo ara naTel iRes mTi-

111

elTa kavkasianTa...da huriaTa mcxeTelTa arave naTel

iRes”(1:116)

qarTlis sazogadoebis dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic calke inaTlebodnen, did gulmodginebas iCenen naT-

lobis saidumlos aRsrulebis saqmeSi, radgan “esmina qadageba

wmida ninosi, romelsa ityvian,-yovelman, romelman ara naTel

iRos, ara hpovos man naTeli saukuno’(1:116) zemoaRniSnulidan

Cans, rom maTTvis wmida ninos sityvebi ucilobel WeSmarite-

bas warmoadgens. sayuradRebo faqtia, rom erT-erTi pirelTagania, vinc

miiRo da dauTmo sakuTari kera sxva qveynidan mosul qal-

wuls, swored mefis baRis mcvelis ojaxi iyo ( 4:172). wmida

ninom maTTan cxra Tve icxovra; daufasda ojaxs amagi, radgan

RmerTma ninos locviT ausrula didi xnis ocneba anastossa

da mis meuRles misca sanatreli Svili. maT maSinve aRiares qriste da daemowafnen wmida ninos.

mociqulTa sworis mier aRvlenili saswaulebi, dabali

socialuri fenis sxva warmomadgenlebsac Seexo. Mman uamravi

adamiani gankurna, ganurCevlad socialuri mdgomareobisa. wmi-

da nino sicocxlis bolomde aRasrulebda saswaulT, rasac

“yoveli eri xedvides, SiSiT da ZrwoliT, movidodes, Tayva-niscemad gulis modgined” (1:124).

qarTlSi Semosul wmida ninos brauli Temebic dax-

vdnen, romlebic yvelaze metad elodnen mesias, magram sabo-

lood maTi didi mawilisaTvis qristes sjuli da wmida nino

miuRebeli aRmoCnda. Tumca qarTveli ebraelebi mudmivad saq-

mis kursSi iyvnen ierusalimSi mimdinare politikur-religi-ur movlenebze, rac kargad aisaxa “moqcevai qarTlisaiSi”.

saqarTvelo – palestinis kontaqtebze ax.w. dasawyisSi saub-

robs sidonia. qarTveli ebraelebi iyvnen gzis gamkvalavni sa-

qarTvelo – palestinis urTierTobisa, ramac gavlena moaxdi-

na qarTuli qristianuli kulturis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.

saqarTvelos ebrauli Tmebis oTxi warmomadneli eswreboda uflis jvarcmas da maT saxels ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi

kvarTis Camotanac.

cnobilia, rom jer kidev Zv.w. meeqvse saukuneSi saqar-

TveloSi ramodenime nakadad Semovidnen ebraelebi da pirvel

cnobas maT Sesaxeb vxvdebiT leonti mrovelTan da vaxuSti

batoniSvilTan “Semdgomad kualad movidnen ltolvilni uri-

112

aTani nabuqodonosorisgan dasabamiT Z-l da dasxa iginca

mcxeTel mamasaxlisman xerks aragvs Crdilod kerZod”.

ebrauli Temebidan ninos daemowafa ebraeli beri abiaTa-ri, romelic moqcevis Semdgom, yovelTvi idga wmindanis gver-

diT, uSiSrad da daucxromlad qadagebda qrites rjuls:

“axali rjuli iswavla wmida ninosgan da ninoze ufro metad

uxsnida yovel kacs Wemarit rjuls”. abiaTar mRvdeli gul-

mxurvale mimdevari gaxda uflisa, igi iyo mcodne Zveli aR-

Tqmisa da mas ewoda axali pavle – “xolo axla, radganac Cvenma mamebma xeli Seaxesim mwiri dedakacis Zes da mokles

is, aiRo RmerTma xeli wyalobisa Cvenisagan da gahyo Cveni

samefo, gangvaSora mis wminda taZars da ugulebelhyo Cveni

eri sruliad da mas Semdeg gavida samasi weli da metic,

aRar Seismina Cveni vedreba da unda vifiqroT rom zeciT iyo

is kaci”. unda aRiniSnos rom wmida nino daxmarebisTvis aravis

eubneboda uars, gaurCevlad misi eTnikuri Tu religiuri

kuTvnilebisa. igi kurnavs erT-erT mogv mTavars, saxelad xu-

aras, romelic mefis naTesavi iyo. xuaram da missma ojaxma

aRiara qriste da “daemowafa wmidasa ninos igi da yoveli

saxli misi adidebda RmerTsa mamasa da Zesa da wmidasa sul-sa, romlisai ars didebai ukunTi ukunisamde, amin” (2:131).

amrigad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yvela fena wmida ni-

nos ganxilavs, rogorc RvTis gangebiT movlenil fenomens,

amitom mis yovel mowodebas kanondebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs

da Tavis samoqmedo programad ixdis. qarTul werilobiT wya-

roebSi wmida nino moixsenieba, rogorc “Rirsi”, “netari”, “wmidai”, “mociquli WeSmariti RvTisai”, “qadagi WeSmaritebi-

sai” da a.S. (5:79).

kabadokieli qalwulis mimarT Tqmuli epiTetebi cxad-

hyobs, Tu raoden didi pativiscema da mowiweba hqonda qar-

Tvel xalxs misi ganmanaTleblis mimarT.

113

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

1. r. devdariani – qristianuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi: wmida ninos cxovreba. 2002 weli.

2. k. kekeliZe - etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis is-

toriidan, t. I, Tb. 1996 weli.

3. e. mamisTvaliSvili – ebraeli xalxis istoria saqarTve-

loSi, Tb 1975 weli.

4. saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, Tb. 1998 weli. 5. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.1, Tb 1972 weli.

6. s. yauCiSvili – qarTlis cxovreba, t.1, Tb 1955 weli.

7. Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, n.

1, Tb 1963 weli.

8. an. jafariZe – saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis isto-

ria, t. 1, 1995 weli.

114

Lasha Dokhnadze Ivane Javakhishvili


Direction-History of Christianity I year MA degree

Lela Mebagishvili Ivane Javakhishvili


Direction-History of Christianity I year MA degree

The Dependence of the social layers of Georgian society to the

phenomena of Saint Nino

Summary

In this article by the old Georgian narrative sources, it’s considered The Dependence of the social layers of Georgian society to the phenomena of Saint Nino. The phenomena of the Cabadocian Virgin is really great evenement in the history of the our country. With the grace of Saint Nino in Georgia Christianity became State-religion, whole was defined change her political, cultural and ideological course. As naturel that christianization of Georgia not was simple and once proces.. before etrending Saint Nino in Kartli there were very solid pagan religion, king and an royal family participed ativity in this proces.. The change old ideology from new ideology was so difficult, it’s great role of Cabadocian Virgin. Different social group was Jewish population, their have other relligius things and traditions, as monotheist faith. It’s very interesting dependence for another monotheist religion’s speacher Saint Nino. In IV century Georgian society was diversed bu different group. in the article it’s considered depanadnce of royality and low societies’s populations depandance’s question for the phenomena of Saint Nino.

115

nino bokelavaZe



III kursis studenti

wminda Sio mRvimelis Rvawli qarTuli ber-monazvnobis

ganmtkicebaSi

ber-monazvnobis instituti III-IV ss-Si Camoyalibda eg-

vipteSi, sadac daarsda pirveli mamaTa da dedaTa monastrebi.

ber-monazvnoba iqca qristianuli eklesiis saZirkvlad da Sem-

dgomSi misi Zlierebis sayrdenad. ber-monazvnoba egviptidan gavrcelda mTels msoflioSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, mag-

ram mas aq ar hqonda masStaburi xasiaTi. saqarTveloSi ber-

monazvnobis gavrceleba da ganmtkiceba dakavSirebulia cameti

asureli mamis saxelTan, romlebmac daaarses samonastro kom-

pleqsebi da safuZveli Cauyares kinobituri tipis ber-mo-

nazvnobas. maT mier daarsebulma monastrebma da maTma Rvaw-lma saqarTveloSi ganamtkices beruli cxovreba, ramac xeli

Seuwyo zogadqristianuli tradiciebis damkvidrebas qarTul

saxelmwifoSi.

V s-is dasasrulsa da VI s-is dasawyisSi saqarTvelo

sparseTis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda da ganicdida mis rogorc

politikur, ise ideologiur zewolas. sparseTis samefo xe-lisufleba darwmunda ra, rom qarTlSi mazdeanobis gavrce-

leba advili ar iyo, marTlmadideblobis aRmofxvra isev

qristianul wiaRSi aRmocenebuli sxva, sapirispiro konfesiis

danergviT scada. sparseTis mTavroba mxars uWerda qristia-

nobis iseT mimarTulebas, romelic idevneboda mis metoqe ro-

mis imperiaSi. es iyo qristianobis monofizituri mimdinareo-ba: romelic qristeSi mxolod erT, RvTaebriv bunebas aRia-

rebda. sparseTis xelisuflebam qveSevrdom qristian qveynebSi,

romis imperiasTan sarwmunoebrivi niadagis moSlis mizniT,

monofizitobis gamarjvebisTvis daiwyo brZola.

am mZime politikur viTarebasa da mwvave dogmaturi da-

pirispirebis Jams, asureli mamebis mosvlas qarTlSi udidesi

116

mniSvneloba hqonda: maT TavianTi moRvaweobiT aramarto sa-

fuZveli Cauyares samonastro cxovrebas, gaaZlieres ber-mo-

nazvnoba, aramed gadamwyveti roli Seasrules qarTvelTa WeS-mariti sarwmunoebis dacva-SenarCunebasa da ganmtkicebaSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, cameti asureli mamis Camos-

vlamde saqarTveloSiEUukve arsebobda ber-monazvnuri cxovre-

ba, romelic mRvdelmowame grigol feraZis SefasebiT, gande-

gilur xasiaTs atarebda. berebi cxovrobdnen udabur tyeebsa

da udabnoebSi. ris gamoc maTi vinaoba istoriisaTvis ucnobi darCa. wm. grigol feraZis SeniSvniT `bermonazvnoba garkveu-

li kulturul-istoriuli Zala gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg,

rac kinobitur cxovrebaSi CaerTo da garkveuli wesebi Sei-

muSava~. kinobitur cxovrebas ki saqarTveloSi swored asu-

relma mamebma daudes saTave (3,142).

asurel moRvaweTa mier daarsebuli monastrebi male mZlavr samonastro centrebad iqcnen, romelTac mTeli Sua

saukuneebis manZilze udidesi roli Seasrules qarTvelTa

sulier da kulturul cxovrebaSi.

asurel mamaTagan qarTlSi samonastro cxovrebis daar-

sebasa da bermonazvnobis gavrcelebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvli-

li miuZRvis wm. Sio mRvimels. wminda Sio ioane zedaznelis erT-erT mowafeTagani iyo.

igi 20 wlis asakSi aRikveca berad da moZRvarTan erTad,

udabnoSi Seudga berul cxovrebas. Rirsi ioanes swavliT,

Sio monazvnobis saqmes, rogorc did xelovnebas, ise daeufla

da miaRwia didi mamebis sisrulis sazoms.

20 wlis beruli cxovrebis Semdeg netari mama, svimon antioqelis kurTxeviT, moZRvarTan da 11 siriel berTan er-

Tad, qarTlSi Semovida(4,114-117).

asureli berebis Camosvla saqarTveloSi, qristianul

samyaroSi im droisaTvis farTod gagrZelebul misionerul

mizans emsaxureboda: maT misias qarTlSi diofizituri mrwam-

sis dacva da ganmtkiceba warmoadgenda. qarTlSi Semosuli berebi Tavdapirvelad zedaznis mTa-

ze damkvidrdnen. zedaznisken mimaval gzas ukavSirdeba Sios

pirveli saswaulic: maisis Tve idga da mdinare aragvi adide-

buliyo. qarTlis kaTalikosi evlaviosi ioanes sTxovda, ar

gasuliyvnen adidebul mdinareSi, radgan saSiSi iyo, Tumca ne-

tari Sios locviT mdinare dadga manam, sanam mamebi meore

117

mxares ar gadavidnen. am saswaulis mxilvelni adidebdnen

ufals, romelmac amgvari madli mianiWa Tavis erTgul msaxu-

rebs (4,121-122). saswaulebs asureli mamebis da maT Soris `Sios cxovrebaSi~ udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vinaidan swo-

red Sios cxovrebam da mis mier aRvlenilma saswaulebma ga-

napirobes mis monasterSi berTa ricxvis gamravleba da zoga-

dad saqarTveloSi beruli cxovrebis gavrceleba.

im periodisaTvis qarTlSi gardacvlili iyo ori epis-

koposi: wilknisa da nekresisa. kaTalikosma da episkoposma gadawyvites, rom axali episkoposebi sirieli mamebidan aerCi-

aT: abibosi nekresis, xolo ise wilknis episkoposad akur-

Txes (4,123-124).

amis Semdeg netar ioanes eCvena yovladwminda RvTismSo-

beli da wmnida nino, romelTac mouwodes mas, Tavisi mowafe-

ebi qarTlis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gaegzavna. Tavad ki moZRvar ioanesa da kaTalikosis kurTxeviT mcxeTis dasavleTiT,

kldovan adgilebs miaSura, sadac Rrma, uwylo xevTan axlos,

mcire gamoqvabulSi dabinavda (4,125-127).

netar Sios araerTi gansacdelisa da sirTulis daTmena

mouxda, Tumca uflisadmi usazRvro rwmeniTa da locviT yo-

velgvari dabrkolebis gadalaxva SeZlo. didi moTminebis una-ris, ganuwyveteli locvisa da marxvis sanacvlod ufalma mas

nugeSismcemeli mouvlina mtredis saxiT, romelsac misTvis

yoveldRiuri sazrdeli mihqonda. qristesTvis maSvrals,

ufalma gamoqvabulTan axlos, mSrali kldidan saswaulebri-

vad wyalic ki gardmoudina.

wminda Sios beruli Rvawli male yvelasaTvis cnobili gaxda. RvTis nebiT, misi ambavi Semdegnairad gacxadda: im xa-

nad qarTlSi erTi warCinebuli kaci cxovrobda_cixedidis

mTavari evagre, RvTismsaxurebasa da saRvTo werilis kiTxvaSi

aRzrdili. erTxel evagre mxleblebiTurT netari Sios sa-

yudelTan axlos nadirobda. nadirobisas misi monebi gaifan-

tnen, evagrem ki uecrad SeniSna mtredi, romelsac gamoqvabu-lisken sazrdeli mihqonda. mTavarma mtredi meore dResac Se-

amCnia, gahyva mas da gamoqvabulSi misulma, mlocveli bevri

ixila. beris vinaobis gagebis Semdeg evagrem masTan darCena

isurva. netarma Siom igi jer rwmenasa da gadawyvetilebis

simtkiceSi gamoscada, Semdeg ki darTo neba, berad aRkveci-

118

liyo. axladSemdgari beri netar SiosTan damkvidrda (4,132-

137).

evagres berad Sedgomas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda sa-xelmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiT, radgan swored misi meSveobiT

gaxda cnobili Sios Rvawli qarTlis samefo karze, rasac

SemdgomSi qveynis xelisuflis mier misi aRiareba da savanis

gafarToeba mohyva.

netar Sios saxeli male saqveynod gaxda cnobili. mra-

vali morwmune midioda masTan, debda berul aRTqmas da max-loblad mkvidrdeboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi berTa ricxvi sag-

rZnoblad gaizarda, saWiro gaxda taZrebis ageba. netari mamis

TaosnobiT, mcire xanSi, berebis samyofelTan aigo sami ekle-

sia, yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa ( ori maTgani) da ioane

naTlismcemlis saxelze.

male qarTlis mefem Seityo mxedarTmTavar evagres be-rad Sedgomis ambavi. Mswraflad miaSura berebis samyofels

da erTguli msaxuris erSi dabruneba scada, magram amaod.

rodesac evagrem mefes netari Sio aCvena, mefe SekrTa, radgan

RvTis didi madli igrZno masSi, samefo gvirgvini moixsna da

wm. beris fexebTan muxlmodrekilma, dalocva iTxova. Rirsma

Siom daloca mefe da SesTxova ufals, ganemtkicebina igi WeSmariti sarwmunoebis siyvarulSi. wminda mamam iqve saswau-

lebrivad mefis erT-erTi mTavaric gankurna. usazRvro sixa-

ruliT aRvsilma xelisufalma, monasters oTxi sofeli, oq-

ros barZimi, oqros didi jvari da vaxtang gorgaslis mier

mdidrulad Semkobili saxareba Seswira (4,141-143).

qarTlis mefis mier Sios savanisadmi mamulebis boZeba, metyvelebda imaze, rom mefem sakuTar Tavze aiRo monastris

mfarveloba, aRniSnuli ki TavisTavad, niSnavda Sios Rvawlis

aRiarebas samefo xelisuflebis mier. qarTlis xelisuflebis

saeklesio politikam saboloo jamSi, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo

xeli asurel mamaTa saqmianobis warmatebas saqarTveloSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, wminda Sios uflisgan saswa-ulTqmedebis unari hqonda miniWebuli. sneulTa kurnebasTan

erTad, netarma mxecTa moTvinierebac SeZlo, riTac kidev uf-

ro ganamtkica WeSmarit sarwmunoebaSi Tanamosagreebi da

qarTveli mrevli.

netari mamis madlmosileba iyo nayofi im asketuri

Rvawlisa, rac Tan sdevda mis mravalwlian berul cxovrebas.

119

mis saxels ukavSirdeba agreTve gandegilobis erT-erTi for-

mis _ dayudebulobis damkvidreba qarTul eklesiaSi. misi

cxovrebidan cnobilia, rom monasterSi xangrZlivi moRvaweo-bis Semdeg, wminda Sio moZRvrisa da qarTlis kaTalikosis

kurTxeviT, mRvimeSi dayudebul cxovrebas Seudga. amgvari sa-

xis asketizmi, rogorc Cans, qarTuli bermonazvnobisaTvis sa-

xasiaTo ar iyo, rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom mas eklesiis

saWeTmpyroblis sagangebo kurTxeva dasWirda.

ganuzomelia netari Sios Rvawli qarTuli bermonazvno-bisa da zogadad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

winaSe. asureli mamis RvTivsaTno cxovrebam saqarTveloSi xe-

li Seuwyo zogadqristianuli da kerZod, asketuri samonaz-

vno tradiciebis dafuZnebas, samonastro kulturis Camoya-

libebas, rac adre Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros

udides monapovars warmoadgenda. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ber-monazonTa ricxvi (cnobilia, rom mis savaneSi 2000-mde beri

mkvidrobda), rac Tavis mxriv, mtkice safuZvels uqmnida qar-

Tul marTlmadideblur eklesias, mis Sida struqturasa da

ierarqias. wminda mamis Rvawli mis sicocxleSive iqna aRiare-

buli samefo xelisuflebis mier, rasac SemdgomSi qarTvel

erSi diofizituri mrwamsis gamarjveba mohyva.

120


1. merkvilaZe d. asureli mamebi, wgn. I, Tb., 2006 2. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesiis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1996

3. wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe, bermonazvnobis da-

sawyisi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006

4. wmida Sio mRvimelis cxovreba, wgn-Si Zveli agiografiu-

li Zeglebi, t. III, Tb., 1978

Nino Bokelavadze Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Faculity of Humanities III year Student

The merit of Shio Mgvimeli in the strengthening of the Georgian

monasticism

Summary

In this work is considered the general aspects of the history of georgian orthodox church in VI century, fondation of the monastic institute and monasticism life in Georgia. We also considered the merit of the Assiryans persons and concretly of Shio mgvimel in the strengthening developement of the monastic culture an asceticism. In the fone of opposition of the directions diophyzical and monophyzical, we analized the role of Saint father’s role in the winning of Orthodox christianity in Kartli.

121

kulturologia, xelovnebaTmcodneoba (Cultural Studies, Art Studies)

Tea kobaxiZe



saqarTvelos istoriis mimarTulebis

doqtoranti

oSkis sakaTedro taZris erTi reliefis Sesaxeb

/sainformacio xasiaTis statia/

`marTlac Cvens droSi aRsrulda yvelaferi, rodesac Cveni TvaliT vxedavdiT samlocvelo saxlebis saxu-

ravebidan Ziramde Tavisi saZirkvliTurT ngrevas...~ evsebi kesarieli

`saeklesio istoria~

Zalze rTulia aseTi mZime fraziT dawyeba, magram ufro

sastikia is realoba, ris Sesaxebac minda mogiTxroT.

diadma mamamTavarma Targamosma miwa_wylis danawilebi-sas `qarTloss... uCina sazRuari aRmosavaliT hereTi da mdi-

nare berdaojisi, dasavaliT zRua pontosa, samxreTiT mTa,

romeli mihyuebis berdaojisa mdinaris Tavsa da mTa, romeli

mihyuebis dasavliT kerZo romlisa wyali gardamodis Crdi-

loeT kerZo da mierTvis mtkuarsa, romel mihyuebis mTa [Ta]

Soris klarjeTs da taosa~ [5. 28] tao klarjeTis samxreTiT mdebare mkacri, araordina-

luri da metad STambeWdavi landSaftis mqone qveyanaa. mas

`banis wyali hyofda...or nawilad imier da amier taod~ [5.

65]. tao mZlavr politikur_konfesiur regionad moiazreba

SuasaukuneTa saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiTVII_X saukuneebSi

swored tao_klarjeTi iqca rbevebiT dauZlurebuli qarTlis samefodan iZulebiT wasuli samefo saxlis navTsayudelad.

swored bagratovanTa taos saxlma warmarTa aTaswlovani

warmatebuli saxelisuflo politika saqarTvelos taxtze.

122

taos miwaze mefobda didi kurapalati, daviT III; misi moRvaweoba erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino da warmatebulia

qarTuli monarqiuli institutis arsebobis manZilze. didi

kurapalati `... saxelganTqmuli iyo yvelgan, rogorc Sin sa-

qarTveloSi, ise gareT somxebsa, berZnebsa da arabebs Soris

ZlierebiTa da maRali sulieri da zneobrivi TvisebebiT~ [5.

123]. mis mier ganxorcielebulma Tanmimdevrulma politikam da SesaSurma diplomatiam moamzada saqarTvelos taxti gaer-

Tianebuli samefos pirveli didi mefisaTvis (bagrat III, gur-

genis Ze 974_1014 ww).jer mazdeanuri sparseTis, Semdgom

arabTa Semosevebis Sedegad daZabunebuli, monarqis institu-

tis gareSe darCenili qarTlis politikur_konfesiuri prio-

riteti daeca, aprioris statusiT swored tao_klarjeTi dawinaurda, sadac apogeas miaRwia erovnulma faseulobebma.

konfesiuri aRmavloba_mdgradobis postulatebi didi me-

monastre mamis, eklesia_monasterTa maSeneblisa da qomagis

grigol xanZTelisa da mis mowafeTa Rvawlis Sedegia: `mas Jam-

sa yovelTa maT wmidaTa udabnoTa Sina iwyes wmidaTa mamaTa

monastrebisa Senebad da wmidaTa eklesiaTa, da esreT ganmrav-ldes msaxurni wmidisa samebisani da maradis madidebelni.~ [2.

233]

taZarTa damkveT_damfinanseblebi samefo saxlis wevrebi

da didi feodalebi iyvnen. (aSot kurapalati, gabriel dafan-

Culi). taos X saukunis didi zomis taZarTa samSeneblo_sa-restavracio samuSaoebis warmmarTvelad `keTilad xsenebuli

daviT kurapalati~ [3. 373] moiazreba.

daviT kurapalatis meoxeobiTaa agebuli taos samefo

mamulis arqiteqturuli mSveneba _ oSkis didebuli kaTedra-

li. `... RmerTman Seewien orTave cxovrebaTa ZeTa RmrTiv kur-

Txeulisa adarnase kurapalatisaTa, bagrat erisTavTa erisTa-visa, daviT magistrossa...~ es saRebaviT Sesrulebuli im didi

warweris erTi monakveTia, romelic taZris samxreTi Sesas-

123

vlelis timpanSia warmodgenili. igi safuZvlianad Seiswavla

eqvTime TayaiSvilis eqspediciam (1917 w.) [7. 131]

monumenturi saepiskoposo taZari taoSi TorTumis-wylis ulamazes xeobaSi dgas da Tavisi didebuli xuroTmoZ-

Rvruli formebiT garemomcvel landSaftze dominirebs. igi,

cnobil seminariasTan erTad, didi konfesiuri centris Semad-

geneli nawilia. seminaria Zlier dazianebuli saxiTaa dRemde

moRweuli da kaTedralis CrdiloeT_aRmosavleTiT mdebare-

obs. qarTuli sulierebis es ori kera sofel oSvankis Sua-

gulSia (ufro zustad, Turquli sofeli mogvianebiT ganefi-

na aq). taZrisa da seminarias Soris sacxovrebeli saxlia,

romelic pirdapir eklesiis CrdiloeT fasadzea midgmuli.

taZari impozanturia, monumenturi zomebis (sigrZe 43

m., sigane 30 metramde, simaRle 33 m.) trikonqi. igi sididiT

xazgasmulad aRemateba manamde agebul yvela qristianul ta-

Zars saqarTveloSi. stilistur_mxatvruli gadawyvetiT axa-

li drois tipiuri qmnilebaa. daxvewilia interieris mowyo-

bisa da safasado morTulobis sistema; gumbaTi cilindrul formas iRebs da dekoraciul areTa raodenoba masze 24_s

aRwevs. interieri xazgasmulad didi (gumbaTi, sakurTxevlis

Sverilebis nacvlad, oTx mZlavr pilons eyrdnoba) da naTe-

124

lia (safasado ganaTebasTan erTad Tormeti sarkmliani gumba-

Tis yeli). taZris fasadebi dekoratiuli TaRediT irTveba.

es motivi SuasaukuneTa qarTuli arqiteqturis safasado morTulobis `savizito baraTad~ iqca. ornamentebiTa da cxo-

velxatul figurebiani reliefebiTaa morTuli taZris sarkme-

lebi, karnizebi, boZebis kapitelebi. am safasado skulpturis

didebulebiTa da mravalferovnebiT oSks erT_erTi pirveli

adgili uWiravs Sua saukuneebis qarTul taZarTa Soris.

oSkis cnobili seminaria SuasaukuneTa qarTuli kultu-risa da mwignobrobis didebuli kera iyo. aq 978 w. oSkis

cnobili biblia Seiqmna. igi ioane_Tornike erisTavis dakve-

TiT etratze nusxurad dawerili srulyofili nimuSia. bib-

lia iveronisaTvis iyo SekveTili, aTonzea daculi da erT-

erTi uZvelesia bibliis mTlian xelnawerTagan.

oSkis saganmanaTleblo centrSi moRvaweobdnen didi mwignobar __ ganmanaTleblebi: ioane oSkeli, stefane dekano-

zi, ioane Cira, bibliis gadamwerni __ miqael varaz vaCes Ze,

stefane mwerali, giorgi gelasis Ze da gabriel oSkeli.

dRes seminariis mxolod nangrevebia. Camoqceulia TaRe-

biani monumenturi darbazis gadaxurva da kedlebi. aRar arse-

bobs iatakis naSTebic ki (aq axla xe_buCqebi da balaxia); Zlier dazianebulia wignTsacavi (SesaZloa bibliis sarevizio

centri), romelsac wriuli formis gumbaTuri gadaxurva eq-

neboda (gadaxurvis farglebSi iqneboda gaWrili sarkmlebi

interieris gasanaTeblad).

rac Seexeba taZars, dazianeba_ngrevaTa formati aq sru-

lad transcendenturia. dazianebulia Tormetsarkmliani gumba-Ti, Camongreulia afsidaTa konqebi, aRar arsebobs iataki, da-

zianebulia (zog adgilas Camogdebuli) karibWeTa damWeri sve-

tebi, darRveulia sarkmelTa sapireebi da forma, gamorRveulia

samxreTi karibWis dasavleTi nawili, umZimes mdgomareobaSia

Rrma samkuTxa niSebiTa da dekoraciuli TaRediT cxovelxatu-

lad gaformebuli aRmosavleTi fasadi. aq bolo wlebSi mosax-lis boseli da damxmare nageboba idga. Rumelis sakvamle mili

sakurTxevlis fasads hqonda midgmuli da mZime Sedegic saxe-

zea! fasadi sruliad gaSavebulia, kedlis wyoba ki darRveuli.

qarTuli sakulto arqiteqturis am Sedevrs sruliad

aRar aqvs dasavleTis sigrZivi mklavis gadaxurva, taZris in-

terierSi wvims da Tovs.

125

Zalze Sors wagviyvans taZris yvela dazianebuli monak-

veTis CamoTvla. Temis mTavari mizani samxreTi fasadis sam-

xreT_aRmosavleTis monakveTze moTavsebuli cnobili relie-furi kompoziciis dRevandeli mdgomareobis gacnobaa.

monumenturi reliefuri kompozicia 1999 wlamde xuT

figuras Seicavda. centraluri sameuli qristianuli samyaro-

saTvis cnobili motivis `deisusis~ personaJebia (RvTismSobe-

li, mesia, ioane naTlismcemeli). `deisusis~ marjvniv da mar-cxniv taos samefo saxlis wevrebis, sataZro kompleqsis qti-

torebis _ daviT magistrosis (daviT III kurapalati) da bag-

rat erisTavTerisTavis figurebia. `... RmrTiv guirguinosanTa

mefeTa CuenTa (iwyes _ T. k.) Senebad amis wmidisa saydrisa~

[7. 131] maT didma qristianebma da qvelmoqmedebma `...uSurvel

yvnen safaseni warmavalni waruvalisa misTuis..~ [7. 131] reliefuri kompoziciis TiToeuli wevris figura cal-

ke qvis filazea, damoukidebelia, magram es faqti srulad ar

arRvevs am didebuli reliefuri scenis ideur mTlianobas da

mxatvrul srulyofilebas.

1999 wels Camovardnil (an Camogdebul!) iqna kompozi-

ciis erTi figura (fila RvTismSoblis reliefuri gamosaxu-lebiT). igi karga xans iqve ido, miwaze. misi Semdgomi adgil-

samyofeli ucnobia.

erTi Tvis win Camovardnil (an Camogdebul!) iqna dei-

susis Semadgeneli meore reliefuri fila (uflis gamosaxu-

lebiT).

Camogdebuli reliefi (filis simaRle 147 sm., filis sigane 70 sm., reliefuri figuris simaRle 133 sm.) fasadis

win, reliefuri kompoziciis mimdebare teritoriaze miwaze as-

venia.

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sofeli oSvanki gulTbili stumarTmoyvareobiT ar ga-

moirCeva, gansakuTrebiT qarTvelTa (gurjTa) mimarT. marTa-

lia, arc xazgasmul uxeSobas hqonia adgili, magram mainc Se-uZlebelia safasado skulpturis am didebul nimuSis iqedan

nebismieri formiT gamotana da misTvis saTanado adgilis mi-

Cena..

reliefuri kompozicia samxreTis pastoforiumis far-

glebSia, mis samxreT kedelze, Ziridan daaxloebiT 2 metris

simaRleze. pestoforiumis kedeli mis qveS gamorRveulia (TurqeTis teritoriaze ganTavsebul araerT qarTul taZars

urRveven kedlebis wyobas, gansakuTrebiT sakurTxevlis da

aRmosavleTis kompartimentebis farglebSi. gaunaTlebeli da

gamdidrebis surviliT aRZruli mosaxleoba qarTuli taZre-

bis kedlebsa da saZirkvlebSi odiTgan gadanaxul saganZurs

eZebs). reliefuri qvebis Camovardnac, SesaZloa, am monakveTSi kedlis rRvevam gamoiwvia.

es statia didi gulistkiviliT da usaSvelobis gan-

cdiT daiwera. me xSirad var tao_klarjeTis miwaze da yo-

velTvis, iq Casvlisas, axali arasasiamovno `siurprizebi~

mxvdeba. Znelia uyuro Cveni fesvebis rRvevas, xsnis gzis

ararsebobas.


1. moqceva qarTlisa, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli litera-

turis Zeglebi, Tbilisi 1963 w.

2. giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, qp., V_XI

ss. mwerloba, Tbilisi 1981 weli.

3. giorgi mTawmindeli, ione da eqvTimes cxovreba, qp., V_XI

ss. mwerloba, Tbilisi, 1981 weli. 4. evsebi kesarieli, saeklesio istoria, moskovis wmida gi-

orgis saxelobis qarTuli eklesia, Tbilisi 2007 weli.

5. ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II, Tbi-

lisi, 1983.

6. ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. VI,

Tbilisi, 1982. 7. vaxtang beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi

1974 weli

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Tea kobakhidze Ivane javakhshvili Tbilisi State University


Phd Student

About one relief of Oshki cathedral /Informational Article/

Summary

“All these things were fulfilled in us, when we saw with our own eyes the houses of prayer thrown down to the very foundations…”

Eusebius of Caesarea It is very difficult to start with such a grave phrase but the reality about which I am going to narrate below is crueler. While distributing lands, great ancestor Thargamos assigned a territory to Kartlos bordering Hereti and the river Berdaojisi on the east, the Sea of Pontus on the west, and on the south – the mountain ranging across the river Berdaojisi up to the river source and the mountain ranging towards the west with water falling on the north side and joining river Mtkvari running between the mountains of Klarjeti and Tao” [5.28]. Tao-Klarjeti is a province located in the south with wild, unusual and amazing landscape. It was “divided by river Bani into two parts” [5.65]. Tao was a powerful political-confessional region of medieval Georgia, especially in VII – X centuries. Tao – Klarjeti became a harbor for the royal establishment forced to move from the kingdom of Kartli weakened by invasions by that time. Bagratovani royal dynasty of Tao conducted a thousand-year successful ruling policy on the throne of Georgia. land of Tao was reigned by David III the Great Kurapalati. His reign was one of outstanding and successful periods throughout the history of existence of Georgian monarchical institute. Great Kurapalati “…was famed everywhere, inside Georgia, as well as outside, among Armenians, Greeks and Arabs, with power and supercilious moral character” [5.123]. The sustainable policy conducted by him and distinctive diplomacy prepared Georgian throne

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to be ascended by the first great king (Bagrat III of Georgia, son of Gurgen 974-1014 y.) of the unified kingdom. Political-confessional priority of Kartli – the kingdom weakened by invasions of Mazdean Persia at first and then Arabs – plunged. The status of a prior was assigned to Tao-Klarjeti where national values reached the apogee. Postulates of confessional progression-sustainability are the result of activity of great ecclesiastic figure, builder of churches and monasteries Grigol Khandzteli and his disciples: “At that time saint fathers started construction of monasteries and churches in the desert, thus increasing the number of servants of Saint Trinity and eternal believers”. [2.233] Construction of churches was ordered and financed by members of royal establishment and powerful feudals (Ashot Kurapalati, Gabriel Dapanchuli). Davit Kurapalati managed construction-restoration works of large churches in the 10th century in Tao. [3.373] Davit Kurapalati had patronage over construction of magnificent monastery Oshki – the architectural splendor of royal property of Tao. “… RmerTman Seewien orTave cxovrebaTa ZeTa RmrTiv kurTxeulisa adarnase kurapalatisaTa, bagrat erisTavTa erisTavisa magistrosisa...” (short prayer for Adarnase Kurapalati, Bagrat Eristavteristavi and Davit Magistrosi). This is a short passage from the extended writing made in paint and presented on tympanum of south entrance of the monastery. It was thoroughly studied by expedition of Eqvtime Takaishvili (in 1917) [7.131]. Monumental bishop cathedral is located in the captivating gorge of the river Tortumistskali in Tao, dominating over the surrounding landscape with its splendid architectural shapes. It is a part of large confessional center together with the prominent seminary. The building of the seminary remains in a very damaged form. It is located on the north-east of the monastery. These two Georgian spiritual hubs are located in the heart of village Oshvanka (more precisely, the Turkish village was set up here after invasion). Nowadays, there is a residential house built between the monastery and the seminary, which is directly attached to the north façade of the monastery. The monastery is spectacular, triconch of monumental sizes (length 43 m., width up to 30 meters, height 33 m.). Its dimensions considerably exceed those of other Christian churches built in Georgia before. In stylistic and artistic terms it is a typical masterpiece of new epoch. System of interior arrangement and façade decoration is exquisite. The

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dome bears cylinder shape and number of decorative areas on it reaches 24. The interior is predominantly large (the dome rests on four strong pylons instead of prominences of altar) and bright (twelve-window dome together with façade lighting). Facades of the monastery are decorated with figurative arcade. This motive became a “trademark” for façade decoration of medieval Georgian architecture. Windows, eaves and capitals of pillars of the monastery are decorated with ornaments and figurative relieves. In terms of significance and complexity of the mentioned façade sculpture, Oshki monastery rates one of the highest among medieval Georgian monasteries. The seminary of Oshki was a very important centre of culture and education of medieval Georgia. In 978 the famous Bible of Oshki was created here. It is a sample of complete Bible written on parchment in Nuskhuri alphabet form, by order of Ioane-Tornike Eristavi. The Bible was ordered for Iveroni, it is preserved at Athons and is one of the oldest among complete manuscripts of Bible. Great mentors were engaged at Oshki educational center: Ioane Oshkeli, Setefane Dekanozi, Ioane Chira rewriters of the Bibile – Michael Varaz Vache, Stefane Mtserali, Giorgi the son of Gelas, and Gabriel Oshkeli.

Nowadays, there are only ruins of the seminary remaining. The walls and roofing of monumental hall composed of arches are demolished. There are not even remains of the floor (now one can see bushes and grass instead). The book-depository (it could be the Bible revision center of) is seriously damaged, which might have had round dome style roofing (with spaces cut for panes to cast light into the interior). As for the monastery, the format of damage and destruction here is absolutely beyond limits. The dome is damaged, conches of apses have collapsed, the floor does not exist, pillars holding the church-gate are damaged (at some places they have fallen down), window pits and forms are upset, west part of the south gate of the monastery is

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undermined, figurative east façade which is decorated with ornamental arcade and deep triangle signs is in very hard condition. Cattle-house and supporting buildings of a family settled in the vicinity stood here in recent years. Chimney was set against the façade of the altar. And the grave result is visible! The façade is totally blackened and the structure of the wall is disorganized. The west longitudinal part of this masterpiece of Georgian cult architecture is out of roof. The interior of the monastery is exposed to rain and snow. Description of all damaged parts of the monastery will take us very far. The main target of the issue is attract attention to up to date condition of famous relief composition placed at south-east section of the south façade. The figurative relief composition contained 5 figures till 1999. The central three pieces depict the heroes of Deesis (Virgin Mary, Christ Pantocrator and Saint John the Baptist) the known motive for the Christian world. On the left and right of Deesis, members of the ruling dynasty of Tao, ktitors of the monastery complex – David Magistros (David the 3rd Kurapalati) and Bagrat Eristavteristavi are depicted. “..RmrTiv guirguinosanTa mefeTa CuenTa (iwyes – T.k.) Senebad amis wmidisa saydrisa” [7.131] maT diadma qristianebma da qvelmoqmedebma “... uSurvel yvnen safaseni warmavalni waruvalisa misTuis..” [7.131] Each figure of the relief composition is depicted on a separate plate, though this fact does not affect idea of integrity of this relief scene and its artistic perfection. In 1999 one figure of the composition (plate depicting Virgin Mary) fell down (or it was pushed to fall down!). The plate was lying beneath on the ground for some period. Its present location is unknown. One month ago the second relief plate of Deesis (depicting Christ) fell down (or it was pushed to fall down!). The relief (height of the plate 147 sm., width of the plate 70 sm., height of the relief figure 133 sm.) rests in front of the façade, in the vicinity of the relief composition. Village Oshvanki is not distinguished with warm hospitality, especially towards Georgians (Gurji).There is no concrete incident of impoliteness to be recalled it is true, but it is impossible to take out this magnificent masterpiece of façade sculpture in any form and to assign an appropriate place for it. The relief composition is within the frames of south pastoforium, on its south wall, at about 2 meters height from the bottom. The wall of

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the pasteforium is undermined underneath (structure of walls, especially those of altars and east compartments of a number of Georgian churches located on the territory of Turkey are often demolished intentionally. Uneducated and seeking for wealth population are searching for treasures stored from ancient times in the walls and foundations of Georgian churches). Fall down of relief plates could have been caused by demolition of wall in this area. This article has been written with deep pain of soul and the feeling of helpless. I often visit the land of Tao-Klarjeti and every time I go there I come across new unpleasant “surprises”. It is hard to be watching our roots fading away with no solution to save them.

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Михеил Чхенкели доктор исторических

(культурология) наук.

Символическая связь Премудрости Божией и Евхаристии

в сербском монументальном искусстве XIII-XIV в.

Сербское монументальное искусство XIII-XIV веков оказалось особенно восприимчиво к сюжетам и образам Ветхого Завета, которые в церковной традиции считаются символами или прототипами новозаветных событий и персонажей. Темы ветхозаветных теофаний (непосредственных явлений божества в различных религиях) с конца XIII – начала XIV веков прочно входят во фресковую роспись и мозаики, где они интерпретируются как явления Логоса1 под видом Ангела-Премудрости - фигуры более таинственной и символической, чем изображение Христа. Как бы вопреки церковным канонам, когда, как пишет церковный историк и протопресвитер православной Церкви в Америке Иоанн Мейендорф, «весь этот символизм в принципе был запрещен постановлением Трулльского Собора относительно изображения Христа под видом агнца», византийские и сербские художники палеологовской эпохи вновь продолжают аллегорическую линию развития церковной иконографии. Под влиянием шедшего с Запада возрожденческого гуманизма многие византийские богословы утверждали абсолютную неспособность человека приблизиться к тайне Триединого Бога и не видели других точек соприкосновения между Богом и человеком, как только через символы. Как известно, византийская Церковь в эту эпоху была театром знаменитых распрей по вопросу о божественных энергиях, в рамках которых неизбежно должна была быть поднята тема Софии-Премудрости Божией. В XIV веке эта тема рассматривалась в двух аспектах. С одной стороны, Премудрость считалась образом Второй Ипостаси - Воплотившегося Слова, что соответствовало словам апостола Павла: «Мы же проповедуем Христа распята, Божию силу и Божию премудрость» (1 Кор. 23-24). С другой стороны, Она же осмысливалась и как проявление энергии всей святой

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Троицы. Так, Григорий Палама (византийский богослов и философ) говорил, что «Премудрость» - это «общее свойство Отца, Сына и Святого Духа, с помощью Которой и в Которой Господь сотворил Вселенную», та «энергия-Премудрость, Которая, благодаря Воплощению Ипостасной Премудрости, присутствует в собрании членов Церкви». Противники паламистов, напротив, настаивали на отстраненности и изолированности Божественной энергии и идентифицировали Ее с Божественной Сущностью. Эта дискуссия дала повод патриарху Филофею уточнить и богословски обосновать антиномии православного понимания темы Софии: «Премудрость, - пишет он, - есть энергия, общая для св. Троицы, единосущной и нераздельной, энергия, сообщаемая в Святом Духе тем, кто этого достоин… Но поскольку мудрые богословы утверждают, что эта роль и это изображение Божественной Премудрости также принадлежит и Сыну, который воспринял нашу плоть в Своей любви к людям, постольку мы должны признать, что Слово живое и действенное, Сын Божий, есть Ипостасная Премудрость Отца». Двойственное толкование патриарха Филофея повлияло и на иконографию композиций, связанных с изображением Ангела-Премудрости. Обобщенно говоря, если в сцене подчеркивался мотив троичности, то Премудрость рассматривалась как энергия св. Троицы, а если Ангел изображался в единственном числе и, особенно, если он имел кресчатый нимб, то в таком случае имелся в виду Христос - Воплотившееся Слово Божие. Иконография Божественной Премудрости, какой бы из этих аспектов она ни отражала, основывается на тексте книги «Притчей Соломона», который имеет сугубо евхаристический смысл: «Премудрость созда Себе дом и утверди столпов седмь: закла Своя жертвенная, и раствори в чаше Своей вино, и уготова свою трапезу: посла своя рабы, созывающи с высоким проповеданием на чашу глаголющи: иже есть безумен да уклонится ко Мне. И требующим ума рече: приидите, ядите Мой хлеб и пийте вино, еже растворих вам: оставите безумие и живи будете, да во веки воцаритеся: и взыщите разума, да поживете и исправите разум в ведении».

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Во фресковой росписи церкви св. Климента в Охриде (Македония, 1295 год) представлена крылатая Премудрость, сидящая на троне и показывающая рукою на стол, на котором лежит книга, раскрытая на тексте «Притчей»: «приидите, ядите Мой хлеб и пийте вино, еже растворих вам», две вазы и сосуд с хлебами. Ангел имеет кресчатый нимб, что характеризует Его как образ Христа. С правой стороны от стола три женщины выполняют распоряжения Премудрости: одна готовится распределить хлеб, поставленный на стол, вторая несет хлеб и третья держит сосуд с вином, имеющий вид потира2. Фон им составляет семиколонный храм, на фронтоне которого имеется рельеф - крошечное погрудное изображение Богородицы, уподобляющее данный храм телу Воплотившегося Господа. В контексте богослужебной литургической символики изображенное можно уподобить обряду перенесения предназначенных для Освящения хлеба и вина из жертвенника (семиколонный храм) в алтарь (трапеза в центре композиции) и последующее Преложение Святых Даров Христом-Премудростью (благословляющий жест руки). В церкви Пантократора монастыря Дечаны (1348 год) находится целый цикл, посвященный Христу - Премудрости Божией. В секторах, образуемых крестовым сводом западной части южного нефа наоса, размещены четыре композиции, вдохновленные библейским текстом «Притчей Соломоновых» о Премудрости. Каждая сцена содержит надпись, согласующуюся с иконографическим содержанием. В западном секторе находится изображение Премудрости в виде Ангела, сидящего на престоле справа от полукруглого мраморного стола, на котором лежат хлеб с печатью креста посредине и потир. Правая рука Ангела поднята, а в левой Он держит свернутый свиток. Весь фон композиции занят изображением здания причудливой архитектуры, в котором можно насчитать семь колонн коринфского типа. Надпись, сопровождающая эту сцену, гласит: «Премудрость созда Себе храм и утверди столпов седмь…». Данную композицию можно считать исходной для всего цикла: во-первых, она иллюстрирует начальный стих упомянутого отрывка из «Притчей»; во-вторых, голову Ангела, как и в охридском изображении, окружает нимб,

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вписанный в ромб, – деталь, отсутствующая в других изображениях цикла и характеризующая центрального Ангела как Христа (круг – символ вечности Бога, а квадрат-ромб – символ Его земного бытия). Следующие три композиции цикла в идейном отношении неразрывно связаны между собой и имеют сугубо евхаристический смысл. Но прежде чем продолжить рассказ, для полноты картины дадим краткое определение термина «Евхаристия». Это главнейший, признаваемый всеми христианскими вероисповеданиями обряд; у православных, католиков, лютеран - таинство, при котором верующие христиане вкушают Тело и Кровь Иисуса Христа под видом хлеба и вина, и, согласно их вероучению, через этот акт взаимной жертвенной любви соединяются непосредственно с самим Богом. Совершение данного таинства составляет основу главного христианского богослужения (литургии) у католиков, православных, лютеран, англикан и некоторых других Церквей. С восточной стороны тандем описанной сцене составляет плохо сохранившееся изображение, в середине которого различается трапеза, увенчанная киворием3. Слева от нее стоит Ангел, протягивающий руки к группе из трех людей, находящихся по правую сторону престола. Частично уцелевшая надпись поясняет: «придите, ядите Мой хлеб…». С южной стороны сцена продолжается изображением Ангела, спускающегося с небес и несущего причастную чашу группе людей, представленных на фоне П-образного здания, подобно апостолам во многих алтарных композициях на тему «Евхаристии». Надпись, расположенная в верхней зоне («пийте Мое вино, еже растворих вам»), является продолжением предыдущей и связывает обе композиции в единое изображение Евхаристии верных св. Дарами под видом Хлеба и Вина. Наконец, в последней сцене на северной стороне крестового свода, надписанной словами «И посла своя рабы, созывающи с высоким проповеданием на чашу и глаголющи: иже есть безумен да уклонится ко Мне», представлены два Ангела с взмытыми вверх крыльями, говорящими о том, что происходит их стремительное сошествие с небес. С двух сторон они окружены зданиями, символизирующими христианские храмы. Перед ними написана святая трапеза с

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Евхаристическими Дарами. Левый Ангел держит в поднятой руке Тело Христово под видом хлеба, а правый – потир. Соглашаясь с мнением некоторых искусствоведов, считавших эти изображения образами «служителей Премудрости», можно высказать и такое предположение, что они являются символами Христа, как известно, изображавшегося дважды в алтарных композициях «Причащения апостолов». В росписях церкви Пантократора, сугубо прославлявших Христа, в Его софийном обличии, образ Ипостасной Премудрости Божией встречается также в апсиде под видом херувима4, бдящего над трапезой, на которой стоит широкое блюдо с Кровью Христовой под видом «растворенного» вина. Изображенное здесь существует в неразрывной связи с жертвенной символикой престола данной части алтаря. Вторая из названных патриархом Филофеем линий истолкования образа Божественной Премудрости (как энергии всей св. Троицы) развивается в алтарных фресках Успенской церкви монастыря Грачаница (1319-1321 годы), где совмещены изображения Ветхозаветной Троицы и Трапезы Премудрости, окружающие с двух сторон «Причащение апостолов». Сцены уподоблены друг другу даже в композиционном отношении: обе фронтальны и симметричны, в обеих доминирует мотив троичности. Фон композиции «Трапеза Премудрости» составляет полукруглый семиколонный портик, что соответствует ее надписанию, проходящему в верхней части: «Премудрость созда себе храм». За престолом, на котором лежат исключительно приборы для письма - короб с перьями, бочонок с чернилами и два свитка, восседает Премудрость - девушка с крыльями Ангела, держащая полуразвернутый свиток и трость для письма. Центральный образ фланкируется фигурами двух похожих на Нее девушек, но без ореола над головами, которые держат в руках снедь. Развивая мысль некоторых исследователей церковного искусства, связывавших эти изображения с «ветрами» из писаний Псевдо-Дионисия, можно сказать, что в этом смысле они же являются и символами духоносных энергий, так как «ветры», по Ареопагиту, имеющие «способность переноситься сверху вниз, и снизу вверх, возводящую низших на выспреннюю высоту, а высших побуждающую к сообщению с низшими и

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попечению об них, имеют в себе подобие и образ Божественного действия». Таким образом, грачаничская «Трапеза Премудрости» символизировала не то «Причащение, которое преподается на алтарной трапезе», а «Причащение Словом», огненным Словом Божиим, очищающим души. Даже на примере немногих рассмотренных изображений «Трапезы Премудрости» видно, насколько тесно в смысловом отношении эта богословская тема связана с алтарной евхаристической композицией «Причащения апостолов». В дечанском цикле, посвященном Премудрости Божией, одна сцена (на южном секторе кресчатого свода) даже композиционно повторяет южную часть традиционного образа «Причащения» - как правило, Причащения Святой Кровью. Однако, следует обратить внимание на то, что в иконографическом отношении образ «Трапезы Премудрости» восходит к композиционному построению сцены новозаветной «Тайной Вечери» - исторического изображения последней трапезы Христа Спасителя с учениками-апостолами, осмысливающейся в богословии как рубеж двух библейских Заветов – Ветхого и Нового. Такое значение евангельского события Тайной Вечери предполагало наличие в этой новозаветной по характеру сцене некоторых деталей, восходящих к традициям ветхозаветного культа. Так, практически во всех композициях «Тайной Вечери», относящихся к XIII-XIV векам, присутствует мотив семиколонного храма – либо в виде портика, похожего на изображенный на грачаничской фреске «Трапезы Премудрости», как, например, в церкви Богородицы Левишки, либо в виде здания витиеватой архитектуры, подобного дечанской росписи западного сектора крестового свода (южный неф), что можно видеть, например, в композициях церкви св. Климента в Охриде или церкви св. Андрея на Треске. Кроме того, сами яства, изображаемые на столе в названных композициях «Тайной Вечери», соответствуют древне-иудейским обычаям празднования Пасхи. В центре размещается центральная чаша с блюдом «харосет» - смесью из фруктов, в которую обмакивают горькие травы прежде, чем вкушать; в качестве самих «горьких трав» выступают самые распространенные в православной Сербии овощи – морковь и репа, также на

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пасхальном столе присутствуют опресноки – маленькие ритуальные хлебцы, надрезанные крестообразно, которые можно встретить и во многих изображениях «Трапезы Премудрости». Евхаристические композиции, посвященные «Премудрости, создавшей Себе дом», не исчерпываются только изображениями в пространстве наоса5 сербских храмов. Эта тема, начиная с конца XIII-его и на протяжении всего XIV века, преимущественно в церквях сербской Македонии, использовалась также и в живописной программе нартекса, где она заполняла свод и часть восточной стены. На своде притвора иллюстрация притчи о Премудрости получила особую иконографическую схему, во многом напоминающую традиционную купольную композицию «Вознесения Христова», но, в то же время, согласованную и с ветхозаветными пророческими видениями Бога (или «Бога Сына, Логоса до Воплощения» - чаще всего, с видением пророком Иезекиилем Господа во Славе, почивающего на престоле из четырех животных, которые в свою очередь символизировали четырех евангелистов - Матфея, Луку, Иоанна и Марка. Помещение композиций в пространстве нартекса – западной части храма, где обычно после литургии служились панихиды по усопшим, подчеркивало их преимущественно эсхатологическое значение. В церкви св. Климента в Охриде (1295 год) в росписи свода нартекса присутствует изображение юного Христа с крыльями Ангела. В руках Он держит жезл, венчаемый крестом, а также развернутый свиток с текстом из Пасхального канона Иоанна Дамаскина. По краям этого центрального образа представлены пророки Иезекииль и Аввакум. Последний здесь присутствует, поскольку его видение «светоносного Ангела» лежит в основе отрывка из Пасхального канона, написанного на свитке, который держит Христос: «Днесь спасение миру, яко воскресе Христос, яко всесилен». Вся композиция толкуется многими искусствоведами как изображение «Ангела Великого Совета» из видения пророка Исайи, заменяющего здесь пророческий образ Иезекииля, вероятно, чтобы выразить идею спасения через Воскресение Христово. Еще довольно скрытая взаимосвязь композиций нартексов сербских древних церквей этого периода с богослужением

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литургии отчетливо выступает в их гораздо более поздней версии, присутствующей в новых росписях церкви Успения монастыря Морача (1616 год), где сцена «Премудрость созда Себе дом» занимает свод, а также западную, восточную и северную стены храма – места совершения проскомидии7. Среди многочисленных фигур людей, «ищущих разума», здесь представлены три великих творца литургии – Иоанн Златоуст, Василий Великий и Григорий Богослов, а также группы царей-пророков (Давид, Соломон и Ровоам), апостолов (Петр, Филипп и Павел) и мучеников (Димитрий, Георгий, Феодор Стратилат и Феодор Тирон). Все они - те самые чины «пророков, апостолов, иерархов, мучеников», частицы за которых вынимаются из третьей просфоры на проскомидии. Они же - «Соборы святых перед Агнчим Престолом, сопричисленные к ликам ангельских сил и составляющие с ними одну торжествующую на небесах Церковь». Сам морачский образ Божественной Премудрости, окруженный семью полуобнаженными Ангелами (дарами св. Духа из пророчества Исайи) выступает символом непосредственной благодати святого Причастия, дарующего приобщающимся обильные плоды св. Духа: «любы, мир, радость, долготерпение, благость, кротость, воздержание». Следует также отметить, что евхаристический пир Премудрости Божией, описываемый в книге «Притчей Соломоновых», начинается со слов о «создании дома». Этот стих ветхозаветного текста в церковной традиции прямо интерпретируется как образ рождения Христа - Софии-Логоса Пресвятой Богородицей. Идея Богоматери как престола, или храма, Божественной Премудрости, послужившего Ее Воплощению, присутствует уже в искусстве начала средневизантийской эпохи, когда сложилась система декорации алтарной апсиды, где образ Девы Марии на троне предстает в сочетании с находящейся под ним сценой «Причащения апостолов» или «Евхаристией» - новозаветной Трапезой Христа-Премудрости. Тем не менее в конце XIII века и в XIV веке в богословски утонченном и насыщенном византийском искусстве времени правления Палеологов (последняя и наиболее долговечная династия императоров Византии, правившая на протяжении двух столетий - со времени

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изгнания Михаилом VIII из Константинополя крестоносцев в 1261 году до захвата Константинополя турками в 1453 году) и одновременно в сербском искусстве возник интерес к сложной теме ветхозаветной богородичной символики в ее тесной связи с Евхаристией. Надо сказать, что содержание этих изображений было непосредственно связано с символами, выраженными в литературной форме (литургические толкования, богослужебные тексты), в практике богослужения, а также в теологической знаковой системе как ветхозаветного, так и новозаветного храма. Основная литературная и литургическая основа иконографии ветхозаветных прообразов Богоматери сложилась еще задолго до палеологовской эпохи. Библейские прообразы Девы Марии появляются в святоотеческой литературе уже в III-IV веках (писания Филона и Климента Александрийских, Оригена, Ефрема Сирина). С середины V века в Иерусалиме было введено первое празднование дня памяти Богородицы (15 августа), в чинопоследование которого включались многие ветхозаветные чтения (в том числе и притча о Премудрости Божией), впоследствии вошедшие в другие Богородичные праздники, которые в Византии в большинстве своем были установлены только к VII веку. Традиция же живописного изображения библейских прообразов Богоматери сложилась в следующую по времени эпоху правления Македонской династии, когда была разработана и отобрана их иконографическая типология. В заключении хотелось бы отметить следующее. Монументальное церковное искусство Сербии XIII-XIV веков оказалось также особенно восприимчиво к сюжетам и образам Ветхого Завета благодаря особому, литургическо-поэтическому характеру богословского мышления, составлявшему одно из основных свойств сербской духовности. Темы библейских теофаний Божественной Премудрости, а также ветхозаветные символы Богородицы, с конца XIII – начала XIV века прочно вошедшие во фресковую роспись и мозаичное убранство, интерпретировались, в согласии с церковной традицией, как прообразы Евхаристии. В связи с особым почитанием сербами Пресвятой Богородицы количественный перевес был на стороне Ее символических литургических изображений, хотя и христологические ветхозаветные прообразы,

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основанные на тексте книги «Притчей Соломоновых» о Премудрости, «создавшей Себе дом», были распространены не меньше (алтарная стенопись Грачаницы; цикл, посвященный Христу-Премудрости Божией, в Дечанах). Темы других пророческих видений Божественной Премудрости, связанные с таинством Евхаристии лишь отчасти, располагались, главным образом, на сводах нартексов (церковь св. Климента в Охриде, Марков монастырь и др.) и в общих чертах повторяли иконографическую схему купольных росписей. Все сербское искусство изначально было отмечено печатью самобытности и своеобразия, с которыми оно отзывалось на происходившие в духовной жизни Византии процессы. Борясь за чистоту и строгость христианских идеалов, сербские богословы, церковные историки и живописцы тем не менее отнюдь не стремились к изображению образов суровых, аскетических, отрешенных от всего плотского и материального. Художники не только превосходно владели богословской «тематикой», но и умели, подчас в простых и грубоватых образах, передавать сложную гамму человеческих переживаний, вызывающих острое, пронизывающее душу чувство реальности духовного мира. Понимание средневековыми сербами жизни как духовного делания, имеющего своим итогом «бесконечное и неизреченное наслаждение будущего века», закономерно выдвигало перед церковными живописцами на первый план тему литургии в росписи и убранстве храма – некой струи, повторяющей красоту и тектонику сотворенного мира Богом-Отцом.

1. Логос - термин философии, означающий «слово» (или «предложение», «высказывание», «речь») - в переводе с греческого языка, и «мысль» (или «намерение») - в переводе с древнегреческого, а также - причина, повод. Ко II веку н.э. понятие «Логос» плотно вошло в сферу иудейских и христианских учений. Термин «Логос» был переосмыслен, как слово личного и живого Бога. Бог «окликает» Словом Своим (Логосом) вещи и так вызывает их из небытия. В христианстве «Логос» определен уже начальными словами Евангелия от Иоанна: «В начале было Слово, и Слово было у Бога, и Слово было Бог». История земной жизни Иисуса Христа трактуется как воплощение, «вочеловечение» Логоса, принесшего Откровение и Сам

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явившийся этим Откровением («Словом жизни»), самораскрытием «Бога незримого». В соответствии с этим в христианстве утверждается тождество Логоса (Христа) Богу-Отцу, чье «Слово» он представляет и является вторым лицом Троицы.

2. Потир - специальный сосуд в виде чаши для христианского богослужения, применяемый при освящении вина и в принятии причастия.

3. Киворий - сень, навес над престолом, поддерживаемая колоннами; к киворию крепились завесы, закрывавшие престол в промежутках между службами. Появляется в IV-VI веках. В иконописи изображение кивория символизирует алтарь.

4. Херувим - упоминаемое в Библии крылатое небесное существо. В библейском представлении ο небесных существах херувимы являются самыми близкими к Божеству. Христианское богословие изначально не имело определенного взгляда на природу херувимов, мнения разделялись в вопросе, являются ли они существами или всего лишь символами и образами для представления действий Бога. Следуя за религиозным мыслителем Филоном Александрийским Иероним Стридонский (IV век) и Феодорит Кирский (V век) видели в херувимах лишь символическое значение. Однако, уже Климент Александрийский (рубеж II-III веков) начинает отходить от такого понимания, называя херувимов «песнословящими духами», но продолжает делать основной акцент на символичности (мифичности) их образа

5. Наос - центральная часть христианского храма, где во время богослужения находятся пришедшие в храм молящиеся. С востока к наосу примыкает алтарь - важнейшее помещение храма, где располагается престол и совершается литургия. Алтарь в православных храмах отделен от наоса завесой и иконостасом.

6. Эсхатология - система религиозных взглядов и представлений о конце света, искуплении и загробной жизни, о судьбе Вселенной или ее переходе в качественно новое состояние. Также - отрасль богословия.

7. Проскомидия - первая часть литургии византийского обряда (как Иоанна Златоуста, так и Василия Великого). На ней путем особых священнодействий, из принесенных хлеба и вина приготавливается вещество для Евхаристии и при этом совершается поминовение всех членов Церкви, как живых, так и усопших.

143

Mikheil Chkhenkeli Doctor of historical (culturology) sciences

Symbolic connection between the Holy Wisdom and the Eucharist in

the Serbian Monumental Art of XIII-XIV centuries.

Summary

The problem of reflection of the liturgy in the mural painting of the Medieval Orthodox Church is the all-important question for proper understanding and comprehension of the entire system of its monumental painting. The symbolic image of the Holy Communion in the Serbian monumental art of XIII-XIV centuries presented a unique diversity of iconographic types that can be explained only by unique importance of this topic for the church painting. The following main forms of altar representations of liturgy developed by Byzantine and Balkan masters of XI-XII centuries – «Communion of the Apostles», «The Eucharist», «Service of the Holy Fathers», «Adoration of the Lamb of God» - were permanently enriched with new theological and liturgical meanings that produced a certain effect on their iconography and position in the space of the Orthodox Church.

144

literatura (Literature)

lela xaCiZe


saxelmwifo universitetis profesori,

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

aTonze qarTvelTa moRvaweobis istoriidan

aTonis skriptoriumi qarTul xelnawerTa erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes koleqcias Seicavs. iq daculi 86 qarTuli

xelnaweri X – XV saukune - ebiT TariRdeba da dReisaT-

vis mxolod nawilobrivaa Seswavlili. aTonis saliteraturo skolasTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli da filologiuri sa-

kiTxebis kvleva gaZnelebuli iyo imiTac, rom didi xnis man-

Zilze qarT-vel mecnierebs ar hqondaT iq daculi qarTuli

xelnawerebis uSualod gacnobis SesaZlebloba. aTonis mTaze

daculi qarTuli werilobiTi Zeg - lebi mecnierebisaTvis Zi-riTadad cnobili iyo al. cagarlis, n. marisa da r. bleikis

mokle aRwerilobebiT, romlebic daaxloebiT warmodgenas gv-

iqmnida maT Sesaxeb. axali perspeqtiva aTonis saliteraturo

skolis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis daisaxa iq daculi qar-

Tuli xelnawerebis mokro- firebis mopovebis Semdeg, rac

ukavSirdeba kinoreJisor T. pataraias sa - xels. dRes es mikrofirebi gaculia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis biblioTekasa da xelna-

werTa erovn - ul centrSi.

AaTonze dacul qarTul xelnawerTa Soris gamoiyofa

himnografiuli xasiaTis krebulebi. esaa irmologionebi, iad-

garebi, Tuenebi, marxvanebi, zatikni, paraklitonebi, romleb-Sic originalurTan erTad, Tavmoyrilia bizantiuri himnogra-

fiis vrceli repertuari. am xelnawerebis mniSvnelo- ba bi-

zantiuri musikisa da himnografiis SeswavlisaTvis unikalu-

ria, radgan maTSi daculi qarTuli Targmanebi xSirad dRe-

isaTvis dakarguli berZnuli originalebis aRdgenis erTa-

145

derT saSualebas warmoadgens. am xelnawerebis miRma dgas Se-

saniSnav qarTvel mTargmnelTa, avtorTa, deda- qtorTa, gadam-

werTa, “SemmosvelTa’’Tu “momgebelTa” mTeli Taobebi da maT mier gaweuli Sroma.

1986 wels gamoqveynda aTonis mTaze daculi 18 qar-

Tuli xelnaweris aRweriloba, Sesrulebuli xelnawerTa in-

stitutis TanamSromelTa mier (kiknaZe 1986).

aTonuri koleqciis himnografiul krebulebs Soris

yuradRebas imsaxurebs # 85 xelnaweri, romelic ZlispirTa krebuls anu irmologions warmoadgens.

`Zlispirni~, rogorc ukve kargadaa cnobili, er-

Tgvari saxelmZRva- neloa Sua saukuneebis himnografTaTvis.

ZlispiriT an masze miTiTebiT iwyeba Sua saukuneebis saga-

lobelTa umetesoba. Zlispiri erTgvari gasa- Rebi, qarga, wi-

naswar gamzadebuli formaa sagaloblisaTvis. bunebrivia, rom igi sagalobelSi Sinaarseuladac aisaxeboda xolme. amis

gaTvalis- winebiT sruliad bunebrivia, rom rogorc bizanti-

ur, ise sxvaenovan irmo- logionebSi batonobs bizantiuri

himnografiis yvelaze didi warmomadge-nlebis – andria kri-

telis, ioane damaskelis, kozma ierusalimelisa da germane

patriarqis saxelebi. qarTuli `Zlispirnis~ SeswavlaSi gansa-kuT- rebuli Rvawli miuZRvis akad. el. metrevels (metreve-

li 1971).

aTonuri irmologioni # 85 X-XI ss-ebiT TariRde-

ba (kiknaZe 1986: 123-132). masSi daculi anderZebisa da mina-

werebis Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca dagvedgina, rom igi Seq-

mnili unda iyos X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze an XI saukunis I naxevarSi aTonze, uSualod Tornike erisTavis garSemo myof

an masTan dakavSirebul qarTvelTa wreSi.

aToni – 85-c ZlispirTa krebuls warmoadgens.

himnografiaSi damkvidrebul ZlispirTa repertuarTan erTad

masSi Sesuli aRmoCnda sagalobelTa erTi jgufi, romelsac

miwerili aqvs `kapraSiulni~. ro - gorc gairkva, es termini am sagalobelTa avtorze migvaniSnebs (xaCiZe 2000: 162-163).

`kapraSiulni~ isevea nawarmoebi, rogorc `merCuliulni~ an

`minCxurni~. ioane minCxisadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi Cven sa-

Sualeba mogveca dagvedgina, rom termini `minCxurni~ aRniS-

navs minCxis avtorobas (xaCiZe 1987: 138-140). igive SeiZle-

ba iTqvas termin `merCuliulnis~ mimar - Tac.

146

erTi SexedviT ucnauri saxelis - `kapraSis~ kvlevam

saintereso Sedegi mogvca. aToni-85-Si Sesuli sagaloblebis

am jgufis avtors zedwodeba - `kapraS~ Serqmeuli unda hqondes garegnuli niSnis mixedviT da Tanamedrove qarTulze

es unda niSnavdes `mwiTurs~.

gamokvlevaSi `ucnobi qarTveli himnografi~ Cven zoga-

dad mimovixil- eT misi saxeliT Semonaxuli sagaloblebi,

romlebic ZiriTadad RvTismS- oblisadmia miZRvnili (xaCiZe

2000: 159-167), 2009 wels ki maTi publikaciis saSualeba mogveca (xaCiZe 2009: 267-274). am sagaloblebis kiTxvisas

ikveTe- ba erTi sayuradRebo garemoeba: macxovris qveynad

`momyvanebel~ wminda qalwuls avtori ZiriTadad zogadada-

mianuri saTxovariT mimarTavs – evedreba Suamavlobas uzena-

essa da kacTa Soris. maSinac, roca igi qebas aRavlens RvTis-

mSoblisadmi, esaa ara erTi, konkretuli adamianis, aramed mTeli kacobriobis mier gamoTqmuli xotba. lirikuli subi-

eqti scdeba pirovnebis farglebs da zogadad `morwmuneTa~,

`yovelTa qristianeTa~ piriT metyvelebs. Tu X saukunis

didi qarTveli lirikosebi ZiriTadad sakuTari sulis grada-

cias da emociebs gadmogvcemen, kapraSis sagaloblebi er-

Tgvari `universalizmiTaa~ moculi. es albaT bunebrivicaa, radgan amave niSniTaa aRbeWdili TviT aTonis literaturu-

li skola, romlis warmomadgenelicaa am sagalobelTa av-

tori.

aToni -85 qarTuli himnografiisaTvis am moulodnel aR-

moCenasTan erTad, yuradRebas iqcevs sxva TvalsazrisiTac:

xelnawerSi daculia oTxi anderZi:

“qriste, Seiwyale ioane”,

“qriste, adide jojik erisTavTa erisTavi aw da uku-

nisamde, amen”,

“ qriste, Seiwyale amis wignisa mniSnveli, amen”,

“qriste, adide bevreulTa welTa jojik erisTavTa

erisTavi ufroÁs yovelTa naSobTa queyanisaTa, iyavn,

amen”.

SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom am anderZebSi (iseve

rogorc mTel xelnawerSi) daculi TiToeuli sityva gan-

sakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs. 1983 wels aq motanil

147

erT-erT anderZSi dadasturebul himnografiul termins -

“mniSnveli” sagangebod Seexo akad. el. metreveli. (metreve-

li 1983: 81 - 86). xelnawers zusti TariRi ara aqvs. misi daTariRebis sa-

Sualebas iZleva motanil anderZebSi orgzis moxseniebuli,

dReisaTvis naklebad cnobili pirovneba, jojik erisTavTa –

erisTavi. mis Sesaxeb Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi

Zalze mwiria. e. TayaiSvilis cnobiT. misi saxeli moxseniebu-

lia tao –klarjeTSi mdebare erT-erTi taZris warweraSi. es aris da es.

jojik erisTavTa - erisTavis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia

somxur istoriografiaSi: somexi istorikosis - asoRikis

mixedviT, igi Tornike erisTavTan erTad ebrZoda barda skli-

aross. es brZola ki, rogorc viciT, 979 wels moxda.

aToni – 85–is mowmobiT jojiki gansakuTrebuli av-toritetiT sargeblobda TanamedroveTa Soris. amas mowmobs

xelnawerSi misi orgzis moxsenieba da gansakuTrebiT sityve-

bi: “ufroÁs yovelTa naSobTa queyanisaTa.” amas emateba

orgzis gameorebuli damamtkicebeli formula: “iyavn, amen”.

msgavsi ram iSviaTad xdeba xelnawerebSi dacul mravalric -

xovan anderZ – minawerebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom motanili sityvebi mow - mobs am istoriuli pirovnebisadmi sruliad

gansakuTrebul, gamorCeul damokidebulebas TanamedroveTa

mxriv.

amrigad, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebidan naklebad cnobili

istoriuli pirovneba - jojik erisTavTa erisTavi aToni 85

- is mowmobiT sruliad gansxvavebuli saxiT warmogvidgeba.

am konteqstSi yuradRebas imsaxurebs akaki wereTlis

istoriuli poema –“Tornike erisTavi”. akakis Semoqmedebis

mkvlevarTaTvis ucxo ar unda iyos is garemoeba, rom akaki,

saqarTvelos istoriis ama Tu im periodis asaxvisas, iSviaT

codnas amJRavnebs uSualod istoriis sferodan. am SemTxveva-

Sic asea. poemaSi, mdinare halisis piras gamarTuli gadamwyveti

brZolis aR- werisas, ramdenjerme moixsenieba jojik eris-

Tavi. mis saxels pirvelad vxvdebiT brZolis dawyebis win,

roca mTavarsardali _ Tornike erisTavi BbrZolis strate-

gias acnobs TanamebrZolebs:

“…da danarCeni aTasi kaci

148

aqve darCeba CemTana mxleblad;

jojiki aris maTi ufrosi

gaWirvebis dros misaSveleblad!” misi saxeli poemaSi gamoCndeba im momentSic, roca qar-

Tveli jari safrTxeSi Cavardeba da am dros Tornike jojiks

mimarTavs:

“da uTxra jojiks: - axla Sen ici,

Savi dReebis Sen xar gmirio,

Zma ZmisTvisao, am dRisTvisao, gagviadvile gasaWirio!”

amis Semdeg poemaSi aRwerilia, Tu rogori JiniT da

TavganwirviT Caebmeba jojiki, Tavis mxleblebTan erTad, sas-

tik omSi:

“SoriT moesma qarTvelT kiJina:

icnes jojikis xma da iamaT, imedma simxne gauorkecaT

da brZola iwyes ufro Tamamad”.

swored mas miawers akaki wereTeli brZolis bedis Se-

mobrunebas:

“erTi aTs da ocs eCxubeboda

da Tu jojiki ar moswrebodaT, mainc veravin gadarCeboda.”

amis Semdeg poemaSi aRwerilia,Tu rogor gangmira man

somexTa gmiri – afraniki, misive gzas gauyena bagrat Tarone-

li.

aq aRweril saocar gmirobas TiTqos logikurad agrZe-

lebs aToni – 85 -Si daculi anderZis zemoTmotanili sit-yvebi: “qriste, adide bevreulTa welTa jojik erisTavTa

erisTavi ufroÁs yovelTa naSobTa queyanisaTa, iyavn, amen”.

aTonis mTaze gadaweril ZlispirTa krebulSi misdami

gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliTa da madlierebiT aRsavse es sit-

yvebi imiT unda aixsnas, rom es xelnaweri Seqnilia uSualod

Tornike erisTavis garSemo myof qarT - velTa wreSi.

rogorc cnobilia, ivironi anu aTonis RvTismSoblis

(portaitisas) taZari daarsebul iqna 980-9830wlebSi Tor-

nike erisTavis iniciativiTa da warsagebliT. ajanyebul skli-

arosze mopovebul brwyinvale gamarjvebaSi ki, rogorc Cans,

didi wvlili miuZRoda jojik erisTavTa - erisTavs.

149

akaki wereTlis “Tornike erisTavis” umTavres istori-

ul wyaros war - moadgens giorgi mTawmidelis “ioanesa da

efTÂmes cxovreba”. aqedan iRebs is poemis siuJets, perso-naJTa saxeebs, istoriul realiebs, TviT toponimebsac ki. es

calke saubris Temaa. amjerad ki yuradReba gvinda gavamaxvi-

loT im garemoebaze, rom TviT “ioanesa da efTÂmes cxoreba-

Si” jojik erisTavi ar ixsenieba!

akaki wereTlisaTvis es personaJi cnobilia sxva is-

toriuli wyaroebidan. vfiqrobT, es konkretuli faqti naT-lad mowmobs, Tu rogori sizustiT, faqtobrivad, mecnieru-

li midgomiT, gamoirCeva akaki wereTlis damokidebuleba mis

SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli istoriuli realiebisadmi.

amrigad, aTonis mTaze daculi qarTuli xelnaweri #

85 naTels fens ucnobi qarTveli himnografis – kapraSis sa-

xes; amave dros, axleburad warmogvidgens jojik erisTavTa – erisTavis pirovnebas. isini Tornike erisTavis TanamoazreTa

da TanamoRvaweTa wres miekuTvnebian.


1. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, aTonuri koleqcia, I ,

Tb., 1986.

2. kiknaZe g, nevmirebuli Zlispirni, Tb., 1982. 3. Zlispirni da RmrTismSoblisani, gamosca da gamokvleva da-

urTo elene metrevelma, Tb., 1971.

4. metreveli el, himnografiuli termini “mniSnveli”, macne,

enisa da literaturis seria, 1983, # 2.

5. sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani. t. IV, Tb., 1965.

6. xaCiZe l, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis istoriidan, Tb., 2000.

7. xaCiZe l, ioane minCxis poezia, Tb., 1987.

8. xaCiZe l, qarTuli himnografiis aqamde ucnobi nimuSebi –

“kapraSiulni”, waxnagi, #1, Tb., 2009.

150

Lela Khachidze Professor of Ivane javakshivili

Tbilisi State University, Doctor of Philological Science

Towards the Activity of Georgians on Mount Athos

Summary

Georgian manuscript - Ath. 85 preserved on mount Athos is discussed in the article . The manuscript represents Hirmologion – collection of the Hirmoi. According to the colophons the manuscript was created at the end of the X or in the beginning of the XI century by the persons , who were in touch with Tornike Eristavi - the famous Georgian Commander - in-Chief , who has successfully fought for defence of Byzantine Royal Court and gained the Victory. According to these colophons JoJik Eristavi was one of the authorities at the same age. Ath. 85 shows a collection of hymns under the title ‘’Kaprashiulni”. We argue that this term represents the name of the author of these hymns - ‘’KAPRASH’’. The introduction of a new author into the repertoire of Hirmoi may be also explained by a high authority of this person.

151

ia grigalaSvili


saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

wmida ninos vinaobisaTvis

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dResac ismis kiTxva, ratom moxda ise, rom TiTqmis XI saukunemde qarTvelebma

TiTqos daiviwyes wmida mociqulTa Rvawli Cveni qveynis

qristianobaze moqcevis saqmeSi da IX-X saukuneebSi wina

planze wamoswies wminda ninos roli Cveni eris gaqristiane-

baSi. “mxolod qarTuli erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi da saxel-

mwifoebrivi cnobierebis ganviTarebis axal safexurze moxer-xda qarTvelTa gaqristianebis yvela etapis gamokveTa da Se-

sabamisad mociqulebrivi Rvawlis aRmsrulebelTa istoriuli

rolis gaazreba.”(1: 185) Cveni azriT, amis erTerTi mizezi

unda yofiliyo bagrationTa samefo saxlis gaZliereba, tao-

klarjeTSi erovnuli suliskveTebiT qveynis sulieri da ma-

terialuri aRmSenebloba. bagrationebma mTavar, centralur figurad gamoiyvanes wmindani, romelic mxolod qarTlis mo-

saqcevad gamoagzavna Tavad ufalma. vin iyo wminda nino?

“qarTlis cxovrebaSi” daculi cnobebis Tanaxmad, wmin-

da nino yofila ierusalimis patriarqis iubenalis disSvili,

romelic mSoblebs bavSvobidanve SeuwiravT RvTisaTvis da mi-

ubarebiaT somexi sara niaforisaTvis. wminda nino Tavidanve dainteresebula wminda weriliT, qristes swavlebiT, ris ga-

moc xSirad ekiTxeboda sara niafors. batoni konstantine

lerneri SeniSnavs, rom wminda nino saxeliT ar aris moxseni-

ebuli “wminda ninos cxovrebis” uZveles fenaSi, romelic sa-

varaudod IV saukuneSi unda iyos Seqmnili. rufinusi ro-

gorc gadmogvcems, bakuris monaTxrobs emyareba, Tumca, arc is axsenebs qarTvelTa qristianobaze momaqceveli qalis sa-

xels, aramed moixseniebs “tyved.” batoni konstantines SeniS-

vniT, nino unda iyos Secvlili forma “nonasi”. Tanamedrove

germanul enaSi mecnieris TqmiT, nona niSnavs “morCils”. ru-

finusis gadmocemiT, tyve qali kurnavda avadmyofebs anafora-

ze gadawveniT. misi varaudiT es tyve qali iyo monazvnobis

152

yvelaze dabal safexurze mdgomi, “morCili.” dvineli somexi

sara warmoSobiT unda yofiliyo miaforidan, romelic Sira-

kacis “somxeTis geografiis” erTerTi gamocemis mixedviT gu-garqSia, anu qarTlSi. mecnieris TqmiT, wminda nino pirvelad

modis mcxeTaSi, ebraelTa ubanSi im adgilas, sadac adre si-

nagoga yofila, mere genizad, anu wminda nawerebis Sesanax ad-

gilad qceula, teqstis mixedviT es yofila “samarxoÁ maTi”

[ebraelebis-SeniSvna Cvenia-i.g.], anu wminda wignebis sacavi (4:

126-127). wminda nino iq naTlavda axalmoqceulebs protodia-kon prosilas daxmarebiT. batoni konstantines TqmiT, wmida

nino gankurnebis locvebs warmoTqvamda ebrauli RvTismsaxu-

rebis Sesatyvisad, maSasadame, man qarTlSi mSobliuri israe-

lidan moitana ebrauli locvis sakraluri formula, rome-

lic amgvari saxiT arsebobda IV saukuneSi naTliscemis ieru-

salimur variantSi. rogorc batoni biZina ColoyaSvili aRniSnavs, “jer

kidev XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi platon ioselianma

mravlismetyvelad miiCnia is garemoeba, rom berZnul-laTi-

nur werilobiT wyaroebSi wminda nino tyve-qalis epiteTiTaa

moxseniebuli. amasTan erTad, mecnierma yuradReba miaqcia im

garemoebas, rom eklesia-monastrebSi moRvawe dedaTa Soris sakuTari saxeli “nino” aravis rqmevia, da gamoTqva mosazreba

amgvari saxelwodeba sakuTari saxeli ar unda iyoso (П. Иоселиани, Мцхетский храмъ въ грузии, журналь министерства народного просвещения, часть 36, отд. II, С. ПетербургЪ, 1842). batoni biZinas SeniSvniT, kninobiT-aler-

sobiTi formiT sityva “dediko” asurul enaze ase gamoiTqmis “ninoo”. dedis epiTetiT moixseniebs misi erT-erTi mowafeTa-

gani abiaTari: “...rameTu mravalgzis brZana dedaman Cuenman

wmidaman nino, raÁTamca moviZieT samoseli igi...[moqc. mirian

mefisa, 1955, gv.101].” aseve RvTismoSiSma mefem roca qriste

aRiara, misma udidebulesobam RvTismoSiS qalwuls deda

uwoda: “...sada ars dedakaci igi ucxoÁ, romel ars deda Cemi da RmerTi misi_mÃsneli Cemi...[moqc. mirian mefisa 1955,

gv.110].” batoni biZinas TqmiT, zedwodeba “deda” da misi asu-

ruli kninobiT-alersobiTi forma “ninoo” anu “dediko” neta-

ri arsebis epiteTia da is mSoblebis mier Serqmeuli saxeli

ar aris. ninos mamis samSobloSi kabadokiaSi imdenad mravali

asureli cxovrobda, rom berZnebi kabadokias meorenairad le-

153

ucosyri-s, anu TeTr asureTsac uwodebdnen. wminda qalwuls,

romelmac icoda ebrauli [moqc. mirian mefisa 1955, gv.88],

laTinuri [moqc. mirian mefisa 1955, gv. 86], berZnuli [moqc. mirian mefisa 1955, gv.86], berZnuli [moqc.mirian mefisa 1955,

gv.93], somxuri [moqc. mirian mefisa, 1955, gv.85] mSobliur

enaze mimarTavdnen, rogorc axali rwmenis wyalobiT saukuno

sicocxlis momniWebel dedas. wminda nino, batoni biZinas

TqmiT, warmoSobiT asureli yofila.

batoni biZinas SeniSvniT, ierusalimis patriarqi RvTis-moSiS qalwuls sakurTxevlis Sua karebSi daayenebs da xe-

lebs daasxams mxrebze. misi TqmiT, sasuliero xarisxSi kur-

Txevisas xeldasma martooden sakurTxevelSi aResruleba. sa-

kurTxevelSi diacis Seyvana mxolod qalis diakonad kurTxe-

visas SeiZleboda, radgan diakonis xarisxSi aRzevebuli deda-

kaci TavisTavad sasuliero piri xdeboda da amitom misi kur-Txeva aucileblad sakurTxevelSi unda aRsrulebuliyo (3:

17). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom dedaTdiakvanad kurTxeva xdebo-

da mxolod xeldasmiT. Ggarda amisa, saeklesio samarTlis

Tanaxmad, dedaTdiakvnis wodeba eniWebodaT 40 wlis asakSi.

teqstis mixedviT, arsad gvxvdeba aRniSnuli wodeba ninos mi-

samarTiT. is faqti, rom wminda nino qristianobaze axalmoq-ceulebs naTlavda prosila protodiakonis daxmarebiT, mow-

mobs, rom igi ar iyo dedaTdiakvani, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi

TviTonac SeZlebda damoukideblad naTlobis Catarebas.

asmaT jiqias TqmiT, “sruliad axalgazrda ninos dau-

sazRvravi ltolva uflisadmi misi sitkboebis Sesamecneblad

uficxlesi monazvnuri RvawliT gamoixata. qarTlSi_brinjaos xis ZirSi, Tu mayvlovanSi_misi cxovrebis wesi aSkarad hgavs

wminda antoni didisa da wminda ilarionis moRvaweobis masax-

vel epizodebs, anu monazvnuri cxovrebis dasawyisis egvipte

hgavs wminda ninoseul qarTls.”(a. jiqia, wminda nino-andria

qadagebis warmarTeba, didaWaroba, samecn. konf. 2008 wlis 2-

4 maisi, gv.52). imJamindeli saeklesio samarTlis Tanaxmad, jer kidev

ar arsebobda monazvnis wodeba. Amitomac aris, rom “wminda

ninos cxovrebis” arcerT teqstSi ar aris moxseniebuli

wminda nino monazvnad. mogvianebiTac, 25 wlis asakamde ar

xdeboda monazvnis xarisxSi ayvana. karTagenis 126-e kanonis

Tanaxmad, “Tu saWiroebis gamo, roca saqme qalwulis ubiwoe-

154

bas exeba _ rodesac arsebobs eWvi an masze Zlierad Seyvare-bulis, an vinme momtacebelis Sesaxeb, anda roca TviT qalwu-li grZnobs Tavs Semusvrilad raRac sasikvdilo saSiSroebi-sagan _ da aseT dros misi mSoblebis, an masze mzrunvelis TxovniT episkoposi Semosavs mas, an ukve Semosa RmerTisadmi SewirulTa SesamoseliT ocdaxuTi wlis asakamde, raTa ar gardacvliliyo monozvonobis xatis miuReblad, aseT Sem-TxvevaSi, dae, nu ganuwesebs mas sasjels krebis dadgenileba, romlis mierac ganisazRvreba SemosvisasTvis dadgenili es asaki.” (xazi Cvenia_i.g.)

.* (*karTagenis 418 wlis me-18 kanoni.)

(IV msof. 16; trul. 4, 40; karT. 6, 16, 44; basili di-dis 18)

krebis dadgenileba, romelsac winamdebare kanoni moix-

seniebs, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom 25 wlamde asakis qalwuli ar SeiZleba samonozvno xarisxSi iqnes ayvanili, sxva ara

aris, Tu ara iponis 393 wlis krebis dadgenileba, winamdeba-

re kanoni ki uSvebs moxseniebuli ganwesebidan gadaxvevas im

SemTxvevaSi, roca romelime qalwulis ubiwoebas safrTxe

emuqreba, anda, rodesac sikvdilis piras aris da TviTon, an

misi mSoblebi, an meurveebi ivedrebian, rom wyalobis Rirsyon igi da ar dauSvan misi sikvdili samonozvno wesis gareSe.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, kanoni nebas rTavs episkoposs, romelsac

ufleba aqvs monozvnad aRkvecos qalwulebi, da romlis ne-

barTvis gareSec saerTod veravin gaxdeba monozoni,* (*ix.

balsamonis ganmarteba, III, 592.) Seiwynaros qalwuli da Se-

mosos igi samonozvno SesamoseliT manamde, vidre 25 weli Seusruldebodes; episkoposis aseTi qmedeba, msgavs SemTxveva-

Si, gankiTxvas ar eqvemdebareba. TumcaRa, aq, aucilebelia

mxedvelobaSi viqonioT trulis krebis me-40 da basili di-

dis me-18 kanonebi da, amasTan, saxelmZRvanelod gamoyenebul

unda iqnes ufro gviandeli ganweseba, anu _ trulis krebis

dasaxelebuli kanonisa. im eqvsi kanonis garda (1, 29-33), romlebic namdvilad

am krebam (419 wlisam) miiRo, winamdebare (126-e) kanoni aris

bolo _ afrikuli eklesiis winandeli krebebis kanonebs So-

ris, romlebic ganixila da miiRo karTagenis am (419 wlis)

krebam mTeli afrikuli eklesiisaTvis. yvela es kanoni wai-

kiTxes da miiRes krebis pirvel sxdomaze, 419 wlis 25

155

marts. imis gamo, rom yvela (wminda) mamisTvis (ricxovnobiT

_ 217), romlebic aqamde krebaze iyvnen, Zneli iyo karTagenSi

yofnis gagrZeleba kidev zogierTi sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, amitom dadginda, rom muSaobis saboloo damTavrebamde darCe-

niliyo 15 episkoposi, danarCenebs ki neba miecaT Tav-TavianT

eparqiebs dabrunebodnen. swored am gadawyvetilebas Seicavs

Semdegi, 127-e kanoni.

ankviriis (314w.) krebis me-19 kanoni ki ganaCinebs, “vinc

qalwulobis aRTqma dado da mere daarRvia, meored qorwine-bulTa epitimia unda Seasrulos. qalwulebs ki, romlebmac

gadawyvites sxva mamakacebTan, rogorc ZmebTan, erT WerqveS

icxovron, Cven amas vukrZalavT.”

(mociqulTa _ 5, 26; I msoflios _ 3; IV msoflios _ 16; trulis _ 5, 12, 13, 40, 44, 46, 47; VII msoflios _ 18, 22; karTagenis _ 3, 4, 25, 38, 44, 70; orgzisis _ 3, 4; basi-li didis _ 6, 18, 19, 20, 60, 88).

es kanoni erTnairad exebaT qalwulobis aRTqmis Seu-

racxmyofel rogorc mamakacebs, ise dedakacebs. dedakacebi,

romlebic aseT aRTqmas aZlevdnen wminda qalwulebad iwode-bodnen da TavianTi aRTqmis Sesaxeb sajarod acxadebdnen ek-

lesiaSi episkoposis winaSe (IV msoflio kreb. me-16 kan; kar-Tagenis kreb. 44-e kan.); zogierTi maTgani dedaTdiakvnad

dgindeboda (IV msoflio kreb. me-15 kan.). mamakacebi, aseve,

sazeimod debdnen aRTqmas episkoposis winaSe da qalwulebad iwodebodnen. isini umTavresad klerikosebi xdebodnen da ek-

lesiaSi ierarqiulad maRal adgilebs ikavebdnen (trulis

kreb. me-12 kan.). danaSauli, romlis Sesaxebac kanoni saub-robs, anu qalwulobis aRTqmis darRveva, ar unda gavigoT,

rogorc siZvis codva, aramed_kanonieri qorwineba, rac, ra

Tqma unda, Sewiruli qalwulebisaTvis codva iyo, ris gamoc

kanoni maT ganuwesebs meored daqorwinebulTaTvis dawesebul

sasjels. es sasjeli iTvaliswinebda erTi wliT wminda zia-

rebidan ganyenebas (basili didis me-4 kan.); radgan siZvis codvis SemTxvevaSi, daeqvemdebarebodnen meZaveobisaTvis dawe-

sebul sasjels, rac, ukve, oTxi wliT iTvaliswinebda wminda

ziarebis moklebas (basili didis 22-e kan.). kanonSi moxsenie-

bul pirebSi ar unda vigulisxmoT monozoni mamebi da mono-

zoni dedebi, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom am krebis dros mo-

nozvnoba jer kidev ar iyo dafuZnebuli da amitom ar gaaCnda

156

Tavisi garkveulad gansazRvruli da damtkicebuli wesebi; me-

orec, imitom, rom kanonebi, romlebic IV saukunis meore na-

xevarSi iqna monozvnebisaTvis miRebuli da igive sakiTxebs exeba, gacilebiT ufro mkacr sasjels ganaweseben (basili di-

dis me-60 kan.; Sdr. IV msoflio kreb. me-16 da trulis kreb.

44-e kanonebTan)(xazi Cvenia_i.g.)

rogorc am kanonis meore nawilidan Cans, iseT SemTxve-

vebsac hqonda adgili, rodesac zogierTi qalwuli qalwulo-

bis aRTqmas debda da, imavdroulad, ucxo mamakacTan dasaviT cxovrobda, raTa, maTive sityvebiT, erTad gawvrTniliyvnen

sikeTesa da keTilmsaxurebaSi. bunebrivia, rom axalgazrda

qalwulebis aseTi erToblivi cxovreba ucxo mamakacebTan

erT WerqveS, sacduris mizezia da kanonic amitom krZalavs.

Cveni azriT, wminda ninos SeiZleboda hqonoda Sewiru-

li qalwulis wodeba, radgan asakis gamo is ver miiRebda de-daTdiakvnis wodebas, xolo monazvnis wodeba mxolod IV sa-

ukunis meore naxevridan mkvidrdeba saeklesio praqtikaSi.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi

1. grigolaSvili laura, “yovelTa guaswave galobaÁ”, “wmin-

da nino”, samecniero krebuli I, Tbilisi 2008

2. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonebi episkopos nikodimis

(milaSi) ganmartebebiT, tomi I, Tbilisi 2007 3. biZina ColoyaSvili, qarTulenovani eklesia_axali ieru-

salimi, Tbilisi 2008

4. Константин Лернер, Евреи Грузии От Элинизма до позднего феодализма Иерусалим 2008

157

Ia Grigalashvili Professor of Ivane javakshivili


The Question of St Nino’s Title

Summary

According to the History of the Church by Rufinus St Nino isn’t mentioned. Author told about the enlightener of the country, but he hadn’t noticed about her name. Platon Ioseliani considered that might be Nino wasn’t the name of the Saint, but it was her title. Bidzina Cholokashvili agreed with this opinion and added that it was the title of ecclesiastic person who was deacon of mothers. Konstantine Lerner thinks that she was a submissive. Ecclesiastical Law of the IV century calls the maidens who are donated to the church “the donatives”. We consider that St Nino was a “donative maiden” because she was donated by her parents.

158

naira bepievi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

nino popiaSvili


saxelmwifo universitetis profesori,

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da qristianobis

gavrceleba osebSi

qarTul-osuri urTierTobebi saukuneebs iTvlis. am ori

xalxis urTierTobis istoria iseTive Zvelia, rogoric TviT qarTvelebisa da osebis istoria. Tanacxovrebis ganmavlobaSi

ki iyo bevri saintereso da mniSvnelovani faqti.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom qarTvel mefeebs axlo ur-

TierToba hqoniaT osebTan, xSirad isini strategiuli par-

tniorebi, TanamebrZolebi da dinastiuri kavSirebis gamgrZe-

leblebic yofilan. qristianobis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi pirvelive sau-

kuneebidan dasturdeba. qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo

religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg ki qveyana qristianuli reli-

giis aRmsareblad bolomde rCeba.

qristianobis gavrcelebis procesi rTulad mimdinare-

obda saqarTvelos maRalmTianeTSi, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianul religias qarTvelebisaTvis religiuris gar-

da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobac hqonda. swored amitomac,

cnobilia, rom qarTveli mefeebi Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen

imisaTvis, rom qristianul ganmtkicebuliyo da srulyofi-

lad dafuZnebuliyo.

mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom garda saqarTvelos maRalmTianeTisa, qarTvelebi mezobeli xalxebis gaqristiane-

baSic iRebdnen aqtiur monawileobas. qarTuli saxelmwifoeb-

rivi azrovnebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda samezoblo

politikasac. erTmorwmune mezobeli qveynebi saqarTvelos

gaZlierebis sawindari iyo. amitomac qarTli CrdiloeT kavka-

159

siis xalxebis gaqristianebaSic monawileobda. am mxriv uTu-

od mniSvnelovania osTa gaqristianebis sakiTxi.

osebs sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT ixsenieben istoriul wyaroebSi: bizantiur, arabul, sparsul, somxur da dasavle-

Tevropul wyaroebSi maT zogan alanebad ixsenieben, zogan _

asebad. rusul wyaroebSi _ iasi (ÿñû). qarTul wyaroebSi

ovsi an osi. qveyanas, sadac osebi cxovrobdnen, qarTvelebma

Searqves ovseTi-oseTi. aqedan gavrcelda Tanamedrove rusuli

saxelwodebebi îñåòèíû, Оñåòèÿ. TviTon osebi TavianT Tavs uwodeben iron («èðîí»), xolo TavianT qveyanas _ irisTons

(«Èðûñòîí»). mecnierTa erTi nawili osebs skviT-sarmat-alanTa pir-

dapir STamomavlebad miiCnevs. maT enaSi, tradiciasa da adaT-

wesebSi SenarCunebulia bevri elementi, romelic skviT-sar-

mat-alanur da kavkasiur safuZvelzea warmoqmnili. skviTebi ramdenime RmerTs icnobdnen: mzisa da cis gan-

mgebels _ papais; TabiTis kerisa da bednierebis RmerTs _ Ta-

biTis; omebis RmerTs _ aress.

alanebi jer kidev meoTxe saukuneSi eziarnen qristia-

nobas. qristianizacia oseTSi xangrZliv process moicavda.

prokofi kesarieli, bizantieli istorikosi aRniSnavda, rom alanebi arian qristianebi. aq, rasakvirvelia, alanTa erTi na-

wili igulisxmeboda, romlebsac mWidro kavSiri hqondaT bi-

zantiasTan. alan-osebis meore nawilma, “qarTlis cxovrebis”

mixedviT, qristianoba saqarTvelodan miiRo da VII saukuneSi

mTeli oseTi mcxeTis kaTalikosis samwysoSi Sedioda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom osebSi yvelaze Zlier salocavad iTvleba winareqristianuli (VII _ VI s) RvTaeba vasTirji.

vasTirji wminda giorgis kultTan sinkretizebuli mamakacTa

mfarveli RvTaebaa.

ase, rom qristianoba oseTSi bizantiisa da saqarTvelos

zegavleniT gavrcelda.

IX saukunis moRvawe, slavuri damwerlobis Semqmneli konstantine (igive kirili, cnobili berZeni swavluli) ixse-

niebs alanebs maT Soris, romlebsac “aqvT damwerloba da

adideben RmerTs TavianT mSobliur enaze.” RvTismsaxureba

alanur enaze sruldeboda da iTargmneboda qristianuli sa-

suliero literatura.

160

unda aRiniSnos, rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi digoreli

osebis erTma nawilma (yabardos gavleniT) islami miiRo.

dRes osebi ZiriTadad qristianebi arian. mcire nawili suni-ti muslimia. osebSi dRemde SemorCenilia Zveli xalxuri

rwmena-warmodgenebi.

saRvTo panTeonSi mTavari adgili ukavia RvTaebaTa RvTa-

ebas (Õóûö¸óòû Õóûöàó), yvelaze Zlieri salocavi osebSi

winareqristianuli (VII_VI s. Cv. w. aR_mde.) RvTaeba vasTir-

jia (Óàñòûðäæè). vasTirji wminda giorgis kultTan sinkre-tizebuli mamakacTa, mgzavrTa da meomarTa mfarveli RvTaebaa.

did pativs scemdnen osebi mosavlis RvTaebas vacilas

(Óàöèëëà), monadireebisa da gareuli cxovelebis mfarvels

afsaTis (¨ôñàòè), mglebis mfarvels __ TuTirs (Òóòûð), wvrilfexa saqonlis RvTaebas, falvaras _ (Ô¸ëâ¸ðà), ke-riis damcvel RvTaebas safas (Ñàôà), samWedlo saqmeTa gan-mgebels, zeciur qurdalagons (Êóðäàë¸ãîí), wyalqveSeTa sa-

mefos ganmgebels, donbedTirs (Äîíáåòòûð), qaris RvTaebas ga-lagons da sxv. arsebobdnen soflisa da gvaris mfarveli RvTa-

ebebic.

iseve rogorc kavkasiis sxva xalxebSi, osebSic warmar-

Toba qristianobam Secvala. zogierTi wyaros cnobiT, pirve-lad qristianoba andria mociquls uqadagebia, romelic oseT-

Si afxazeTidan gadavida. “osi xalxis nawili qristianobas

mociqulTa epoqaSi eziara I-II saukuneebSi”.

vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, “ovsni sarwmunoebiT arian

Zuelad qristianeni da samwysoni niqozisani da ufrois du-

alni... imarxven didmarxuasa, xatTa, eklesiaTa da saRmrTo samRudeloTa pativsa uyofen da Tayvans scemen”.

unda aRiniSnos, rom osTa gaqristianebam didi roli

iTamaSa am eris kulturul cxovrebaSi. X saukuneSi qristia-

noba oseTSi oficialur religiad iqca. magram es kidev ar

niSnavda, rom misi gavrcelebis sfero sayovelTao iyo.

osTa gaqristianebis pirvel safexurze bizantiam isini Tavis religiur gavlenaSi moaqcia. konstantinepolidan gag-

zavnili episkopos-mitropolitebi bizantiis saxelmwifos in-

teresebs emsaxurebodnen.

mogvianebiT xdeba ruseTis carizmis mier osTa ideolo-

giuri dapyroba qristiani misionerebis saSulebiT. rusuli

161

eklesiis msaxurebi Cavidnen oseTSi da RvTis saxeliT, ro-

gorc istorikosi ambobs, “daiwyes oseTis dapyroba”.

qristianizaciis procesi oseTSi 100 welze metxans mimdinareobda. oficialuri sasuliero komisia damtkicda pe-

terburgSi 1743 wels, sadac Sediodnen qarTuli warmomav-

lobis pirebic. 1745 wels es komisia ukve oseTSia da is

funqcionirebs yizlarSi, mogvianebiT ki, gadadis TbilisSi.

akad. n. jusoiTis TqmiT, gansakuTrebuli kvali am komisiisa

oseTis kulturis ganviTarebaSi ar Cans. komisiis ZiriTadi mizani mosaxleobis sruli qristianizacia, ver ganxorcielda.

progresuli nabiji am komisiisa ki is iyo, rom osebma

miiRes sasuliero ganaTleba da gaixsna sasuliero skolebi.

osTa gaqristianebaSi didi roli iTamaSa saqarTvelom.

qristianobis gavrcelebam dRis wesrigSi daayena qarTu-

li sasuliero wignebis osur enaze Targmnis sakiTxi.. Targma-nebi Seasrula iRumen grigorma qarTuli anbanis safuZvelze

1747 _ 1753 ww. es iyo pirveli xelnaweri wignebi osur enaze.

saxareba da fsalmuni osur enaze Targmna g. mWedlovma.

osuri kulturis istoriaSi didi wvlili Seitana Tbilisis

sasuliero seminariis maswavlebelma daniel WonqaZem (1830-

1860ww). man Seadgina qarTul-osuri da osur-qarTuli leq-sikoni, romelic Semdeg gamosca Sifnerma.

z. WiWinaZis cnobiT, jer kidev daviT aRmaSenebelma daa-

arsa osTa SvilebisaTvis saswavlebeli, sadac swavla xucuri

da qarTuli mxedruli asoebiT mimdinareobda.

pirveli sasuliero skola gaixsna 1766 wels mozdok-

Si, Tumca am skolis gaxsnis gadawyvetileba 1753 wels iyo gamotanili, romelic qurTaTis xeobaSi unda yofiliyo gax-

snili (am saqmes saTaveSi edga paxomi).

oseTis sasuliero komisia istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc

pirveli osuri wignis gamomcemeli. 1798 wels moskovis sino-

dalur stambaSi daibeWda “dawyebiTi ganaTleba RvTismetyve-

lebis SemswavlelTaTvis”. wignSi gamoyenebuli iyo alfabiti, romelic Seqmna mozdokis episkoposma gai Tayaevma os gencau-

rovebTan (kesaevebTan) erTad.

1836 wels vladikavkazSi ixsneba osuri oTxklasiani

sasuliero saswavlebeli, xolo 1848 wels aqve ixsneba sam-

xedro saswavlebeli, romelic Semdeg gimnaziad gadakeTda.

162

qristianobis gavrceleba ufro aqtiurad meore period-

Si gaxda SesaZlebeli. am mizniT Seiqmna 1860 wels TbilisSi

sasuliero komisia, romlis mizanic iyo marTlmadidebluri qristianobis aRorZineba kavkasiaSi.

aRniSnuli komisiis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos is,

rom 1885 wels vladikavkazis episkoposi, arqimandriti iose-

bis TaosnobiT sasuliero skolebSi os bavSvebs mSobliur

enaze aswavlidnen. manve Seadgina anbani osuri skolebisTvis,

rusul-osuri leqsikoni da osuri enis gramatikis mokle kursi.

qarTvelebi da osebi megobruli da keTilmezobluri

urTierTobebiT gamoirCeodnen, jer kidev 1746 ber-monazoni

efremi werda, rom oseTSi bevri adamiania, romelsac SeuZlia

wera-kiTxva qarTuli anbaniT da SeiZleba gaigzavnon isini

qristianuli misiiT samSobloSi. qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad iTargmneboda sasu-

liero literatura, farTod viTardeboda kulturul-sagan-

manaTleblo saqmianoba, rac osebis, rogorc erT-erTi uZve-

lesi kavkasieli xalxis adaptirebas uwyobda xels qristia-

nul samyarosTan.


1. narTebi, cxinvali, 1988.

2. osuri folklori, Tb. 2002

3. osuri zepirsityviereba. Tb., 2005 4. kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tb., 2006.

5. Ç.Ä. Ãàãëîåâ, Îñåòèíñêèå ôàìèëèè, Öõèíâàë, 2002. 6. Òàõúàçòû Õ., Èðîí ¨âçàã, Äç¸óäæûõú¸ó, 1991. 7. ×ûíäç¸õñ¸âû ¸ì¸ çèàíû ¸ãúä¸óòò¸, Äç¸óäæûõúàó,1995. 8. Èñòîðèÿ Îñåòèè, Âëàäèêàâêàç, 2000. 9. Èñòîðèÿ þæíûõ îñåòèí, Öõèíâàë, 1990. 10. Èñòîðèÿ Ñåâåðíîé Îñåòèè XX âåê, Ìîñêâà, 2003. 11. Íàôè Äæóñîéòû, Èñòîðèÿ Îñåòèíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Òá., 1980.

12. Á.Â. Òåõîâ, Î÷åðêè äðåâíåé èñòîðèè è àðõåîëîãèè Þãî-Îñåòèè, ÒÁ., 1971.

163

Naira Bepievi Professor of Ivane javakshivili


Nino Popiashvili

Professor of Ivane javakshivili Tbilisi State University,

Doctor of Philological Science

The state thinking and distribution Christianity at the Ossetin

Summary

In different historical sources the Ossen name on different names. For example, in the Byzantium, Arabian, Persian, Armenian and their West European sources sometimes his alans, in some experts. In Russian sources jassen. In the Georgian sources ovsen. The country where there lived Ossen, Georgians named Ovseti-Oseti. From here the modern Russian name Ossens, Ossetia. Ossetins of name iron, and the country Iryston. Alans, in the fourth century have accepted Christianity. Christianity in Ossetien had long process. Prokofi Kesarijsky, was the Byzantium historian noticed that Alan - Christians. Here, of course, it was meant a part Alans which had a close contact to Byzantium. A part the Alan-Ossen, on «Kartlis zkhovreba», have accepted Christianity from Georgia and in VII century all Ossetia went to Katalikosu to Mtshetsky church. So, the Christianity in Ossetia has extended through Byzantium and Georgia. Should will note, Christian the Ossen, has played the big role in a cultural life of these people. Х a century Christian in Ossetian has turned to official religion. But it did not mean that its distribution was general. At the first steps Christian, Byzantium them took under the sphere of influence. Bishops - metropolitans protected interests of Byzantium. There was an enslavement of Osset ideology by Russian tsarismus, by means of Christian missionaries later. Employees of Russian church have gone to Ossetia from the divine name as the historian speaks, «have begun enslavement of Ossetia». Process Christian went to Ossetien more than 100 years.

164

eka vardoSvili


saxelmwifo universitetis profesori filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

Tamar mefis paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis

`qarTuli qristianobis~ erT-erTi ZiriTadi atributia nacionaluri wmindanebis kultis Seqmna da maTi cxovrebis

Camoyalibeba. aseT nacionalur wmindanebad pirvel rigSi Seg-

viZlia miviCnioT wminda nino da Tamar mefe, romelTa saxis-

metyveleba mravalmxriv aisaxa qarTul mwerlobaSi.

XIX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi Tamar mefis saxismet-

yveleba ZiriTadad orgvarad vlindeba. pirveli: Tamars moix-senieben rogorc saxelmwifo moRvawes daviT aRmaSeneblisa da

SoTa rusTavelis gverdiT, xSirad xazgasmulia, rom swored

Tamaria SoTas STagonebis wyaro. am mxriv sayuradReboa vax-

tang orbelianis leqsebi: ìmedi~, àris adgili~, òboli~.

Tamar mefis tradiciuli qristianuli paradigmuli sa-

xismetyveleba Tavis iCens aseve ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi. Tamaris saxe Cans leqsSi `bazaleTis tba~, rogorc pirvel

da meore, aseve saboloo variantSi. poema àCrdilis~ pirvel

variantSi, sadac Tamaris tradiciuli saxismetyveleba daviT-

Tan da rusTavelTanaa dakavSirebuli. poemis `mefe dimitri

Tavdadebulis~ pirvandel eskizebSi.

aqve unda gavixsenoT vaJa-fSavelas leqsi `didi Tama-ri~. vaJas RvTiuri naTeliT Seumosavs Tamaris saxeli, qar-

TvelTa dedad moixseniebs mas. Tamaris xateba gulSi lamprad

unTia TiToeul fSavels, rac umTavresia, isini mowyalebas

elian Tamarisagan, viTarca RvTismSoblisagan. vaJa-fSavela

Tamars, viTarca eris sulier mfarvels ise mimarTavs da amav-

droulad xazs usvams mis garegnul silamazes. meore niSani, riTac xasiaTdeba Tamar mefis saxismetyve-

leba XIX saukunis poeziaSi aris is, rom mas mimarTaven vi-

Tarca RvTismSobels, Tamari Semkulia saRvTo simboloebiT.

am ideis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa grigol orbelianis leqsi

`Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~. sanam uSualod nawar-

moebis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, Cven ar unda daviviwyoT, rom

165

romantikosebi uSualod ukavSirdebian wuTisoflis qristia-

nul gagebas. `qristianuli principiT `sofeli~ imitomaa wu-

Tieri, anu wuTisofeli, rom igi maradiulobis winaSe gaiaz-reba. bevri ram meordeba amqveynad, magram yvelaferi mainc ma-

radiulobisaken miiswrafvis, an sikvdiliT, anda sicocxliT~

(1.25).

aleqsandre WavWavaZis `gogCaSi~ Cans, rom qveynad yve-

laferi warmavalia, maradiulia mxolod buneba. Tuki ram

uaxlovdeba maradiulobas es xelovnebaa. sazogadod, romantizmi ara marto agrZelebs Zveli qar-

Tuli literaturis tradiciebs, aramed romantikosTa Semoq-

medebaSi moxda Serwyma mxatvruli sityvis sidiadisa da eiko-

nuri saxeebisa. yovelive amis brwyinvale nimuSia grigol or-

belianis leqsi `Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~.

beTaniis eklesiaSi muxlmodrekili poeti Sescqeris Ta-maris freskas. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom varZiisa da yinwvisis

freskebze Tamar mefe gamoxatulia wmindanis saxiTa da Sara-

vandediT, ise, rom igulisxmeba mis winaSe mlocvelis vedre-

ba, rogorc RvTismSoblis winaSe xdeboda. Tamar mefe war-

modgenilia RvTismSoblis niSnebiT, varZiis moxatuloba Tavi-

si koloritiT gansakuTrebiT beTaniis moxatulobas uaxlov-deba. leqss aqvs deisisis anu vedrebis Sinaarsi, leqsSi li-

rikuli subieqti Tavad poetia:

`Sens wminda saxes,

SvenebiT savses,

saxierebiT gansxivebulsa,

vumzer krZalviTa, TayvancemiTa,

creml-moreuli vemTxvevi ferxTa~ (2.346).

avtori saRvTo epiTetebiT amkobs Tamars, `wminda~ da

`saxieri~ RvTaebis niSnebia, daviT mefis fsalmunebSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `iqebodeT saxeliTa misiTa wmidiTa~ (fsalmunni,

104,3). mivmarToT saxarebas, `aha, mo-vinme-uxda mas da hrqua: moZRuaro saxiero, rai keTil vqmne, raiTa maqundes cxoreba

saukuno? xolo iesu hrqua mas: rasa getyv me saxieriT? ara

vin ars saxieri, garna mxolo RmerTi...~ (maTe, 19, 16-17).

es leqsi erTgvari vedrebaa poetisa, romelic warsul-

Si eZebs momavlis imeds.

166

TiTqmis igive saRvTo simboloebiT ixseniebs grigol

orbeliani Tamars poemaSi `sadRegrZelo~:

`viTarca RmerTa mSvenierebis, qvel-moqmedebis, saxierebis

viT mtredi madlis, mSvidi da wynari

egreT mSvenebiT movals Tamari~ (2.357).

daviT mefis sagaloblebSi vkiTxulobT: `sioniT gamo

ars Suenierebai haerovnebisa misisai~ (fsalmunni 49,3). aqve

TavisTavad gvaxsendeba ioane SavTelis `abdulmesiani~, sadac avtori Tamars asxams xotbas:

`mxne, lmobieri, qveli, Zlieri,

haerovani, mtkiced mflobeli

Saravand-gmiri, orgulT gamgmiri,

mterTa qvesknelad damamxobeli~ (3.332).

Tuki gavixsenebT akaki wereTlis leqss `Cemi locva~, vnaxavT, rom leqsSi poeti calke gamoyofs sami wmindanis Zi-

riTad Tvisebebs. Tamaris _ mzeobas, qeTevanis _ moTminebas da

ninos _ sarwmunoebas. aqve unda gavixsenoT akaki wereTlis

leqss `Tamar mefe~, sadac avtori aRniSnavs : `qristianobis

dros, dedakaci kidev ufro amaRlda mamakacebis TvalSi sa-

qarTveloSi. uamisodac ar SeiZleboda, radganac am patara saqristiano samefoSi, rogorc RvTismSoblis saufliswulo-

Si pirveloba yoliferSi qalebs ergoT; erT ubralo mogza-

ur, uZlur, kabadokiel qarTvel qals, wminda ninos winaSe,

romelsac, garda misive TmebiT jvarad Sekonil vazis meti

ara eWira ra xelSi, emxobian Tavidan fexebamdi aRWurvili

mefe da didebulebi. qeTevan dedofali saocar magaliTs uCve-nebs saqristianos rjulisa da erovnebisaTvis wminda mowame-

obisas. Tamar dedofali, romlis mefobis dros sikvdiliT

aravin dasjila, umtkicebs mis Semdeg gvirgvinosnebs, rom

qveynis gaerTguleba da amaRleba SeiZleba mxolod sitkboe-

biT, lmobierebiTa da siyvaruliT, ai es sami qali, es `mTieb-

Ta samaia~, naTlis svetad win uZRoda Cvens dedebs~ (4.461). `dideba erTis mzeobas~, _ ambobs Tamaris Sesaxeb akaki were-

Teli leqsSi `Cemi locva~. igi mihyveba Zvel qarTul lite-

raturul tradicias. CaxruxaZis `Tamariansa~ da ioane SavTe-

lis `abdulmesianSi~ personaJebi warmodgenilni arian RvTiu-

ri naTelmosilebiT. am mxriv gamoiyofa analogiebi ori saxi-

167

sa, `mze-qriste~ da `naTeli-qriste~. amis analogiebia `mze-

Tamari~ da `naTeli-Tamari~. `TamarianSi~ vkiTxulobT:

`gxmob, Tamar, mzesa, umzesad zesa, miT romel ucxo xar saxilveli~ (3.365).

ioane SavTeli ki `abdulmesianSi~ Tamaris Sesaxeb aR-

niSnavs:

`RmerTman samoTxiT mogvca sam-oTxiT

eTer brwyinvale, mzeebr sadari~ (3.322).

am SemTxvevaSi religiuri Sinaarsi gadatanilia lite-raturul personaJebze.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tamar mefis paradigmuli saxis-

metyveleba damaxasiaTebelia rogorc Zveli, aseve axali da

uaxlesi qarTuli literaturisaTvis.


1. r.siraZe, literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi, Tb.

1987.

2. qarTuli mwerloba, Txzulebani oc tomad, t. IX Tb.

1992.

3. qarTuli mwerloba, Txzulebani oc tomad, t. III, Tb.

1988. 4. akaki wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli Svid

tomad. t.VI, Tb, 1957.

168

Eka Vardoshvili Professor of Ivane Javaxishvili

Tbilisi State University Doctor of Philological Science

Paradigmatic expression of the King Tamar

Summary

One if the main attribute of ”Historical Christianity” is creation of national saints’ cult and their forming. First of all such national saints we can take into consideration Saint Nino and the King Tamar. In the XIX century poetry paradigmatic expression mainly appear in two kinds. The first , the King Tamar is mentioned as statesman by the side of the DaviT the Builder and Shota Rustaveli and other, she is called as Virgin. The king Tamar is decorated with spiritual symbols. The best expression of that idea is poetry of Gr. Orbeliani ”The face of the King Tamar in the Betania Charch”, poem ”the Toeast”, Also it’s important the poetry of Ak. Tsereteli ”My pray”, where author follows to the old Georgian tradition. The characters of Chakhrukhadze’s ”Tamariani” and Ioane Shavteli’s ”Abdulmesiani” are presented by spiritual illymination. paradigmatic expression of the King Tamar is typical as old as new and the newest Georgian literature.

169

levan beburiSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis


III kursis studenti

,, hgavda wmindansa igi wamebuls. . .~

( ilias ,,gandegilis~ Sesaxeb )

ilia WavWavaZis ,,gandegilis~ mTavari gmiris Sesaxeb

mravali mosazreba gamoiTqva. mkvlevarebi sxvadasxvagvarad

afasebdnen beris Rvawls, mis sulier mdgomareobas. iyo mcde-

lobebi wminda saRvTismetyvelo planSi gaeazrebinaT gandegi-lis dacema. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa Tu ramdenad rea-

listuria beris saxe, SeiZleba Tu ara aseTi asketi Segvxvdes

sinamdvileSi. amis gasarkvevad aucilebelia Rrma analizi be-

ris samoRvaweo principebisa da Sexedulebebisa.

saintersoa, sulierebis romel safexurze imyofeba mwi-

ri. avtoriseuli daxasiaTebis mixedviT aSkaraa, rom beri

srulyofilebasTanaa miaxloebuli:

`ar iyo xnier, magram viT wmindans

sulis simaRle zed dasCneoda

zed etyoboda, rom suli misi

sul sxva msoflios Sehxizneboda. saxe gamxdari, kuSti da mwyrali

siwmindis madliT dahSveneboda

da maRals Sublsa naoWad Sekruls

Saravandedi gadahfenoda.~

beri wmindania, mas daumarxavs xorcieli gulisTqmani,

moupovebia ganuwyveteli locvisa da codvaTa zeda glovis niWi:

`dRe-da-Ram sulTqma da RaRadeba

mohfenia kldes yinulisasa

da ar Semwydara mun locvis cremli

viTa Relesa mas glovisasa.

ganyenebuli wuTisoflisgan

170

aq suli misi aRyvavebula

da xorcieli gulisTqma yvela

damarxula da gansvenebula.~ gandegilis wmindnobis utyuari sabuTia is saswauli,

romelsac ufali yoveldRe ugzavnida mas `xorcTusxmeli~

mzis sxivis saxiT.

a. baqraZe miiCnevda, rom gandegili sulierebis pirvel

safexurze imyofeboda, rom igi `jer kidev gaorebuli iyo.~(2,

78) am mosazrebis simcdares mowmobs TviT avtoris aRweri-loba berisa da meore mxriv madlmosileba, romelsac cxadia

RmerTi sulierebaSi axlad fexadgmuls ar mouvlens.

gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom `yoveldRiur saswaulebs gaSi-

naurebuli beri xiblSia Cavardnili.~(10, 9) es Sexeduleba

yovlad usafuZvlo da Seusabamoa. wminda egnate brianCaninovi

xiblis Sesaxeb brZanebs: `xibli adamianuri bunebis sicruiT dazianebaa. ampartavnebiTa da ganusjelobiTaa aRvsili gulis

survili da swrafva _ datkbes wminda, sulieri, RvTaebrivi

grZnobebiT, roca igi jer sruliadac ar aris mzad aseTi

tkbobisaTvis. rogorc ganuwmendeli goneba, romelsac RvTaeb-

rivi xilvebis naxva surs, magram amis saSualeba ara aqvs,

xilvebs TviTon igonebs da maTiT ityuebs Tavs, asev gulic _ roca RvTaebrivi sitkboebisa da sxva RvTaebrivi grZnobebis

gancdas cdilobs da ver poulobs maT sakuTar TavSi, maSin

TviTon igonebs maT. maTiT icTunebs da iRupavs Tavs, rameTu

Sedis sicruis areSi, eSmakebTan erTobaSi, emorCileba maT ze-

moqmedebas da maT Zalauflebas emoneba.~(6. 48) sulis amgvar

mdgomareobas ewodeba xibli. ,,xibli aris WeSmariti sulieri orientirebis dakargva, adamianisa da satanis codvis gameore-

ba, rodesac adamians sulieri cxovrebis, marTlmadidebluri

askezis gareSe surs maRali sulieri sazomis miRweva.~ (5,

52) xiblis mSobeli ampartavnebaa. poemidan ki Cans, rom gan-

degils Cabarebuli aqvs gamocda simdableSi. mas xilvebi eSma-

kisgan ar egzavneba. igi RvTis madlis mflobelia: `wameba misi RmerTs Seuwiravs, vedreba misi RmerTs usmenia.~ `vervis xel-

ewifebis orTa ufalTa monebad. ver xel ewifebis RmrTisa mo-

nebad da mamonaisa~ (maTe 6, 24). SeuZlebelia adamians RvTis

madli hqondes da amavdroulad xiblSi iyos Cavardnili. `am-

partavanTa Sehmusravs RmerTi, xolo mdabalTa moscis madli~

171

(iakobi 4, 6). absurdia imis gancxadeba, rom gandegili xib-

lSia.

unda iTqvas isic, rom sulier planSi Tu ganvixilavT `gandegils~, seriozul Seusabamobas aRmovaCenT. marTalia,

mxatvruli nawarmoebi saRvTismetyvelo traqtati ar aris,

magram rodesac mwerali religiur Tematikas exeba, mas Rrma

sasuliero ganaTleba da didi sifrTxile moeTxoveba. miTume-

tes, Tu realistur nawarmoebTan gvaqvs saqme.

beris saqcieli da Sexedulebebi sruliad ar Seefereba madlmosili moRvawisas. igi gulis siRrmeSi Tavs ubedurad

miiCnevs! aseT adamians, SeuZlebelia, RvTisgan sulieri niWebi

hqondeT mimadlebuli. wmindanisaTvis sruliad ucxoa is SiSi,

romelsac gandegils qalis xmis gagonebis Semdeg eufleba.

`ufali Zal Cemda, visa meSinodes? ufali Sesavedrebel Cemda,

visagan SevZrwunde?~ _ brZanebs daviT mefsalmune. gandegili ki:

`SekrTa, SeSinda ama xmisagan,

nuTu aw bedma qalis saxiTa

gansacdeli ram mas mouvlina?

da viTa elvam amisma fiqrma,

gulSi zarcemiT mwirs gaurbina.~ mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom bers uyvars qveyana, rom `be-

ris moRvaweobis mizani iyo mTeli qveynisaTvis locva.~(8, 55)

amis dasturad moaqvT ori taepi poemidan. roca saSineli We-

qa-quxili atyda gandegili RvTismSobels

`. . . xelapyrobiT evedreboda warwymedisagan qveynisa xsnasa.~

aucilebelia gavarkvioT beris damokidebuleba sazoga-

doebis, qveynis, moyvasisadmi. Tu mas marTlac uyvars qveyana,

avtori xuT strofs imis Cvenebas ar dauTmobda, Tu rad miiC-

nevs beri sofels. `codvis sadguri~, `samefo borotisa~ _ am

epiTetebiT axasiaTebs gandegili (da ara ilia WavWavaZe) qveya-nas. Tu bers marTlac uyvars igi, ilia amas sagangebod aRniS-

navda da ara gakvriT. maS ratom evedreba gandegili RvTismSo-

bels qveynis xsnas? unda aRiniSnos, rom ilia WavWavaZis enas,

am poemis mixedviT, axasiaTebs arqauloba. es imiT aris gamow-

veuli, rom religiuri leqsika arqaulia. sityva `warwymeda _

172

niSnavs daRupvas, am mniSvnelobiT aris igi naxmari saxarebaSi,

sasuliero mwerlobaSi. gansakuTrebiT xSirad ixmareba es

sityva warRvnasTan mimarTebaSi: ,, moiwia wyliT-rRunai da warwymidna yovelni ( luka, 17,27 ) beri locvas iwyebs saSi-

neli stiqiis dros. igi adamianTa sulebis gadarCenisaTvis ki

ar loculobs, aramed RmerTs qveynis saSineli warRvinagan ga-

darCenas evedreba. berSi TviTgadarCenis instiqti locviT ga-

moixata, rac sruliad bunebrivia.

beris damokidebuleba moyvasisadmi SesaniSnavad Cans misi da mwyemsi qalis dialogSi, qali mas ekiTxeba:

`nuTu Tvistomi, toli da swori

yvela gulidan amogiRia?

nuTu naRveli, dardi da javri

Tan aravisi wamogiRia?

ar gagondeba arc mama, deda, an Zma, anu da, an saxli, kari?~

WeSmariteba qristianma asketma cxadia unda upasuxos,

rom diaxac uyvars isini, maTi siyvarulis gamo wamovida sa-

moRvaweod da am gziT ufro SeuZlia maTi Sewevna. ras pasu-

xobs beri?

`. . . yvelaze ufro suli tkbilia igi tyve aris wuTisoflisa

da eg yoveli mis borkilia.~

amis Semdeg uazrobaa visaubroT imaze, rom gandegils

uyvars moyvasi. `Tvistomi, toli da swori~ misTvis borki-

lia, usargeblo da arasaWiro. aseT Sexedulebas qristiano-

basTan SeuZlebelia raime kavSiri hqondes. aseTi mrwamsis ada-miani namdvil qristianad ver CaiTvleba.

amrigad, miuxedavad avtoris aRwerilobisa, beris saqci-

eli da Sexedulebebi cxadyofs, rom igi namdvilad ar aris

WeSmariti asketi.

safiqrebelia, rom es Seusabamoba ilias mier ori mize-

ziT, Segnebulad aris daSvebuli. jer erTi, mzis sxivi, madli RvTisa, aucilebelia siuJeturi ganviTarebisaTvis. es umTavre-

si elementia siuJetisa, romlis gareSe moqmedeba ver das-

ruldeba da meore, iliam gandegili aseT sulier simaRleze

imitom aiyvana, rom gaemZafrebina misi dacemiT gamowveuli

tragizmi. ilia Tvlida, rom namdvil qristians SeuZlebelia

ar uyvardes moyvasi, samSoblo. ar gvgonia, es vinmesaTvis sa-

173

davo iyos. amdenad poeti iZulebulia aseTi uzustoba dauS-

vas.

zogierT kritikoss miaCnia, rom mwiris moduneba, misi RvTiuri madlisagan ganZarcva iwyeba mis mier Camavali mzis

suraTis xilvis Sedegad. `bers ar axsovda RvTis gafrTxile-

ba . . . frTxilad iyavi, rom cisken axedvisas da mzisa da

mTvarisa da varskvlavebis, ciseuli mxedrobis danaxvisas iq

Secde da Tayvani ar sce maT~. aqedan iwyeba misi daRmasvla.~(8,

56) am epizodSi avtoris saTqmeli sruliad sxvaa. beri aRta-cebuli ucqers bunebis umSvenieres suraTs:

`mze, gadaxrili jer kidev srulad

mTisa gadaRma ar dasuliyo

da mTis wverzed, viT cecxlis borbali

irgvliv sxivgaSliT anTebuliyo.

cisa laJvardi, viT nakverCxali, wiTlad da yviTlad mzisgan hRuvoda

da ganmsWvaluli misiT Rrubeli

Sors aTas-ferad sxivebSi hTrToda.

ama ubiwo diadis xilviT

wartyvevnil iqna ganyenebuli

da viT cxovels xats RvTis didebisas Sescqerda mzesa gancvifrebuli~.

beri ucqers `ubiwo diads~. igi mzes ki ar scems Tay-

vans, aramed misi saSualebiT, mis magaliTze xedavs uflis di-

debulebas. bunebis mSvenierebis, harmoniulobis meSveobiT Sei-

mecnebs adamiani RvTis yovlisSemZleobasa da sidiades. `cani

uTxroben didebasa RmrTisasa da qmnulsa xelTa misTasa miuT-xrobs samyaro~ _ brZanebs daviT mefsalmune (fs 18).

zustad aseTivea beris mimarTeba bunebis, Tvalwarmtaci

suraTisadmi. igi mas ucqers `viT cxovel xats RvTis didebi-

sas~. TavisTavad arc erTi sagnis cqera ar aris codva, mTava-

ria, rogoria midgoma am sagnisadmi. wm. ioane sinelis `saTnoe-

baTa kibeSi~ moaqvs erTi aseTi magaliTi: erTma berma umSvenie-resi qali ixla da gulisTqma ki ar gauCnda mis mimarT, ara-

med adida Semoqmedi, romelmac aseTi mSveniereba dabada. ilia-

sagan ar gvaqvs arc erTi miniSneba imaze, rom Camavali mzis

cqera gandegils RvTis madls arTmevs.

rac Seexeba gandegilis aRsasruls, aqac SeusabamobasTan

gvaqvs saqme. meoce saukunis udidesi qarTveli saeklesio moR-

174

vawe beri gabrieli (urgebaZe) miuTiTebda: `ilia WavWavaZe

eriskaci iyo da ar esmoda, rom bers, romelsac aseT sulier

simaRleze aiyvans RmerTi, ase advilad ar dascems. gabriel

episkoposmac (qiqoZe) icoda es, magram ar amxila da ar miu-

TiTa megobrobis gamoo.~(7, 35)

imis uaryofa ar SeiZleba, rom madlmosilic SeiZleba

daeces, magram mis daRupvas ufali arasodes dauSvebs misi

uwindeli Rvawlis gamo. amis magaliTebi mravlad SeiZleba

moviyvanoT mamaTa cxovrebidan. wminda iakobs RvTivsaTno cxovrebis sanacvlod uflisa-

gan saswaulTmoqmedebis niWi hqonda mimadlebuli. misi locva

sneulebs kurnavda da davrdomilebs aRadgenda. erT dRes di-

di gansacdeli SeemTxva. mas gansakurnad axalgazrda qaliSvi-

li miuyvanes, iakobs sZlia gulisTqmam da qalTan Sescoda,

Semdeg ki mokla igi. beri saSinelma sasowarkveTam moicva da monazvnobis datoveba ganizraxa, magram ufalma ar daukarga

uwindeli Rvawli da erTi RvTismsaxuris piriT amxila igi.

iakobi gons moego da did sinanulSi Cavarda. oci wlis gan-

mavlobaSi is umkacres moRvaweobas eweoda ganmartoebuli.

bers daubrunda RvTaebrivi niWi da mxolod misma locvam SeZ-

lo saSineli gvalvis Jams wvimis moyvana. msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba.

gandegili SeiZleba dacemuliyo, magram misi saboloo

warwymeda SeuZlebeli iqneboda. miTumetes berma gaacnobiera

Tavisi uRirsi saqcieli. misi dacemac ar aris didi. igi mxo-

lod gulSi gaivlebs qalis kocnis survils da droulad mo-

axerxebs Tavis damorCilebas. xorciel dacemasa da gulis-Tqmas Soris ki namdvilad aris didi gansxvaveba.

amrigad, hagiografiul nawarmoebebsa da paterikebSi

SeuZlebelia Segvxvdes msgavsi drama beris decemisa, amdenad

gamoricxulia gandegilis tragediis swori saRvTismetyvelo

analizi. rac Seexeba poemis mxatvrul Rirebulebas, igi uda-

vod didia da ,,gandegils~ samarTlianad miiCneven ilias poe-turi memkvidreobis gvirgvinad.

175


1. axali aRTqumai, Tbilisi, 2003

2. baqraZe akaki, ilia da akaki, Tbilisi, 1992

3. ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocema XX to-

mad, t. I, Tbilisi, 1987

4. Rirsi ioane sineli, klemaqsi anu kibe, Tbilisi, 2000

5. arqimandriti rafaeli (karelini), saubrebi marTlmadideb-lobaze, II, Tbilisi, 1994

6. mamaTa swavlani sulieri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi,

2005

7. mSvenieraZe dali, beris diadema, Tbilisi, 2006

8. niniZe mariam, dacarielebuli beTlemi, Tbilisi, 2000

9. Jurnali ,,karibWe~ NN 7, 2005 10. Jurnali ,,karibWe~ NN 28, 2007

Levan beburishvili Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Faculity of Humanities III year Student

“ He looked like a martyr saint…” (About the Ilia’s “Ascet”) Summary “ The Hermit” is the one of the most popular poems of Ilia Chavchavadze. It was written in 1883 year. After publishing the poem several critical reviews were stamped about “The Hermit.” Critics had different opinions about the main hero of the poem. The aim of this work is to analyse the spiritual condition of the monk, his behaviour and religiousy.

176

ana doliZe



III kursis studenti

wminda ninos saxe mecxramete saukunis qarTul

mwerlobaSi

mecxramete saukunis qarTuli mwerloba agrZelebs Zve-

li qarTuli mwerlobis xazs. misi Tematika Tumca mravalfe-

rovania, magram msoflmxedveloba erTmniSvnelovnad qristiq-

nuli. sxvadasxva qristianul TemasTan erTad mecxramete sau-

kunis qarTul mwerlobaSi asaxva hpova wminda ninos Temamac. yvelaze gansxvavebul TvalTaxedvas, vfiqrobT, vaxtang orbe-

liani gvaZlevs.

vaxtang orbelianis lirikaSi yvelaze metad gvxvdeba

qristianuli Tematika da motivebi, vidre sxva romelime qar-

Tveli romantikosis SemoqmedebaSi. qristianul motivebze

Seqmnili tipiuri religiuri lirikis nimuSia leqsi `jvari vazisa". leqsis Temaa wminda ninos Semosvla da qristianobis

gavrceleba qarTlSi; motivi ki rwmenaa, romlis meSveobiTac

adamiani yvelafers Zlevs. TiTqos motivi, Tematika da leqsis

Sinaarsi winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda iyos erTmaneTTan, magram

wakiTxvis Semdeg gaurkevlobis grZnoba gebadeba. saqme is

aris, rom vaxtang orbelianis `jvari vazisas" mixedviT wmin-da nino zRviT Semodis saqarTveloSi. am faqts ninos cxov-

rebis oTxi redaqciidan (Satberdul-WeliSuri(IXs.), leonti

mrovelis(XIs.), arsen beris(XIIs.) da ucnobi avtoris

(XIIIs.)) arcerTi ar adasturebs, arc sxva ram istoriuli

wyaroebi mogvepoveba. maSin raSia saqme? nuTu vaxtang orbe-

lianma, samefo ojaxSi aRzrdilma kacma, ar icoda saqarTve-loSi ninos Semosvlis gza?! ar icoda saqarTvelos istoria,

Tu sxva ram istoriuli cnobebi moepoveboda? Cveni azriT,

arc erTi da arc meore. aranairi istoriuli cnobebi sxva

gzis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs da Tu amdagvari ram gaaCnda vaxtang

orbelians, es informacia didi xnis win gaxdeboda cnobili;

Tanac ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom `jvari vazisa" mxatvruli

177

nawarmoebia, mwerals ki ufleba aqvs gadaakeTos sinamdvile,

Tu es mis mxatvrul amocanebs esaWiroeba. maS, ra mxatvruli

amocanebi idga vaxtang orbelianis winaSe, ram aiZula poeti, sxvagvarad warmoedgina wminda ninos Semosvlis gza saqarTve-

loSi?! amisaTvis gadavxedoT leqsis Sinaarss. pirvel TavSi

aRwerilia aboboqrebuli zRva da masze uSiSrad msrbolavi

navi, romelic RvTis ZaliT moqris kolxidis napirebisken:

`zRvas qariSxali Zlierad hberavs,

zRva hquxs da SfoTavs, zRva duRs da Relavs; zvirTebs zvirTebze Savi zRva isvris,

ganrisxebuli Rrialebs, yviris...

magram gamoCnda navi dasavliT!

morbis uSiSrad, morbis RvTis ZaliT~ (1, 278, `jva-

ri vazisa~).

meore TavSi avtori axasiaTebs wminda asuls, ro-melsac RvTis ZaliT daTrgunuli aqvs SiSi da vazis jvriT

xelSi RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveynisken moiswrafvis:

`midis asuli... xels upyria jvari vazisa,

ar eSinia simSilisa, arc ugzo gzisa...~ (1, 279).

mesame-meoTxe TavebSi moTxrobilia ninos mier kerpebis

damxobisa da qarTlis gaqristianebis ambavi. mexuTe TavSi ki ismis romantikuli Civili warsuli didebis damxobisa da ga-

veranebis gamo, magram Cans imedic, rom yvelaferi ar mospobi-

la. gadarCa vazis jvari, romlis madlic `Cvens samSoblozec,

Cvens erzed aris!" iseve, rogorc Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi,

vaxtang orbelianic qveynis xsnis gzas sarwmunoebriv TviTSe-

mecnebaSi xedavs. leqsis bolos vxedavT kidevac avtoris damokidebule-

bas faqtebisadmi. saqarTvelos dideba, rogorc TiTqmis yve-

laferi, drois msxverplia da Cvens gulebSi mxolod dards

tovebs, rom iyo da aRar aris:

`didni palatni, didni taZarni

sadRa arian? aRar arian..." (iqve). vaxtang orbeliani gveubneba, rom sxva qveynidan mosuli

stumari am nangrevebSi eZebs Cvens istorias, magram verafers

poulobs, radgan qvebzec ki waSlilia ukve yvelafris kvali

da poeti svavs kiTxvas _ nuTu veraferi saunje ver gadaurCa

mtris ulmobel xels? sabednierod gadaurCa, gadaurCa is,

risi wyalobiTac da imediTac aqamde moaRwia qarTvelma erma.

178

gadarCa RmerTis wyalobiT, radgan ufalma qarTveli eri ga-

moarCia da uboZa xelSeuxebeli saCuqari _ jvari vazisa,

romlis Zala saqarTveloze da iveriis Zeze vrceldeba. RvTis Zalas ki yvelaze didi SeZleba aqvs:

`jvari vazisa!... madli im jvaris

Cvens samSoblozed, Cvens erzed aris!~ (1, 281).

davubrundeT Cvens mier dasmul kiTxvas: ra mxat-

vruli amocanebi idga mwerlis winaSe? qristiani avtori yo-

velTvis cdilobs, warmoaCinos is siZneleebi, romelic mis gmirs atydeba am cxovrebaSi, is ki rwmeniT ar epueba maT. am-

qveyniurobis simbolo saxarebisda mixedviT zRvaa, romelsac

rwmeniT unda sZlio. navSi mjdom iesos CaeZina. zRvaze ki di-

di Relva daiwyo, navi talRebiT ifareboda. mas ki eZina. mo-

wafeebma gaaRviZes da uTxres: ufalo, viRupebiTo. man ki uT-

xra maT:` ram SegaSinaT, mcired morwmuneno? Semdeg wamodga, Serisxa qarebi da zRva da Camodga didi siwynare" (maTe

8;26). avtoris mier wminda ninos gzis amdagvarad daxatvis

mizezi pirvel rigSi qristianuli motivisa da qristianuli

simbolikis analogiuri gadmoReba unda iyos. amgvari analogi-

ebisa (ZiriTadad qristes cxovrebidan) da faqtebisadmi nak-

lebi mniSvnelobis miniWeba damaxasiaTebelia qristiani avto-risTvis, romlis mizani gmiris sulieri amaRlebis Cvenebaa da

ara faqtis. vaxtang orbelianma, SesaZloa, Segnebulad mimar-

Ta qristianuli literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel am mxat-

vrul-esTetikur princips.

meore mizezi, Cveni azriT, istoriuli unda iyos.

saqarTveloSi jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi gavrcelda qris-tianoba andria pirvelwodebulis, svimon kananelisa da mata-

Tas mier. isini ki swored kolxeTidan Semovidnen saqarTve-

loSi. qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris kamaTic ki iyo, vin mieCniaT

ganmanaTleblad. ninos moRvaweoba dasavleT saqarTveloze ar

gavrcelebula. arada, am dros egrisSi ukve qristianobaa.

325wels nikeaSi gamarTul msoflio saeklesio krebas biWvin-Tis episkoposic eswreboda. qarTveli moRvaweni Seecadnen am

ori movlenis garkveul Sejerebas. efrem mcirem saqarTvelos

ganmanaTleblad orive aRiara da ganmarta meored qadagebis

aucilebloba. vgonebT, nawilobriv geografiuli TvalTaxed-

viT Sejerebis mcdelobasTan unda gvqondes saqme vaxtang or-

179

belianis leqsSic `jvari vazisa", nawilobriv ki literatu-

ruli principebis gadmoRebasTan.

wmindanTa saxeebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria ilia WavWa-vaZis Semoqmedeba, romelSic gansakuTrebuli adgili wminda

ninos saxes uWiravs. wmindanTa mniSvnelobas marTlmorwmune

erisTvis ilia WavWavaZe or sxvadasxva aspeqtSi ganixilavs _

maTi locviTi Semweobisa da piradi magaliTis kuTxiT. misi

azriT, `am uZvelesTa da udidesTa moqmedTa meoxebiTa da

RvawliT vcxovrobT dResa da vsuldgmulobT" da eri maTSi `hpoulobs Tavis sulsa da gulsa, Tavis mwvrTnelsa, Tavis

Ronesa da SemZlebleblobas, Tavis xatsa da magaliTs".

mwerali am adamianebs eris vinaobis saZirkvlad miiCnevs

da maTi xsovnis gareSe eris arseboba, winsvla da meobis Se-

narCuneba warmoudgenlad miaCnia.

ilia sayuradRebo werilebs uZRvnis qarTvelTa sulier mSobels, CvenSi qristianobis gamavrcelebels wminda ninos,

mogviTxrobs qarTvelTa gaqristianebis istorias, eyrdnoba

vaxuStis, brosesa da sabininis gamocemebs. wminda ninos Tema

mis publicistikaSi aisaxeba da ara mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.

wminda ninos Tema Semodis akaki wereTlis poeziaSic.

qristianul samebas akaki xSirad sami wmindanis _ ninos, Tama-risa da qeTevanis erTobiT gamoxatavs da uwodebs mas `samTa

mTiebs~. am erTobaSi nino ganasaxierebs rwmenis dabadebasa da

mSoblobas; Tamari erTdroulad _ amqveyniuri rwmenis siZli-

eresa da zecis Svilobas; qeTevani _rwmenisaTvis Tavdadebasa

da sulierebas:

`Tamars, qeTevans da ninos Tayvans-vscem, rogorc ideals,

sakverTxad vudgam wminda guls

da vukmev trfialebis als!

dideba erTis mzeobas!

meoris moTminebasa!

mesamis sarwmunoebas... da maTsa movlinebasa!..

erTs arsebaSi samives

vxedav aq moTavsebulad!..

Tayvans-vscem, rogorc RvTaebas

da Tavs vgrZnob gaaxlebulad" (3,439, `Cemi locva~).

180

igive azria gamoTqmuli akakis `qebaTa-qebaSic~, sa-

dac RvTiuri WeSmariteba ninos, Tamarisa da qeTevanis erTo-

biTaa gaazrebuli: `is aris Cemi tkbili sizmari

da momxiblavi mZlavri ocneba...

siyvaruli rom taxtad udgia,

egvirgvineba patiosneba!..

roca Wabuki gamoucdeli

mas Tayvans vcemdi Tavdadebulad, vxedavdi ninos, Tamars, qeTevans,

imaSi SenaTxz-SeerTebulad"(3, 247, `qebaTa-qeba~).

wminda ninos Tema TviT `warmarTad miCneuli~ vaJa-

fSavelas SemoqmedebaSic iWreba, rac mwerlis qristianul

msoflmxedvelobaze migvaniSnebs. ieso qristesa da misi moZ-

Rvrebis WeSmaritebas scnobs poeti wminda ninosadmi miZRvnil sityvebSi:

`vcaniT ieso qristesi,

WeSmaritis RvTis Zeoba

da qristes swavla-moZRvrebis

sidide, mZleTa-mZleoba.

vinc qristes mcneba gvaswavla, qarTvelT gvwams misi zneoba.

ikurTxos misi saxeli,

ikurTxos ninos mxneoba" (`wminda nino"t. II, 265).

181


1. axali qarTuli istoria, qrestomaTia, I, Tsu, 1979. 2. vaJa-fSavela, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, t. II,

1964.

3. akaki wereTeli, t. I, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,

Tb., 1988 w.

Ana Dolidze Ivane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University, Faculity of Humanities

III Year Student

The Image of Saint Nino in the 19th-Century Georgian Literature

Summary The Georgian literature of the 19th century continues the

line of the old Georgian literature. Although its themes are varied, the world view is unequivocally Christian. Along with different Christian themes, the theme of Saint Nino also found reflection in the 19th-century Georgian literature. In my opinion, the most different point of view is found in the work of Vakhtang Orbeliani. In his poem Jvari Vazisa (“the Cross of Vine”) St. Nino arrives in Georgia by sea. Such an interpretation, not confirmed by historical sources, must be explained by two reasons. The first one must be the analogous introducing of the Christian motif and the Christian symbolism. Giving less importance to similar analogies (mostly from Christ’s life) and facts is typical of a Christian author whose aim is to demonstrate the spiritual transformation of the character, rather than the fact. Vakhtang Orbeliani might have consciously resorted to this artistic-aesthetic principle typical of Christian literature. Another reason may be a historical-geographical one, aiming to combine the history of the conversion to Christianity of Georgia by two enlighteners – the conversion of Western Georgia by St.Andrew the First-Called and that of Eastern Georgia by St. Nino. In the second half of the 19th century the theme of St.Nino occurs in the work of Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli and Vazha-Pshavela as well.

182

qeTevan afTaraSvili




III kursis studenti

“abdulmesiani”

(qebis obieqti da avtorobis sakiTxi)

klasikuri xanis xotbiTi Janris erT-erTi nawarmoebia

“abdulmesiani”. uZvelesi werilobiTi cnoba “abdulmesianisa”

da misi vatorobis Sesaxeb Semogvinaxa “vefxistyaosanis” bib-

liografiulma strofma: “amiran darejanis Ze moses uqia xonelsa,

abdul-mesia – SavTelsa, leqsi mas uqes romelsa,

dilargeT – sargis Tmogvelsa, mas ena-dauSrobelsa,

tariel – missa rusTvelsa, misTvis creml-SeuSrobel-

sa” ...

am cnobis mixedviT, romelic Zvel tradicias eyrdnoba, SavTels dauweria Txzuleba, sadac abdulmesia unda yofiliyo

Seqebuli. vinaa abdulmesia? vin aris am Txzulebis avtori? es

is sakiTxebia, romelzec pasuxis gacemas, saukuneebze metia,

cdiloben mkvlevarni.

Txzulebis kvlevasa da Ziebas saintereso istoria aqvs.

pirvelad mis sakiTxebs swavluli batoniSvilebi Seexen. ivane batoniSvili “kalasobaSi” SavTels miiCnevda Tamaris drois

mgosnad, romelsac unda daewera Tamaris Sesxma iambikod. is am

iambikos dakargulad Tvlida.

Teimuraz batoniSvili abdulmesia SavTels miawers or li-

rikul poemas – “ablulmesiansa” da Tamaris qebas, romelTagan

pirvels dakargulad Tvlida. es mkvlevarni eyrdnobodnen “vef-xistyaosnis” bibliografiul strofs, Tamaris istorikosis

cnobas Tamar mefis drois leqsTa gamomTqmel ioane SavTel-

zeDda xelnawerebs, romelTac daucavT SavTelis galeqsili

Tamaris qeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevarebs dResac igive masala

aqvT xelT. kvlevas arTulebs is, rom Tamaris qeba gviandeli

xelnaweriTaa Cvenamde moRweuli. Cven xelT sul Tvrameti xelnaweria, romelTagan ori meTvramete saukunisaa, danarCeni

183

_ mecxrametis. meTvramete saukunis orive xelnaweris mixed-

viT, qebis obieqti arCil meorea, avtori_iakob dumbaZe. cnobi-

lia, rom daviTisa da Tamaris saxelebi Seucvlia arCilis sa-xeliT da gadakeTebuli qebis avtorad Tavisi Tavi gamoucxade-

bia, Tumca erT-or adgilas arCilis nacvlad Tamarisa da davi-

Tis saxelebic Cans. qebis restavracia, safiqrebelia,

XVIII_XIX s-Si moxda. XIX s-is xelnawerSi ukve Secvlilia

qebis saxelwodeba da amis mixedviT, qebis obieqtis saxelic.

da mainc, vin aris abdulmesia? am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mecnierebs sxvadasxva azri aqvT gamoTqmuli. erTni abdulmesi-

as Tvlian avtoris, SavTelis saxelad (p. ioseliani, d. Cubi-

niSvili) (1: 233). daviT reqtoris xelnawerSi vkiTxulobT:

“didis Tamar mefis, giorgi mefis asulis, daviTn-parkratovani-

sa Sesxma, abdulmesia SavTelisgan Tqmuli. aman moarTva gela-

Tidam mefesa Tamarsa, romeli iyo mdivani mefis Tamaris da Semdgomad iqmna monazon da uwodes saxelad ioane”... rogorc

vxedavT, aq ioane SavTeli da abdulmesia gaigivebulia da sabu-

Tic martivia: erTi saxeli erobisaa, xolo meore-berobisa.

dRes ukve erTxmadaa aRiarebuli, rom abdumesia araa SavTelis

saxeli. es mosazreba momdinareobda bibliografiuli strofis

ara swori gagebidan. p. ingoroyva Tvlis, rom SavTelis saxeli daviTi. es saxe-

li gamoHyavs xotbis Taviseburi wakiTxvidan. saxeldobr: “ mwads

aq ebani daviTis, daviTvjde musikobad”. rac ase unda wavikiTxoT:

“mwads aq ebani, da viT is daviT, vsjde musikobad”(1: 241).

amrigad, SavTelis saxeli arc abdulmesiaa, arc daviTi. “ab-

dulmesianis” avtori ioane SavTelia, Tamaris drois. mis Sesa-xeb cnobas Teimuraz batoniSvili gvawvdis.

maS, vinaa abdulmesia? n. marma 1902 wels wamoayena mosaz-

reba, rom xotba miZRvnilia daviT aRmaSenebelisadmi da Sesaba-

misad, abdulmesiad wodebulia daviT aRmaSenebeli. arabuli

“abdulmesih” qristes mesias, monas niSnavs. es sityvebi misi

azriT, SeSvenis daviTs, romelic iyo erTguli mona-mosamsaxu-re qristesi, misi mcnebis aRmsarebeli, Zlevamosili mxedari

mesiisa. es Taviseburebani ki xom SeiZleba miekuTvnos sxva qar-

Tvel mefeebsac? yvelas rom Tavi davaneboT, aq SeiZleba Tama-

ric vigulisxmoT, radganac mis fulze amoWrili iyo: “ Tamari

Semdegi mesiisa”. ra Tqma unda, mxolod es ar yofila n. maris

argumenti. mas sabuTad mohyavs somxuri wyaroebi, romelSic

184

ioane diakoni daviTs mimarTvas sityvebiT: mona qristesi. aq

sworad SeniSnavs k. kekeliZe, rom Tu somexi diakoni daviT me-

fes “qristes monas” uwodebs, es ar niSnavs, qarTvelebmac is-toriulad daumkvidres mas es saxeli, rogorc epiTeti. ufro

gasagebi iqneboda, Tu SerCeboda saxeli “husamul-mesih”, xmali

qristesi, romelic mis fulze iyo amoWrili.

k. kekeliZis azriT, abdulmesia aris ara simbolur-alego-

riuli, aramed sakuTari saxeli aRmosavleTis eklesiisa. ab-

dulmesi an abdulmesis “cxovreba” Senaxulia asurul, som-xursa da arabul enebze. es “ cxovreba” qarTuladac yofila

naTargmni da Senaxulia ierusalimis jvris monastris erT-erT

XII_XIII s-ebis xelnawerSi. k. kekeliZe svams kiTxvas: xom ar

aqvs raime kavSiri am aRniSnul “cxovrebas” SavTelis Txzule-

basTan? xom ar galeqsa es cxovreba ise, rogorc aRorZinebis

xanaSi sCadiodnen (1: 234) Tu Teimuraz batoniSvilis cnobas daveyrdnobiT, “abdulmesia” ioane SavTelisa dakargulia. ai,

ras ambobs is: “amisni gvqonan leqsni Sesxmani saqebarni Tamar

mefisani, xolo gaukeTebies amas stixad wigni, abdulmesia sa-

xeldebis wignsa mas”. brosesadmi miweril werilSi ki ambobs:

“SavTels dauweria leqsad sakvirvelis SeTxzviT moTxroba ab-

dulmesiani visme, da ase ityvian CvenSi mTxrobelni, rom imis-Tana leqsebi arasodes qarTuls enazed ar daweriliyos... Cven

ubadrukT qarTvelebs is sakvirveli stixebi SavTelisa, ab-

dul_mesias wigni, davhkargeT”. es wigni ver upoviaT da sxva

leqsebi ki aris SavTelisagan SeTxzuli, _ Tamar mefis qeba _

da romelnime sxvani diax urCelesni”. am sixtyvebidan gamog-

vaqvs daskvna: “abdulmesia” sxva Txzulebaa, romelic dakargu-lia da “Tamaris qeba” ki sxva. yuradRebis misaqcevia isic, rom

SavTelma SeTxza sxva leqsebic “Tamar mefis qebis” garda. isi-

ni Cvenamde Semonaxuliao. aqedan SeiZleba aseTi daskvna gamovi-

tanoT: Tamarios qeba da “romelnime sxvani diax urCeulesni”

leqsebi erT wignSi , krebulSi gaaerTianes da uwodes abdul-

mesiani” e.i Sesabamisad, mas aranairi kavSiri ar unda hqonoda Txzulebis qebis obieqtTan an obieqtebTan, Tumca ara mgonia,

ase xelovnurad SeerqmiaT es saxeli, aucileblad eqnebodaT

mizezi. pirveli SesaZlebloba aris is, rom “abdulmesiani”

SavTelis dakarguli wignis analogiiT Searqves, misi naSro-

mis saxelis ukvdavsayofad (magram am SemTxvevaSi, “abdulme-

sia”-s uwodebdnen da ara “abdulmesians”), meore ki isaa, rom

185

rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, abdul mesih qristes monas, mesias

niSnavs da igi SeiZleba meimearTebodes nebismier mefes. am Sem-

TxvevaSi isini iyvnen Tamari da daviT aRmaSenebeli (gamoricxu-li araa arc daviT soslani, radgan isic iyo TamarTan erTad

qveynis TanammarTveli). ase, rom qristes monebi SegviZlia vu-

wodoT Tamars, daviT aRmaSeneblesa da daviT soslans, ra gvaZ-

levs imis sabuTs, rom es pirebi gamovacxadoT “”abdulmesia-

nis” qebis obieqtebad (da ara mxolod daviT aRmaSenebeli, ro-

gorc n. mari Tvlida)? ganvixiloT sami Txzulebis saxeli: “amirandarejaniani”,

“Tamariani”, “abdulmesiani”. “amirandarejanianis” SemTxvevaSi

saxelwodebaSi gamoiyofa “-ian” sufiqsi da, ra Tqma unda, es

vinmesagan warmomavlobis aRmniSvnelia. Semdeg am “-ian” sufiq-

sma miiRo kuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli funqcia, rac “Tamar-ian”-

Si aisaxa. rac Seexeba “abdulmesian”-s, aq Cveni mxridan “-ian” sufiqsis gamoyofa Secdoma iqneboda. radgan sakuTari saxeli

aris abdulmesia, mas emateba mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoebe-

li “n” sufiqsi. Sesabamisad, “abdulemis-n-i” iTargmneba ase:

qristes monebi, mesiebi, e.i qebis obieqti erTze meti piria.

amrigad, Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli Txzulebis saTaurad “ab-

dulmesianis” SerCevis mizezi iyo: 1) SavTelis dakarguli wignis “abdulmesias” analogia; 2) moxda am terminis semanti-

kuri gadaazrebac. saTauriT zustad aisaxa is, visze unda yo-

filiyo TxzulebaSi saubari. eseni arian qristes monebi.

k. kekeliZec, n.marisagan gansxvavebiT, miiCnevs, rom qebis

obieqti aris ori piri. misi argumentebia: 1) qebis sagans av-

tori TqvenobiT mimarTacs (Tumca aris SemTxveva, roca is mxolobiTSi gvxvdeba, radgan zmna mxolobiT ricxvSi SeeTan-

xmeba); 2) qebis sagani sicocxleSivea gaRmerTebuli. daviT

aRmaSeneblis kulti ki misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Seiqmna; 3)

erTi strofidan Cans, rom gelaTi ukve miCneulia mefeTa sak-

rZalavad, rac aRmaSenebelis dros ver iqneboda ( taZari ar

iyo damTavrebuli); 4) xotbis gmiri imorCilebs limonas, xarks adebs da Tan axlavs DdroSa “daviTiani”, yovelive es

aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi anaqronizmia (1: 237-238.).

qebis erTi obieqti rom namdvilad qalia da Tanac Tamari,

amis sabuTic moyavs k.kekeliZes: 1) poeti xmarobs iseT epiTe-

tebs, rom SeuZlebelia kacs miemarTebodes da epiTetebi

“siwminde” da “uxrwneloba” mxolod Tamars SeSvenis. 2) poe-

186

ti sabrobs idumal, qvel saqmeebze, ra Tqma unda, Tamaris

gansakuTrebuli Tviseba igulisxmeba aq. 3) am sityvebidan

“arian mxecni… misTvis SevrdomiT” Cans, rom Tamaria qebis obieqti. aq nagulsixmebia Tamar mefis mier aRzrdili lomi,

romelic mas sarvanidan mouyvanes.( 1: 238)

rac Seexeba qebis meore obiqets, k. kekeliZe mas daviT aR-

maSenebels miiCnevs. argumentebi: 1) xotbis mefe aris “cxebu-

li”, “gvirgvinosan-skiptra-mpyrobeli, qveynis mpyrobeli,

TviTmpyrobeli”. 2) xotbaSi gulisxmobs iesian mefes, daviT soslani ki wodebulia efremianad (1: 239)

amrigad, k. kekeliZe askvnis, rom qebis obieqtebi arian da-

viT aRmaSenebeli da Tamar mefe. im periodisaTvis, aseTi Zli-

eri saxelmwifo Seqmna ara marto Tamarma, aramed daviT mefe-

mac. “daviT aris alfa momxiblveli saqarTvelosi, xolo Ta-

mari-omega”-o, _ ambobs is. k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom zog strofSi Tamaria gandidne-

buli, zogSi daviTi da zogSi _ orive erTado. aqedan gamom-

dinare, imis garkvevac ver xerxdeba, romel gmirs exeba esa

Tu is strofio (1: 240).

maS, ratom Tvlisk. kekeliZe, rom epiTetebi “cxebuli,

gvirgvinosani, porfirosan-skiptrampyrobeli”… aucileblad daviTs miekuTvneba da ara Tamars? verc im strofs mivCqma-

lavT, romelSic avtori gmirs uqebs meuRlebriv siyvaruls:

“gvritTa marTisa Tvar aqvs marT visa

Tqvenebr survilsa meuRlvobisa?”

el. metrevelis azriT, aq erTi Tu Tamari, meore daviT

soslai unda iyoso. aq ori samefo personaa Seqebuli, ro-melTac meuRlebrivi siyvaruli akavSirebTo (el. metrevelis

azroT, qebis ibieqti Tamari da daviT soslania) (2: 94)

aseve daviT soslani unda vigulisxmoT zogierT im stri-

qonSi, sadac “lomia” dasaxelebuli. daviT soslans xSirad

“lomi” ewodeba (mag: “vefxistyaosanSi”: vis Svenis_lom-

sa,_xmareba Subisa, far_SimSerisa”...). rogorc vxedavT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia daviT aRmaSenebe-

lisa da Tamar mefis garda, qebis oboeqti daviT soslanic

iyos. soslanisa da aRmaSenebelis qebis obieqad gamocxadebi-

saTvis orive mxares aqvs Tavisi argumentebi, romlebsac ver

uarvyofT.

187


1. kekeliZe k, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, II Tb., 1981.

2. qarTuli literatures istoria, II Tb., 1966..

3. SaniZe a, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb. 1953.

Ketevan Aptarashvili

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculity of Humanities

III Year Student

“Abdulmesiani” (The Object of apollogy and the question of authorship)

One of the works of praise genre of classical period is

“abdulmesiani”. The researches attemps to give answers to the following question for many centuries: 1. who is abdulmesiani? 2. who is the author of this work?

P. Ioseliani, D. Chubinishvili, David Rector regard that abdulmesia is the secular name of Shavteli. In P. Ingorokva’s opinion, Shavtheli’s name is David and he derives it from reading of certain plase of the Praise. According to data of Teimuraz Batonishvili (Prince Teimuraz) the author is Ioane Shavteli.

N. Mar regards that David the Builder was called Bdulmesia (the Slave of Christ) and respectively, names him as subjectof praise.

K. Kekelidze reguards that Abdulmesia is he proper name. IoaneShavteli ho has written the “Life” of abdulmesia in a from the poem, lost according to information of Teimuraz Batonishvili, thought there are maintained “praise of Tamar” and “Some other Cosen”.

in our opinion, it is possible to include the oems maintained up to present in one collection whit the name “ Abdulmesiani”, not only based on similiarity with the title of the lost book but also based on semantic reconsideration. In the title “Abdulmesiani”- the Christ’s slaves –showed who should be the subjects of praise.These are Christ’s slaves: King Tamar, David the Builder, David Soslan and not only single slave of Christs – David the Builder (as assumed by N. Mar) as “Abdulmesiani” is translated as the Slaves of Christ (plural) and not the Slave of Christ (singular).

188

salome wulukiZe



III kursis studenti

“vefxistyaosnisa” da hagiografiis idealebi

(erTi aspeqti)

“iyaviT srulyofilni, iseve rogorc

Tqveni zecieri mamaa srulyofili”

(maTe 5.48)

adamiani erTaderTia, romelic ufalma Tavis “saxed da xa-

tad” Seqmna, swored amitom adamianis mTavari funqcia, mTavari mowodeba ufalTan, Cvens zecier mamasTan mimsgavseba, masTan miax-

loebaa, e.i cda, gavxdeT srulyofilni, msgavsad uflisa. Cveni

cxovreba Ziebaa, swrafvaa idealisaken. es swrafva ki pirovnebis

srulqmnilebis safuZvelia da Tuki Cven ar vecdebiT gavxdeT

srulyofilni, ar SevecdebiT mivemsgavsoT ufals, davkargavT im

mTavar ideas, risTvisac davibadeT. swrafva srulyofilebisaken did nebisyofas, sulier sim-

tkices, Seuryevel rwmenas da pirvel rigSi, uflis siyvaruls

moiTxovs, magram amasTanave, aucilebelia vicodeT, Tu ras gu-

lisxmobs srulyofileba, ra kriteriumebiT ganisazRvreba igi

da sinamdvileSi rogori unda iyos idealuri adamiani. Tuki am

sakiTxs davufiqrdebiT, gagviWirdeba gamovyoT idealuri, srul-yofili adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, es ki Cvens

adamianur bunebas unda davabraloT. Cven, miwierni, romlebic mi-

wieri cxovrebis Wapans veweviT, Tuki sakuTar Tavs saRi Tva-

liT SevxedavT da realurad SevafasebT, davinaxavT, rom cxov-

rebis sirTuliT daRlilni, simartivisaken viswrafviT da swo-

red amitomaa, rom umetesi Cvengani ideals garSemomyofebSi ve-ZebT, Sors aRar vixedebiT (“vinc eZebs, is poulobso”_naTqvamia,

magram zogjer aRmoCndeba, rom Turme “sxva” ram gvipovnia si-

martiviT dabrmavebulebs), imas ki ver vacnobierebT, rom rTu-

lia am codviT savse miwaze idealuris, srulqmnilis povna, rom

misgan aiRo magaliTi, maSi aRmoaCino is, rac dagexmareba Senc

189

gaxde idealuri, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime nabijiT mainc miu-

axlovde srulyofilebas.

roca Zveli qarTul mwerlobas vswavlobT da vafasebT, ikveTeba adamianTa ori ideali: isini, visac sasuliero cxovre-

bis wesi aurCeviaT da isini, romlebic saero cxovrebiT cxov-

roben. Tuki am or ideals erTmaneTs SevadarebT, aRmovaCenT ro-

gorc saerTo, ise ganmasxvavebel niSnebs.

“vefxistyaosnis” avtorma poemaSi personaJTa meSveobiT,

mravalferovani mxatvruli saxeebis gamoyenebiT, Seqmna srulyo-fili adamianis saxe. “vefxistyaosnis” yvela gmiri, yvela persona-

Ji raRaciT gamorCeuli da idealur TvisebaTa matarebelia, swo-

red am gamorCeulobiTa da idealur TvisebaTa erTobliobiT

iZerweba Cvens Tvalwin universaluri, srulqmnili adamianis saxe.

idealurSi unaklo, gamorCeuli, saukeTeso Tvisebebis mqone

igulisxmeba da is (srulyofileba) mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos. aqedan gamomdinare, idealuri adamianebi saerTo Tvisebebis mqone-

ni gamodian, anu erTmaneTs udrian. rusTavelma ki Tavis poemaSi

sxvagvarad, ufro gansxvavebulad dagvixata adamiansi ideali. Se-

iZleba, erTi SexedviT mogveCvenos, rom idealuri gmirebi (tarie-

li, avTandili, nestan_darejani, TinaTini) erTmaneTs ise hgvanan,

rom faqtiurad, erTmaneTs ganasaxiereben, magram es mxolod er-Tis SexedviT, Tuki am personaJebs kargad davakvirdebiT, aSkara

gaxdeba, rom uamravi saerTo Tvisebis, cxovrebis saerTo wesisa

da msgavsi problemebis miuxedavad, isini mainc sxvadasxva tipebi,

gansxvavebuli xasiaTis adamianebi arian. xSirad msgavs situacieb-

Si erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulad moqmedeben (magaliTad, gavixse-

noT nestan-darejanisa da tarielis pirveli Sexvedra da Sevuda-roT avTandilisa da TinaTinis pirvels Sexvedras, situacia er-

Tia, xolo personaJTa qmedeba ki gansxvavebuli), yvela Tvisebi-

Tac ar hgvanan erTmaneTs. amis gamo, ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tuki

vityviT, rom maTi saerTo da zogierTi gamorCeuli TvisebiT

qmnis avtori zogad idealuri pirovnebis suraTs.

sxvadasxva epoqis adamianebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gan-sxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvT, gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi gaaC-

niaT, amitom, Sesabamisad, maTi damokidebuleba da Sefaseba

srulyofili adamianisa gansxvavebulia. Tuki poemaSi erT perso-

naJs gamovyofT, magaliTad, tariels da mas miviCnevT idealur

porovnebad, advili SesaZlebelia sxva epoqis adamianma, gansxva-

vebuli Sexedulebebis mqonem, masSi srulad ver dainaxos

190

srulyofileba, misTvis miuRebeli aRmoCndes tarielisaTvis da-

maxasiTebeli Tvisebebi. poemis avtoris sidiade da genia ki swo-

red imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is ideals gmirTa dadebiT TvisebaTa erTobliobiT, ramdenime personaJis mravalferovani xasiaTebiT

qmnis da am idealis danaxva yvela mkiTxvelisaTvis individua-

luria. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rusTaveli Tvalwin gviSlis

idealur TvisebaTa mravalferovan palitras, sadac nebismieri

adamiani aRmoaCens misTvis misaReb ideals, amokrebs universalu-

ri, srulyofili pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. am-gvarad, poemis avtorma SeZlo gamklaveboda drosa da sivrces

da Seeqmna nebismieri epoqisaTvis misaRebi idealuri, srulyofi-

li adamianis saxe.

gansxvavebiT “vefxistyaosnisagan”, sadac pirovnebis ideali

personaJTa saukeTeso da gamorCeul TvisebaTa erTobliobiT iq-

mneba, hagiografiaSi nebismier mTavari gmiri, nebismieri wmindani ganasaxierebs adamianis srulyofil saxes. maT saerTo idealuri

Tvisebebi aqvT, erTnairad moqmedeben msgavs rTul situaciebSi

da maT xasiaTebs Soris gansxvaveba imdenad mcire da umniSvne-

loa, rom SeiZleba verc ki SevamCnioT. maTi arCeuli cxovrebis

gzac erTia.

“vefxistyaosanSi” srulqmnili pirovnebis TvisebaTa er-Tobliobas qmnis ara mxolod mTavar gmirTa maxasiaTeblebi, ara-

med meorexarisxovan personaJTa dadebiTi Tvisebebic, hagiogra-

fiaSi ki mxolod mTavari gmiri qmnis idealis saxes da mxolod

is aris yuradRebis centrSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom ha-

giografia qmnis erTi srulyofili adamianis saxes da masSi ver

gamovyofT mamakacisa da qalis idealebs (rusTavelis “vefxis-tyaosani ki amis SesaZleblobas iZleva). aq ideali mxolod er-

Tia, kanonikuria da konkretuli, xolo rusTavelis ideali ki

_ zogadi. igi dinamikuria da “gaTvlilia” nebismier drosa da

epoqaze.

rogorc ukve vTqviT, hagiografiis nebismieri mTavari gmi-

ri srulyofilia da mas iseTive gamorCeuli da idealuri Tvi-sebebi aqvs, rogoric sxva nebismieri hagiografiuli Txzulebis

mTavar gmirs (wmindans). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, hagiografiuli

ideali konkretuli Tvisebebis matarebelia, is yvela epoqis ada-

mianisaTvis saerToa (miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc zemoT iTqva,

sxvadasxva epoqis adamianebs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi gaaCniaT

da Sesabamisad maTi idealebic gansxvavebulia), nebismieri adamia-

191

nisaTvis misaRebia misi Tvisebebi, idealuria misi maxasiaTeblebi.

Cvens Tvalwin srulqmnili adamianis saxe dgas da ar iqmneba imis

saWiroeba, rom mTavar gmirSi CvenTvis misaRebi idealuri Tvisebe-bi veZeboT, “vefxistyaosanis” ideals ki TviTon mkiTxveli qmnis,

Tavisi individualuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare.

rogorc vxedavT, “vefxistyaosansa” da hagiografiaSi ide-

alis Seqmnis xerxi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. hagiog-

rafiis ideali erTia, konkretulia misi Tvisebebic, misi saxe

srulyofiladaa Seqmnili da yvelasTvis saerToa, xolo rusTa-velis poemSi ki avtori saSualebas gvaZlevs misi gmirebis Tvi-

sebaTa mravalferovani palitridan Tavade SevqmnaT CvenTvis mi-

saRebi ideali


1. s. caiSvili, n. naTaZe, rusTaveli da misi poema; Tb., 1966

2. al. baramiZe, rusTaveli da misi poema; Tb., 1966

Salome Tsulukidze Ivane Javakhishvili


III Year Student

The ideals of “The Knight in the Tiger Skin” and hagiography

(one aspect)

Summary

The work considers human ideal, according to the “The Knight in the Tiger Skin” and hagiography, as one aspects of this problem. In the author’s opinion in the Rustaveli’s poem the ideal is of dynamic nature and it is “inteneded” for any time and epoch. As for the ideal of fagiograpy, it is more “canonic” and specific.

192

Tamar adamia



III kursis studenti

erovnul - qristianuli motivebi guram doCanaSvilis

moTxrobaSi “cal-calke da erTad”

guram doCanaSvili erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da dafa-

sebuli mweralia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi. misi Semoqmede-

bac sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli da Zalian sainteresoa.

Cveni gamokvlevisTvis avirCieT misi erT-erTi nawarmoe-

bi “cal-calke da erTad”, romelSic gacocxlebulia qarTu-li xasiaTebi, qarTveli kacis buneba, misi saamayo Tu mankieri

mxareebi da gakicxuli, ironiulad damcirebulia boroteba.

Cveni naSromis mizania am nawarmoebSi erovnul-qristianuli

motivebis warmoCena.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom, Cveni azriT, es ormxrivad

saintereso saqmea, radgan qristianoba saukuneTaA manZilze Seerwya qarTul cnobierebas. qristianuli motivebi TiTqmis

emTxveva tradiciul qarTul mentalitets da amitom, qris-

tianuli motivebis sakiTxi pirdapir ukavSirdeba erovnuli

motivebis sakiTxs.

“cal-calke da erTad”, avtorisave TqmiT, Tanamedrove

qarTuli zRaparia. masSi moTxrobilia sami Zmis, keJeraZeebis ambavi. Zmebi tipuri qarTvelebi arian, maTi Tvisebebi, nakli

da Rirseba zogadqarTul Targzea Seqmnili da amis pirveli

damadasturebeli sabuTi gaxlavT is, rom: “erTi erTgan iwev-

da, meore_meoregan, mesame sul sxva saiTkenRac. _Tumca Zmebi

iyvnen, erTmaneTSi uCirdaT saubari. cal-calke gagixaria,

imaT SeeZloT sityvebis frqveva sxvadasxvanair adamianebsa Tu sazogadoebaSi, magram axla, radgan mSvenivrad moexsenebodaT

erTimeoris vrceli SesaZleblobebi, uneburad frTxilobdnen

raime umniSvnelo ar dascdenodaT.

am epizodSi erTi SexedviTac advili aRmosaCenia erov-

nuli motivi, radgan saubaria problemaze, romelic saukune-

Ta manZilze aramxolod konkretul pirivnebebs, _mTel qar-

193

Tul sazogadoebas ver moegvarebina. mudmivad ver rigdebodnen

damoukidebeli samefo–samTavroebi, mudmivad qiSpobdnen gaer-

Tianebis Semdegac da es konfliqti aqtualuria dResac. marTalia,

g. doCanaSvilis gmirebiviT, yvela qarTvelma icoda da

icis isrebis ambavi, magram erToba mainc yovelTvis Wirda.

Zmebi marTlac kargi saqmisTvis: “adamianTa Soris uke-

Tesi urTierTobebis misaRwevad” Seikribnen. gadawyvites, rom

“aqamde Tumc SeCveulni viyaviT cal-calke wanwals, axla ke-Tili unda vineboT da SeverTdeT undao”.

avtori zogadsakacobrio WeSmaritebaze wers, romelic

gansakuTrebiT kargad swored qarTvelebma unda vicodeT im

araerTi mware gakveTilis Semdeg istoriam rom Cagvitara,

magram es ase ar aris. da aqve Semodis qristienuli motivic,

radgan swored am problemaze saubrobs ufali saxarebaSi, rom mec iq viqnebi, sadac ori an sami Cemi saxeliT Sekrebi-

lio.

Zmebi saqarTvelos erT-erT sofelSi apireben wasvlas:

“es iqneba gamorCeulad namdvili qarTuli sofeli, Cveni,

odesRac kolxTa da iberTa. mravalmxrivad aburduli da da-

burduli sofeli iqneba es qarTvelbis- Cveni, da rogorc yvelgan, iqnebian aq sulni borotni da sulnic keTilni... xo-

lo xalxma rom mogvisminos da agvyves xelovnebis erT-erTi

kuTxiT unda mivudgeT”. Zmebma isic kargad ician, rom xelov-

neba erTmxriv saxifaTo ramacaa: “musika, poezia da misTanani,

dalocvilebi, saSiSia, raimeTi cudad rom ar Semogvibrun-

des”... “karg germanelebs xelovnebaSi is Zalian didi miRweve-bi rom ar qonodaT, cudi germanelebi verc wamoiwyebdnen yve-

laZe saSiS oms”, “didma xelovnebam swored uRirsebi gaayo-

yoCa”.

swored amitom, didi fiqrisa da sja-kamaTis Semdeg,

Zmebma sacirko xelovneba airCies. gadawyvites klounis sa-

farqveS emoqmedaT, sikeTe SeeniRbaT. marTalia, guls eWvebi uRrRnidaT: “ki magram vin dagvijerebso”, magram, albaT, isev

Zvel qarTul sibrZnes endvnen_ “cda bedis monaxevreao” rom

gvaswavlis.

SeniRbuli sikeTe da saerTod, dafaruli moRvaweoba

Zalian mniSvnelovani momentia qriatianobaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom arsebobs mTeli moZRvreba Tavmdablobis Sesaxeb. doCanaS-

194

vilis gmirebis arCeuli klounis niRabi, am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZ-

leba erTgvarad salosobas davukavSiroT. salosebi sakuTari

sibrZnisa da damsaxurebis dasafaravad, rasac Tavmdablobis gamo iqmodnen, sulelis niRabs ikeTebdnen, Tavs igiJianebdnen

da maT asec uwodebdnen: “qristesTvis sulelni”. Zmebis mier

maTi saqmianobis SeniRbva da xalxis ukeTesobisken Secvlis

mcdeloba namdvili miznis, namdvili vinaobis gamoumJRavneb-

lad, SesaZloa, Soreuli gamoZaxili iyos swored am qristi-

anuli institutisa. Zmebs isic ar aviwydebaT, rom yovrli adamiani pirvel

rigSi, sakuTar Tavzea pasuxismgebeli: “sxvebs ra Wkua unda

vaswavloT, ucodveli xom aravinaao”, magram aq avtori Zali-

an ostaturad xsnis am dilemas, is yveba ambavs cicinaTelaze,

romelic Canqrali da momakvdavi ipova viRac kikolma da es

epizodi uSualod ukavSirdeba qristianul motivs: cicinaTe-lam daxmareba sTxova, magram “Cemnair gaWirvebuls ra SeuZ-

liano”,_ kikolma. iman ki, “suli xom mainc gidgia da STambe-

reo” da aq, kikolos kiTxvas, Sen rom Cemi erTaderTi suli

STagbero me raRa damrCebao, cicinaTela pasuxobs: “suls

rom STamberav Senc ufro Seivsebio, mec gavTbebi da Senc uf-

ro gagaTbobo”. Rrma filosofiuri da qristinuli azria Cadebuli am

epizodSi. sikeTe xom sakuTari Tavis uaryofiT, daTrgunviT

Zlierdeba, boroteba ki mudam sxvis xarjze _sikeTis nakle-

bobis xarjze izrdeba. swored amaze werda didi ilia, rom

erT cicqna sanTelze rom sxva aTasi aanTo, amiT mas arc ali

Cauqreba da arc mxurvaleba moakldeba, piriqiT, aTasi sanTe-li erTad gaanaTebs ukuneTs.

am epizodSi gadajaWvulia erovuli da qristianuli

motivi, maTi gaTiSva SeuZlebelia, radgan erTi meores avsebs

da meore pirveliT sazrdoobs. “me ra SemiZlia”_ erT-erTi

yvelaze didi da mtkivneuli wylulia Tanamedrove sazogado-

ebaSi, romelsac yvelaze metad, albaT, siyvarulis unari ak-lia. unari, rom sakuTari sulic ki ar daiSuros sxvisTvis.

rogorc aRvniSneT, es erTdroulad, erovnuli motivic aris

da religiuric.

Zmebma ganizraxes sulic ki ar daeSurebinaT sakuTari

Canafiqris sisruleSi mosayvanad da mzadebas Seudgnen.

195

roca sofelSi mividnen, “mze maRla idga, rogorc Can-

da, iqaurobam miiRo Zmebi”. isini italiuri komediis dadgmas

apirebdnen. imereTis sofelSi, sadac mSvenivrad erwymis er-TmaneTs aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi saqarTvelo, komedia del

arte, romelsac movlili qonda mTeli qveyana da romlis od-

navi sio egeb sanCo pansasac Sexeboda, mTeli saqarTvelos ga-

sagonad warmoTqmuli sityva unda yofiliyo.

aq Cans erovnuli motivi, radgan komediis personaJebi

daujereblad gvanan qarTvelebs. araerT qarTvel mwerals zustad aseTi gmirebi Seuqmnia oRond, ra Tqma unda, sul

sxvagan da sul sxva viTarebaSi:

ambavi swavlul iuristze, romelic uTavbolod af-

rqvevs mouwesrigebel sibrZnesa da cnebebs, uTuod m. java-

xiSvilis Teimurazs mogagonebT. dardimandi, Zunwi da qalebis

moyvaruli vaWari pantalonec ar aris maincdamainc Sors qar-Tuli xasiaTisgan; xolo medrove, laCarTa da sustTagan uZ-

leveli brigadiri, romelic yvelas sicocxles umwarebs, nam-

dvili jayoa! Cveneburia sasacilo kapitanic, romelic didi

daTvis Tanavarskvlavedis damrcxebasac lamobda. xelmocaru-

li arlekini ki, Tavisi gulubryvilobiTa da ocnebebiT cxov-

rebis gamo mudam daCagruli da miusafari rom iyo, gagaxse-nebT eliozs, g. leoniZis “natvris xidan”.

da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, TiToeuli maTgani, da

asobiT da aTasobiT maTi msgavsi, dRevandel saqarTveloSic

dadis. zustad iseTi uTavbolo, mouwesrigbeli, dardimandi,

medrove, sasacilo, xelmocaruli Tu meocnebea TiToeuli

maTgani da rogorc arasdros ise aqtualuria dRes yvela ma-Ti problema.

xolo rac Seexeba komedias, “eg erT-erTi xerxia lite-

raturaSi _ambobs avtori _Tanac Zalian Zveli. didi xnis wi-

naTac ki saberZneTSi, kinikosi mwerlebi mxiarul, zRaprul

samoselSi xvevdnen TavianT arc Tu ise mxiarul naazrevs,

raTa mkiTxvelisTvis am gziT ufro advilad miewodebinaT saTqmeli”.

aq mandvilad ver vityviT, rom qristianoba iziarebs

azrs, rom SeiZleba adamianma siciliT, ironiiT SeZlos uke-

Tesobisaken Secvla. es Zvel saberZneTSi iyo, komedia da tra-

gedia Tanabrad miiCneoda sulieri amaRlebis saSualebad, mag-

ram qristianobaSi mxolod tkivilebi, mxolod cremlebi al-

196

boben adamianis guls, anaTeben gonebas; sicili, ironia uaryo-

filia. jer kidev Zvel aRTqmaSi solomon brZeni werda, rom

mwuxareba sjobia sicils, radgan saxis daRvremisas keTilia gulio.

doCanaSvilma es xerxi mainc gamoiyena. sainteresoa is

garemieba, rom rodesac xalxma am komediis gadmoqarTulebu-

li varianti moismina da moiwona, roca mayureblebi gulianad

axarxardnen da TiTqmis yvelaferi genialurad iyo, erT-erTi

Zma, Salva, mixvda, rom es is ar iyo, rac maT surdaT. “sas-cilod gaqvT ara saqme? –ayvirda is_ Cven, samma RviZlma Zmam

mxiaruli wviTa da dagviT amogitaneT aq, am sofelSi Sors

amosuli Tavisuflebis ucxo yvavili. Tavad silaRe, italiu-

ri komedia del arte da rom gagegoT imisi madli, saxelda-

xelod gadmogiqarTuleT kidec, magram, bodiSi!_ sicil-kiski-

sis mets verafers migaRwevineT! im silaReSi sixarxaris gar-da sxva veraferi SeniSneT ara?_ SegircxvaT Tavi!

vin agikrZalavT sicils da xarxars, magram unda ico-

deT raze icinoT. nuTu ver SeniSneT is silaRe da Tavisuf-

veba yoveli TqvenganisTvis saocnebo rom unda iyos”...

da aman namdvilad gaWra.

anu bolos, mainc qristianul moZRvrebas daeTanxma av-tori da Cvenc, Sesabamisad qristianul motivad CavTvaleT es

pasaJic. sadac komediam ar gaWra, iq Segonebam imomeda da

radganac zRapari iyo, zRaprulad gadmosca Zmebis moRvaweo-

bis Sedegi: xalxi SeerTda, Sejgufda, erTmaneTs mietmasna;

isinic ki agr aTi weli erTmaneTs rom ar elaparakebodnen

erT kacad gadaiqcnen. im erT kacSi ki calcalke rom iyo aqamde qarTuli simRera, qarTuli leqsi, qarTuli proza,

qarTuli suli, guli, Tavi moiyara erTad.

es am lamazi nawarmoebis mTavri saTqmelia, Znelia cal-

clke cxovreba, unda gaverTiandeT. gaerTianebisTvis ki “ada-

mianTa Soris ukeTesi urTierTobebi” aucilebalia, ukeTesi

urTierTobebi ki warmoudgnelia ”erTi ramis siyvarulis” ga-reSe_ ”dafarva rom sWirdeba”. mweralma Cven Tvalwin er-

Tgvari samkuTxedi Seqmna, romlis ori wvero erToba da ur-

TierTgagebaa, mwvervali ki_ siyvaruli. udaoa, rom es mRal-

mxatvruli ostatobiT damuSavebuli saxarebiseuli moZRvre-

baa, rom adamianebma erTmaneTis gageba unda SevZloT, rom ada-

197

mianebi bolosdabolos unda avmaRvldeT da davitioT arsi,

mizani da mizezi yovelivesi_ siyvaruli.

“cal-calke da erTad” Tanamedrove litereturis erT-erTi yvleze saitereso nawarmoebia. avtori TiTqmis yvelze

aqtualur problemebze msjelobs da kidev erTxel, cxadad

warmogvidgens Tu rogor gvWirdeba erovnul-qristianuli

fesvebis mofrTxileba da pativiscema.

misi nawarmoebi aramxolod sasiamovno_ sasargebloa,

xolo misi arCevani_ misabaZi.


1. g. doCanaSvili, baqani, 1997;

2. g. doCanaSvili, saqme, 1990;

3. swavlani, 2002;

4. biblia, Zveli aRTqma, 1992.

Tamar Adamia Ivane Javakhishvili


III Year Student

The National-Christian motives in Guram Dochanashvili’s story:

“Separately and together”

Summary

this article is about Guram Dochanashvili’s story: “Separately and together”. Dochanashvili is one of the eminent representative members of Georgian modern literature. We suggest that it is very interesting because it shows forms of coexistence of the national and Christian values. It shows how the question of Christian motives connects with Georgian national ones as well.

198

samarTalmcodneoba ( Law studies) naTia Skubuliani



iuridiuli fakultetis

III kursis studenti

saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da qarTuli eklesiis urTierTo-

bis sakiTxisaTvis

(konstituciuri SeTanxmebis I muxlis mixedviT)

saqarTvelos mTeli kultura, literatura, xuroTmoZ-Rvreba mTlianad dafuZnebulia qristianul sarwmunoebaze,

marTlmadideblobaze iyo agebuli saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba

warsulSi. bunebrivia, saxelwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobac

saqarTvelos gaqristianebis droidan Zalzed aqtualur Temad

iTvleboda da dRemde ase rCeba. saqarTvelos, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni qristianuli qveynebis meTaurebi yovelTvis

did pasuxismgeblobas grZnobdnen eklesiis winaSe da yvelana-

irad xels uwyobdnen mis saqmianobas. Cveni qveynis xangrZliv

istoriaSi aRsaniSnavia daviT aRmaSeneblis mier mwigobarTu-

xuces – Wyondidelis Tanamdebobis Seqmnis faqti, rac kidev

erTxel adasturebs imas, Tu raoden SemWidroebuli da daax-loebuli iyo erTmaneTTan qarTuli eklesia da saxelmwifo.

sasurveli iqneba, Tvali gadavavloT mokle istoriul

eqskurss saqarTvelos eklesiis Sesaxeb. meoTxe saukuneSi sa-

qarTveloSi qristianoba gaxda saxelmwifoebrivi religia da

Cven eklesiurad da politikurad davukavSirdiT axlad Seq-

mnil bizantiis imperias. aqedan moyolebuli, Cvens qveyanas yovelTvis uwevda brZola rogorc samSoblos, aseve qristia-

nobis SesanarCuneblad. is mSvidobiani urTierToba, rac arse-

bobda saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris, daar-

Rvia ruseTis imperiam, 1801 wels uZvelesi qarTuli saxel-

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mwifoebriobis, xolo 1811 wels mravalsaukunovani eklesiis

avtokefaliis gauqmebiT. 1921 wlis konstituciam saxelmwi-

fo da religia erTmaneTisagan ganacalkeva, xolo yvela sar-wmunoebas Tanabari uflebebi mianiWa. Amas Tan mohyva aTeizmis

mravalwliani epoqa, roca savsebiT ugulebelyofil iqna sar-

wmunoeba.

dResdReobiT, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis

zogadi regulireba asaxulia saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9

muxlSi, romlis mixedviTac “saxelmwifo acxadebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas, amasTan erTad, aRia-

rebs saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadideb-

luri eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi

da mis damoukideblobas saxelmwifosagan.” (1. muxli 9) es

faqti naTlad dagvanaxebs imas, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom

Cveni qveynis xelisufleba aRiarebs saqarTvelos marTlmadi-debluri eklesiis Zalian did rols qveynis mravalwlovan

istoriaSi, saWirod aRar miiCnevs eklesiis Carevas qveynis

saqmianobaSi da mas damoukidebel erTeulad acxadebs.

2001wlis 30martis cvlilebiT me-9 muxls daemata me-2 pun-

qti, sadac aRniSnuli aris, rom “saxelmwifosa da eklesiis

urTierToba ganisazRvreba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, rome-lic srulad unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis

sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs, kerZod ki,

adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sferoSi.” dReisaTvis

urTierToba saqarTvelosa saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris

regulirdeba swored am konstituciuri SeTanxmebis safuZ-

velze, romelsac xeli 2002wlis 14oqtombers, saqarTvelos prezidentisa da kaTolikos – patriarqis mier mcxeTis sve-

ticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi moewera.

SeTanmxmeba sul 12 muxlisagan Sedgeba. yvela maTgani

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobas aregulierebs yovel-

dRiuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad:

ganaTleba, jvriswera, samxedro valdebulebebi, qonebrivi ur-TierTobebi da a.S. amjerad ganvixilavT mxolod pirveli

muxls da SevecdebiT, am muxliT mowesrigebuli sakiTxebi

ganvazogadoT. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis es muxli konkre-

tul raime sakiTxs ar exeba. aq saubaria eklesiisa da saxel-

mwifos Soris urTierTobis zogad regulirebaze. upriani iq-

neba, gavecnoT Tavad muxlis Sinaars:

200

1. saxelmwifo da eklesia adastureben mzadyofnas, iTa-

namSromlon urTierTdamoukideblobis principis dac-

viT, qveynis mosaxleobis sakeTildReod. 2. saxelmwifo da eklesia uflebamosilni arian dadon

SeTanxmebebi erToblivi interesebis sxvadasxva sfe-

roSi, romelTa ganxorcielebis mizniTac mxareTa mier

miiReba Sesabamisi aqtebi.

3. eklesia warmoadgens istoriulad Camoyalibebul sa-

jaro samarTlis subieqts, - saxelwifos mier aRiare-bul sruluflebian sajaro samarTlis iuridiul

pirs, romelic Tavis saqmianobas warmarTavs saekle-

sio (kanonikuri) samarTlis normebiT, saqarTvelos

konstituciis, am SeTanxmebisa da saqarTvelos kanon-

mdeblobis Sesabamisad.

4. eklesias specialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe warmo-adgenen: saeklesio kreba, wminda sinodi da saqarTve-

los sapatriarqo (qorepiskoposisa da mdivnis saxiT),

xolo samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi uflebamosilebas

aniWebs kaTolikos-patriarqi.

5. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi xelSeuvalia.

6. rogorc wesi, didi saeklesio dResaswaulebi da kvi-ra dasvenebis dReebad cxaddeba.

rogorc vxedavT, SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis pirvelive

punqtSi naxsenebia fraza “qveynis mosaxleobis sakeTilReod”,

es faqti miuTiTebs imaze, rom nebismieri saqme, romelsac ga-

naxorcielebs eklesia Tu saxelmwifo, unda keTdebodes Cveni

qveynis mosaxleobis sakeTildReod. daviT CikvaiZe wers: “ada-mianisTvis, romelic sulisa da sxeulisagan Sedgeba, ucilob-

liv saWiroa Sesabamisi pirobebi TiToeulis gansaviTareblad.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adamianma SeiZleba RvTis xateba dakar-

gos da cxovelsac ki miemsgavsos. yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom

sulis ganviTarebaze zrunva eklesias evaleba, sxeulisaze –

saxaelmwifos.”(2. gv.9) Zalzed sainteresoa SeTanxmebis 1-li muxlis me-3 pun-

qti, romlis mixedviTac eklesia warmoadgens sajaro samar-

Tlis iuridiul pirs (sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri

ewodeba iseT organizacias, romlis saqmianoba mimarTulia sa-

xelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad). sa-

qarTveloSi, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi, garda sa-

201

ministroebisa (departamentebisa) da eklesiisa, arian politi-

kuri partiebi da profesiuli kavSirebi. zogadad, iurispru-

denciaSi arsebuli ganmartebidan gamomdinare, sajaro samar-Tlis iuridiul pirs ayalibebs saxelmwifo an iqmneba kano-

nis safuZvelze. rogorc viciT, eklesia arc saxelmwifos

Camouyalibebia da arc raime normis safuZvelze Seqmnila,

swored amitom, eklesias sajaro samarTalSi eniWeba gansa-

kuTrebuli iuridiuli piris statusi. am faqtiT kidev er-

Txel dasturdeba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlSi mocemuli debuleba, rom saxelmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis gan-

sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saqarTvelosTvis. amave punqtis mi-

xedviT, eklesia Tavis saqmianobas warmarTavs, upirveles

yovlisa, saeklesio (kanonikuri) samarTlis safuZvelze, sa-

qarTvelos konstituciis, konstituciuri SeTanxmebisa da

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. sasurveli aqneba aRvniSnoT, ra aris saeklesio samarTali. marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis

mixedviT saeklesio samarTali ewodeba samarTals, romelic

awesrigebs urTierTobas eklesiasa da mrevls (mis wevrebs)

Soris. Cveni eklesia adgens saeklesio samarTlis Semdeg ie-

rarqias: 1. wminda werili da wminda gardamocema, 2. moci-

qulTa kanonebi, 3. msoflio saeklesio krebaTa kanonebi da 4. adgilobriv saeklesio krebaTa kanonebi. aRsaniSanvia is,

rom saxelwifo ar zRudavs kanonikuri samarTlis moqmede-

bas eklesiis Sida saqmianobaSi, Tumca zRudavs mis farglebs

eklesiis sagareo urTierTobaSi (igulisxmeba urTierToba

saero xasiaTis dawesebulebebTan). magaliTad, saeklesio sa-

marTliT, eklesiis meTauri (Cvens SemTxvevaSi sruliad sa-qarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi) iTvleba saxelmwifos me-

Tauris Tanasworad. es norma saeklesio samarTlisaa, Tumca,

raRa Tqma unda, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia ver

moTxovs ucxo saxelmwifos meTaurs saqarTvelos preziden-

tis Tanasworad miiRon. Aamave dros, verc saxelwifo mos-

Txovs eklesias, vTqvaT, qalebi akurTxon RvTismsaxurebad, vinaidan, marTalia, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxliT

aRiarebulia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa Tanasworoba, magram

kanonikuri samarTliT akrZalulia qalTa RvTismsaxurad

kurTxeva.

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlis mixedviT ekle-

sias specialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe warmoadgenen saek-

202

lesio kreba, wminda sinodi da saqarTvelos sapatriarqo (qo-

repiskoposisa da mdivnis saxiT). es imas niSnavs, rom rode-

sac daniSnuli iqneba esa Tu is gansazRvruli piri, mas aRar sWirdeba specialuri uflebamosileba ixelmZRvanelos ekle-

siis saxeliT. saeklesio kreba aris saqarTvelos eklesiis

sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

umaRlesi organo. misi sinonimia wminda sinodi, oRond im gan-

sxvavebiT, rom saeklesio krebaSi saTaTbiro xmis uflebiT

monawileoba SeuZlia miiRon wm. sinodis mier mowveulma ga-reSe pirebmac (rogorc saero, ise sasuliero), xolo wminda

sinodis sxdomebSi monawileoben mxolod saqarTvelos ekle-

siis mRvdelmTavrebi. Tumca xmis micemis ufleba orive Sem-

TxvevaSi mxolod episkoposebs aqvT. sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi aris saqarTvelos saqmociqulo avtoke-

faluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli. amave dros igi aris mceTisa da Tbilisis eparqiis mmarTveli. sa-

qarTvelos sapatriarqo aris im dawesebulebaTa erToblioba,

romlebic uSualod eqvemdebarebian sruliad saqarTvelos ka-

Tolikos-patriarqs.

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, mniSvnelovan Tamandebobis

pirebs, rogorebic arian, magaliTad deputatebi, ministrebi, prezidenti, miniWebuli aqvT xelSeuvalobis ufleba, e.w. imu-

niteti, rac imas niSnavs, rom dauSvebelia maTi sisxlis sa-

marTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema an dapatimreba danaSaulze was-

wrebis SemTxvevis garda. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis 1-li

muxlis me-5 punqti msgavs uflebas aniWebs sruliad saqar-

Tvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs. Cvens qveyanaSi, dasvenebis, anu uqme dReebs adgens saqar-

Tvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-20 muxli, romlis mixedviTac

uqme dReebad cxaddeba rogorc saeklesio, aseve saero dRe-

saswaulebi (mag.: axali weli, 3marti, 8 marti, 26 maisi da

a.S.) (3. muxli20). istoriulad, saqarTveloSi aTormetive sa-

uflo dResaswauli dasvenebis dReebad iTvleboda. koministu-ri xelisuflebis damxobisTanave aRdga tradiciuli dResas-

waulebi, Tumca udides sauflo dResaswaulTagan yvela ar

gamocxadebula saxelmwifo dResaswaulad. xolo xolo Se-

Tanxmebis am normam aRadgina da saxelmwifo dResawaulad

cno aTormetive sauflo dResaswauli. es namdvilad misasal-

mebeli faqtia, radgan ucnobia, ra niSniT iyo gamorCeuli

203

dResaswaulebi erTi-meorisgan konstituciuri SeTanxebis da-

debamde.

bolos, davubrundeT isev saxelwifosa da eklesiis ur-TierTobis zogad mimoxilvas. Zalzed sainteresoa mosazrebaa,

romlis mixedviTac xSirad saxelmwifos da eklesiis urTier-

Tdamokidebulebas adareben Ze RvTisas or bunebas: RvTiursa

da adamianurs. saxelmwifo da eklesia unda iyvnen erTianni

da amve dros Seurevnelni, rogorc RvTaebrivi da kacobrivi

buneba qristeSi. eklesia, romelic ganasaxierebs zeciur same-fos, ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT warmavali samefos, anu saxel-

wifos Tanasworad. Tumca arsebobs sapirispiro debuleba,

rom amqveynad saxelmwifos eniWeba upiratesoba, vinaidan igi

aris miwier wesebze Seqmnili da eklesiis pirveloba mxolod

zecaSia. amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saxelmwifosa da

eklesias Soris ar arsebobs upiratesi. orives gaaCnia saku-Tari movaleobani adamianTa winaSe, riTac upiratesoba eniWe-

baT erTimeoris mimarT. (2. gv.9)


1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. 2009 wlis mdgomareobiT.

2. daviT CikvaiZe. “saqarTvelosa saxelmwifosa da saqarTve-

los samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias So-

ris konstituciuris SeTanxmebis komentarebi” Tbilisi.

2005w.

3. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. Tb., 2009 4. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelwifosa da

saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel ek-

lesias Soris. (2002wlis 14oqtomberi)

5. ivane javaxiSvili. “’qarTveli eris istoria” t. VI_VII.

Tbilisi. 1982-1984ww.

6. mariam cacanaSvili. “saxelmwifo da religia” Tbilisi. 2001w.

7. giorgi xubua. “saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Te

Teoria” Tb. 2005w. 8. www.orthodoxy.ge 9. www.patriarchate.ge

204

Natia Shkubuliani Ivane Javaxishvili Tbilisi State University The student of III cours of faculty of law

On the Question of the realtion between State of Georgia and

Georgian Church

Summary There is consideration about the interrelation between Georgian government and Georgian orthodox church in this work. In The Constitution of Georgian, I article, consider exactly this issue. And this relationship is regulated in The constitutional agreement between Georgian government and Georgian orthodox church, whis was got in Mckheta, in 14 October, in 2002.

205

cira SaloSvili ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-tis

iuridiuli fakultetis III kursis

studenti

qorwinebis registraciis forma qristianuli

msoflmxedvelobisa da Tanamedrove qarTuli

samarTlis mixedviT

ojaxis instituti uxsovari droidan Camoyalibda sazo-

gadoebaSi. jer kidev Temuri wyobilebis pirobebSi ojaxs didi

datvirTva hqonda adamianis cnobierebaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi,

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis paralelurad, saqorwino urTierTo-bebi saero da saeklesio samarTlis regulirebis sferoSi mo-

eqca. jer kidev romis samarTalSi iyo ganxiluli ojaxis wev-

rebis uflebrivi mdgomareoba, urTierTdamokidebuleba. wminda

mamebic agreTve did adgils uTmobdnen mas qadagebebSi da meuR-

leebs siyvarulze, urTierTpativiscemaze, erTgulebasa da

moTminebaze dafuZnebuli ojaxis Seqmnas urCevdnen... pavle mociquli ojaxs “saxlis eklesias” uwodebs. am

sityvebiT aisaxeba misi kulti qristianul sazogadoebaSi. Eek-

lesia uflis saxlia, simSvidisa da siyvarulis taZari, Sesaba-

misad ojaxSi siyvaruli da simSvide unda sufevdes samaradi-

sod. droTa ganmavlobaSi, ratomRac, ojaxis kulti saqarTve-

loSi gafermkrTalda, ganqorwineba da ganmeorebiTi qorwineba sakmaod gaxSirda. sazogadoebaSi Cndeba Zalian bevri kiTxva,

Tu ram gamoiwvia ojaxebis aseTi xSiri rRveva. erTni am faqts

komunistur xanaSi gamefebuli aTeizmiT xsnian, meoreni mZime

socialur mdgomareobas ukavSireben. vfiqrobT, ojaxi, rome-

lic materialuri sikeTis molodinzea dafuZnebuli, dasabami-

danve dangrevisTvisaa ganwiruli, magram “aTeizmis wvlils”, albaT, namdvilad ver ugulebelvyofT. Oojaxis cnebis samar-

Tlebriv ganmartebas qarTveli kanonmdebeli ar iZleva. saqar-

Tvelos konstitucia mxolod Semdegi sityvebiT Semoifargle-

ba: “qorwineba emyareba meuRleTa uflebriv Tanasworobasa da

nebayoflobas; saxelmwifo xels uwyobs ojaxis keTildReo-

bas”(saqarTvelos kontitucia, muxli-36.) sruliad saqarTve-

206

los kaTolikos patriarqi, uwmindesi da unetaresi, ilia II

1987 wlis saaxalwlo epistoleSi ojaxis funqcias ase gan-

saRvravs: “ojaxi aris is garemo, sadac bavSvis fsiqika yalib-deba. aq ismens pirvel zRapars, aq eziareba rwmenasa da siyva-

ruls, aq Rvivdeba misi suli, aq iqceva pirovnebad. samwuxaroa,

rom qarTuli ojaxi TandaTan kargavs am Rrma azrs; TandaTan

ufro SemaSfoTebelia misi rRvevis niSnebi” (2. gv.9.). amave

epistoleSi uwmindesi xazs usvams qalis rols ojaxis urRve-

vobis sakiTxSi. ar viziarebT “meuRleTa uflebrivi Tanaswo-robisa da nebayoflobis ideas”, radgan es sityvebi uaryofs

qristianul Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom taZarSi upirateso-

ba mamakacebs eniWeba (ufalma xom eva adamis neknisagan Seqmna),

aseve unda iyos ojaxSi _ saxlis eklesiaSi. Tumca es imas ar

niSnavs, rom qals uuflebo monad warmovidgenT, ubralod e.w.

genderul Tanasworobas ar miviCnevT gamarTlebulad. magali-Tad SegviZlia moviyvanoT mama paisi mTawmindelis sityvebi:

“rodesac xarebis wyvili erT uRelSia Sebmuli da erT-erTi

maTgani metad zanti an sustia, meore cxoveli did Zalisxme-

vas xmarobs da garkveulwilad miaTrevs, qaCavs meores” (3. gv.

1.), gamwevis funqciis Sesruleba ki SeuZlia, rogorc mamakacs,

ise dedakacs..dResdReobiT qarTuli eklesia dauRalavad cdi-lobs, aRmoifxvras an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Semcirdes mainc

ganqorwinebebis ricxvi, Tumca, mxolod eklesia ver SeZlebs

seriozuli gardatexis Setanas; saeklesio qorwinebas, jvris-

weras, ar aqvs iuridiuli Zala, wyvili angariSvaldebuli ar

aris eklesiasTan, samoqalaqo kodeqsi ki aranair samarTlebriv

SezRudvas uwesebs wyvils ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. vinaidan, saqorwino urTierTobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni sazogado-

ebisaTvis, gadavwyviteT, misi ganxilva saeklesio da saero ka-

nonebis mixedviT. naSromSi saubari iqneba: jvisweris iuridiu-

li aRiarebis problemaze.

zemoT Cven mokled visaubreT qalisa da mamakacis Tanas-

worobis ideaze. am sakiTxis xseneba imitom dagvWirda, rom Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, rigi sakiTxebis gverdiT, erT-erTi yurad-

saRebi mizezi ojaxebis aseTi siswrafiT daSlisa, swored e.w.

genderuli Tanasworobis survilia. sanam uSualod sakiTxis

kvlevaze gadavalT, upriani iqneba, qorwinebis samarTlebrivi

cnebis Camoyalibeba: “qorwineba ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT qalisa

da mamkacis nebayoflobiTi kavSiria, romelic registrirebu-

207

lia saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis sfero-

Si Semavali sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ samoqalaqo

reestris saagentos teritoriul samsaxurSi” (4. Muxli 1116). aqedan irkveva, rom jvrisweras samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba ar

aqvs, is ubralod “lamazi ritualia” da bevri wyvili verc ki

acnobierebs, Tu ra didi datvirTva aqvs uflis kurTxevas

ojaxuri cxovrebis mSvidobianad warmarTvisaTvis. zemoxsenebu-

li muxlis komentarSi vkiTxulobT: “namdvili ojaxi materia-

luri angariSianobisa da religiuri Sexedulebebisagan Tavisu-fali qalisa da maamkacis samisdReSio kavSiria”(13. gv. 24). am

sityvebiT cxadi xdeba, ra datvirTvas aniWebs qarTuli kanon-

mdebloba qristianul dogmebs. uwmindesi jvrisweras Semdeg-

nairad xsnis: :jvrisweris dros mefe-dedofali erTi sasmisi-

dan svams Rvinos. es simboloa ara marto maTi erTad yofnisa,

aramed ieso qristesTan, eklesiasTan maTi erTobisa. axalda-qorwinebulTa cxovreba unda iqces “liturRiad”, msaxurebad

RvTisa da qveynisaTvis. Mmxolod am SegrZnebiT, am rwmeniT un-

da eziaron isini qorwinebis saidumlos; Tasi bolomde mxo-

lod aseTi cxovrebiT Seismeba” (2. Gv.10).

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg

(IVss), qorwinebis registracias (qristan (marTlmadidebel) wvilebs Soris) mxolod eklesia axorcielebda. Aaseve xdebo-

da sxva qristianul qveynebSic, amitom saqarTvelos ruseTTan

mierTebis Semdeg mdgomareoba ar Secvlila; qristianuli sa-

xelmwifoebis aseTi midgoma am sakiTxis mimarT imiT aixsneba,

rom jvriswera erT-erTi saRvTo saidumloa; jvrisweris sa-

fuzvelze Seqmnili ojaxi myaria, aseTi ojaxebis simravle ki saxelmwifos winsvlis _ sawindari. Cvenda samarcxvinod unda

aRiniSnos, rom qorwinebis saeklesio registraciis wesi gauq-

mda 1921 wlis qarTuli konstituciis 31-e muxliT (5. muxli

31.). sabWoTa reJims ki cxadia, araferi moumoqmedia am tradi-

ciis aRsadgenad da piriqiT, Tu demokratiuli respublika ne-

bas rTavda moqalaqeebs, eqorwinaT saeklesio wesiT da ubra-lod, samarTlebriv Zalas ukargavda jvrisweras, sabWoTa re-

Jimma saerTod akrZala. “burJuaziulma warmoebiTma urTierTo-

bebma daarRvia winandeli didi ojaxebi, daawvrilerTeula isi-

ni. indivividualuri sawyisebi, piradi iniciativa sul ufro

met gasaqans pouloben; qali ukve aRar aris qorwinebis obieq-

208

ti”_ werda g. nadareiSvili XIX saukunis meore naxevris qar-

Tul ojaxebze (5. Gv.177.).

samwuxarod unda daveTanxmoT gazeT “sapatriarqos uwye-

banSi” gamoqveynebul giorgi yifianis sityvebs: საქართველოში ოჯახისა და ქორწინების სიმტკიცეზე ზრუნვა სახელმწიფო პოლიტიკის პრიორიტეტს არ წარმოადგენს, მაგრამ კონსტიტუციური შეთანხმება სახელმწიფოსა და ეკლესიას შორის იძლევა შესაძლებლობას, ეკლესიამ აქტიური მონაწილეობა მიიღოს ახალგაზრდობის მომავლის განსაზღვრაში (7.). am SemTxvevaSi erT-erT aucilebel nabijad

miviCnevT, rom konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi Sevides cvlileba.

sanam uSualod cvlilebaze visaubrebdiT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis proeqtis mesame muxli Semdegi sa-xiT iyo Cawerili: “saxelmwifo aRiarebs saeklesio samarTlis

normebis mixedviT ganxorcielebuli qorwinebis samarTlebriv

Sedegebs, Tu es aqti registrirebulia samoqalaqo aqtebis re-

gistraciis organoSi” (8. Gv. 72.). aRniSnuli debuleba ucvle-

lad rom gadasuliyo konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saboloo

variantSi, sadaoc aRaraferi iqneboda, magram gaurkveveli mi-zezebis gamo, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mesame muxlSi vkiT-

xulobT: “saxelmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis mier Sesrulebul

jvrisweras kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT; samarTlebriv

urTierTobebSi gamoiyeneba qorwinebis saxelmwifo registraci-

is monacemebi” (9.) garkveuli mizezebis gamo, miviCnevT, rom umjo-besi iqneba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dRevandel variantSi

aRdgenil iqnas proeqtiseuli norma. es nabiji, bevr problemas

gadaWris da garda amisa pasuxs gascems bevr bundovan kiTxvas...

absoluturad gaurkvevelia, ras gulisxmobs qarTveli kanon-

mdebeli, rodesac aRiarebs eklesiis mier Sesrulebul jvris-

weras, Tumca ar gamoiyenebs samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi. amas-Tan dakavSirebiT daviT CikvaiZe aseT azrs gamoTqvams: “es cno-

ba, savaraudod, gamoixateba imaSi, rom jvardaweril, magram sa-

xelwifo registracia gauvlel col-qmars saxelwifo ganar-

Cevs sxva SemTxveviTi wyvilisagan da amgvarad, gamarTleburia

zneobrivad. kerZod, es upirvelesad Seexeba mamobis dadgenas...”

(11. Muxli 3.) vfiqrobT jvriswerisa da jvardawerili wyvi-lis zneobriobis gansazRraze upriani iqneboda SeTanxmebaSi

qmediTi normis Cawera... aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom praqti-

209

kaSi, Zalian xSirad, arc mamobis dadgenisTvis aris sakmarisi

mxolod jvisweris mowmoba, garda amisa, Tu wyvils xeli ar

hqonda mowerili, daqvrivebis Semdeg jvardawerili meuRle ver iRebs garadcvlili meuRlis samkvdrodan wils, rac sam-

wuxarod, yvelaze metad maT arasrulwlovan Svilebs azara-

lebs...

aRsaniSnavia, rom vinaidan qristianoba ar aris saxelmwi-

fo religia, rasac kanonmdeblebi demokratiuli tendenciebiT

xsnian, cxadia, rTuli iqneba im cvlilebebis Setana kanonmdeb-lobaSi, romlebzec zemoT visaubreT; dadgeba aramarTlmadide-

beli wyvilebis qorwinebis registraciis problema, magram

amasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi winadadeba SegviZlia, SevTavazoT

sakanonmdeblo organos: qristiani wyvilebis qorwinebis regis-

tracia moxdes jvrisweriT, xolo sxva aRmsareblobis adamia-

nebs SeuZliaT, dadon saqorwino xelSekruleba, rac (rogorc jvisweris mowmoba, ise aramarTlmadidebel wyvilebs Soris da-

debuli xelSekruleba) daregistrirdeba, samoqalaqo rees-

trSi. es wesi sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi moqme-

debda ruseTsa Tu sxva qristianul qveynebSi (9.). garda amisa,

jvrisweris iuridiuli aRiareba arc demokratiul principebs

ewinaaRmdegeba; msoflios bevr evropul da amerikul qveyanaSi jvrisweras iuridiuli Zala aqvs, Tu is Sesrulebulia kano-

nis normebis dacviT. amave azrs iziarebs daviT CikvaiZe da

wers: “umjobesi iqneboda, agveRo berZnuli modeli. kerZod,

saberZneTis moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, daiweron jvari eklesia-

Si, an qorwinebis registracia gaiaron saxelmwifo organoSi”

(11. Muxli 3.). am SemTxvevaSi es norma alternatiuli xasiaTi-saa da kanonieri Zala eniWeba rogorc erTi, ise meore formiT

Sesrulebul (daregistrirebul) qorwinebas. amrigad wyvilebs

aRar mouwevT qorwinebis ramdenjerme registracia, rac maT-

Tvis momgebiani iqneba aramarto rwmenis gamoxatvis Tvalsazri-

siT, aramed SeZleben dazogon sakmaod didi dro da xarjebi...

dasawyisSi sakmaod bevri visaubreT jvrisweris rolze qarTuli ojaxebis ase rigad rRvevis SeferxebasTan dakavSire-

biT, daskvis saxiT ki macxovaris Semdeg sityvebs moviy-

vanT:ერთ-ერთ ძველ ხელნაწერში არის ადგილი, სადაც ქრისტეს ეკითხებიან: „როდის მოვა ღვთის სასუფეველი?“ და ქრისტე პასუხობს: „ღვთის სასუფეველი უკვე მოსულია

210

იქ, სადაც ორნი - უკვე ორნი კი არა, ერთნი არიან...“ (7.). aseTi ojaxi, sadac wyvili “erT sul da erT xorc aris” Ta-

visTavad cxadia, rom urRvevi da myari kavSiria, romlis daS-

la amqveyniur “siameTa” meSveobiT SeuZlebelia, mis Sesaqmne-

laT ki Rrma, qritesmieri ubiwo siyvaruli da jvirsweris sa-

idumlos aRsruleba aucielebelia.


1. saqarTvelos konstitucia 1995 weli. 2009 wlis mdgo-

mareobiT. 2. saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, sapatriarqos gamocema,

1987.

3. www.orthodoxy.ge “moTmineba ojaxs dangrevisagan icavs”; 4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1997w, 2009 wlis

mdgomareobiT.

5. saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia. 6. g. nadareiSvili, “qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkveve-

bi”,gam.”mecniereba”,1971.

7. www.orthodoxy.ge “sqesobrili aRzrda Tu aRviraxsnilo-

ba”.

8. m. cacanaSvili, “saxelmwifo da religia”, Tb., 2001.

9. www.orthodoxy.ge “jvrisweris iuridiuli aRiarebis problema”;

10. saqarTvelos kontitucia, 1995 w. 2009 wlis mdgomareo-

biT.

11. saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo

avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciu-

ri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, Tb.2005. 12. www.orthodoxy.ge “mitropoliti anton suroJeli, siyva-

rulis saidumlo, saubari qristianul qorwinebaze”;

13. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni V,

2000w.

14. g. nadareiSvili, Zveli qarTuli saojaxo samarTali, Tb.,

1996. 15. v. metreveli, “saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samarTlis

istoria”, gam. “meridiani”, 2003

211

Cira Shaloshvili Ivane Javaxishvili Tbilisi State University The student of III cours of faculty of law

The form of wedding registration with Christian ideology and modern Georgian law aspects

Summary

There is consideration of the form of wedding registration in this work; We have formulated weddings registration’s rules and conditions, foundations, registration’s annulemant; We’ve reviewed these issues with Christian world outline and contemporary Georgian law, so here are comparative analysis of this problem.

212

filosofia, fsiqologia, sociologia

(Philosophy, phsycology, Sociology)

salome daviTuliani




III kursis studenti

TaobaTa Soris urTierTobebi, mSoblebisa da Svilebis maga-

liTze, qristianuli da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebiT

yoveli adamianisTvis mniSvnelovania urTierTobebi. swo-

red urTierTobebis akrZalvaa sasjeli, anu Tavisuflebis aR-kveTa. TiToeuli Cvenganis pirveladi urTierTobebi, jer ki-

dev mucladyofnis periodSi mSoblebTan kavSirSia da Semdeg

ukve sxva, danarCen sazogadoebasTan urTierToba ojaxidan mo-

dis.

cnobilia, rogorc qristianulad, aseve fsiqologiu-rad, rom adamianis sxeulSi sami saxis xorcieli Zala moqme-

debs. pirveli bunebrivi Zalaa. Tandayolili miswrafeba mis-

wrafeba moZraobisaken, romelic TavisTavad, sulis daukiTxa-

vad arafers aRmoacenebs codvismiersa da sulis damamZime-

bels, aramed mxolod SegvagrZnobinebs Tavs, rom es Zala ar-

sebobs da moqmedebs Cvens sxeulSi. meore Zala zedmeti saz-rdos miRebisagan aRiZvris da moqmedebs Cvens sxeulSi, roca

noyieri da Warbi saWmlisagan ganxurvebuli sisxli Cvens sxe-

uls sulis winaaRmdeg aRaSfoTebs da arawminda survilebs

dahbadebs masSi. mesame Zala adamianis sxeulSi boroti sule-

biT moqmedebs, romelnic SuriT aRivsebian xolme siwmindisa-

ken mswrafelis mimarT da cdiloben am Zalis moqmedebiT ac-dunon igi. ai es sami xorcieli Zala moqmedebs yoveli adami-

anis sxeulSi yovel droSi.

213

rogorc adamianis sxeuli gaivlis sam asaks, sanam masSi

suli imyofeba, kerZod ki: yrmobas, dakacebasa da siberes,

aseve sam asaks Tavisi ganviTarebisa gaivlis sxeulSi dafaru-li sulic, kerZod, ki: Casaxvasa da dasawyiss rwmenisa, warma-

tebulobas rwmenaSi, cxovrebisa da srulyofilebis miRwevas

(3, 185). swored sulier da xorciel am ganviTarebaSi udides

rols TamaSoben mSoblebi da ojaxuri garemocva.

bavSvis aRzrdisas yvelaze didi biZgis mimcemi mSoble-

bis piradi magaliTia. im ojaxSi, sadac yoveldRiurad aRev-lineba locva, sadac mSoblebi yoveldRiurad keTilsindisie-

rad Sromoben, erTmaneTs siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT mimar-

Taven, cdiloben daexmaron gaWirvebulebs, iq, sadac aravin

aravis uyviris, ar uxeSobs, ar atyuebs, izrdebian aseTive

keTili Tvisebebis mqone pirovnebebi. grigol noseli wers:

’’adamianma daikava saSualo adgili RmerTsa da mis mdabal qmnilebaTa Soris, amitomacaa igi gaorebuli: naTeli gonebiT

RvTaebriv mSvenierebas gvagonebs, mgznebare vnebebiT ki cxo-

vels, amiT aixsneba is Sinagani konfliqti da dapirispireba,

riskenac saerTod midrekilia adamiani.’’ (1, 52). amitomac,

mSoblebi sulierad unda daexmaron maT Svilebs, manam, vidre

isini patarebi arian, radgan pataraobisas gacilebiT naklebi naklovanebebi aqvT da maTi aRmofxvra ufro advilia.

mama paisi aRniSnavs: ’’Tuki bavSvobis wlebidan bavSvebi

mSoblebis daxmarebiT moipoveben qristes, isini mis siaxlo-

ves samudamod darCebian. mozrdilobaSi garkveulwilad gza-

sac rom ascdnen isini, asakidan gamomdinare, an cud wreSi

moxvedris gamo, - bolos mainc gons moegebian. RvTis SiSi da RvTismosaoba romliTac siymawvilis wlebSi maTi gulebi iyo

savse, maTi arsebidan srul gaqrobas veRarasodes SeZlebs.’’

(2, 82).

mozardobis xanaSi, yvelaze rTul periodSi, Svilebis

gamo mSoblebis mRelvareba izrdeba. es mRelvareba iqamde

grZeldeba, vidre mSoblebi Svilebs ganaTlebas ar miscemen da damoukidebeli cxovrebis gzaze ar Seadgmevineben fexs.

vidre bavSvebi am asaks gascdebian, mSoblebs maTze umetesi

mzrunveloba marTebT. magram is, rac mSoblbis Zalas aRemate-

ba, yovladZlieri RmerTis xels unda gadascen. Tu mSoblebi

TavianT Svilebs RmerTs miandoben, RmerTi exmarebaT maT ima-

Si, risi gakeTebac adamianis mier SeuZlebelia

214

fsiqologiaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani momenti

TviTcnobieri « me »s Camoyalibebaa. cnobiereba bavSvs ori

wlis asakidan ewyeba da adamianis pirovnebis Casaxvis Sesaxeb am droidan SeiZleba laparaki. amieridan bavSvis qceva garkve-

uli centridan momdinareobs, romelic mas mimarTulebasa da

saxes aZlevs. cnobieri « me »s Camoyalibebis pirvel period-

Si, anu adreul asakSi bavSvis survilebs ewinaagmdegeba obi-

eqturi garemo. bavSvi grZnobs ro uZluria da survilis da-

sakmayopileblad specifikur reaqcias tirils mimarTavs. yovel qristianul ojaxSi unda icavdnen eklesiur we-

sebs: unda

marxulobdnen, saxlSi yoveldRiurad unda loculob-

dnen, aucilebelia SabaT-kviras da dResaswaulis dReebSi ek-

lesiaSi siaruli, sinanuliTa da aRsarebis saidumlos mad-

liT codvaTagan sulis ganwmenda, xSirad ziareba, yovel wels saxlis kurTxeva, aucilebelia gardacvlil axlobelTa

da winaparTa specialurad maTTvis gankuTvnil dReebSi loc-

va... aseTia ojaxi, rogorc ambobs wminda mociquli pavle, iq-

ceva ’’saxlis eklesiad’’ da daivanebs iq ufali da daicavs

mas mSvidobiT, siyvaruliTa da keTildReobiT (1,124). magram

samwuxarod, ojaxSi ufrosebi xSirad arasworad iqcevian. isini kerpebiviT eTayvanebian TavianT Svilebs, rac RvTis sa-

winaaRmdegoa, gansakuTrebulad zrunaven maT janmrTelobasa

da fizikur aRzrdaze, cdiloben aucileblad miscen saSualo

da umaRlesi ganaTleba.

bevrjer mSoblebi Svilebis Tvalwin Cxuboben da amiT

cud magaliTs aZleven Svilebs. sabralo bavSvebi swuxan da dardoben. mere ki mSoblebi imisTvis, rom isini anugeSon yo-

velgvar axirebas usruleben maT. mama, imisTvis, rom bavSvs

aamos, mis ’’mosyidvas’’ iwyebs (2, 86). deda Tavis mxriv saku-

Tar naSobs yvela survilis Sesrulebas pirdeba. saboloo

jamSi ki bavSvebi uaRresad ganebivrebulebi izrdebian, radgan

mSoblebs yvelaze mTavari aviwydebaT: aviwydebaT sulieri aR-zrda, aviwydebaT bavSvebSi im moraluri Tvisebebis Camoyali-

beba, romelic unda axasiaTebdes marTlmadidebel

qristians. sabolood Sedegic samwuxaroa: Svilebi nel-

nela kargaven mSoblebis siyvaruls, TandaTan Sordebian maT,

yuradRebas aRar aqceven anda upatronoTa TavSesafarSi abare-

215

ben. imaze ki aRar fiqroben, rom igive xvedri, anda ufro ua-

resi, TviTon maT eliT.

’’pativi ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili geyos Sen da dRegrZel iyos qveyanasa zeda’’, - gvaswavlis me-

xuTe mcneba. mSoblebis pativiscemazea damokidebuli Svilebis

keTildReoba. wminda werili gvaswavlis, Tu ra didi mniSvne-

loba aqvs ded-mamis dalocvas, oRond dalocva unda iyos

damsaxurebuli, mSoblebis dafasebiT mopovebuli. xSirad,

mSoblebi wuxan da tirian Svilebis udieri saqcielis gamo, Tumca umeteswilad TviTon arian damnaSaveni, radgan qristia-

nuli rwmeniTa da siyvaruliT ar gazardes isini. ded-mamis

upativcemulobis mizeziT Svilebi Semdeg sxvadasxva avadmyo-

fobiT itanjebian, maT ojaxSi ar aris simSvide da siyvaru-

li.

yvela mSobels surs, rom misi Svili bednierad da mSvidobianad cxovrobdes ojaxSi. aravin cdilobs, daaSinos

Svili, Tavgasuli, upasuxismgeblo da jiuti gazardos igi,

magram zogjer bavSvebi zrdasTan erTad iZenen xasiaTis am da

sxva uamur niSnebs, Tanac arc sakuTri Tavis rwmena aqvT da

arc Tavisi Tu sxvisi pativiscema gaaCniaT. swored amitom,

aucilebelia SezRudva. patara bavSvis Tavisufleba Tavidanve SezRudulia. cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi is dedis mucelSia ga-

moketili. axalSobils akvanSi abamen, gadis xuTi-eqvsi Tve da

mas gars maRal bades Semoavleben. mozrdil bavSvs marto

sadme gasvlis nebas ar rTaven, rom ar davardes, an kibidan

ar dagordes. bavSvi rom Tavisuflad gauSva is xom waiqceva

da rames ivnebs. yovelive es imisTvisaa aucilebeli, rom bav-Svi usafrTxod izrdebodes. erTi SexedviT yvela zemoT Ca-

moTvlili RonisZieba bavSvs Tavisuflebas uzRudavs, magram

yovelive amis gareSe igi arsebobis pirvelive dReebidanve

sikvdilis safrTxis qveS iqneboda. Tumca bavSvebi, gansakuT-

rebiT ki umcrosi asakis bavSvebi ver xvdebian, rom maTi Sez-

Rudva aucilebelia. magram, rodesac gaizrdebian, veRarc imas grZnoben, rom ukve sul sxvagvari SezRudva sWirdebaT da Ta-

visuflebas eswrafian.

fsiqologiurad dadgenilia, rom pirovnebis struqtura

sami nawilisgan Sedgeba, esaa: idi, ego da superego. idi pri-

mitiuli da araorganizebulia, Cveni pirovnebis miuwvdomeli,

bneli nawilia. masSi urTierTgamomricxavi impulsebi gverdig-

216

verd Tanaarseboben idi moicavs azrebs romlebic arasodes

cnobierdebian da azrebs romlebic cnobierebis mier uaryofi-

liqmna. misi mizania siamovnebis gaZliereba da diskomfortis mdgomareobis minimumamde dayvana. bavSvebs tavidan mxolod

idi aqvT, amitom maTTvis warmoudgeneli da ganuxorcielebe-

li amocanaa pirveladi moTxovnilebebis daukmayopilebloba

da gadadeba. ego garesamyarosTan, realobasTan kontaqtsi im-

yofeba. misi warmoqmnis Sedegad, bavSvi iwyebs realobis gac-

nobierebas da idis moTxovnilebebis daSoSmnebas. ego cdi-lobs idis survilebis gamoxatvas da dakmayofilebas im Sez-

Rudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTac gare samyaro awesebs.su-

perego ganviTarebuli pirovnebis bolo komponentia da war-

moadgens qcevis standartebsa da sazogadoebrivi normebis

formas. am samidan yvelaze mniSvnelovanis superegos Camoya-

libebaSi, mSoblebTan, maswavleblebTan da sxva figurebTAn urTierToba TamaSobs did rols. igi maSin Cndeba, rodesac

bavSvi ‘’sworisa’’ da ‘’arasworis’’ garCevas iqyebs, igebs ra

aris kargi da ra cudi. Tavdapirvelad superego mSoblebis

molodinebs asaxavs, magarm mogvianebiT socialur samyaros

gafarToebasTan erTad superego izrdeba. igi or qvetipad

iyofa:sindisad da ego idealad. sindisi SeiZineba msoblebise-uli sasjelis meSveobiT (SeiZleba davisajo) da maSin warmo-

iSveba rodesac bavSvma icis, rom konkretuli qmedebiT raRac

daaSava. ego ideali ki formirdeba imisgan, rasac mSoblebi

aqeben da maRal Sefasebas aZleven. superego mTlianad Camoya-

libebulad iTvleba, rodesac mSoblebis controls TviTkon-

troli cvlis. ase, rom sanam igi saboloo saxes miiRebs yve-laze didi roli ded-mamas aqvs pirovnebis Camoyalibeba.

xSirad, mSoblebi Svilebs “sxvaze ukeT cxovrebis” in-

stiqts uRviZeben, maTSi momxmareblis msoflmxedvelobas aR-

viveben. miswrafeba – “ar vicxovro sxvaze uaresad” usaTuod

gadaiqceva “sxvaze ukeTesad cxovrebis” Jinad. xSirad es xde-

ba Cvenda uneburad. mSoblebi darwmunebulebi arian, rom sau-keTeso aRzrdas aZleven Svilebs, magram sinamdvileSi aRrma-

veben ufskruls maT Soris.

bolos, gvsurs, davamTavroT uwmindesis sityvebiT: “mo-

zards Tavidanve unda gavuRvivoT “wmida werilisadmi” mowi-

weba da siyavruli, eklesiuri cxovrebis survili. davanaxoT

codva da codviTi midrekilebani, vaswavloT garCeva sikeTisa

217

da borotebisa, vaswavloT sinanuli, Serigeba, unari danaSau-

lis aRiarebisa, simarTlis dacvisa, isini unda SevaCvioT siy-

varuliT cxovrebas, sxvisi tkivilis gaTavisebas, zrunvas ga-Wirvebulebisa da avadmyofebisadmi da saerTodac, unda aR-

vzardoT maTSi survili icxovron da iRvawon RmerTTan, moy-

vasTan da bunebasTan Tanxmobasa da kavSirSi” (1, 456).


1. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II. ’’epis-toleni, sityvani, qadagebani.’’ I tomi, II tomi. 1977-1996.

2. mama paisi mTawmindeli. ’’ojaxuri cxovreba’’ 2006w.

3. saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. 1991w.

4. qadagebani imereTis episkoposis gabrielisa. tomi I, tomi II.

quTaisi. stamba ’’Zmoba’’. 1913w.

5. haim j. jainoti. ’’mSoblebi da Svilebi’’ Tbilisi. 1991w. 6. d. uznaZe. ‘’ bavSvis fsiqologia’’. Tbilisi. 1947w.

Salome Davituliani Ivane Javakhishvili


III Year Student

The relations between generations in the example of parents and childrens with the christian and aspects

Summary

There is consideration about the relationship beween parents and children, general review of connection between psychology and orthodox church and comparative analysis. There is some differences from psychological and from orthodox view about this theme,but in both case parents role is most important in their children development . This relationship is very important in our century, and not only in our century.

218

T a r g m a n e b i

(Translations)

vladimer kolosovi

tatiana pavlova

terminebis ,,marTlmadidebelisa” da

,,marTlmadideblobis” etimologiisaTvis

dReisaTvis yvela Tanxmdeba im sakiTxze, rom kacobri-

oba Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi gadis sxavdasxva etapsa da

safexurs, romelic erTmaneTisagan mravali parametriTa da

mniSvneliT gansxvavdeba. es Tanabrad exeba eTnikur warmonaq-

mnebsac, romelTa mimarTac interesi Tanamedrove ruseTSi sak-

maod maRalia. eTnosis cxovrebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebze Tvalis midevneba SesaZlebelia, magaliTad enis cvlilebaTa

magaliTzec, romelic aris erT-erTi fuZemdebluri niSani ne-

bismieri eTnikuri warmonaqmnis identifikaciisaTvis. bunebri-

via, gansakuTrebul interess warmoadgens sityva da gamoTqma,

romlebic gansazRvruli mniSvnelibebiT gamoiyeneba da magali-

Tad dakavSirebulni arian eris sulierebasTan. rusi erisaTvis amgvar niSnier sityvebad samarTlianad

iTvleba terminebi ,,marTlmadidebloba” da ,,marTlmadidebe-

li”. dReisaTvis isini Cveulebisamebr asocirdeba aRmosavle-

Tis qristianobis im totTan, romelic aRiarebulia ruseTis

mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis mier. X saukuneSi ruseTma miiRo aRmosavluri (bizantiuri) qristianoba, romelic msof-

lio Svidi saeklesio krebis mier miRebul dadgenilebebs mis-

devda. qristianobis am mimarTulebam berZnul-warmarTul

qristianul samyariSi miiRo saxelwodeba ,,orTodiqsi”, rac

rusul enaze niSnavs ,,WeSmarit sarwmunoebas”. Cndeba kiTxva:

219

,,WeSmariti sarwmunoeba” rogor transformirda ,,marTlmadi-

deblobaSi”? xSirad es sakiTxi RvTismetyvelebSi iwvevs uf-

ro gakvirvebas, vidre masze pasuxis povnis survils. miTume-tes WeSmariteba, iseve rogorc misi Ziebis procesi, ki ar

unda yofdes, aramed piriqiT, unda aerTianebdes adamianebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, Cven gTavazobT mivideT termin ,,marTlma-

didbelis” sakiTxTan ara winaswarSeqmnili azriT, aramed faq-

tiur masalaze dayrdnobiT. amgvar masalebad iTvleba sxadas-

xva istoriuli dokumentebi, kerZod, matianeebi. Zveli rusu-li matianeebi ara mxolod aRweren da ganmartaven istoriul

movlenebs, aramed asaxaven im drois Tanamedrove enis ganviTa-

rebis safexurs, kerZod im nawilisa, romelic gamoiyeneboda

oficialur brZanebebsa da saeklesio dokumentebSi, ramdena-

dac Tavdapirvelad JamTaaRmwerlobiTi centrebi monastrebSi

arsebobda. samatiano wyaroebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi winaaR-mdegobriobis arsebobam mkvlevarebi, kerZod ki a.a.Saxmatova

miiyvana im azramde, rom mematianes xels ,,marTavda politi-

kuri da msoflio interesebi.”* es Tavis mxriv xels aZlevda

zogierT istorikoss mravali istoriuli procesi da movle-

na faqtebTan sruliad winaaRmdegobrivad aRewera, rac fiq-

sirdeba rusuli da slavuri warmoSobis samatiano wyaroebSi. ia.s. lurie werda: ,,XV-XVI ss-is matianeebi ar SeiZleba Ca-

iTvalos Zveli ruseTis istoris sarwmuno wyaroebad. matia-

neebi warmoadgenen faseulobebs ara marto im faqtebis utyu-

arobisTvis, romelTac aReren. Mmatianeebi arian aseve Tavisi

drois Zeglebi. CvenTvis sainteresoa ara marto imis codna,

Tu ,,saidan warmoiSva rusuli miwa”, aramed rogor iRebs mis istorias momdevno saukunis adamianebi. Aam mimarTebiT yvela

wyaro... iwvevs didi inress”.* amitom, zogierTi samatiano

wyaros aSkara tendenciurobis miuxedavad, kerZod ki XV s-

is bolosa da XVI saukunis, ena romelic maTi dawerisas ga-

moiyenes, SesaZloa ganixilos im procesebis faqtiuri mowmis

saxiT, romelic mimdinareobda im drois ruseTis sasuliero, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv cxoverebaSi. Aamgvarma daskvnam

gamoiwvia ruseTSi gamoqveynebuli rusuli samatiano dokumen-

tebis kvleva, sadac gamoyenebuli iyo terminebi ,,marTlmadi-

debeli” da ,,marTlmadidebloba”, aseve epiTetebi, romlebic

Seesabamebodnen ,,rwmenis”, ,,eklesiis” da ,,qristianobis” gage-

bas.

220

kvlevisas analizi 79 samatiano dokuments Cautarda,

romlebic Semdegi daTariRebisani iyvnen: XVs_ 9 dokumenti;

XVs-is bolo da XVI s-is sasawyisi _ 6 dokumenti; XVI s _25 dokumenti; XVI s-is bolo-XVII s dasawyisi_ 2 doku-

menti; XVII s_ 28 dokumenti; XVII s-is bolo-XVIII s-is da-

sawyisi_2 dokumenti; XVIII s_3 dokumenti; XIX s_ 1 doku-

menti.

yvelaze saintereso Sedegi mogvca novgorodis I matia-

nes Zveli redaqciis sinodalurma nusxam, romelic XIVsauku-nis II naxevriT TariRdeba. dResdReisobiT es samatiano wyaro

CrdiloeT ruseTis matianeebidan Cvenamde moRweuli uZvele-

si Zeglia. Aam matianeSi ar gvxvdeba terminebi ,,marTlmadide-

beli” da ,,marTlmadidebloba”. ,,rwmenis” cnebis aRmniSvnelad

gamoiyeneba iseTi epiTetebi, rogoricaa WeSmariteba, qristia-

nuli da marTali. ,,eklesiis” cneba gamoiyeneba ara socialur institutebTan, aramed mxolod sakulto nagebobebTan dakav-

SirebiT. ,,qristianobis” cneba saerTod ar gvxvdeba. aRniSnu-

li matiane warmoadgens protografs1 novgorodis I matianis

axal redaqciis komisionuri nusxisa, romelic daTariRebu-

lia XVs-is I naxevriT. am samatiano dokumentSi ,,rwmenis”

cnebasTan aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia iseTi epiTetebi, rogo-ricaa ubiwo, qristianuli, marTali da marTlmorwmune. epi-

Teti ,,marTlmorwmune” gamoiyeneba aseve ,,arqiepiskoposisa”

da ,,qristianis” aRsaniSnavad. komisionuri nusxis novgorodis

I matianes axal redaqciaSi gamoiyeneba termini ,,marTlmadide-

beli” Tavad aleqsandre nevskis cxovrebis aRwerisas: ,,... da

damcveli WeSmariti marTlmadidebluri qristianuli rwmeni-sa, romelic aTrTolebda aleqsandres....”. 1240 wlis movle-

nebs, romelic aSkarad gadmowerilia novgorodis I matianes

Zveli redaqciidan, ukve win uZRvis Tavadis cxovrebis aRwe-

ra, romelSic gamoyenebulia saZiebeli termini. rac Seexeba

,,marTlmadidebels”, es termini ar gvxvdeba miTiTebul matia-

neSi. Tuki Cven gadavxedavT centraluri ruseTis Zvel matia-

neTa Zeglebs: lavrentiseuli nusxis2 gardasul droTa ambavs

da amave nusxis suzdaliseul matianes, romelic daTariRebu-

lia 1377wliT, Cven davinaxavT saerTo, msgavs suraTs. lav-

rantiseuli nusxis garadsul droTa ambavSi ,,rwmenis” cnebis

aRsaniSnavad gamoyebulia iseTi epiTetebi, rogoricaa RvTaeb-

221

rivi, WeSmariti, ubiwo da marTali, aseve erTxel gvxvdeba

epiTeti marTlmadidebeli: ,,... amgvari saqmeebiT gamoiwrToba

Cveni marTlmadidebeli rwnmena...”. sainteresoa isic, rom es termini gamoyenebulia mogvTa gansacdelebis aRwerisas, rome-

lic JamTaaRmwerels Tavad olegis sikvdilis (912w) aRweris

Semdeg Causvams, rac ruseTis moqcevamde ramdenime aTeuli

wlis win moxda. lavrentiseuli nusxis suzdaliseuli matia-

neSi ,,rwmenis” cnebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoyenebulia epiTete-

bi qristianoba da marTlmorwmuneoba, amasTanave epiTeti ,,marTlmorwmunes’’ Seesabameba ,,adamianuris”, ,,didi Tavadis”

da ,,xalxis umravlesobis” gagebac. vladimiris Tavadis, kon-

stantines gardacvalebis aRwerisas Gvxvdeba aseve termini

,,samociqulo marTlmadidebloba”. Mmocemul samatiano doku-

mentebSi ,,eklesiis” cneba ukve ixmareba rwmenis simbolosa da

socialur institutis aRsaniSnavad(,,da iqneba gankveTili ek-lesiisagan...”, ,,... sayovelTao da samociqulo eklesia... “),

xolo terminebi ,,qristianoba” da ,,marTlmadidebloba” ar ga-

moiyeneba.

ipotevskiseuli nusxis3 matianes (daTariRebulia 1425

wliT da dawerilia CrdiloeT ruseTSi), ia.s.luries azriT,

saeTo protografi aqvs lavrentiseuli nusxis gardasul droTa ambavTan, sadac termini ,,marTlmadidebeli’’ da ,,mar-

Tlmadidebloba’’ ar gvxvdeba, xolo matianeTa komenterebSi

Tavadi olegis sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT weria: ,,... amgvari

saqmeebiT gamoiwrToba Cveni saxelovani rwmena...”. sainteresoa,

rom oboleniseul nusxis sofiaseul I matianeSi (daTariRe-

buli XVs-is 70-80-iani wlebiT da dawerilia CrdiloeT ruseTSi), mocemul konteqstSi gamoiyeneba ,,...diadi rwmena...”.

XV saukunis gardasul droTa ambis sxva nusxebSi, kerZod

ki,…raZivileseuli nusxaSi, romelic TariRdeba 1486-

1490wlebiT da moskovis akademiur matianeebSi, romelebsac

mkvlevarebi miakuTvneben XVs-is II naxevars, zemoT aRniSnul

konteqstSi gamoyenebulia ,,marTlmadidebluri rwmena”. ufro gviandeli daTariRebis matianeseul wyaroebSi am konteqsTan

dakavSirebiT gvxvdeba termini ,,marTlmadidebeli”. ipotev-

skiseuli nusxis matianeebSi ukve ixmareba ,,qristianobis”

cneba da orjer gvxvdeba termini ,,marTlmorwmune”.

Tuki gadavxedavT XV saukunis samatiano wyaroebis ana-

lizs, terminebi ,,marTlmadidebeli” da ,,marTlmadidebloba”

222

ipotevskiseuli nusxis matianeebsa da sinodaluri nusxis

fskovis II matianes4 garada arsad ar gvxvdeba. es ukanaskneli

aseve CrdiloeT ruseTSia dawerili. termini ,,marTlmadidebe-li’’ gamoyenebulia komisionuri nusxis novgorodis I matianis

axal redaqciaSi, moskovis akademiur matianeSi, obolenskiseu-

li nisxis sofiiseul I matianeSi, abraamiseul5 (smolenski),

rogoJiseul (tveri), raZiviloseul da nikiforeseul (bela-

rusia) matianeebSi. amasTanave komisionuri nusxis novgoro-

diseuli I matianis axal redaqciaSi, raZiviloseul da niki-foreseul matianeebSi is gvxvdeba mxolod TiTojer ,,rwme-

nis” cnebis gamosaxatavad. saerTo jamSi, am periodis matiane-

ebSi termini ,,marTlmadidebeli” ixmareba imgvari cnebebis aR-

saniSnavad, rogoricaa rwmena, adamianebi, eklesia, Tavadi,

qristiani, mRvdelmTavari. XVsaukunis samatiano dokumenteb-

Si gamoyenebuli termini ,,marTlmorwmune”, mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs termin ,,marTlmadidebelis” gamoyenebis raodenobas.

gamonakliss wermoadgens rogoJis JamTaaRmwereli da abraami-

seuli matiane, sadac es terminebi TiTqmis Tanabri raodeno-

biT aris gamoyenebuli. rac Seexeba termin ,,marTlmadideblo-

bas”, is gvxvdeba mxolod obolenskiseuli nusxis sofiis I

matianeSi da aseve abramiseul matianeSi. XVs-is bolosa da XVIs-is dasasrulis matianeTa ana-

lizi aCvenebs, rom samatiano enaSi xdeba mudmivi Canacvleba

terminisa ,,marTlmorwmune”-,,marTlmadidebliT”. eqvsi gaana-

lizebuli samatiano wyarodan termini ,,marTlmorwmune”

gvxvdeba mxolod or matianeSi, romelic CrdiloeT ruseTSia

dawerili. es aris novgorodis IV matiane da novgorodis ka-ramziseul matiane. am wyaroebSi termini ,,marTlmadidebeli”

xSirad gvxvdeba da gafarToebuli mniSvnelobiT, ise rogorc

dRes gamoiyeneba. sainteresoa, rom sluckiseul (uvarovise-

ul) matianesa (belarusia) da vilenskiseul matianeSi (lit-

va) gaanalizebuli terminebi saerTod ar gvxvdeba.

XVI saukunis samatiano dokumentebSi gaxSirda termin-Ta ,,marTlmorwmunisa”da ,,marTlmorwmuneobis”_,,marTlmadide-

belisa” da ,,marTlmadideblobze”cvlilebaTa tendencia. tre-

mini ,,marTlmorwmuneoba” gvxvdeba mxolod or matianeSi: si-

moniseulSi6 (podmoskovie), 1219wlis movlenaTa aRwerisas da

dasavleT rusuli redaqciis qronografSi, bizantiis istori-

is aRwerisas. termini ,,marTlmorwmune” ar gvxvdeba XVIsau-

223

kunis movlenaTa gadmocemisas, ufro gvian igi naxsenebia vo-

linskiseul mcire matianeSi (dasavleT ruseTi) 1497wlis

movlenaTa fonze. rac Seexeba termin ,,marTlmadidebels”, mi-si gamoyenebis ,,geografia” moicavs 29 cnebas, maT Soris ,,mi-

wis” cnebas simoniseul matianeSi, romelic aseve gamoiyeneba

arsebiTis saxiT. mogvianebiT marTlmadideblebad iTvlebodnen

ara marto bizantieli mmarTvelebi, aramed qristianobis yve-

la aRmsarebeli mis dasavleT da aRmosavleT eklesiebad ga-

yofamde. farTovdeba ,,rwmenis” gagebasTan dakavSirebiT epi-TetTa sia, isini ufro sadResaswaulo gaxda. raCinskiseul

matianeSi (dasavleT ruseTi) Cndeba iseTi cneba, rogoricaa

,,rusuli rwmena”. mogvianebiT es cneba gvxvdeba dasavleT ru-

seTis XVIIs-is rumianceviseul da evreinoviseul matianeebSi,

aseve amave periodis stroeviseuli nusxis tveriseul matia-

neSi. XVs-is bolodan _ XVII s-is dasasrulis samatiano

wyaroebidan dawyebuli termini ,,marTlmowune” aRar ixmareba.

gamonakliss warmoadgens dubovskiseuli nusxis novgorodise-

uli matiane (XVIIs, CrdiloeT ruseTi), piskariseuli matia-

ne (XVIIs, centraluri ruseTi), litoviseuli qronika da

tobolniseuli nusxis Jmoitis qronika. samatiano ena matiane-Ta Txrobisas xdeba naklebad pompezuri. terminma ,,marTmadi-

debelmac” ganicada cvlilebani: siCevskis nusxis esipovoseu-

li matianis ZiriTadi redaqciaSi (XVIIs, tobolski) da go-

lovinis redaqciis sibiriseul matianeSi (XVIIs, tobolski)

gamoiyeneba gamonaTqvami ,,rusulmarTlmadidebeli qriastiane-

bi”, xolo mazuriniseul matianeSi (XVIIs, saweris adgili daidgenelia)_ ,,rusulmarTlmadidebeli Tavadebi”.

zemoTmoyvanili faqtebi adastureben imas, rom termini

,,marTlmadidebeli”, romelic aRmosavleTis qristianobisTvis

iyo damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc simbolo misi aRmsareblobisa,

saxzelmwifosa da eklesiis oficialur enaSi XIV saukunis

bolosa da XVsaukunis dasawyisisidan daiwyo gamoCena, amas-Tanave es procesi centralur ruseTsi ufro intensiurad

mimdinareobda , vidre CrdiloeTSi. samwuxaroa, rom kievis

ruseTSi (samxreTiT) Seqmnili samatiano dokumentebsa an misi

nusxebs Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT. Gamoqveynebuli, 1846wlidan

dawyebuli samatiano dakumentebidan mkvlevarebi miaweren sam-

xreTrusul warmoSobas mxolod gustiniseul matianes

224

(XVIIsaukunis II naxevari, poltavskis guberniis wminda same-

bis gustinis monasteri) da stoevas nusxis tveris matia-

nes(XVII saukunis meore meoTxedi, kievi). Kkvlevis am atapze es ar gvaZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom zemoT gaanalize-

buli terminebi kievis ruseTSic gamoiyeneboda. ufro aqtiu-

rad terminebi ,,marTlmadidebeli” da ,,marTlmadiedbloba”

XVI saukunidan ukve xmarebaSi Semodis, Tanac novgorodise-

ul matianeebSi termini ,,marTlmadidebloba” gamoyenebuli

mxolod dubrovis nusxis novgorodiseul matianeSi 1471-1491 wlebis movlenaTa aRwerisas (XVIIs). xandaxan yuradRebas ip-

yrobs am terminTa uadgilo xmareba, magaliTad, mosesTan da-

kavSirebiT, SeiZleba ganixilul iyos rogorc ,,zemodan” Se-

moRebuli mizanmimarTuli Sedegi, azris Cauwvdomlobis ga-

reSe.

Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT im drois istoriul movlenebs, romlebic SesaZloa dakavSirebulni yofiliyvnen eklesiisa da

saxelmwifo enaSi terminebis ,,marTlmadidebelisa” da ,,mar-

Tlmadideblobis” gavrcelebasTan, Cven davinaxavT, rom es pro-

cesi mimdinareobda rusuli saxelmwifos centralizaciisa da

monRol-TaTarTa uRlisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis pe-

riodSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani movlenebi mimdinareobda aRmosavleTis qristianobaSi: 1439weli - florenciis unia,

1448weli - ruseTis eklesia xdeba avtokefaluri, 1453weli -

Turqebis mier konstantinopolis aReba, 1461weli - moskovisa

da kievis samitropolitos gayofa. Aar SeiZleba ar vaxsenoT

cnobili formula ,,moskovi-mesame romi”, romelic filipeis

monastris ber eliazar fskovelis mier didi Tavadis, vasili mesamisadmi 1514-1521ww daweril ustarSi iqna formulirebu-

li.

Catarebuli analizi gvaZlevs imis varaudis uflebas,

rom oficialuri saxiT terminebi ,,marTlmadidebeli” da

,,marTlmadidebloba” Sedis im talRaSi, romelic moskovis

centralizebul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebasa da damoukideb-lobisaTvis brZolas mohyva, rasac Tan darTo rusuli qris-

tianuli avtokefaliis warmoSoba. Bbunebrivia, es midis

,,prav” da ,,slav”-is fesvebis warmoSobis, Zvelrusul enaSi,

kerZod glagolicSi maTi arsebobis sakiTxamde. vTvliT, rom

Semdgomma gamokvlevebma SesaZloa naTeli mofinos rusi xal-

xis, sxva slavuri erebisa da eTnosebis, rusuli marTlmadi-

225

debeli eklesiisa da ruseTis saxelmwifos ganviTarebisas

mimdinare mniSvnelovan procesebs.

_____________

1. Шахматов А.А. Повесть временных лет. Пг., 1916. т. 1. 2. Я.С. Лурье. История России в летописании и восприятии Нового времени. // Россия Древняя и Россия Новая, Санкт-Петербург: Д. Буланин, 1977. Kkomentarebi

1. protografi- berZ. Tavdapirveli xelnaweri, romelic sa-

fuZvlad daedo ufro gviandel nusxebs.

2. lavrentiseuli nusxa_lavrentiseuli matianes nusxa.

pergamentze dawerili kodeqsi, romlidanac SemorCenilia 173 furceli. dakargulia 12 furceli. amJamad inaxeba ruse-

Tis erovnul biblioTekaSi.

3. ipotevskiseuli nusxa_ipotevskiseuli matianis nusaxa,

romelic 307 furcels Seadgens. TariRdeba 1420wliT. Igi

XVIIsaukuneSi inaxeboda ipotevskis monasterSi saidanac mii-

Ro kidec saxelwodeba. dawerilia 5 mwerlis mier. 4. sinodaluri nusxis fskovis II matiane_ matiane Sedgeni-

lia 1486 wels. man Cvenamde moaRwia erTaderTi XV saukunis

sinodaluri nusxis saxiT.

5. abraamiseuli matiane_matianeTa krebulia Sedgenili XV

saukuneSi, smolenskSi. saxelwodeba miiRo misi avtoris abra-amis saxelidan, romelmac 1495 wels gadawera smolenskis

episkoposis iosebis(saltani) davalebiT didi krebuli, rom-

lis Semadgenlobasic iyo es matiane.

6. simoniseuli matiane_ XV saukunis bolos xelnaweri,

romelic Sedgeba ori nawilisagan. xelnaweris mixedviT dad-

genilia misi avtori— ioseb- valakolavskis monastris wig-nis mkiTxveli dimitria lafSina.

rusulidan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo

Tamar tlaSaZem

226

jorj eldon leddi

axali aRTqmis Teologia

ioane naTlismcemeli

(ibeWdeba SemoklebiT)

ioane naTlismcemlis msaxurebis Sefaseba mxolod im

drois istoriuli fonis ganxilviTaa SesaZlebeli, ra epoqa-

Sic igi moRvaweobda. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi winaswarmetyve-

lebis cocxali xma dadumebuliyo. RmerTi Tavis ers pirda-

pir winaswarmetyvelis sityvebiT aRar exmianeboda. Semoqmedi

amas imis gamo akeTebda, rom euwyebina Tavisi neba, aexsna war-marTebi ris gamo aviwrovebdnen israels, ganesaja misi codve-

bi, moewodebina sayovelTao sinanulisaken, daerwmunebina, rom

Tu ar Seinanebdnen, maSin sasjeli gardauvali iyo da Tuki

eri am mowodebas Seexmianeboda, maSin maTTvis Tavisufleba

aReTqva.

winaswarmetyvelebis cocxali xmis magier, sulieri cxovrebis ori mimdinareoba ikveTeboda, romlebsac erTi sa-

erTo saTave gaaCndaT: mwignobarTa da apokaliptTa religia.

pirvelni RvTis nebas ganmartavdnen, rac mxolod rjulSi

mocemuli kanonebis morCilebiT (maTi moazrebiT) sacnaurde-

boda, xolo meoreni rjulis paralelurad, ZiriTadad fsev-

doepigrafikuli xasiaTis apokaliptur literaturaSi war-modgenil momavalze amyarebdnen imedebs.1 Cven ar gvaqvs mow-

moba imis Sesaxeb, rom amgvar apokaliptTa Soris vinmes, ro-

melsac aseTi farTo literaturuli krebuli gaaCnda, eara

xalxSi da eqadaga samomavlo esqatologiur Tavisuflebaze.

Cven ar vicnobT maT Soris vinmes, rogorc xsnis mqadagebels,

anu winaswarmetyvels, romelic ers amgvarad mimarTavda: `ase ambobs ufali.” arc imis Sesaxeb gvaqvs mowmoba, rom maT

Txzulebebs erSi esqatologiuri moZraoba warmoeSvas, rome-

lic RvTis male mosvlisa da misi samefos damtkicebis mo-

lodins gaaRviZebda. cxadia, yovelive es moxdeboda, apokalip-

tebi WeSmariti sawinaswarmetyvelo suliT rom yofiliyvnen aRvsilni. magaliTad, yumranistebi uaxloes momavalSi isto-

riis esqatologiur dasasruls elodnen, Tumca, isini udab-

227

noSi ganmartovdnen da arc ucdiaT xalxi am dasasrulisaT-

vis SeemzadebinaT.

moZraobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac Cven cnobebi mogvepoveba, ufro politikuri iyo. aRniSnuli moqmedebebi romis winaaR-

mdeg samxedro gamosvlebSi gamoixateboda da aseTi qmedebebi

mravlad iyo. romis winaaRmdeg brZola RvTis sasufevlis

dadgomisaTvis brZolasTan iyo gaigivebuli. gamudmebiT, sxva-

dasxva adgilebSi, brbo xelSi iRebda iaraRs da amasTan ara

mxolod nacionaluri damoukideblobisaTvis, aramed RvTis sameufos dadgomisaTvisac, raTa mxolod erT RmerTs emarTa

Tavisi xalxi da ara _ roms.2

zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom yumranis Temi sawinas-

warmetyvelo-esqatologiur sazogadoebas warmoadgenda. unda

iTqvas, rom am seqtantebs marTlac sjerodaT, rom isini saR-

vTo sulis STagonebis qveS iyvnen, Tumca am STagonebam isini aiZula axleburad gaeazrebinaT ZvelaRTqmiseuli wignebi da ar

euwyebinaT axali winaswarmetyveleba (`ase ambobs ufali”). yum-

ranis Temi erTgvarad warmoadgenda rjulis niSniT aRbeWdil

sazogadoebas, romelic arc ki cdilobda raime euwyebina isra-

elisaTvis. isini udabnoSi ganmartovdnen, raTa aq aResrulebi-

naT saRvTo rjuli da sasufevlis dadgomas dalodebodnen. ioanes gamoCenis istoriuli mniSvneloba swored aq

warmodgenili suraTis fonze iqneba Sefasebuli. uecrad,

xalxs, romelic im warmarTebis uRel qveS gminavda, rom-

lebsac mietacebinaT saRvTo ufleba, xalxs, romelsac swyu-

roda RvTis sameufos dadgoma da imavdroulad grZnobda, rom

RmerTi dumda _ mimarTa axalma winaswarmetyvelma, romelmac auwya, rom `RvTis sasufeveli moaxloebuli iyo.”

ioanem datova xalxmravali adgilebi da udabnoSi gan-

martovda (lk. I, 80). garkveuli periodis Semdeg masTan `iyo

sityva RvTisa” (lk. III, 2), ris Semdegac ioane Cndeba iorda-

nis velze da moaxloebul caTa sasufevelze winaswarmetyve-

lebs. Tvisi CacmulobiT, ioane winaswarmetyvelTa garegnobas

baZavda.3 zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, ioanes amiT surda eCve-

nebina rom is Tavs eliad miiCnevda;4 Tumca, Tuki ioanes saxa-

rebas mivaqcevT yuradRebas, vnaxavT, rom Tavad ioane amas

uaryofda (in. I, 21).

228

ioanes cxovreba sawinaswarmetyvelo tradicias Seesaba-

meboda. is iuwyeboda, rom RmerTi male gamoavlenda Tavis sa-

meufo Zalas da daiwyebda moqmedebas. naTlismcemeli iuwyebo-da, rom am udides movlenas win unda uswrebdes eris sinanu-

li da am sinanulis mowmobad naTlisReba unda iqces. yoveli-

ve amas ioane Tavis sawinaswarmetyvelo avtoritetze day-

rdnobiT axorcielebda, radgan mas RvTis sityva hqonda nauw-

yebi. ioli warmosadgenia, rogori mRelvareba gamoiwvia axali

winaswarmetyvelis gamoCenam, romelmac aseTi SesaniSnavi amba-vi auwya xalxs. RmerTi, romelic (im droindeli iudauri

warmodgenebis Tanaxmad) mravali saukunis manZilze umoqme-

dod iyo, sabolood gadawyvita aRTqmis aRsruleba da Tavisi

sameufos damtkiceba. savaraudod, ambavi axali winaswarmet-

yvelis Sesaxeb elvis siswrafiT gavrcelda mTel iudeaSi da

xalxis brbo iordanisaken daiZra, sadac ioane qadageb-da (mrk. I, 5), raTa misTvis moesmina da mis moTxovnebs da-

morCileboda. bolosdabolos RmerTma moavlina Tavisi winas-

warmetyveli, raTa Tavisi saRvTo neba euwyebina (mrk. XI, 32;

mT. XIV, 5).

ioane naTlismcemlis cnoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

RmerTi male daiwyebs moqmedebas Tavis sameufoSi, or aspeqts moicavda. saqme exeboda naTlicemis or saxes: suliwmindiTa da

cecxliT (mT. III, 11; lk. III, 16). markoz mociqulis sakmaod

lakonur TxrobaSi mxolod pirveli maTgania naxsene-

bi (mrk. I, 8). ioanes sityvebs sxvadasxvagvarad igeben. umrale-

soba miiCnevs, rom ioane auwyebda naTlobas cecxliT da maleve

mosalodnel samsjavros, romelic am ganmwmendel cecxlSi aResruleboda. suliT naTloba ganixileba rogorc qristianu-

li damateba, romelic sulTmofenobis kvalobazea mocemuli.5

meoreni miiCneven, rom suliT (pneuma) naTloba gulisxmobs ara

suliwmindas, aramed _ mesiis cecxlovan pirisqars, romelic

mis mtrebs mospobs (es. XI, 4; 2 ezdr. XIII), an miuTiTeben,

rom aq moiazreba saRvTo samsjavros qrolva, romelic beRe-lidan cariel TavTavs gaxvets.6 mesameni miiCneven, rom ioane

erTi naTlisRebis Sesaxeb iuwyeba, romelic ori Za-

liT _ codvilTa dasjiTa da marTalTa ganwmendiTaa warmod-

genili.7

Zvel aRTqmaSi sulis esqatologiur gardamosvlis ime-

di farTodaa warmodgenili. esaias erT-erT winaswarmetyvele-

229

baSi RmerTi iuwyeba, rom is Tavis cxovelmyofel da amaRor-

Zinebel suls mihfens iakobis modgmas (es. XLIV, 3-5). sulis

aseTi mofena mesianuri epoqis ZiriTad Zalad iqceva, rodesac mefe-mesia samarTalsa da netarebaSi imefebs da yvelgan dam-

tkicdeba simarTle da mSvidoba (ezek. XXXVII, 14). amis Sem-

deg RmerTi Tavis ers miscems axal gulsa da axal suls,

romelSic iqneba suliwminda da miscems mas saSualebas, aRas-

rulos misi neba (ezek. XXXVI, 27). aseTive aRTqma meordeba

ioil winaswarmetyvelTan (II, 28-32). uflis didi da saSine-li dRe saRvTo sulis gardamosvliTa da zecaSi da qveyanaze

apokalifsuri niSnebiT iqneba sacnauri. ioane iuwyeba, rom es

dapireba male aResruleba, Tumca ara mis mier, aramed misiT,

romelic mis Semdeg mova: mis Semdgom momavali suliwmindiT

monaTlavs. saRvTo sulis mesianuri gardamosvla male aRes-

ruleba. Tuki am winaswarmetyveluri molodinis fons gaviT-valiswinebT, savaraudod usafuZvlo iqneba vifiqroT, rom

ioane mxolod samsjavroTi (sasjeliT) naTliRebas iuwyeboda.

ioanes naTliscema

imisaTvis, rom xalxi momavali sameufosaTvis moemzade-

bina, ioane maT mouwodebs Seinanon da wyliT moinaTlon. si-

nanulis idea (metanoia) ZvelaRTqmiseulia, romelic codvisa-gan RvTisaken mibrunebas gulisxmobs. `mobrundiT da ganeri-

deT Tqvens kerpebs da yvela Tqvens sisaZagles moarideT pi-

ri” _ mouwodebda RmerTi gandgomil israels (ezek. XIV. 6;

XVIII, 30; es. LV, 6-7). mobrunebis idea RmerTTan dabrunebis

konteqstSia gamoxatuli (es. XIX, 22; LV, 7;

ezek. XXXIII, 11; os. XIV, 1; ioil. II, 13). sityva `mobruneba” ukeT gamoxatavs am ideas, vidre termini _ `sinanuli.” `sina-

nulSi” uwinaresad moiazreba dananeba, mwuxareba raime cod-

vis gamo, metanoia moiazrebs gonebis Secvlas; amasTan ebrae-

lebTan saubari mimdinareobda adamianis mTlianad RmerTisaken

mobrunebaze.

rabinul literaturaSi aSkara winaaRmdegobaa Tavad mobrunebis terminis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT. abraamis Zeni,

erTi mxriv, fiqrobdnen, rom abraamma, iyo ra RvTis morwmune,

damsaxurebis garkveuli saganZuri miiRo, romelTanac xeli

yvela iudevels miuwvdeba.8 meore mxriv, rabinebi did yurad-

Rebas uTmoben sinanuls da Tan imdenad dids, rom swored si-

nanuli iwodeba iudaur moZRvrebad xsnis Sesaxeb.9 amisi mize-

230

zi is gaxlavT, rom sinanuli rjulis aRsrulebad gaigeba.

sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli idea tesubah-is (`sinanuli”) Se-

saxeb _ rjuls efuZneba. mobruneba ki niSnavs mimarTvas rju-lis morCilebisaken, sadac gancxadebulia RvTis neba da Sesa-

bamisad is aseve keTili saqmeebis aRsrulebacaa. es mobruneba

SesaZlebelia kvlav ganmeordes, Tuki vinme rjuls daarRvevs

da Semdeg kvlav gamoavlens morCilebas.10

sinanulis idea yumranul literaturaSicaa gamoxatu-

li. yumranis sazogadoebis wevrebi Tavs `mobrunebul israe-lianebs” uwodebdnen.11 isini did yuradRebas uTmobdnen ro-

gorc ritualur sisufTaves, aseve Sinagan mdgomareobas. `dae,

codvili nu Seva wyalSi imisaTvis, rom wmindanTa ganwmenda

miiRos, rameTu adamiani ver moipovebs siwmindes, Tuki ar mi-

iqceva Tavisi boroti ganzraxvebisagan. manam, sanam kaci ar-

Rvevs mis12 sityvas, is gauwmindurebulia.”13 imisaTvis, rom ritualuri siwmindisaTvis mieRwiaT, seqtis wevrebi yovel-

dRiur ganbanvas aRasrulebdnen, Tumca gansawmendel wyals

mxolod maSin hqonda Zala, rodesac es ganwmenda Sesabamisi

zneobrivi siwmindiTa da samarTlianobiT aResruleboda.14 mi-

uxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom yumranuli moqceva moi-

azrebda socialur gamoyofas `wyvdiadis ZeTagan” da rjulis imgvar mkacr morCilebas, rogorc amas aRniSnuli sazogadoe-

bis wevrebi moiazrebdnen. zogadad, maTi Sexedulebebi SesaZ-

lebelia ganxilul iqnas rogorc `merjuleuli gageba mob-

runebisa,” rodesac adamiani `codvas ganerideba da gadaWriT

ambobs uars codvilebTan urTierTobaze, raTa rjuli aRas-

rulos umkacresad.”15

ioanes naTliscema uaryofda yvela im saxis simarTles,

romelic rCeulobis ideasa Tu rjulis mkacr dacvas efuZne-

boda.16 is RvTisaken zneobriv-sulier mobrunebas iTxovda.

ioane ar iRebda amgvar marTlebs. mxolod imas acdeba momava-

li samsjavro, romelsac Seenanebina da Tavisi sinanuli

cxovrebis SecvliT daemowmebina. amaoa mesianuri xsnis imedi gqondes imis gamo, rom abraamis modgmisa xar. xe, romelic

nayofs ar gamoiRebs, moiWreba da daiwveba, Tundac is (maSin

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad) uflis mier yofiliyo

darguli. xsnis safuZveli mxolod sulier-zneobrivia da ara

nacionaluri. ise rom Tavis ganrisxebas ar faravs, ioane is-

raelis sulier winamZRvrebs eubneba, rom maTTvis uSedegoa,

231

iqedneTa msgavsad, momaval sasjels gaurbodnen (mT. III, 7).

Cven amjeradac saqme gvaqvs esqatologiur terminologiasTan,

romelsac Tavisi ZvelaRTqmiseuli konteqsti gaaCnia. ioanes Tanamedrove iudevelebi RvTis risxvas elodnen, Tumca miiC-

nevdnen, rom is mxolod warmarTebisaTvis iqneboda gankuTvni-

li. ioane ki miuTiTebda, rom RvTis risxva arc im iudeve-

lebs auvlida gverds, romlebic ar Seinanebdnen.

luka maxarebelTan TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili ioanes

mowodeba cvlilebisaken. isini, romlebic mdidrebi arian, Ra-ribebs unda daexmaron. imis magier, rom ers autaneli gadasa-

xadebi daakisron, gadasaxadebis amkrefni mxolod imdens unda

dajerdnen, ramdenic ganwesebulia. SeuZlebelia ar daveTan-

xmoT mosazrebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom amgvari moTxovnebi

`gaarTulebda maT17 urTierTobas im socialur Tu ekonomiur

struqturebTan, romlebsac Tavad ganekuTvnebodnen.”18 jaris-kacebic unda dakmayofilebuliyvnen maTi gasamrjeloTi da ma-

radioroba unda SeewyvitaT.

ioanes naTlisRebis wyaroebi

ioanes naTliscemasTan dakavSirebiT mecnierebs erTiani

mosazreba ar gaaCniaT. zogierTi (magaliTad, robinsoni, brau-

ni, skobi) miiCnevs, rom ioane im ganbanvas iyenebda, rac yum-ranistebTan aResruleboda.19 skobim yumranis teqstebSi ipova

ganbanvis aRwera, romelic sazogadoebaSi miRebisas aResrule-

boda. miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba dazustebiT iTqvas, rom

yumranistebs iniciaciis raime gansakuTrebuli praqtika gaaC-

ndaT, romelsac naTliscemas vuwodebdiT. aRniSnuli fragmen-

ti teqstidan ufro yoveldRiuri ganbanvis ritualis arse-bobas mowmobs, romelsac ukve sazogadoebaSi miRebuli wevre-

bi aRasrulebdnen.20 Tumca, SesaZlebelia, ioane iyenebda am

ganbanvas raTa aResrulebina Tavisi unikaluri, erTjeradi es-

qatologiuri rituali.

sxva mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, rom ioanes naTliscema pro-

zelitebis naTlobas efuZneboda. rodesac warmarTi iudaur religias aRiarebda, mas unda aResrulebina ganbanvisa da wi-

nadacveTis rituali. am SemTxvevaSi Semdegi problema dgeba:

aseTi naTloba axalaRTqmiseul periodSic Tu aResruleboda.

xSirad amas uaryofen.21 Tumca, ebrauli literaturis specia-

listebi sawinaaRmdego azrs icaven.22 imdenad, ramdenadac

prozelitebis wyalSi STafvla hilelisa da Samaias skolebis

232

miSnaSi23 ganixileba,24 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi

Cven saqme gvaqvs im praqtikasTan, romelic TiTqmis axali aR-

Tqmis epoqamde gamoiyeneboda. naTlobas Soris, romelsac erTi mxriv ioane aRasru-

lebda da meore mxriv prozelitebze aResruleboda, garkveu-

li msgavseba SeiniSneba. orive SemTxvevaSi mosanaTli TviTon

an vinmes daxmarebiT sruliad efloboda wyalSi. orive Sem-

TxvevaSi eTikuri momentia gaTvaliswinebuli, rac gulisxmob-

da imas, rom mosanaTli sruliad wyvetda kavSirs Tavis war-sulTan da Tavs uZRvnida axal cxovrebas. miuxedavad amisa,

aRniSnul ritualebs Soris erTgvari gansxvavebac arsebobs.

ioanes naTliscema, Tavisi arsiT, esqatologiuri iyo, anu is

adamianebs momavali sameufos dadgomisaTvis amzadebda. swo-

red amis gamoa ioanes naTliscema ganumeorebeli. aRniSnul

ritualebs Soris yvelaze cxadi gansxvaveba ki is gaxlavT, rom prozelitTa naTliscema mxolod warmarTebze aResrule-

boda, ioanes naTlicema ki iudevelebzec vrceldeboda.

SesaZlebelia, ioanes naTliscemis wyaro unda veZioT

ara yumranistebisa Tu prozelitebis naTlobaSi, aramed Zve-

laRTqmiseul ganbanvis ceremoniebSi. magaliTad, mRvdlebs

evalebodaT ganebanaT sakurTxevelSi msaxurebis win; rac See-xeba eris kacebs, maTac unda ganebanaT sxvadasxva mizezTa ga-

mo (lev. XI-XV; ricxv. XIX). erT-erT kargad cnobil winas-

warmetyvelebaSi Cans mowodeba zneobrivi ganwmendisaken, ris-

Tvisac wyliT ganbanvis simbolo gamoiyeneba (es. I, 16-20;

ier. IV, 14). sxva winaswarmetyvelebebSi nauwyebia im ganwmen-

dis Sesaxeb, romelsac RmerTi bolo Jams aRasru-lebs (ezek. XXXVI, 25; zaq. XIII, 1). mniSvnelovania, rom esa-

ia sulis niWs samomavlo ganwmendas ukavSirebs (es. XLIV, 3).

mokled rom vTqvaT, rogoric ar unda iyos ioanes naTlisce-

mis istoriuli foni, is wyalSi STafvlas aniWebs axal saz-

riss da xalxs sinanulisaken miuwodebs momavali sameufos

dadgomisis win.

ioane da ieso ioanes naTlobis Sesaxeb ieso qriste saubrobs maTes

saxarebaSi. wminda werilSi es monakveTi rTuli gasage-

bia (mT. XI, 2-18). sapyrobileSi myofi ioane macxovarTan ag-

zavnis Tavis mowafeebs da ekiTxeba, qristea Tu ara is. zogi-

233

erTi fiqrobs, rom moxvda ra herode antipas xelSi, ioane

SeeWvda Tavisi mowodebis safuZvlianobasa da mis mier miwo-

debul ambavSi. Tumca, aRniSnuli monakveTis gasagebad gasaRe-bi imave XI TavSia saZiebeli, sadac naTqvamia: `xolo ioanem

Seityo...qristes saqmeni” (mT, XI, 2). saqme is aris, rom ioane

qristesagan eloda sul sxva saqmeebis aRsrulebas, Tumca ar

momxdara arc cecxliT da arc suliT naTliscema. sameufo

ar damdgariyo. samyaro isev iseTi rCeboda. ieso mxolod siy-

varulis Sesaxeb qadagebda da sneulebs kurnavda, ioane ki amas ar eloda. mas eWvi arasodes Separvia Tavisi mowodebisa

da mis mierve gavrcelebuli ambavis Sesaxeb; mas mxolod is

aeWvebda, iyo ki namdvilad ieso is, romelic WeSmaritad da-

amyarebda sameufos mTeli Tavisi apokalipturi ZlierebiT.

aRniSnulis sapasuxod ieso aRniSnavs, rom mis missiaSi

mesiis Sesaxeb esaias winaswarmetyveleba aRsrul-da (es. XXXV, 5-6). mesianuri winaswarmetyvelebis aRsrule-

bis dReebi ukve damdgariyo. amis Semdeg ieso aqebs ioanes da

aRniSnavs, rom ioanesaviT didi adamiani arasodes Sobila,

Tumca iqve dasZens, rom umciresi caTa sasufevelSi masze di-

di iqneba. `dedisagan Sobili aravin aRmdgara ioane naTlis-

mcemelze umetesi, xolo caTa sasufevelSi umciresic masze umetesia, vinaidan ioane naTlismcemlidan moyolebuli dRem-

de, caTa sasufeveli ZaliT (biazetai) iReba da moZaladeni

miitaceben mas. radgan yvela winaswarmetyveli, da TviT rju-

li, ioanemde winaswarmetyvelebdnen” (mT. XI, 11-13). Znelia

dazustebiT iTqvas, ras niSnavs sityvebi `ioane naTlismcem-

lidan moyolebuli dRemde.” xom ar niSnavs es sityvebi imas, rom is, razec ieso saubrobs, ioanes dReebidan daiwyo (moce-

muli dRis CaTvliT) Tu miTiTebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom yoveli-

ve es ioanes dReebis Semdeg iwyeba. v. vinkma dawvrilebiT ga-

nixila es monakveTi da daaskvna, rom Tu winsarTi apo gamoi-

yeneba gamoTqmaSi, romelic dros exeba, maSin mas yovelTvis

inkluziuri xasiaTi gaaCnia, anu miuTiTebs garkveul drois monakveTze, romelSic Sedis es mocemuli momentic. vinki am-

tkicebs, rom, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, TviTon gamoTqma miuTi-

Tebs imaze, rom TviT ioanec moqceuli iyo sameufos daarse-

bis epoqaSi.25 miuxedavad amisa, Cven sxva mosazreba gagvaCnia.

Tuki aviRebT gamoTqmas: `daviTidan babilonis tyveobam-

de” (mT. I, 17), maSin aq TviT momenti `daviTidan” ar Sedis

234

aRniSnul epoqaSi, anu es gamoTqma eqskluziuri xasiaTisaa.

daviTis dro es aris dro abraamidan daviTamde. rac Seexeba

sxva gamonaTqvams, romelic aseve maTes saxarebaSi gvxvde-ba (ìm dRidan veRarc kiTxvas ubedavda vin-

me”) (mT. XXII, 46), aqac igive azria gatarebuli da igulis-

xmeba, rom swored ìm dRidan” veravin bedavda raime SekiTxva

daesva macxovrisaTvis, anu aRniSnul gamonaTqvamSi aTvla iw-

yeba im dRidan, romelic Semdgom droiT monakveTSi ar Sedis,

radgan am dRes iesos jer kidev ubedavdnen SekiTxvis dasmas. amgvarad, iesos surs Tqvas, rom ioane, romelic udidesia wi-

naswarmetyvelTa Soris, ukanasknelicaa maTSi. misi mosvliT

rjulisa da winaswarmetyvelebis epoqa dasasruls miuaxlov-

da. SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom ioanes Semdeg RvTis sasufeveli

am qveynad ukve moqmedebs da umciresi, romelic am axal epo-

qas ekuTvnis da kurTxeulia, aRemateba imas, romlebsac ic-nobda ioane, radgan es ùmciresi” mesiasTan piradi urTier-

Tobis sixaruls ganicdis da amiT im kurTxevas ganukuTvnebs

Tavs, rasac es urTierToba iZleva. ioane aris maxarebeli,

romelic Zveli epoqis dasasrulsa da axlis dawyebas iuwyeba.

ioanes saxe meoTxe saxarebaSi

rac Seexeba meoTxe saxarebas, masSi ioanes Sesaxeb Txroba Zlier gansxvavdeba sinoptikur saxarebebSi mocemuli

Txrobisagan. meoTxe saxarebaSi ioane iesos RvTis tarigs

uwodebs, romelmac soflis codvebi unda itvir-

Tos (in. I, 29). aq apokalipturi miTiTeba ukana planzea ga-

daweuli da adgili daTmobili aqvs soterologias. amgvarad,

askvnian, rom ioanes Txroba aris ara istoria, aramed saR-vTismetyvelo ganmarteba.26 unda iTqvas, rom es daskvna gada-

Warbebulia da is garkveul mniSvnelovan faqtebs ar eTanxme-

ba. Txroba istoriuli TanamimdevrobiT mimdinareobs da fsi-

qologiurad dasabuTebulia. Tavis saxarebaSi ioane iTvalis-

winebs im movlenebs, romlebic sinoptikosebTan ukve aRweri-

lia, rac iqidanac kargad Cans, rom iesos naTlisRebis Sesa-xeb saubaria, rogorc ukve aRsrulebulze (in. I, 32-33). me-

oTxe saxarebis mizani ar aris, SemogvTavazos raime gansakuT-

rebuli Txroba. misi mizania gadmogvces damoukidebeli tra-

dicia.

mesianuri msaxurebis arsis farTo uwyeba, rasac naT-

lismcemeli axorcielebs, unda gavigoT ise, rom ioane Tavad

235

ganmartavda imas, rac iesos naTliscemisas ganicada da rac

mis mier Sesabamisi saxiT iqna gagebuli Semdgomi sawinaswar-

metyvelo STagonebisas. imavdroulad ar unda gvaviwydebodes, rom marTalia, sinoptikosebTan ioane naTlismcemlis msaxure-

bas garkveuli Sexeba gaaCnia Tanamedrove esqatologiur da

apokaliptur sazrisTan, gansxvaveba ufro xelSesaxebia. `wi-

naswarmetyveluri intuiciisa da RvTaebrivi STagonebis sai-

dumlo” ar SeiZleba aixsnas naturalisturi meTodologiis

CarCoebSi. 27 amitomac, qristiani istorikosi ar daiwyebs mi-si realobis uaryofas, radgan is bibliuri istoriis

erT-erT safuZvlian faqtors warmoadgens. swored is RvTaeb-

rivi STagoneba alaparakebs ioanes, romelic iesosTan urTi-

erTobiT iqna mocemuli da mas mesianuri xsnis dadgoma auwye-

bina. rodesac ieso masTan naTlisRebisaTvis mivida, ioane mix-

vda, rom mis win idga iseTi vinme, romelic srulebiT ar hgavda sxvas. iesos codva ar gaaCnda da Sesabamisad is ara-

fers aRiarebda. ar arsebobda danaSaulis gancdac da amito-

mac araferi iyo, rac sinanuls moiTxovda. Cven ar SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom iesosTan piradi saubrisas gaigo ioanem misi

ucodveloba (savaraudod, ioane iesos garkveul SekiTxvebs

aZlevda) an misTvis es cnobili gaxda mxolod winaswarmet-yveluri gasxivosnebis Semdeg: SesaZlebelia orive iyo. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, iesosTan SedarebiT ioanem Tavi codvilad igrZno

da miuxedavad amisa, ieso moiTxovda, rom ioanes misTvis ne-

Teleca, raTa amiT aRsrulebuliyo `yoveli simar-

Tle” (mT. III, 15). naTliscemisas RmerTma uTxra ioanes, rom

ieso ara mxolod ucodveli kaci iyo, aramed _ is momavali, romlis Sesaxebac Tavad iuwyeboda (in. I, 31-33). mogvianebiT,

fiqrobda ra am movlenis arsze, ioanem suliwmindis STagone-

biT Tavisi uwyeba ufro gaamkveTra da Tqva, rom swored es

momavali iyo tarigi RvTisa, romelic soflis codvebs it-

virTavda.

236

komentarebi

1. msgavsi miTiTeba gvxvdeba 3 ezr. XIV. 37-48-Si, sadac naTqvamia, rom gamocxadebis Sedegad dawerili 204 wignidan

xalxisaTvis wasakiTxad mxolod 70 iqna daniSnuli

2. iudevelTa religiuri nacionalizmisaTvis ix.: T. W. Manson, The Servant-Messiah (1953), W. Farmer, Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus (1956) 3. zaq. XIII, 4-Si naTqvamia: im dRes iqneba, rom gawbildebian

winaswarmetyvelebi TavianTi xilvebis winaswarmetyvelebis

dros da aRar Seimosaven bewvian Sesamosels Tvalis asaxve-

vad; aqve mivuTiTebT 4 mf. I, 18-sac sadac elia winaswarmet-

yveliTan dakavSirebiT naTqvamia, rom mas balani emosa da tya-vis sartyeli ertya. rogorc cnobilia, macxovaric ioane

naTlismcemels elias suliT mosuls uwodebs

4. J. Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth (1952), 243. wminda mamaTa egze-getikasa da saeklesio gardamocemaSi naTlismcemelTan dakav-

SirebiT aseTi araferia naTqvami. sxva saqmea ioanes moRvaweo-

bis is Sefaseba romelic macxovarma mogvca da romlis Sesa-xebac ukve aRvniSneT. amasTan davZenT, rom wminda ioane naT-

lismcemlisa da wm. elia winaswarmetyvelis erTmaneTTan da-

kavSireba oden maTi moRvaweobis niSniT xdeba da pirovnuli

identoba absoluturad gamoricxulia, rasac adasturebs ki-

dec naSromis avtori 5. V. Taylor, Mark (1952), 157; W. F. Flemington, Baptism, 19; T. W. Manson, The Servant-Messiah, 42. G. R. Beasley-Murray, Baptism, 36; J. D. G. Dunn, Baptism in the Holy Spirit, 8. 6. C. K. Barrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Tradition (1947), 126. J. D. G. Dunn, Baptism in the Holy Spirit, 8-9; 7. J. D. G. Dunn, Baptism in the Holy Spirit, 12-13; 8. A. Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah (1896), 1:271; S. Schechter, Sone Aspects of Rabbanic Theology (1909), ch. 12; H. L. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum NT, 1:117-19; 9. G. F. Moore, Judaism (1927), 1:500; 10. J. Behm, TDNT 4:997-998; 11. CD 6:5; 8:16; 12. igulisxmeba RmerTi; 13. 1QS 5:13-14; 14. 1QS 3:4-9; 15. J. B. Bauer, «Conversion,» Sacramentum Verbi (1970), 1:138;

237

16. naSromis avtori rjulis mkacrs aRsrulebaSi gulis-

xmobs rjulis mxolod garegnuli saxiT gagebas da miuwvdom-

lobas im sulisa, riTac Zveli aRTqmis kanonmdebloba iqna mocemuli;

17. igulisxmeba ioane naTlismcemelis is msmenelebi, romle-

bic romelime ekonomikur struqturaSi muSaobdnen; 18. J. A. T. Robinson, `John the Baptist,” IDB 2:960; 19. 1QS 2:25-3:12; 20. H. H. Rowley, `The Baptism of John and the Qumran Sect," NT Essays (1959), 220f. A. Duponi-Summer, The Essene Writings from Qumran (1961), 76, headsthis section with the caption `The Annual Census.;” 21. T. M. Taylor, `The Beginning of Jewish Proselyte Baplism,” NTS 2 (1956), 193-97. 22. See H. H. Rowley, `Jewish Proselite Baptism," HUCA 15 (1940), 313-34. T. F. Torrance, `Proselyte Baptism," NTS 1 (1954), 150-54. 23. Talmudis uZvelesi nawili, romelic zepiri rjulis

krebuls warmoadgens; 24. H. Danby, The Mishnah (1933), 148; 25. W. Wink, John the Baptist, 29. J. Jeremias, NT Theology (1971), 47; 26. C. J. Wright, Jesus the Revelation of God (1950), 112-13; 27. C. H. Kraeling, John the Baptist, 50. `What John knew of the Christ, he knew by way of revelation.” L. Morris, John (1971), 149;

rusulidan Targmna da komentarebi

daurTo giorgi gvasaliam

238

ana mebardi1

Jurnalidan

“Histoire moderne et contanporaine, #2 Paris, 1992

~mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris’’ istoriidan

(ideologiuri aspeqti)

sabWoTa religiur istoriaSi didi adgili uWiravs ~meb-

rZol uRmerToTa kavSirs, romelic XX saukunis 20-ian wleb-

Si zustad gamoxatavda saxelmwifos antisarwmunoebriv poli-tikas, marTalia igi Tavidan, rogorc Tavisufali sazogadoeba

ise Seiqmna, magram sruliad aSkaraa, rom aRniSnuli organiza-

cia xelisuflebis uSualo dakveTiT moqmedebda, misi Seqmnis

aucilebloba agresiulma saeklesio politikam ganapiroba, ro-

melic uSualod leninis direqtivebiT xorcieldeboda.

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia, romelic mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSirs daevala iyo mosaxleobis saganmanaTleblo

politikaSi aqtiuri monawileoba, swored es iyo antisaekle-

sio politikisaTan erTad misi mTavari ideologiuri aspeqti,

rac uSualod daukavSirda ~kulturuli revoluciis~ saganma-

naTleblo politikas, romlis mizanic iyo mosaxleobis farTo

fenebSi masiuri gaunaTleblobis aRmofxvra. SeuZlebelia vi-fiqroT, rom xalxis codnas aTeizmi esaWiroeboda, ubralod

aseTi iyo ideologia, yvelaferi maqsizm-leninizms da mis Sesa-

bamis azrovnebas unda dakavSireboda.

am periodSi sabWoTa sinamdvileSi aqtiurad daisva e.w.

~kulturuli revoluciis” ganxorcielebis sakiTxi, romel-

sac Tavis mxriv unda uzrunveleyo axali tipis adamianis Camo-yalibeba, romelic damuxtuli iqneboda sabWoTa ideologiiT.

Teoriulad igi eyrdnoboda im princips, romlis Tanax-

mad proletariats Zirfesvianad unda daengria Zveli da Seeq-

mna axali kultura, rac praqtikulad emsaxureboda sabWoTa

sazogadoebis sulieri cxovrebis centralizacias da koleqti-

visadmi pirovnebis srul damorCilebas.

239

aRniSnuli koncefcia iTvaliswinebda ra sabWoTa kavSir-

Si arsebul realobas, sadac mravali eri da erovneba cxov-

robda, mizanSewonilad miaCnda kulturis erovnuli formiT daSvebas, xolo Sinaarsis gasocialisturebas qveynis mTeli

kulturuli cxovrebis centralizacia da unifikacia unda uz-

runveleyo. sruliad aSkara iyo, rom aRniSnuli midgoma erov-

nul kulturas sakuTar Sinaars arTmevda. samagierod igi aq-

tiurad emsaxureboda ~socialisturi mSeneblobis” praqtikas,

xels uwyobda ra erovnuli kulturebis likvidacias da saer-To ~socialistur”, faqtobrivad rusuli kulturaSi aTqve-

fas.

am organizacias dRidan daarsebisa didi ideologiuri

funqcia daekisra, mas yovelmxrivi daxmareba unda gaewia par-

tiisa da xelisuflebis axali mSeneblobis procesSi.

“mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSirma” sul male farTod gaSa-la moZraoba, swrafad izrdeba misi ujredebis da wevrTa rao-

denoba, dafiqsirebulia, rom 1929 wlis ivnisSi sabWoTa kavSi-

ris masStabiT aseTi ujredi 10 000-mde iyo, xolo masSi ga-

wevrianebulTa raodenoba 600-700 aTas kacs Seadgenda. organi-

zaciis wevrebis swrafi zrda ganapiroba im faqtmac, rom maTi

warmomadgenlebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier gansakuTrebuli xelSewyobiTa da mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen, xSir SemTxvevaSi

axalgazrdebis es organizacia komkavSirTan erTad karierul-

partiuli dawinaurebis erT-erTi mTavari garanti iyo.

aRniSnuli organizaciis siZlieres isic ganapirobebda,

rom mas centraluri biujetidan didi saxelmwifo dafinansena

hqonda, yvela saxel,wifo muSaki valdebuli iyo ~mebrZol uR-merToTa kavSiris~ aqtiuri agitatori yofiliyo mosaxleobis

farTo fenebSi.

garda amisa am organizacias gamomdinare iqidan, rom sa-

kuTari perioduli beWdviTi organo gaaCnda, rom Tavisi namoq-

medar-namoRvawaris agitacia-propaganda unda daewyo, isini pir-

dapir axorcielebdnen TavianTi ideologiuri beladis vladi-mer leninis mowodebas “aRnusxeT yoveli faqti, gaxsovdeT

presa Cveni iaraRia, romelic sazogadoebis darazmvas uwyobs

xels”2. yuradsaRebia aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom profkavSi-

ris, kulturis da ganaTlebis ganyofilebebi bevrgan TiTqmis

arafers akeTebdnen antireligiuri propagandis xaziT, naklebi

yuradReba eqceoda klubebisa da samkiTxveloebis muSaobas,

240

swored amitom aRniSnul frontze brZolis warmoeba Tavis

Tavze mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSirma aiRo, igi sakiTxisadmi

ukompromiso da Seuvali damokidebulebis gamo warmatebiT SeZ-lebda nakisri valdebulebebis ganxorcielebas.

aRniSnuli uSualod ~mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris~ Tav-

mjdomarisa da erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ideologis emelian

iaroslavskis3 uSualo miTiTebiT xorcieldeboda.

mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris centraluri sabWos erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocana iyo ujredebis mWidro SekavSi-reba da maTi organizaciuli ganmtkiceba, aTeisturi muSaobis

saTanado kadrebis saagitacio muSaobisaTvis momzadeba. ujre-

dis ricxvTa swrafi zrdis gamo, bunebrivia farTovdeba maT

mier Catarebuli muSaobis masStabebi, saocari moqnilobiT amu-

Savda propagandistuli manqana. didi tiraJiT ibeWdeboda aTe-

isturi literatura, maT Soris Jurnali mebrZoli aTeisti, romelsac udidesi saagitacio-sainformacio funqciebi hqonda

dakisrebuli. aseve didi raodenobiT uSvebdnen plakatebs, dgam-

dnen antireligiur speqtaklebs, iRebdnen aTeisturi suliskve-

TebiT gamsWvalul kinofilmebs. eklesia-monastrebis ngreva-ga-

nadgurebasa da siwmindeebis Seuracxofas intensiuri xasiaTi

hqonda. xSiri iyo eklesiis msaxurTa devna-Seviwrovebis da ma-Ti sajaro gasamarTleblis SemTxvevebs.

rogorc aRvniSneT, mebrZol urmerToTa kavSiri sabWoTa

politikuri sistemis ideologiis ~kulturuli revoluciis”

erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romlis mizanic iyo Camoya-

libebuliyo erTiani Segnebis sabWoTa adamiani Homo Sovieticus, romelic ganmsWvaluli iqneboda aTeistur-internacionalistu-ri azrovnebiT, misTvis ucxo da miuRebeli unda yofiliyo yo-

velgvari sarwmunoebriv-erovnuli idealebi, swored aRniSnuli

miznis realizaciisaTvis mosaxleobaSi gaaqtiurda brZola is-

toriuli warsulis winaaRmdeg, igi gamocxadda feodalur

gadmonaSTad, romelSic Rirebuli bevri araferi iyo da saWi-

ro iyo misi gadafaseba-daviwyeba, mosaxleobas unda ewama Tana-medrove cxovrebis da ebrZola naTeli momavlisTvis.

~mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSirma”, rogorc sabWoTa ideo-

logiuri politikis (~kulturuli revoluciis”) Semadgenelma

nawilma, aqtiurad gailaSqra erovnuli TviTSegnebis winaaR-

mdegac. erovnulobaze xazgasma cxaddeboda ~burJuaziul naci-

onalizmad, rac Zalzed saSiS movlenas warmoadgenda sazoga-

241

doebisTvis, romelsac saerTo internacionalisturi ideiT da-

muxtuli saxelmwifo unda aeSenebina”.

sazogadoebaSi saagitacio muSaobis dros gansakuTrebu-li xazi esmeboda, im faqts, rom erovnebas mxolod gamoxatvi-

Ti Tvalsazrisi SeiZleboda hqonoda da igi masobrivi garce-

lebis sagnad ar unda qceuliyo.

bunebrivia, aRniSnuli saxis ideologiis gatareba mosax-

leobaSi mZafr protests iwvevda, amitom sazogadoebis risxvis

Tavidan acilebis mizniT ~kulturulma revoluciam” muSaobis taqtika-strategia garkveuli formiT Searbila.

mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris moRvaweobaze saubrisas sa-

Wirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom man Tavis dasaxul miznebs met-

naklebi warmatebiT miaRwia, Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs

aRiniSnos, rom samRvdeloeba mis aTeistur propagandas aqtiu-

rad upirispirdeboda. 30-iani wlebis bolosa da gansakuTrebiT didi samamulo

omis dawyebis Semdeg sarwmunoebrivi politikis mniSvnelovanma

cvlilebebma mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris uflebebi mniSvne-

lovnad Sekveca, cxadi gaxda, rom man Tavdapirveli Tavisi Se-

saZlebloba da daniSnuleba amowura, Tumca, rogorc organiza-

ciuli erTeuli ar gauuqmebiaT da mas mosaxleobaSi saxeli-suflebo ideologiis agitacia-propagandis funqciebi mieniWa.

K

242

komentarebi

1. ana mebardi (1947-) frangi istorikos-sovetologi, nantis universitetis profesori, wlebis manZilze xelZvanelobda

sovetologiis mimarTulebas, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis

sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da kulturuli istoriis spe-

cialisti, avtoria mravali samecniero naSromisa, maT Soris:

~sabWoTa kavSiris mentalitetis formireba, parizi, 1988~,

~lenini (mTavari damnaSave), parizi, 1996~ (Sovietologies francais, Paris., 2004, pp. 98) 2. vladimer leninis TxzulebebSi sarwmunoebrivi politikis

asaxvis Sesaxeb vrclad ixileT: mixeil qarTveliSvili, sab-

WoTa sarwmunoebrivi politika vladimer leninis, lev troc-

kis da ioseb stalinis naazrevSi (SedarebiTi analizi), Jurn. ~qristianobis kvlevebi~ #3, Tb., 2009, gv. 94-102

3. emelian iaroslavski (1878-1943) komunisturi (bolSeviku-

ri) partiis gamoCenili moRvawe, aqtiuri revolucioneri,

cnobili publicisti, anti saeklesio politikis erT-erTi

aqtiuri ideologi da praqtikuli ganmxorcielebeli, ~meb-

rZol uRmerToTa kavSiris~ damfuZnebeli da Tavmjdomare 1929-1943 wlebSi. (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi V,

Tb., 1980, gv. 61)

frangulidan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo

mixeil qarTveliSvilma

243

dekanozi vasili zaevi 1

wignidan

“Лекций по истории Поместных Православных Церквей,” Киев 2003

albaneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia

XII-XIXss. ∗

laTinTa mier bizantiis imperiis dapyrobis (1204w.) Se-degad Tanamedrove albaneTis regionSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis

CrdiloeT raionSi (Skoderi, kruia) gaZlierda kaTolikuri

eklesiis gavlena. 1273 w-s miwisZvris dros marTlmadidebeli

mitropolitis daRupvis Semdeg, diraxiis2 kaTedraze dadge-

nil iqna kaTolike episkoposi. albaneTis miwaze pirveli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTiane-

bis _ arberiis samTavros (principati) warmoqmna ukavSirdeba

XII s-is miwuruls. albaneTis teritoriis danarCeni nawili

sxvadasxva dros Sedioda epiris sadespotos, bizantiis, bul-

gareTisa da serbeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi.

1335 wels bizantiis imperatorma andronike III ilaSqra konstantinepolSi miaRwia diraxiamde da aRadgina bizantiuri

xelisufleba albaneTis teritoriaze, Tumca imperiam 40-ian

wlebSi kvlav dakarga kontroli am teritoriebze. XIV s-is

Sua xanebSi albaneTi serbeTis saxelmwifos gavlenis qveS mo-

eqca. stefane duSanis3 sikvdilis Semdeg (1355w.) ki misi

vrceli samefo daSala, mis teritoriaze Camoyalibdnen mcire samTavroebi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeoda topia. 1392 w-s

topias mTavrebma diraxia gadasces venecielebs, romlebic mas

1501 wlamde akontolebdnen.

XV s-is dasawyisSi albaneTis raionis didi nawili

TurqeTis sulTanebma daipyres. nawili ki maTdami vasalur

daqvemdebarebaSi moeqca TiTqmis mTeli XV s-is manZilze al-

∗ albaneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia (I-XI ss.), ix. Jurn.

“qristianobis kvlevebi”, Tb., 2009, #3, gv. 230-235

244

baneTi winaaRmdegobas uwevda Turqul aneqsias. es moZraoba

ukavSirdeba albaneTis erovnuli gmiris giorgi kastriotis4

(skanderbegad wodebuli) saxels. 1443 w-s man gandevna Tur-qebi Tavisi sagvareulo samflobelodan _ kruiadan da daamya-

ra kontroli Tanamedrove albaneTis mniSvnelovan teritori-

aze. Seqmna samTavroTa kavSiri (liga); warmatebiT moigeria

ori Turqi sulTnis sadamsjelo laSqrobebi; moipova neapo-

litanis samefosa da papis mxardaWera. skanderbergis sikvdi-

lis Semdeg (1468w.), misma memkvidreebma ganagrZes osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZola. mxolod 1479 w-s Skoderisa da dureSis

aRebis Semdeg, Turqebma SeZles TavianTi Zalauflebis damya-

reba sruliad albaneTze.

diraxiis eparqiis oxridis saarqiepiskopos5 iurisdiq-

ciaSi yofnis periodSi, wyaroebSi ixsenieba mitropoliti,

romelic atarebs diraxiisa da gora-mokras eklesiis warmo-madgenlis tituls. (`mitropoliti diraxiisa da episkoposi

gora-mokrisa~).

beligradis samitropolitos daarsebis Sesaxeb zusti

cnobebi ar Semonaxula (beligradi – Tanamedrove berati)6 sa-

xelwodeba `beligradi~ gvxvdeba XIV s-is dasawyisSi. 14 w-s

qalaqi daipyres inamalebma. wyaroebSi moxseniebulia beligra-dis samitropolitos 20 mRvdelmTavris saxeli, romelTagan

yvelaze cnobili arian: egnate (1691-1693ww.) da ioasafi

(1752-1760 da 1765-1801). ioasafis dros belingradis samitro-

polito dabrunda konstantinepolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqci-

aSi.

korCas olqi, jer kidev q. korCas daarsebamde (1490w.) ekuTvnoda kastoriis samitropolitos (kastoria _ Tanamed-

rove saberZneTis teritoria), romelic agreTve Sedioda ox-

ridis saarqiepiskoposoSi. korCas samitropolito dafuZnda

XVII s-is dasawyisSi. is aerTianebda koloniis, devolisa da

selasforis saepiskoposoebs. korCas pirveli cnobili episko-

posi iyo neofite (1624w. da 1628w.). 1670 w-s oxridis arqi-episkoposma parTenma, warmoSobiT korCielma, mSobliuri qa-

laqi aiyvana samitropolitos rangSi, romlis pirveli

mRvdelmTavaric flobda tituls `korCas, selasforisa da

masxopolis mitropolitisa~.

samxreT albaneTis saepiskoposoebi tradiciulad, kon-

stantinepolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi Sediodnen. 18

245

cnobili delvineli episkoposidan yvelaze adre moRvaweobda

manase (1270w.) arsebobs mravali wyaro agreTve drinopolis

saepiskoposos X-XVIII ss-is istoriis Sesaxeb. misi 41 cno-bili episkoposidan TvalsaCinoni arian: sofiane (1672-1700)

– islamizaciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli; mitrofane (1752-1760)

– musikaTmcodne da dosiTeosi (1760-1799ww.), romelmac is-

lamuri xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis dros SeZlo samocdaa-

Tamde taZris ageba.

islamuri xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis periodSi, alba-neTis marTladidebeli eklesiisaTvis, yvelaze seriozul gan-

sacdels warmoadgenda albanelTa masobrivi islamizacia. mo-

saxleobis islamizacia xels uwyobda albanelTa mSobliur

enaze arsebuli qristianuli literaturis gaqrobas. amave pe-

riodSi albaneTis zRvispira regionSi _ ximarSi moqmedebdnen

agreTve sxvadasxva romaul-kaTolikuri propagandistuli mi-siebi. [aRniSnulis sapasuxod] marTlmadideblobis ganmtkice-

bis mizniT, XVII s-Si albaneTis mraval raionSi aigo axali

monastrebi, romlebic maleve iqcnen ucxo rjulis sawinaaR-

mdego, farTo sasuliero moRvaweobis, da aRmzrdelobiT cen-

trebad. (mag. raveniis, pepelis, drinis, Cepis, poliCanis, kame-

nis, lesinis, ximaris, paiaSis, drimadis, kiparis, xormovis, kodris, ardenicis, apoloniis da sxva monastrebi).

marTlmadidebel mosaxleobas aqtiurad edga mxarSi

samRvdeloeba. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mosxopoleli

mRvdel-monazonis neqtariusis (terponsi) Rvawli. igi 1719

wlidan 1730 wlamde moRvaweobda beratis olqsa da spafiaSi.

Semdeg man devnis gamo, Tavi Seafara italias, sadac gamosca

wigni `rwmenა~, romelic gamusulmanebul albanelTa kvlav

marTlmadidebobaze moqcevis. mcdelobas warmoadgenda. albaneTis mraval regionSi qristianul eklesiaTa agebi-

Ta da skolaTa mowyobiT, gaZlierda islamis winaaRmdeg brZo-

la. mniSvnelovani sasuliero centrebis ricxvSi Sedioda mos-

xopolic, romelic ZneladmisaRwev, mTian adgilas iyo agebuli.

qalaqisTvis uaRresad dadebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda im faqts,

rom aq ar iyo ganTavsebuli islamuri samxedro administra-

cia. XVIII s-Si igi daaxl. 60.000 mcxovrebs iTvlida, mosax-

leobis Semadgenloba religiurი da socialuri TvalsazrisiT

erTgvarovani iyo: mas ZiriTadad marTlmadidebeli vaWrebi da

246

xelosnebi Seadgendnen. ekonomikurma keTildReobam da saqalaqo

TviTmmarTvelobiTma sistemam gansazRvres mis mkvidrTa cxov-

rebis maRalkulturuli done. farTo aRiareba da dideba moix-veWa mosxopolis `axalma akademiam~ (1744), misma biblioTekam,

stambam. qalaqSi arsebobda 20 eklesia. 1670 wlamde mosxopo-

li eqvemdebareboda ixridis saarqiepiskoposos, Semdgom ki _

korCas samitropolitos. misi dacema daiwyo im Zarcva-rbevis

Sedegad, rac man XVIII s-is 60-80-an ww-Si feodaluri anarqi-

is pirobebSi ganicada, amJamad igi qceulia soflad. islamizaciisagan Tavis daRwevisa da sakuTari mrwamsis

SenarCunebis mizniT, qristianTa calkeulma jgufebma, islamTa

batonobis periodSi, amjobines `kriptoqristianebad~ yofna:

maT saxeli da garegnuli qceva hqondaT musulmanuri, ojaxSi

ki inarCunebdnen marTlmadideblur tradiciebs. kriptoqris-

tianobis klasikur nimuSs albaneTSi warmoadgenda toskidoni (spafia), samxreT elbasanis mTiani raioni. es movlena XVII s-

is miwurulidan XIX s-is dasasrulamde gagrZelda. am regi-

onSi iyvnen axalmowamenic.

1767 wlidan oxridis saarqiepiskoposTan erTad, alba-

nuri eparqiebi gadavidnen konstantinepolis sapatriarqos

daqvemdebarebaSi. am periodidan iwyeba samitropolitoebisa da saepiskoposoebis reorganizacia, igeba axali taZrebi, sistema-

tur saxes iZens marTlmadidebelTa sulieri gamoRviZebas. aR-

niSnul epoqis yvelaze TvalsaCino pirovnebad miiCneven wm.

kozma etoliels., romelic 1775 wlidan moRvaweobda alba-

neTSi. 1779 w-s ki Tavisi misioneruli moRvaweoba dasrula

beratSi mowameobrivi aRsasruliT. konstantinepolis saydri-sadmi albanelTa qveSevrdomobis wlebSi, maT skolebsa da

taZrebSi RvTismsaxureba aResruleboda berZnul enaze.

XIX s-Si albaneTSi aRmocenda da swragad gavrcelda

fanariotTa7 winaaRmdeg moZraoba. Seiqmna albanuri anbani,

gaCnda erovnuli literatura. qveynis sulier aRorZinebaSi

gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrules im marTlmadidebelma alba-nelebma, romlebic adre imigrirebulni iyvnen bulgareTSi,

rumineTsa da aSS-Si. maT daarses erovnuli `megobrebi~, ro-

melic farTod avrcelebdnen erovnul literaturas.

XVIII-XIX ss-Si adgili hqonda wminda werilis alba-

nur enaze Targmnis mcdelobas. pirvel mTargmnelTa Soris

ixseniebian: mRvdelmonazoni grigol konstantinidisi (Sem-

247

dgomSi diraxiis mitropoliti), romelmac Targmna Zveli da

axali aRTqma, Sesrulebuli albanuri SriftiT, Tumca es

Targmani ar SemorCenila. XIX s-Si grigol agirokastrelma (evbeis episkoposi) gamoaqveyna axali aRTqmis albanuri Tar-

gmani, berZnuli SriftiT. mogvianebiT dRis sinaTle ixiles

k.qristoforidisis Targmanebma hegur (1869) da toskur

(1879) dialeqtebze, berZnuli literiT.

XIX s-is dasasruli _ XX s-is damdegi albaneTis mar-

Tlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriaSi aRiniSna ganxeTqilebiT, samRvdeloebis zeda da qveda fenebs Soris. episkopati, rome-

lic ZiriTadad berZnebisgan Sedgeboda, kvlav ganagrZobda al-

banelTa elinizacias. samRvdeloebis qveda fenebis warmomad-

genlebi ki, romelebic albanuri warmomavlobis iyvnen, iTxov-

dnen RvTismsaxurebaSi mSobliuri enis damkvidrebasa da zoga-

dad adgilobrivi saeklesio tradiciebis aRdgenas. 1878-1881 ww-Si albaneTSi ifeTqa farTo saerTo-saxalxo

moZraobam, qveynis avtonomiisa da teritoriuli erTianobis

mopovebisaTvis, romelic cnobilia `albaneTis ligis~ (igive

`prizrenis liga~)8 saxelwodebiT. miaRwia ra ligam Crd. alba-

neTisa da kosovos faqtobriv avtonomias, igi TurqeTis mier

iqna ganadgurebuli. moZraobis ganaxlebis mcdeloba 1899-1900 ww-Si (“liga pei”) kvlav uSedegod dasrulda. mxolod 1909-

1912 ww-is saxalxo ajanyebis da TurqeTis damarcxebis Sem-

dgom, 1912 wlis 28 noembers, qalaq vleraSi, albaneTi damou-

kidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadda. Camoyalibda agreTve misi

mTavroba, romelsac saTaveSi ismail qemali9 Caudga.didma sa-

xelmwifoebma albaneTis damoukidebloba mxolod 2 wlis Sem-de

K

248

komentarebi

1. dekanozi vasili zaevi (1947-2008)-ukrainis marTlmadide-

beli eklesiis cnobili moRvawe. wminda mociqulTaswor mTa-var vladimirisa da Rirs nestor JamTaaRmwerlis saxelobis

ordenTa kavaleri. 1999 wlidan kievis sasuliero akademiis

axali aRTqmis kaTedris docenti, 2008 wlidan ki amave ka-

Tedris profesori. avtoria mravali saeklesio da saero xa-

siaTis Sromebisa. misi “adgilobrivi marTlmadiebeli eklesie-

bis istoria” warmoadgens saleqcio kursis krebuls da sa-xelmZRvanelos kievis sasuliero akademiis studentTaTvis.

(ix. saiti http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/novini/2008/12/30/4336.html) 2. ~diraxia” qalaqis saxelwodebis rusuli variantia. misi

Tanamedrove albanuri saxelwodeba “dureSia” (Durres). alba-

nuri tradiciis mixedviT, dureSSi jer kidev I saukuneSi,

mociqul pavles mier iqna daarsebuli qristianuli saepisko-poso. pirveli qristiani mowameebic albaneTis teritoriaze

swored dureSSi aResrulnen. Sua saukuneebSi dureSi warmo-

adgenda mZlavr saepiskoposo kaTedras. a;maneTis marTlmadide-

beli eklesiis istoriaSi qalaqi cnobilia agreTve “meore ie-

rusalimis” saxelwodebiT. (ix. Robert Elsie. The Christian Saints of Albania http://www.scribd.com/doc/87003/Christian-Saints-of-Albania) 3. stefane duSani (1331-1355)-serbeTis didi mefe da impera-

tori. XIV saukunis Sua wlebSi daipyro balkaneTis n/k-is mniSvnelovani nawili (makedonia, albaneTi, epiri) da Seqmna

serbTa didi imperia, romelic gadaWimuli iyo mdinare dunai-

dan-egeosis zRvasa da adriatikamde. stefane duSanis saxels

ukavSirdeba aseve serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapat-

riarqo rangSi ayvana (1346 w.) Radomir Popovic, Serbian Church in History http://www.kosovo.net/socheng2.html 4. giorgi kastrioti (1405-1468) albaneTis erovnul-ganma-

Taviseuflebeli moZraobis lideri, xelmZRvanelobda osmal-

Ta winaaRmdeg patrizanul brZolebs. dReisaTvis georg kas-

triotis saxels atarebs albaneTis erovnuli ordeni. (ix.

qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IX, Tb., 1985, gv. 416-417; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg; Modern History of Albania, vol. II, Cambridge University, 1987, pp. 23-45 5. oxridis saarqiepiskoposo-Sua saukuneebis centraluri

balkanuri saarqiepiskoposo. 1018 wels bizantiis mier bul-

249

gareTis samefos dapyrobis Semdeg, imperatorma basili II ax-

lad SemoerTebul bulgarul miwebze eklesiis ganmgeblobi-

saTvis, Seqmna oxridis saarqiepiskoposo, romlis iurisdiqci-aSic Sedioda 32 saeklesio eparqia Tanamedrove bulgare-

Tis,makedoniis,samxreT serbeTisa da albaneTis teritoriebi-

dan(Василий Заев“Лекций по истории Поместных Православных Церквей, ”Киев,2003;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Ohrid_Archbishopric, http://www.poa-info.org/eng) 5. berati_albaneTis istoriuli qalaqi. 1922 wels beratSi

gaimarTa saeklesio kreba, romelmac albaneTis marTlmadide-

beli eklesiis avtokefalia daakanona. (ix. eTer bokelavaZe, albaneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saTaveebTan, ~gelaTis

mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali”, #8-12, Tb., 2008, gv. 53-59)

6. fanariotebi- (Πηαριοτες-sityvasityviT fanaris (stambolis

kvartali, sadac aris konstantinepolis patriarqis rezidencia)

mcxovrebi) saberZneTis sasuliero pirTa aristokratiis warmo-

madgenlebi osmalTa imperiaSi XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, sargeb-lobdnen mniSvnelovani privilegiebiT, maT Soris SeeZloT maRa-

li Tanamdebobesi dakaveba osmaleTi administraciaSi (ix. qarTu-

li sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. X, Tb., 1985, gv. 216-217

7. prizrenis liga_(Lidhja e Prizrenit) –albaneTis erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis wamyvani Zalebis koaliciuri

saxelwodeba XIX saukunis miwuruls, man gaaerTiana albane-Tis politikuri Zalebi osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg, war-

moadgenda, rogorc politikur-diplomatiur, aseve samxedro

gaerTianebasac (ix. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Prizren; The Albanians in Yugoslavia in light of historical documents edited in New York in 1984, http://www.alb-net.com/juka2.htm) 8. ismail qemali (1844-1919) albaneTis erovnuli gmiri,

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri,

albaneTis damoukideblobis deklaraciis avtori, mis saxels

atarebs albaneTis umaRlesi samxedro jildo (ix. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Qemali)

rusulidan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo

eTer bokelavaZem

250

avtorTa sayuradRebod : gTxovT warmoadginoT statiebi

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damatebiTi informaciisTvis dagvikavSirdiT:

qeTevan pavliaSvili

el-fosta: [email protected], tel. 23-06-96 ; 899 27-32-13 mixeil qarTveliSvili

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eTer bokelavaZe

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