hrvati izložbe- hrvati–ljudi iza mita... · • kraljevska pukovnija hrvata • odora i zastave...

Hrvatski mač za probijanje oklopa crabatishe wher

HRVATI - LJUDI IZA MITA JANKO ŠAJATOVIĆ KRABAT I HRVATSKE GARDE U EUROPI

Na naslovnici:

POSJET CARA LEOPOLDA LJUBLJANI, 1660. Johann Weichard Valvasor, Die Ehre

des Herzogtums Krain, Ridolfswert, 1877-79, sv. 3., str. 374.

VISIT OF EMPAROR LEOPOLD TO LJUBLJANA, 1660.Johann Weichard Valvasor, Die

Ehre des Herzogtums Krain, Ridolfswert, 1877-79, sv. 3., str. 374.

Sadržaj

dr. sc. Goranka Horjan

9. PREDGOVOR

Vladimir Brnardić, Filip Hren, dr. sc. Damir Stanić

13. USKOCI

• Ostaci ostataka nekoć slavnog Hrvatskog Kraljevstva

• Nemirno pograničje • Doseljavanje uskoka na Žumberak • Uskoci na novom prostoru • Klis • Senj • Naoružanje uskoka • Mali rat • Uskočki rat


53. TRIDESETOGODIŠNJI RAT I HRVATI

• Vjerski rat? • Izgled, naoružanje i djelovanje Hrvata • U obrani zemlje • Bojno polje: Europa • Ratom do mira • Predodžbe, predaje i mitovi o Hrvatima


85. HRVATI KAO PRIPADNICI TJELESNIH GARDI

• Hrvatske tjelesne garde u Tridesetogodišnjem ratu

• Hrvati u francuskoj službi • Jedinstvene borbene metode • Bitka kod Rocroia 1643. • Kraljevska pukovnija Hrvata • Odora i zastave • Imenovanje kravate ili kravata dobiva ime • Počasna satnija Kravat-pukovnije

Hans-Jürgen Schröter, dr.sc. Damir Stanić

103. TJELESNA GARDA HRVATSKIH KONJANIKA SASKOG IZBORNOG KNEZA (1660.-1680.)

• Ustrojavanje hrvatske tjelesne garde • Konjaničko pravo • Izgled hrvatskih gardista • Janko Šubić Peranski • Zadaci hrvatske tjelesne garde • Raspuštanje hrvatske tjelesne garde

Hans-Jürgen Schröter

119. JANKO ŠAJATOVIĆ (JOHANN VON SCHADOWITZ) – KRABAT, GORNJE LUŽICE

• Kako je Janko Šajatović (Johann von Schadowitz) iz čovjeka prerastao u mit

Monika Šajatović Bračika

127. JANKO ŠAJATOVIĆ KRABAT KAO BRAND • Šajatovići poslije Šajatovića


135. DODATAK • „Janko Šajatović (Johann von Schadowitz)–

Krabat Gornje Lužice“ Kratka biografija

• Kako je Janko Šajatović (Johann von Schadowitz) iz čovjeka prerastao u mit

• Tjelesna garda hrvatskih konjanika saskoga izbornog kneza (1660.-1680.)

201. POPIS IZLOŽAKA

209. LITERATURA

6

content

Goranka Horjan / PhD

11 PREFACE

Vladimir Brnardić, Filip Hren, Damir Stanić / PhD

13 USKOKS • Remnants of remnants of the once

great and renowned Kingdom of Croatia

• Rough Borderlands • Settling of the Uskoks in Žumberak • Uskoks in the new area • Klis • Senj • Weapons of the Uskoks • Small war • The Uskok War


53 THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR AND THE CROATS • A religious war? • The appearance, weapons

and activity of the Croats

• In defence of the country • Battlefield: Europe • War to Peace • Conceptions, legends and myths about the Croats


85 THE CROATS AS MEMBERS OF BODYGUARDS

• The Croatian Bodyguards in the Thirty Year’s War • The Croats in the French army • Unique combat techniques • The battle of Rocroy in 1643. • The regiment of Royal Cravates • The uniforms and flags • Naming of the cravat or the cravat gets its name • Company of Honour of the Cravat Regiment

Hans-Jürgen Schröter, Damir Stanić / PhD

103 THE PRINCE-ELECTOR OF SAXONY’S BODYGUARDS COMPANY OF CAVALRY OF CROATS (1660-1680) • The formation of the bodyguard

company of cavalry of Croats

• Rules and regulations for the cavalry • The appearance of the Croatian guardsmen • Janko Šubić Peranski • The tasks performed by the

bodyguard company of cavalry of Croats

• Disbanding of the bodyguard company of cavalry of Croats


119 JANKO ŠAJATOVIĆ (JOHANN VON SCHADOWITZ) – KRABAT, UPPER LUSATIA • How Janko Šajatović (Johann von

Schadowitz) grew from a man into a myth

Monika Šajatović Bračika

127 JANKO ŠAJATOVIĆ KRABAT AS THE BRAND

• The members of the Šajatović family – descendants of the famous Šajatović


135 ANNEX • Kurzbiografie „Johann von Schadowitz

(Janko de Šajatović) – Krabat der Oberlausitz“

• Wie Johann von Schadowitz (hr: Janko Šajatović) als Mensch zum Mythos wurde

• Die kurfürstlich-sächsische Leibgarde Kroaten zu Ross (1660-1680)

201 LIST OF EXHIBITS

209 BIBLIOGRAPHY

8 9

Predgovordr.sc. GORANKA HORJAN

Etnografski muzej ovom izložbom obilježava poče-tak predsjedanja Republike Hrvatske Vijećem Eu-ropske unije upravo zahvaljujući multikulturalnim porukama koje on nosi. Izložba o Krabatu, odno-sno Hrvatima koji su dolaskom u Sasku pridonijeli razvoju tamošnje regije, dobar je izbor u prvom redu zato što govori o važnosti zajedničkog europ-skog prostora i međusobnom obogaćivanju naroda i kultura koje u njemu obitavaju unatoč turbulen-tnim povijesnim zbivanjima. Izložba obrađuje ne-kolika tema prema konceptu autora Vladimira Br-nardića, a na idejnim postavkama Monike Šajatović Bračike, inicijatorice projekta. Osim povijesnog pregleda kojega su opisali stručnjaci Filip Hren i dr.sc. Damir Stanić izložba naglašava kako su toj zajedničkoj povijesti veliki doprinos dali istaknuti pojedinci poput žumberačkog uskoka Janka Šajato-vića Krabata koji je i središnji lik u izložbenom na-rativu. Njegov život istraživao je poznati njemački stručnjak za genealogiju Hans-Jürgen Schröter čiji tekst također donosimo u ovom katalogu.

Izložba ne govori samo o prošlosti već i o živoj tradiciji danas čije korijene nalazimo u više hrvat-skih regija zahvaljujući uskocima i lokacijama na kojima su djelovali. Zanimljiv nam je i nastavak i preoblikovanje te tradicije i na prostoru Saske u Saveznoj Republici Njemačkoj. Žumberački kraj iz kojega dolaze Krabati odnosno Hrvati koji u 17. stoljeću sele u Njemačku i tamo nalaze svoju novu domovinu pogranično je područje između Slovenije i Hrvatske u kome se još uvijek nalaze brojne reminiscencije na život uskoka – od povi-jesnih i etnografskih svjedočanstava pa do suvre-mene znanosti koja se trudi pronaći poveznice s precima. Porijeklo pratimo kroz lik Šajatovića koji

dolazi iz sela Jezernice, iz mjesta u kojem danas više nitko ne živi. No uskočka ostavština koja se zadržala u tradicijskoj kulturi kraja od običaja, nošnje, predmeta još se nazire u fragmentima baštine. Vojna oprema i djelovanje postrojbi bolje je dokumentirano, a u prikazu su korišteni mate-rijali iz mnogih institucija ali i privatnih kolekcija.

Hrvatski konjički zapovjednik Johann von Scha-dowitz je taj plemić Šajatović iz Žumberka koji dolazi u Särchen kod Wittichenaua te zahvaljujući svojoj osobnosti postaje slavan i za svoga živo-ta. To je kasnije stvorilo mit o Krabatu, priču koja nikoga ne može ostaviti ravnodušnim. Njome se brendira čitav kraj a na izložbi pokazujemo kako niz regionalnih proizvoda nosi ime Krabat. Janko Šajatović opisan je u mnogim književnim djelima, a snimljen je i film koji govori o sjećanju na Krabata iz Särchena. Janko Šajatović jest Krabat, a uz njih vežemo i legendu o kravati, vezanom rupcu kojeg su nosile hrvatske postrojbe, a kasnije je svoju inačicu našao u suvremenoj kravati. Stoga je u izložbenu priču uključena Počasna satnija Kravat pukovnije Academije Cravatice koja je zaslužna za brendiranje kravate u Hrvatskoj i u svijetu. Za Etnografski muzej ova izložba je bila veliki izazov budući da objedinjuje različita područ-ja istraživanja od vojne povijesti, suvremene kulture, marketinga, genealogije te istraživanja pučke tradicije. Koordinaciju projekta preuzela je viša kustosica dr. sc. Tanja Kocković Zaborski. Izložbu prati bogat program aktivnosti, preda-vanja i pedagoških programa kojima se publici pojašnjavaju različiti aspekti ovog projekta.

„Hrvati – ljudi iza mita. janko Šajatović krabat i HrvatSke garde u euroPi“ ili oživljena PovijeSt u euroPSkom kontekStu

10 11

PrefaceGORANKA HORJAN, PhD

Through this exhibition the Ethnographic Museum is

marking the start of the Croatian Presidency of the

Council of the European Union, primarily thanks to mul-

ticultural messages conveyed by it. The exhibition about

Krabat, i.e. about the Croats, who upon their arrival in Saxony, contributed to the development of the region is

a good choice primarily because it shows the importance

of the common European space and mutual enrichment

both of the peoples residing in it and the cultures flour-

ishing in it, irrespective of turbulent historical events. The

exhibition addresses several topics in accordance with

the concept provided by its author Vladimir Brnardić,

while the conceptual setting was provided by Monika

Šajatović Bračika, the project initiator. In addition to the

historical overview described by the experts Filip Hren

and Damir Stanić, PhD, the exhibition points out the

extent to which distinguished individuals such as Janko

Šajatović Krabat, the Uskok from the Žumberak region,

have greatly contributed to creation of the common

history. He is also the central character in the narrative of

the exhibition. The reputable German Genealogy Expert,

Hans-Jürgen Schröter, whose text has also been provid-

ed in this catalogue, conducted a research on his life.

The exhibition does not only address the issue of the

past, but also that of the living tradition whose origins

can be traced back to several Croatian regions thanks

to the Uskoks and the locations in which they operated.

The continuation and the reshaping of that tradition

in Saxony in the Federal Republic of Germany has also

been of interest. Krabaten, i.e. the Croats originated from the Žumberak region and in the 17th century they

moved to Germany where they found their new home-

land. Žumberak is the border area between Slovenia

and Croatia abounding in a large number of reminis-

cences of the life of the Uskoks – from historical and

ethnographic records to modern science that strives to

identify connections with the ancestors. The origins can

be traced back through the character of Šajatović who

originated from the village of Jezernica, a place which is

currently uninhabited. Nevertheless, the legacy of the

Uskoks preserved in traditional culture in this region,

from customs, traditional clothing and objects is still

visible in fragments of the heritage. Military equipment

and operations of the military units have been more

comprehensively documented, while materials provided

by a large number of institutions, as well as those from

private collections have been used in the exhibition.

The Croatian Cavalry Commander Johann von Schad-

owitz is the nobleman Šajatović from Žumberak who

arrived in Särchen near Wittichenau and due to his

personality, he became famous during his lifetime. That

subsequently resulted in the myth about Krabat, a story

to which no one can remain indifferent. It brands the

overall region and the exhibition presents a wide range

of regional products branded Krabat. Janko Šajatović is

described in a wide body of literary works and there is

also a film addressing the issue of the remembrance of

Krabat from Särchen. Janko Šajatović is Krabat and he is

also connected with the legend of the cravat (necktie), a

scarf worn tied around the neck by the Croatian military

units, which is the forerunner of the modern necktie.

Consequently, the exhibition also includes the Honorary

Company of the Cravat Regiment of Academia Cravatica

that deserves the credit for the branding of the necktie

both in Croatia and throughout the world. This exhibition

has presented a huge challenge for the Ethnographic

Museum since it integrates different fields of research

from military history, contemporary culture, marketing,

genealogy and research of folk tradition. The Senior Cu-

rator Tanja Kocković Zaborski, PhD has been in charge of

project co-ordination. The exhibition is accompanied by

a rich programme of activities, lectures and educational

programmes intended to provide explanations for the au-

diences concerning the different aspects of this project.

“tHe croatS – tHe PeoPle beHind tHe mytH. janko Šajatović krabat and tHe croatian bodyguardS in euroPe” or HiStory revived in tHe euroPean context

12 13

dr. sc. Goranka Horjan - Predgovor / Preface

uSkoci tHe uSkokS


1.26.

MAČ SCHIAVONA, Italija: Mletačka

republika, 17. st. Hrvatski povijesni

muzej, Zagreb, HPM/PMH–334/1–2.

1.26.

A SCHIAVONA SWORD, Italy: Venetian

Republic, 17th century. Croatian Historical

Museum, Zagreb, HPM-PMH-334/1-2.

14 15

1.1.

VALVASOROV PRIKAZ „OSTATKA OSTATAKA“ HRVATSKE U

16. st. Do kraja 16. stoljeća Hrvatsko-slavonsko Kraljevstvo

obuhvaćalo je tek oko 17 000 četvornih kilometara teritorija

opterećenog stalnim sukobima s Osmanlijama. U takvoj

je sredini nastalo društvo vično ratovanju, čiji će vojni

potencijal i značajke zadiviti europsku javnost i vladarske

kuće 17. stoljeća. Johann Weichard Valvasor, Die Ehre des

Herzogthums Krain. Rudolfswerth, 1877–1879, sv. IV.

uSkoci

Doba borbenih djelovanja senjskih uskoka između pada Klisa 1537. i raseljavanja uskoka iz Senja 1618. važna je epopeja hrvatske vojne prošlosti. Najin-tenzivnije razdoblje njihove djelatnosti zbivalo se između 1580. i 1618. u vrijeme dvaju velikih ratova, jednog između Habsburške Monarhije i Osmansko-ga Carstva zvanog Dugi rat (1593. – 1606.) i drugoga između Habsburške Monarhije i Mletačke Repu-blike te njihovih saveznika, zvanog rat za Gradišku ili Uskočki rat (1615. – 1617.). Senjski uskoci djelovali su i u sastavu većih formacija habsburške vojske u operacijama koje vode habsburški i hrvatski časni-ci, primjerice u operacijama oko Siska i Petrinje, ali ostali su zapamćeni po autonomnim pljačkaškim pohodima koje su vodili njihovi vojvode kad su se s oružanim barkama veslaricama zalijetali sve do Dubrovnika, te preko mletačke Dalmacije i Du-brovačke Republike napadali osmanski teritorij.

oStaci oStataka nekoć Slavnog HrvatSkog kraljevStva

Hrvatski prostor bio je u doba ranoga novog vijeka (1500. – 1800.) područje višestoljetnog imperijal-nog sraza između Ugarsko - hrvatskog kraljevstva, a zatim i Habsburške Monarhije te Osmanskoga Carstva i Mletačke Republike. Budući da je cije-li hrvatski prostor bio pogranična zona između kršćanstva i islama, na hrvatskome prostoru isprepleli su se složeni odnosi i interesi raznih europskih sila poput Svetog Rimskog Carstva Njemačke Narodnosti, Španjolskog Kraljevstva ili Papinske Države. Zbog osmanskog napredovanja i potencijalne ugroze kršćanske Europe događaji na hrvatskome prostoru bili su, kao rijetko kada prije ili poslije, relevantni i praćeni u cijeloj Europi.

uSkokS

The period of combat operations of the Uskoks of Senj (Germ. Zengg) between the fall of Klis fortress in 1537 and the displacement of the Uskoks from Senj in 1618 is considered as an important epopee of the Croatian military history. The most intensive period of their operations occurred between 1580 and 1618, during two great wars, the first between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire referred to as the Long War (1593-1606) and the second between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Venetian Republic and their allies, referred to as the War of Gradisca or the Uskok War (1615. – 1617). The Uskoks of Senj operated also in the form of larger formations of the Habsburg Army in the operations led both by the Habsburg and the Cro-atian officers, such as, for example, military opera-tions occurring near Sisak and Petrinja. Neverthe-less, they are remembered for autonomous looting rampages led by their voivods, when they in their armed rowing boats reached as far as Dubrovnik, attacking the Turkish territory across the Vene-tian Dalmatia and the Dubrovnik Republic.

remnantS of remnantS of tHe once great and renowned kingdom of croatia

During the Early Modern Period (1500 – 1800), the Croatian territory was the area in which the imperial conflict occurred, lasting for several cen-turies between Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia, Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic. Since the Croatian territory in general was a frontier zone between Christianity and Islam, it saw the intertwining of complex relations and interests of various Eu-ropean forces, such as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, the Kingdom of Spain or

the Papal States. Due to the Ottoman advance-ment and the potential threat to the Christian Europe, the events occurring on the Croatian territory were relevant and people throughout Europe kept abreast of them, which had rare-ly been the case both before and after that.

Vladimir Brnardić, Filip Hren, dr. sc. Damir Stanić - Uskoci / The UskoksVladimir Brnardić, Filip Hren, dr. sc. Damir Stanić - Uskoci / The Uskoks

16 17

1.3.

FRAN KRSTO FRANKOPAN. 1999. DJELA. Drugo,

obnovljeno izdanje. Zagreb, Matica hrvatska. Priredio Josip

Vončina [Stoljeća hrvatske književnosti 35], 139–140.

nemirno Pograničje

Hrvatsko plemstvo i ostalo stanovništvo genera-cijama je stasalo na nemirnom pograničju, odma-lena sudjelujući u ratnim aktivnostima, postajući pritom izrazito vično pograničnom tipu ratovanja koje ih je tijekom 17. stoljeća proslavilo diljem europskih bojišnica. Starosjedilačko hrvatsko stanovništvo stradavalo je u trajnim sukobima, masovno se iseljavalo u pozadinu ili čak u druge zemlje, a oni koji su ostajali na pograničju, okretali su se ratnim aktivnostima i gospodarstvu. Polja su se obrađivala uz stražu i puške na ramenima, pljačkalo se i ratovalo. To je bila višestoljetna svakodnevica života na istaknutu pograničju.

1.2.

HRVATSKI KONJANICI KRABATTEN, 16. st.

Na cijelom pograničnom prostoru s Osmanskim Carstvom,

pa tako i na hrvatskome prostoru, razvili su se specifični

tipovi vojnih postrojbi, među kojima su najistaknutije

mjesto imali domaći laki konjanici – husari, koji su bili

tipičan pogranični rod. Bili su lako oklopljeni, brzi i mobilni,

idealni za provale i ometanja na neprijateljskom teritoriju.

Te vještine su pokazali i tijekom Tridesetogodišnjega rata

kada je oznaka Hrvat postala sinonimom za cijeli rod lakog

konjaništva. HR–HDA–903. Grafička zbirka. Inv. br. 1330.

1.1.

VALAVASOR’S MAP OF „REMNANTS OF REMNANTS“ OF

CROATIA By the end of the 16th century, the Kingdom of

Croatia-Slavonia covered merely around 17,000 km2 of

the territory, burdened with continuous conflicts with the

Ottomans. A society with high warfare skills developed in such

an ambience, whose military potential and characteristics

would impress both the European public and the royal

houses of the 17th century. Johann Weichard Valvasor, Die Ehre

des Herzogthums Krain. Rudolfswerth, 1877–1879, vol. IV.

rougH borderlandS

The Croatian nobility and other population had lived in a turbulent frontier area for generations, participating in warfare activities and becoming hence extremely skillful in the warfare typical of the frontier area that made them famous in the 17th century throughout the European battlefields. The native Croatian population in a wider area perished in continuous conflicts and was involved in mass migrations to the hinterland or even to other countries, while those who remained in the frontier area resorted to war activities and econ-omy. The guards provided protection while fields were being cultivated with rifles on the shoulders, amid plunder and warfare. That was what the everyday life was like over several centuries in the strategically important section of the frontier area.

1.2.

CROATIAN CAVALRY KRABATTEN. Specific types of military

units developed throughout European frontier area with the

Ottoman Empire, and hence also on the Croatian territory.

Among them it is important to point out the domestic light

cavalry – referred to as the hussars. They were primarily nobles

on horseback, armed with spears and close combat weapons

and subsequently also with firearms. The hussars were an

army branch typical of the frontier area – lightly armoured,

fast and mobile, they were ideal both for penetration of and

for obstructions on enemy territory. They showed these skills

also during the Thirty Years’ War when the term “Croat”

became synonymous for the entire army branch of light

cavalry. HR-HDA-903. Graphics Collection. Inv. nr. 1330.

1.3.

FRAN KRSTO FRANKOPAN. 1999. DJELA (WORKS).

Second, renewed edition. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska.

Prepared by Josip Vončina [Stoljeća hrvatske književnosti

[Centuries of the Croatian Literature 35], 139–140.

Na vojsku, na vojsku, vitezi zibrani, koga god majka junačka odhrani;

jur bubnji, herpavke povsuda se čuju, šipi, trumbite nadalek glasuju,

dični šeregi skup se zastaju.

Na noge, na noge, vi jalni ležaci, u vojsku, u vojsku, hrabreni junaci, sablje i puške na berzom priprav’te, vreda poež’te k slavnom dundaru.

Stirajte od serca vsak oblak plahosti, vazmite na se ščit batrivosti;

draže vam budi glas, ime, poštenje neg hip, magnutje, sramotno živlenje;

navik on živi roctor pošteno.

Ni moč izmisliti hvalnije skazanje neg na mejdanu vridno deržanje

gdi grom od pukaš i sablje se viju, vnoga gospoda kerv svoju proliju za domovinu, za veru krščansku.

Boga višnega na pomoč zazov’te, vaših starijih glas, ime ponov’te,

na svoje sprotivne navajl’te ognjeno, jedan drugoga izruč’te ljubleno, živ’te bratinski, pogin’te viteški.

Kada vam sriča na ruku potegne ter neprijatejl iz mesta okrene

oh, kakvo poštenje, pajdaši bogati, sablje, paloši i konji bahati,

sprave kovane, sviti gospocske.

Nu, bratja ljublena, na noge, na noge, turskom misecu da stlačemo roge,

za veru kerščansku, viteštva zlamenje, svitu na hasan, a nam na poštenje, naj nam ne budi premilo živlenje.

Pozivanje na vojSku


18 19

1.5.

VALVASOROV PRIKAZ USKOKA U KRANJSKOJ, 17. STOLJEĆE.

Prikazani su žene i muškarci u različitim nošnjama.

Johann Weichard Valvasor, Die Ehre des Herzogthums

Krain. Rudolfswerth, 1877–1879, sv. II, str. 295.

uSkoci na novom ProStoru

Broj uskoka s godinama je rastao. Ivan Lenko-vić navodi 1551. da raspolaže s 2 500 prebjega s osmanskoga teritorija. U slučaju opasnosti i vojnog angažmana uskoci su mogli biti mobilizirani uz obvezu da se za nekoliko dana opskrbe hranom.

doSeljavanje uSkoka na žumberak

Od početka osmanlijskoga prodora na Balkan na hrvatski teritorij počelo je stizati izbjegličko stanovništvo koje se povlačilo prema zapadu i sjeverozapadu. I starosjedilačko hrvatsko stanov-ništvo više se desetljeća masovno povlačilo pre-ma kršćanskome zaleđu, a na hrvatski i kranjski prostor počele su od 1520-ih godina sve inten-zivnije stizati i skupine prebjega iz Osmanskoga Carstva koje su najpoznatije pod imenom uskoci. Pojam uskok nastao je od hrvatskoga glagola „uskočiti“, a odnosio se na sve one koji su prebje-gli s osmanskoga na habsburški prostor. Uskok je prema tome bio svaki onaj koji je „uskočio“ s osmanskoga teritorija i vojnom službom na habs-burškoj strani dobio specifičan pravni status. Prva jaka uskočka područja bila su Žumberak i okolica (Bela krajina u Sloveniji i širi ozaljsko-jaskanski prostor), a potom Klis i Senj. Valja naglasiti da se termin uskok/uskoci rabio za neplaćene senj-ske uskoke kao i za plaćene i neplaćene uskoke sa Žumberka i okolnog kranjskog područja.

1.4.

KARTA HRVATSKE, KRAJ 17. STOLJEĆA. Karta iz 1690-ih

prikazuje područje uz hrvatsko-slovensku granicu označeno

kao „Vzkoki ouero Capelletti“, dakle prostor na kojem su živjeli

žumberački uskoci. HR–HDA–902. Kartografska zbirka. E.I.235.

Settling of tHe uSkokS in žumberak

From the start of the Ottoman expansion to the Balkans, refugees started arriving in a mass mi-gration to Croatian territory both to the West and to the North-West over several decades. The native Croatian population was also involved in mass migration to the Christian hinterland, while in the 1520’s groups of renegades from the Ot-toman Empire started increasingly intensively arriving to the Croatian and the Kranjska area, who were most commonly known under the name of uskoci (Uskoks). The term uskok was derived from the Croatian verb “uskočiti”, which literally means “to jump in”, and it referred to all those who came to the Habsburg area defecting from the Ottoman Empire. An Uskok was any person who “jumped in” from the Ottoman territory and gained a specific legal status through serving in the Habsburg army. The first powerful Uskok areas were Žumberak and the surrounding areas (Bela krajina in Slovenia and a broader area of Ozalj and Jastrebarsko, the latter being commonly referred to as Jaska), as well as Klis and Senj. It has to be highlighted that the term the Uskoks (uskok/usko-ci) was used both for non-mercenary Uskoks of Senj and for mercenary and non-mercenary Uskoks of Žumberak and the surrounding Kranj area.

1.4.

MAP OF CROATIA, END OF 17th CENTURY. A map

from the 1690’s on which the area by the Croatian-

Slovenian border marked as Vzkoki ouero Capelletti,

hence the area in which the Uskoks of Žumberak lived.

HR–HDA–902. Cartographic Collection. E.I.235.

1.5.

VALVASOR’S DEPICTION OF THE APPEARANCE OF USKOKS

IN THE KRANJ AREA, 17TH CENTURY. There are women and

meni n different outfits. Johann Weichard Valvasor, Die Ehre

des Herzogthums Krain. Rudolfswerth, 1877–1879, vol. II, p. 295

uSkokS in tHe new area

The number of Uskoks increased over the years. Ivan Lenković stated in 1551 to have 2.500 ren-egades from the Ottoman territory. Uskoks could be mobilised in the event of danger and military involvement and they were obligated


20 21

1.9.

SISAČKA BITKA 1593. Uskoci su bili dio kršćanske vojske u

veličanstvenoj pobjedi nad Osmanlijama 22. lipnja 1593. Oko

600 uskoka zauzelo je most na rijeci Kupi i tako Osmanlijama

odsjeklo odstupnicu. U bitci se spominju uskočki vojvode

Radul Daja Vuković, Vraneš Latinčić, Vojo Garapić, Ivan

Čučić, Mikula Rapljenović, Vujica Popović i Miloš Grubačević.

Johann Weichard Valvasor, Die Ehre des Herzogthums Krain 4.

Laibach, Nurnberg: Wolfgang Moritz Endter, 1689, str. 534.

Jednako tako, ako je masovnija mobilizacija bila nemoguća, u ugrožena područja, utvrde i grado-ve moglo se poslati nekoliko vojvoda s njihovim ljudima. Pod zapovjedništvom vojvoda bile su straže na istaknutim krajiškim mjestima, u i oko utvrda te na važnim prometnicama kojima su Osmanlije najčešće prolazili u pljačkaške poho-de na zapad. Uskoci su bili organizirani u čete od 32 do 50 ljudi kojima su na čelu bili vojvode.

1.6.

ODLUKA NADVOJVODE KARLA, GRAZ, 11. VELJAČE

1574. Ovom odlukom se nakon smrti Radmana Vučetića,

vojvode u Hrvatskoj krajini, od njegove godišnje provizije

od 50 rajnskih guldena, 32 rajnska guldena doznačuju

Milosavu Herakoviću, a preostalih 18 rajnskih guldena

godišnje provizije pripadaju Vučetićevu sinu, Milanku

Vučetiću. SI AS 1, VUK, kutija 208, fascikl I/112, br. 51.

1.7.

MOLBA VOJVODE ALEKSE JURAŠA CARU, KRAJ 1530.

U nedatiranoj, potkraj 1530-ih sastavljenoj molbi,

vojvoda Aleksa Juraš (Allexa Jurasch) molio je cara

da njega i još dvojicu neimenovanih osoba imenuje

uskočkim vojvodama te da im se dodijeli godišnja

provizija. SI AS 2, DSK, kutija 805, fascikl 540, s.d.

1.8.

MOLBA ZAPOVJEDNIKA USKOKA JURJA CARU, 1538. U

travnju 1538. Juraj „zapovjednik nad uskocima“ molio

je da mu se dodijeli još pet parcela zemlje kako bi lakše

mogao uzdržavati „mnogo ljudi i konja“ koje ima pod

sobom. Naglasio je da milostivi car zna „s koliko velikim

trudom te osobnom štetom je „prebjegle Turke“ zajedno

s njihovim ženama i djecom u kraljevske zemlje doveo“.

SI AS 2, DSK, kutija 805, fascikl 540, 23. travnja 1538.

to provide sustenance to meet their needs for several days. Similarly, in case mass mobilisation was impossible, several voivods with their men could be sent to jeopardised areas, fortresses and cities. Guards were normally deployed in stra-tegic points of the Military Frontier under the command of the voivod, as well as around the fortresses and important roads used mot fre-quently by the Ottomans on their way to looting rampages going westwards. Uskoks were organ-ised in companies (Croatian čete) comprising from 32 to 50 men, commanded by the voivod.

1.6.

DECEISON BY ARCHDUKE KARLO, GRAZ, 11TH FEBRUARY

1574. The decision of the Archduke Karlo upon which after

the death of Radman Vučetić, the Duke of the Croatian

Military Frontier, from his annual commission reaching 50

Rhenish guilders, 32 Rhenish guilders would be paid off to

Milosav Heraković, while the remaining 18 Rhenish guilders

of annual commission would be paid off to Vučetić’s son,

Milanko Vučetić. SI AS 1, VUK, box 208, file I/112, No. 51.

1.7.

APPLICATION OF VOIVOD ALEKSA JURAŠ TO THE EMPEROR,

LATE 1530. In an undated application, written at the end of

the 1530’s by the voivod Aleksa Juraš (Allexa Jurasch), he kindly

requested the Emperor to appoint him and two more unnamed

persons as voivods of the Uskoks and to provide them with

an annual commission. SI AS 2, DSK, box 805, file 540, s.d.

1.8.

APPLICATION OF THE COMMANDER OF THE USKOKS JURAJ

TO THE EMPAROR, 1538. In April 1538 Juraj “the commander

of the Uskoks” applied to be allocated five more plots of

land in order to be able to more easily sustain “many people

and many horses” subordinated to him. He pointed out that

the merciful emparor knows “about his great effort and a

huge damage sustained personally by him upon leading the

“renegade Turks” with their wives and children to the royal

states. SI AS 2, DSK, box 805, file 540, the 23rd April 1538.

1.9.

THE BATTLE OF SISAK, 1593. The Uskoks were part of

the Christian military in a magnificent victory over the

Ottomans on the 22nd June 1593. 600 of them occupied

a bridge on the Kupa River by which they cut the escape

route to the Ottomans. The Uskok voivods Radul Daja

Vuković, Vraneš Latinčić, Vojo Garapić, Ivan Čučić, Mikula

Rapljenović, Vujica Popović and Miloš Grubačević are

mentioned in connection with this battle. Valvasor, Johann

Weichard. Die Ehre des Herzogthums Krain 4. Laibach,

Nurnberg: Wolfgang, Moritz Endter, 1689, p, 534.


22 23

1.10.

KLIS S OKOLICOM, 16. st. Snažne kliške fortifikacije imale

su dominantan položaj u odnosu na prometnice i prostor

prema Splitu. Oko Solina nalazio se niz manjih utvrda

koje su bile česte pozornice sukoba između zaraćenih

strana. Nakon što su Osmanlije 1537. napokon zauzeli Klis,

ostao je u njihovu posjedu do mletačkoga zauzimanja

1648. HR–HDA–903. Grafička zbirka. Inv. br. 1454.

kliS

Klis je oduvijek bio jedna od najvažnijih strateš-kih utvrda na hrvatskome prostoru. Izvanredno smješten na brdu iznad ključne prometnice prema Splitu, Klis je bio iznimno važno protuosmanlij-sko i protumletačko uporište te poprište mnogih bitaka i opsada. Do prvih desetljeća 16. stoljeća Klis je s Kninom i Skradinom zatvarao krajnji južni potez protuosmanlijskoga pojasa koji se prosti-rao od Jadrana do Transilvanije da bi se nakon 1520-ih, kao enklava, našao izoliranim daleko izvan habsburškoga teritorija, što je otežavalo njegovu obranu. Kako bi se još bolje osigurala obrana Klisa, od 1520-ih su spojene obrana Senja i Klisa, isprva dvojnim zapovjedništvom Petra Kružića i njegova pobratima Grgura Orlovčića. Nakon što je Orlovčić poginuo u Mohačkoj bitci 1526., teret zapovjedništva nad Senjem i Klisom pao je na leđa hrvatskoga plemića i proslavljenog protuosmanlijskog zapovjednika Petra Kružića.

kliS

The Klis Fortress has always been one of the most important strategic fortresses on the Cro-atian territory. Exceptionally located on a hill above the crucial road to Split, the Klis Fortress was an exceptionally important anti-Ottoman and anti-Venetian stronghold and a scene of many battles and sieges. Until the first decades in the 16th century, the Klis Fortress, along with Knin and Skradin, closed the ultimate southern stretch of the anti-Ottoman zone that covered the area from the Adriatic Sea to Transylvania only to find itself isolated as an enclave after the 1520’s, considerably beyond the Habsburg terri-tory itself, which made its defence more difficult. In order to better organise the defence of the Klis Fortress, starting from the 1520’s, Senj and the Klis Fortress were defended together, original-ly through a dual command of Petar Kružić and his foster brother Grgur Orlovčić. After Orlovčić’s death in the Battle of Mohacs in 1526, the burden of command over both Senj and the Klis Fortress was conferred upon the Croatian nobleman and a reputable anti-Ottoman commander Petar Kružić.

1.10.

THE KLIS FORTRESS WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS, 16TH

CENTURY. The strong Kliss fortresses have been clearly

depicted and the dominant position in relation to the

communications and the area towards Split. Smaller fortresses

have been depicted in the Solin region that were frequently

battle scenes between the belligerents. After the Ottomans

had finally conquered it in 1537, the Klis fortress remained in

their possession until it had been conquered by the Venetians

in 1648. HR–HDA–903. Graphics Collection. Inv. nr. 1454.


24 25

1.12.

KLASIČAN PRIKAZ SENJA U KOLORIRANOJ VERZIJI,

SREDINA 16. st. Najpoznatije uskočko središte bilo je

opasano jakim zidinama, ali nije imalo zaštićenu morsku

luku. Na brdu Trbušnjaku podignuta je sredinom 1550-

ih snažna utvrda Nehaj, jedna od najreprezentativnijih

simbola grada Senja i višestoljetne ratničke povijesti

Senjana. HR–HDA–903. Grafička zbirka. Inv. br. 1712.

1.13.

BEDEMSKA PUŠKA S MEHANIZMOM ZA OPALJIVANJE

NA STIJENJ, Austrija, kraj 17. – početak 18. stoljeća. Potječe

iz biskupskoga dvora u Zagrebu, a takve teške puške

nalazile su se u sklopu naoružanja utvrda. Pronađena

1816. godine. Kupljeno od Emilija Laszowskog 1889.

Hrvatski povijesni muzej, Zagreb. HPM/PMH–54.

1.11.

KLIS U 17. st. Ljudevit Krmpotić, Izvještaji o utvrđivanju granica

Hrvatskog kraljevstva od 16. do 18. stoljeća, Nakladni zavod

Hrvatski zapisnik. Hannover, Karlobag, Čakovec, 1997, str. 125.

Senj

Kao staro kapetanijsko središte, važan grad vezan zajedničkim zapovjednikom, Senj je nakon pada Klisa postao sjedište uskočke aktivnosti na jadran-skoj obali. U Senju je nastala specifična društve-na zajednica koju su činili starosjedioci, plaćena vojna posada i mnogobrojno stanovništvo izbjeglo pred Osmanlijama, a svi su aktivno sudjelovali u sukobima na krajini. Na pograničnome prosto-ru između Habsburške Monarhije, Osmanskoga Carstva i Mletačke Republike nastao je specifičan krajiški svijet s posebnom etikom i kodeksom časti utemeljenima na junaštvu, hrabrosti, ratnoj vješti-ni i pobratimstvu. Na meti senjskih uskoka bio je prostor od Like preko dalmatinskog zaleđa i za-padne Bosne do Dubrovačke Republike, pa i dalje. Iako su sudjelovali u velikim, službenim pohodima s oko 2 000 ljudi, često su to bili upadi manjih vojnih formacija četa, od 10 do 30 pa i do nekoliko stoti-na uskoka pod zapovjedništvom vojvoda. Nakon provale na neprijateljski teritorij i prikupljanja plijena nastojali su se čim prije povući, ali neki pljačkaški pohodi senjskih uskoka znali su trajati i mjesecima.

1.11.

THE KLIS FORTRESS, 17TH CENTURY. Ljudevit Krmpotić,

Reports on Establishing the Boundaries of the Kingdom of

Croatia from the 16th to the 18th Century, Nakladni zavod

Hrvatski zapisnik. Hannover, Karlobag, Čakovec, 1997, p. 125.

Senj

As an old Captaincy centre, connected through the common commander, after the fall of the Kliss fortress, Senj became the centre of the Uskok activity on the Adriatic coast. A specific social community was established in Senj comprising of the natives, mercenary garrison and a large popu-lation that escaped from the Ottomans. They all actively participated in the battles on the Military Frontier. A specific Military Frontier community was established in the border area between the Habsburg Monarchy, the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic, with its special ethics and the code of honour based on bravery, courage, warfare skills and brotherhood. The Uskoks of Senj focused on the territory covering an area from Lika to the Dalmatian Hinterland and Western Bosnia to the Dubrovnik (Ragusa) Republic and beyond. Irrespective of the fact that they participated in large-scale, official campaigns with around 2.000 people, these were frequently incursions of small-er military formations, in Croatian referred to as čete – companies, comprising from 10 to 30 and even up to several hundred Uskoks, commanded by the voivods. After the invasion of the enemy territory and collecting loot, they strived to retreat as soon as possible, yet some looting rampages of the Uskoks of Senj would last for several months.

1.12.

A CLASSICAL DEPICTION OF SENJ (ZENG) IN COLOUR

VERSION, MID 16 TH CENTURY. The best-known Uskok

centre was surrounded by strong defensive walls, yet rather

paradoxically, it did not have a fortified sea port. A strong

fortress named Nehaj was erected on the Trbušnjak hill

around the mid-1550’s, which soon became the symbol of

the town. HR–HDA–903. Graphics Collection. Inv. Nr. 1712.

1.13.

WALL GUN WITH MATCHLOCK MECHANISM, Austria, end of

the 17th beginning of the 18th century. It originate from Bishop’s

Palace in Zagreb. Such heavy guns were common armament of

the fortresses. Found in 1816 and bough from Emilio Laszowski

in 1889. Croatian Historical Museum, Zagreb, HPM/PMH-54.


26 27

naoružanje uSkoka

Naoružanje uskoka bilo je istovjetno ili vrlo slično naoružanju plaćenih hrvatskih pješačkih vojnika koji su služili u utvrdama kapetanija Hrvatske i Slavonske krajine. O naoružanju uskoka svjedoči manji broj slikovnih izvora od kojih su najvažniji drvorezi Cesarea Vecellija nastali 80-ih godina 16. st. i prvi put objavljeni 1590. Među njima se ističe prikaz vojvode senjskih uskoka, ali i ne-koliko prikaza dalmatinskih i hrvatskih plemića i vojnika. Prema opisu mletačkog generalnog providura mora na Jadranu i Dalmaciji (Prouedi-tor Generale da Mar in Golfo et in Dalmatia) Nikole Donada iz 1599. uskoci nisu imali drugog oružja osim male lagane puške (l’arcobuso, che’ é piccio-lo, e molto leggiero) i ratnog noža umjesto mača (manerino in luoco di spada). Ipak, u borbi su imali još neke vrste vatrenog i hladnog oružja.

vatreno oružje

Puška je još od sredine 16. st. pa nadalje bila najvažnije oružje senjskih uskoka i ostalih hr-vatskih najamnika pješaka. U drugoj polovini 16. st. sve zapadnoeuropske vojničke puške imale su sustav opaljenja na serpentinu i fi-tilj, pa su taj sustav nedvojbeno imale i puške senjskih uskoka. Dijelile su se u tri skupine, za-visno od veličine. Najmanje su nazivali arkebu-zama, srednje caliver, a najveće musketama.

1.14.

SENJ, 17. st. Ljudevit Krmpotić, Izvještaji o utvrđivanju granica

Hrvatskog kraljevstva od 16. do 18. stoljeća, Nakladni zavod

Hrvatski zapisnik. Hannover, Karlobag, Čakovec, 1997, str. 125.

1.15.

KOSTIMI ČETIRI USKOKA, dokumentarno-igrani

serijal Doba uskoka, HRT, scenarist i redatelj Domagoj

Božidar Burić, kostimografkinja Jasna Zvonković.

1.16.

USKOČKE BRODICE ISPRED PAGA, POČETAK 17. STOLJEĆA.

Na ovom prikazu otoka Paga u donjem lijevom uglu vide

se uskočke brodice kako napadaju trgovački brod dok

se na gornjoj strani otoka odvija potjera mletačke galije

koja proganja uskoke u njihovim brodicama. Gioseppe

Rosacio, Viaggio da Venetia a Constantinopoli. Venetia,

1606. Reprint. Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb, str. 11.

1.14.

SENJ, 17TH CENTURY. Ljudevit Krmpotić, Reports on

Establishing the Boundaries of the Kingdom of Croatia from

the 16th to the 18th Century, Nakladni zavod Hrvatski

zapisnik. Hannover, Karlobag, Čakovec, 1997, p. 125.

1.15.

COSTUMES OF FOUR USKOKS, documentary-fictional TV series

“Thew Age of Uskoks”, Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), writer

and director Domagoj Božidar Burić, costumes: Jasna Zvonković.

1.16.

THE BOATS OF THE USKOKS IN FRONT OF PAG,

BEGINNING OF 17TH CENTURY. On this depiction of the

island of Pag there are boats of the Uskok’s in lower left

corner attacking merchant ship while there is a Venetian

galley chasing Uskok’s boats at the top of the island.

Gioseppe Rosacio, Viaggio da Venetia a Constantinopoli,

Venetia, 1606 Reprint. Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb, p. 11.

weaPonS of tHe uSkokS

The weapons of the Uskoks were identical or very similar to the weapons of the Croatian mercenary infantry soldiers who served in the fortresses of captaincies both of the Croatian and the Slavoni-an Frontier. A smaller number of pictorial sources shows the weapons used by the Uskoks, among which it is important to highlight the woodcuts by Cesare Vecellio dating back to the 1580’s, which were first published in 1590. Among them it is important to point out the depiction of a Voivod of the Uskoks of Senj, as well as several depictions of Dalmatian and Croatian nobles and soldiers. In accordance to the description provided by the Venetian General Superintendent of the sea at the Adriatic and in Dalmatia (Proueditor Generale da Mar in Golfo et in Dalmatia) Nicola Donado dating back to 1599, the Uskoks had no other weapons but the arquebus (l’arcobuso, che’ é picciolo, e molto leggiero) and the war knife or a combat knife instead of a sword (manerino in luoco di spada). Nevertheless, they used several more types of close combat weapons and firearms in war.

firearmS

Certainly, the most important weapons of the Uskoks of Senj, as well as of other Croatian mercenary infantry, starting from the mid-16th century onwards was the gun. In the second part of the 16th century, the ignition system of Western European military gun had a serpentine and a matchlock and the guns of the Uskoks of Senj certainly also had that system. They were divided into three groups, depending on their size. The smaller-size ones were referred to as the arquebus, the medium ones as caliver and the largest size guns were called muskets.


28 29

dobro opremljeni najamni pješaci od početka do kraja 16.

stoljeća, pa između ostalog i uskoci. ZTA–2551, ZTA–1053.

1.20.

BOSANSKA DRVENA BARUTNICA, Osmansko Carstvo, kraj

17., početak 18. stoljeća. Drvena posuda za barut izrađena

je u obliku čaše s bočnim otvorom na kojemu je bio

mehanizam za doziranje i cijev za sipanje, koji nedostaju.


PuŠke i PiŠtolji na kolo

Uskočki vojvode i ugledniji ratnici bili su vjerojat-no naoružani i pištoljima sa sustavom opaljenja na kolo. Osim pištolja pretpostavljamo kako je poneki uskočki zapovjednik mogao biti naoružan i puškom kolašicom. Tijekom druge polovine 16. st. to je kod nas bilo rijetko i dragocjeno oruž-je, ali s vremenom je sve zastupljenije, najprije među konjanicima – arkebuzirima i husarima – da bi se već u 17. st. nalazilo i među pješacima. Voj-ničke puške na kolo u pravilu su bile male, kraće od jednoga metra. Kako su to bile male puške malog kalibra, i na njih se prenio izraz arkebu-za koji se prije odnosio za male puške fitiljače.

1.21.

ČASNIČKI PIŠTOLJ S MEHANIZMOM NA KOLO, najvjerojatnija

proizvodnja Ferlach oko 1600. Na gornjem dijelu stražnjeg

dijela cijevi ugravirana godina «1597». Mehanizam na

kolo u talijanskom stilu s vanjskim kotačem ukrašen

vegetabilnim gravurama. Ovakve pištolje nosili su uskočki

zapovjednici, vojvode i ugledniji ratnici. Zbirka Brkić.

1.17.

PJEŠAČKA MUSKETA FITILJAČA, oko 1600. U mletačkoj

terminologiji 16. i prve polovine 17. st. arkebuza je naziv za

laku pješačku pušku s manjim promjerom cijevi i u pravilu

s mehanizmom na fitilj. Razlikuju ih od teških pješačkih

pušaka koje se nazivaju muskete (moschetto) i koje se u

pravilu moraju koristiti uz oslonac – štap s rašljama na

vrhu. U mletačkoj oružanoj sili musketiri su bili elitni

vojnici najamnici – pješaci, a takvih najamnika bilo je i u

krajiškim utvrdama pa tako i u Senju. Zbirka Brkić.

1.18.

RAŠLJE – NASLON ZA MUSKETU, OKO 1600. Budući

da je bila teška, musketa se za vrijeme pucanja

morala oslanjati na rašlje. Zbirka Brkić.

1.19.

CIJEV I SERPENTINA RUČNE PUŠKE (pixides manuales, lat.),

Štajerska i sjeverna Hrvatska, oko 1540. U opisima sukoba s

uskocima iz druge polovine 16. st. njihove se puške nazivaju

arkebuzama (arcobuso, archibugio, archibuso i slično). Laganim

arkebuzama bile su naoružane u pravilu pomoćne postrojbe,

primjerice venecijanske cernide u Dalmaciji. Mada ne

pripadaju istome oružju, oba su izložena predmeta dijelovi

istoga tipa ručne puške kakvima su u Hrvatskoj bili naoružani

1.17.

AN INFANTRY MATCHLOCK MUSKET, AROUND 1600. In

Venetian terminology in the 16th and the first part of the

17th century, the arquebus is the term used to refer to a

light infantry gun with a smaller internal diameter of the

barrel and normally with a matchlock mechanism. They are

different from heavier infantry guns referred to as muskets

(moschetto), which normally need to be used with a rest – a

supporting stick with a fork rest at the upper end. In the

Venetian armed forces, the Musketeers were elite mercenary

soldiers – infantry and such mercenaries were also in the

border fortresses and hence also in Senj. Brkić Collection.

1.18.

A FORK – A REST FOR THE MUSKET, AROUND 1600.

During handling and firing the muskets, due its weight

had to be lean on a fork-rest. Brkić Collection.

1.19.

THE BARREL AND SERPENTINE OF A SHORT BARRELED

GUN (pixides manuales, lat.), Styria and Northern Croatia,

around 1540, The term arquebus (arcobuso, archibugio and

archibuso, to name a few) was used for the guns of the

Uskoks in the descriptions of some battles dating back to

the second half of the 16th century. Auxiliary troops, such as

the Venetian Cernides in Dalmatia, were normally armed with

light arquebuses. Irrespective of the fact that they are not

classified as the same type of weapons, both exhibits are a

part of the same type of a short barreled gun that was used in

Croatia by well-armed infantry mercenaries during the period

ranging from the beginning to the end of the 16th century and

hence also the Uskoks, among others. ZTA–2551, ZTA–1053.

1.20.

BOSNIAN WOODEN POWDER FLASK, Ottoman Empire, end

of the 17th century-beginning of the 18th century. Wooden

powder flask is made in glass shape with side open attached

with dose mechanisam with pipe, but they are missing.

Croatian Historical Museum, Zagreb, HPM/PMH-1064.

wHeel lock gunS and HandgunS

The Uskok Voivod’s and more reputable warri-ors were probably armed also with wheel lock handguns of a short type intended for infantry. In addition to the handgun, we assume that some Uskok commanders may have been armed also with a wheel lock gun. During the second half of the 16th century in our country that was both a rare and a precious weapon, yet in time it be-came increasingly widespread, initially among the cavalry – the arquebusiers and the hussars, only to be used also by the infantry in the 17th century. Wheel lock military guns were normally


30 31

sablji pa tako mnoge korde iz 15. i 16. st. imaju sječiva s jalmanom i slične su osmanskim sablja-ma. Na području Ugarsko-Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva iz njih su se tijekom 16. st. razvile husarske sablje hrvatsko-ugarskoga tipa, a naziv korda, ćorda u narodnom izričaju, prenio na sablje općenito.

1.23.

KORDA – VELIKI RATNI NOŽ (Großes Kriegsmesser,

Bauernwehr, njem., manarino, tal.), Hrvatska, sredina 16.

st. Korde su bile osnovno hladno oružje pješačkih vojnika,

tvrđavskih posada i mornara na hrvatskome tlu tijekom 15.

i 16. stoljeća, u doba najtežih ratova s Osmanlijama. Naziv

korda iskrivio se u ćorda i s vremenom dobio značenje

sablje jer su korde postupno prerasle u pješačke sablje.

Njima su bili naoružani i senjski uskoci potkraj 16. st., što

znamo iz relacije mletačkoga generalnog providura mora

na Jadranu i Dalmaciji Nikole Donada iz 1599. godine,

koji ih spominje pod nazivom manarino. ZTA–1930.

mačevi

Premda nas Nikola Donado u relaciji iz 1599. oba-vještava kako su uskoci od hladnog oružja imali samo ratne noževe – korde (manerino in luoco di spada), nema sumnje kako su barem neki uskoci bili naoružani i sabljama i mačevima. Mač i sablja su oružja većeg ugleda i djelotvornosti no korda. Stoga smatramo kako su mačevima i sabljama bili naružani uskočki vojvode i ugledniji ratnici.

1.22.

PIŠTOLJ S MEHANIZMOM ZA OPALJIVANJE NA KREMEN,

SUSTAV NA KOLO, S LIMUNASTIM ZAVRŠETKOM

RUKOHVATA, puškar Lazari (Lazani), L., Italija: Brescia:

Gardone Val Trompia, početak 17. stoljeća. Bergamo i Brescia

u sjevernoj Italiji bili su središta metalurške industrije.

Grad Brescia pod mletačkom vlašću bio je glavno središte

proizvodnje hladnog i posebno vatrenog oružja. Brešanski

majstori oružari sastavljali su cijevi, mehanizme i kundake

koji su se izrađivali u okolnim selima doline Val Trompia.


korde, ćorde, čorde, đorde

Uskoci su umjesto mača imali ratni nož (manerino in luoco di spada). Pod tim opisom prepoznajemo velike ratne noževe (Kriegsmesser, Bauernwehr, Grossemesser) koje su kod nas nazivali kordama, odnosno ćordama. To je općeeuropsko oružje duge tradicije čiju upotrebu i razvoj možemo pratiti od srednjega vijeka pa do početka 19. st.

Riječ je o jednosjeklim noževima, duljim ili kraćim, ravnog ili blago zakrivljenog sje-čiva, s nesimetričnom drškom, obično s križnicom duljih ili kraćih krakova.

U srednjem vijeku korde su bile kraće, oko 40-tak cm, i oružje ljudi nižeg sloja, poglavito seljaka, od čega i potječe njihov njemački naziv (Bauernwe-hr). Ali pokraj 15. i na početku 16. st. jedna njihova grana narasta na duljinu sablje i mača, pa čak i više od toga, a oni najdulji postaju oružje kojim se barata dvjema rukama. To je sad oružje vojnika pješaka-najamnika te supstitucija maču. U njihovoj genezi veliku ulogu odigrao je utjecaj osmanskih

korde, ćorde, čorde, đorde

The Uskoks used a long war knife/combat knife (manerino in luoco di spada) rather than a sword. The latter description includes large combat knives (Kriegsmesser, Bauernwehr, Grossemesser), which in our region were referred to as korda or ćorda. It is a generally used weapon with a long tradition whose use and development can be traced from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 19th century.

These are single-edged knives, longer of short-er, with a straight or slightly curved blade, with an asymmetric grip, normally with cross guards with longer or shorter branches.

In the Middle Ages long war knives were shorter, around 40 cm in length, used as weapons by low-er-classes, primarily peasants, hence their name in German (Bauernwehr). Nevertheless, by the end of the 15th and at the beginning of the 16th century, one of their types extended to reach the length of the sabre and the sword and even exceeded that, while the longest ones were weapons that needed to be used with both hands. At that point, it was a weapon used by mercenary infantry and it was a substitute for the sword. The Ottoman sabre had a huge influence on their genesis and hence many kordas – long war knives – in the 15th and the 16th century had the blade with a yal-man and were similar to Ottoman sabres. Hussar sabres of the Croatian and Hungarian type devel-oped in 16th century in the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia, while the term korda-ćorda started being widely used to refer to sabres in general.

1.23.

KORDA – A LONG WAR KNIFE (Großes Kriegsmesser,

Bauernwehr in German, manarino in Italian), Croatia, the mid-

16th century. Kordas, long war knives, were the basic close

combat weapon used by infantry, soldiers of the fortresses

and sailors in the Croatian territory in the 15th and the

small-sized, less than one metre long. Since they were small guns with a small calibre, they were also referred to as arquebus, which had previously been used exclusively for small matchlock guns.

1.21.

OFFICERS PISTOL WITH WHEEL LOCK SYSTEM, probably

Ferlach production around 1600. On upper back side of

a barrow it is engraved year “1597”. Wheel lock system in

Italian style with external wheel is engraved with vegetable

ornaments. Uskok commanders, voivods and distinguished

warriors wore this type of pistols. Brkić Collection.

1.22.

PISTOL WITH FLINTLOCK MECHANISM, WHEEL LOCK SYSTEM,

WITH LEMON SHAPED BUTT, gunsmith Lazari (Lazani), L.,

Italy: Brescia, Gardone, Val Trompia, beginning of the 17th

century. The area of Bergamo and Brescia in northern Italy

was a centre of metallurgy. City of Brescia under Venetian rule

was a main production centre of cold and especially fire-arms.

Brescia’s master gunsmiths assembled barrels, mechanisms

and butts produced in neighbouring villages in Val Trompia

valley. Croatian Historical Museum, Zagreb, HPM-PMH-12939.

Vladimir Brnardić, Filip Hren, dr. sc. Damir Stanić - Uskoci / The Uskoks Vladimir Brnardić, Filip Hren, dr. sc. Damir Stanić - Uskoci / The Uskoks

32 33

coast. Over 300 such swords have been preserved in the Doge’s Palace Armory in Venice. Such a sword can also be seen stuck into the waist-belt of the soldiers from the Venetian galleys referred to as scappoli in one of Vecellio’s depictions and they were normally recruited among the Croats from the Dalmatian littoral and the islands.

1.25.

SCAPPOLO (A SOLDIER FROM THE VENETIAN GALLEYS),

a copperplate engraving by Cesare Vecellio, 1590.

Schiavona was developed from spada schiavones-ca by adding protective bars in shape of styl-ised leaves and twigs to the cross guard, which

16th century during the most horrible Ottoman wars. The

name korda was transformed into ćorda and they gradually

started being considered as sabres because korda knives

were gradually transformed into infantry sabres. They were

used as weapons by the Uskoks of Senj by the end of the

16th century, which is known from a text written by the

Venetian General Superintendent of the sea at the Adriatic

and in Dalmatia Nikola Donado, dating back to 1599, who

mentioned them under the name manarino. ZTA-1930.

SwordS

Notwithstanding the fact that Nikola Donado in his text from 1599 explained that the only close combat weapons used by the Uskoks were long war knives – in Croatian referred to as kor-da (manerino in luoco di spada – a long war knife rather than a sword), at least some Uskoks were armed also with swords and sabres. Swords and sabres are both more reputable and more ef-fective weapons compared with long war knives referred to as korda. It is hence believed that swords and sabres were used both by the Voivods of the Uskoks and by more reputable warriors.

1.24.

THE VOIVOD OF THE USKOKS, a copperplate engraving by

Cesare Vecellio, 1590. The Duke of the Uskoks is armed with a

straight sword referred to as pallos with a straight blade and

the grip of the sabre. Under his coat, he is wearing a chain

mail vest with sleeves like those worn at the time by the

nobles and reputable commanders of the Croatian infantry

or light cavalry. It is made of intertwined tiny iron rings.

Since at the end of the 16th century by far the most popular type of sword in the Croatian littoral was the Schiavona sword, we believe that some Uskoks were armed with the Schiavona swords. This is the sword that developed in the mid-16th century from the Hungarian-Croatian sword with an S-shaped cross guard that in Venice was re-ferred to as “spada schiavonesca” and they pro-duced them themselves to provide weapons for their own soldiers originating from the Dalmatian

naoružanje vlastitih vojnika podrijetlom s dal-matinske obale. U oružarnici Duždeve palače u Veneciji sačuvalo se više od 300 primjeraka takvih mačeva. Nalazi se i o pasu vojnika s venecijskih galija zvanih scappoli na jednoj od Vecellijevih ilustracija, a oni su se u pravilu novačili među Hrvatima dalmatinskoga priobalja i otočja.

1.25.

SCAPPOLI (VOJNIK S MLETAČKIH GALIJA),

bakrorez Cesara Vecellija, 1590.

Schiavona je razvijena od spade schiavonesce doda-vanjem zaštitnih prečki u obliku stiliziranih listo-va i grančica križnici. Takve križnice su sredinom 16. stoljeća ušle u modu na sjevernotalijanskim mačevima raznih tipova pa je tako nastala pre-poznatljiva željezna košarica mačeva schiavona koja je borcu pružala odličnu zaštitu šake i ruke. Ta košarica je u osnovi ostala ista tijekom nared-nih oko 250 godina, sve do kraja 18. st., kad su se schiavone prestale upotrebljavati i izrađivati.

1.27.

MAČ SCHIAVONA, sječivo vjerojatno iz Belluna, sjeverna

Italija, oprema dalmatinskih priobalnih gradova, kraj 16.

st. Ova schiavona je navodno nađena na otoku Drveniku

Velome. Schiavone s takvom košaricom spadaju u najstariju

inačicu toga tipa mača koja se okvirno datira u drugu

polovinu 16. st. Ovaj primjerak je veoma sličan primjerku

koji je bio nekoć iz zbirke obitelji Desnica iz Islama Grčkog.

Vjerojatno potječe iz Novigrada, ima sječivo solingenškoga

majstora Petera Munstena iz oko 1597. Danas u Hrvatskom

povijesnom muzeju, inv. br. 9275, ZTA–2388.

1.28.

SCHIAVONA S REBRASTOM KOŠARICOM,

Venecija, 1590–1610. Zbirka Brkić.

1.24.

USKOČKI VOJVODA, bakrorez Cesara Vecellija, 1590.

Uskočki vojvoda naoružan je ravnim mačem palošem

s ravnim sječivom i rukohvatom sablje, a ispod kaputa

nosi pancirnu košulju s rukavima izrađenu od prepletenih

čeličnih alkica kakve su tada nosili plemići i ugledni

zapovjednici hrvatskoga pješaštva ili konjice.

Kako je potkraj 16. st. na hrvatskome priobalnom području daleko najčešće naoružanje bio mač tipa schiavona, smatramo kako su neki uskoci bili naoružani upravo schiavonama. To je mač koji se sredinom 16. stoljeća razvio od ugarsko-hr-vatskoga mača sa s križnicom. U Veneciji su ga nazivali spada schiavonesca i proizvodili su ga za


34 35

1.30.

SCHIAVONA S JEDNOREDNOM MREŽASTOM

KOŠARICOM, Venecija, oko 1650. Zbirka Brkić.

1.31.

SCHIAVONA S KOMPLEKSNOM MREŽASTOM

KOŠARICOM, Venecija, oko 1650. Zbirka Brkić.

1.29.

SCHIAVONA S REBRASTOM KOŠARICOM,

Venecija, oko 1600. Zbirka Brkić.

became fashionable on swords of different types in Northern Italy in the mid 16th century. These are the origins of the typical iron basket-shaped guard of the Schiavona swords, which provided excellent protection to the soldier’s hand and arm. The latter basket-shaped guard basically remained identical over around 250 years, un-til the end of the 18th century when Schiavona swords ceased being produced and used.

1.26.

A SCHIAVONA SWORD, Italy: Venetian Republic, 17th century.

A schiavona sword is Venetian type of sword with wide blade

and elaborate basket-shaped armguard. It was primary

infantry weapon used in the 17th and 18th century mostly by

Slavs, generally Croats due it was named after (tal. Schiavo –

Slav). Dodge’s guard mostly made of Croats from Dalmatia

and Istria, fort’s and city’s garrisons, but also Venetian’s and

Habsburg’s uskok’s troops were armed with Schiavona swords.

Croatian Historical Museum, Zagreb, HPM-PMH-334/1-2.

1.27.

A SCHIAVONA SWORD, blade probably from Belluno, Northern

Italy, equipment Dalmatian coastal towns, the end of the

16th century. This Schiavona sword was allegedly found on

the island of Drvenik Veli. Schiavona swords with this type

of basket-shaped guard are the oldest version of this type

of sword that dates back around the second half of the 16th

century. This item is very similar to the item that used to

belong to the Collection owned by the Desnica family from

the village of Islam Grčki, which probably originates from

Novigrad, currently at the Croatian History Museum inventory

number 9275, with the blade made by the Solingen-based

master Peter Munsten dating back to around 1597. ZTA-2388.

1.28.

SCHIAVONA WITH A RIBBED BASKET-SHAPED

GUARD, Venice, 1590–1610. Brkić Collection.

1.29.

SCHIAVONA WITH A RIBBED BASKET-SHAPED

GUARD, Venice, around 1600. Brkić Collection.

1.30.

SCHIAVONA WITH A SINGLE-LINED MESH BASKET-

SHAPED GUARD, Venice, around 1650. Brkić Collection.

1.31.

SCHIAVONA WITH A COMPLEX BASKET-SHAPED

GUARD, Venice, around 1650. Brkić Collection.


36 37

1.33.

USKOCI ISPRED SENJA, POČETAK 17. st. Bakrorez

frankfurtskoga novinskog ilustratora Georga Kellera iz 1617.

prikazuje djelovanje uskoka u velebitskom kanalu i njihovo

pljačkanje trgovačkih brodova. Bakrorez je neobično precizan

i pun detalja za koje iz drugih izvora znamo da su točni.

Keller je morao crtati po predlošcima očevidaca. Uskočki

brodovi su veslarice sa po tri do šest pari vesala. Na krmi

stoji zastavnik sa zastavom nadvojvode: crnim dvoglavim

orlom na žutom polju. Na krmi je i po jedan uskok naoružan

helebardom dok drugi svira u diple s mihom ili trubi na trubi.

Helebarda je oružje nastalo u Švicarskoj tijekom 15. st. kao spoj koplja, kuke i sjekire. Pokazala se veoma djelotvornom u linijskoj borbi protiv oklopljenih konjanika. Slava švicarskih najamni-ka raširila ju je u čitavoj zapadnoj Europi te je postala standardno oružje zapadnoeuropskih vojnika pješaka tijekom 16. i na početku 17. st.,

Sablje

Smatramo kako su uskoci Senjske kapetanije potkraj 16. i na početku 17. st. povremeno zasi-gurno bili naoružani i husarskim sabljama, tada uobičajenim oružjem hrvatsko-ugarskih konjanika husara, ali i jednim dijelom pješaka haramija. Te hrvatsko-ugarske sablje razvijene su od osmanskih sablji i velikih sabljolikih kordi iz prve polovine 16. st. Sječiva su jednosjekla, zakrivljena, s izraženim jalmanom. Mogu imati uvozna talijanska sječiva ili po uzoru na njih štajerska ili domaća, iskovana u Hrvatskoj ili Ugarskoj. Takve sablje proizvodili su u hrvatskim većim gradovima majstori zvani cestari. Postojao je i osobit tip husarske sablje koja se proizvodila u Rakovcu, sjedištu rako-večko-vrbovečkog veleposjeda obitelji Zrinski, u izvorima nazvana „sablja rakovečkog dela“.

1.32.

HRVAT, bakrorez Cesara Vecellija, 1590. Hrvat na

ovom bakrorezu naoružan je sabljom koja viri ispod

kaputa, a zanimljiv je način šišanja, odnosno brijanja

glave na kojoj je na vrhu ostao samo perčin.

oružje na motki

Pretpostavljamo kako su uskoci imali i različite vrste oružja na motki. Na poznatoj ilustraci-ji frankfurtskoga novinskog ilustratora Georga Kellera (1568–1634) iz 1617. koja prikazuje uskoč-ko djelovanja na moru ispred Senja opaža se na gotovo svakoj uskočkoj ormanici, na provi ili na krmi, uza zastavnika, trubača ili gajdaša po jedan uskok koji u rukama drži helebardu. Kelle-rova ilustracija je puna važnih detalja, na više načina uvjerljiva i potvrđena drugim izvorima pa tako ne možemo zanemariti ni ove helebarde.

SabreS

We believe that at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century the Uskoks of the Captaincy of Senj certainly also used sabres used by the hussars, which at the time was a common weapon of Croatian and Hungarian hussar cav-alry, as well as partly by haramia infantry. These Croatian-Hungarian sabres were developed from Ottoman sabres and large sabre-like korda long war knives of the first half of the 16th century. They have curved single-edged blades with a prominent yalman or yelman. They can also have imported Italian blades or blades forged in Sty-ria, Croatia or the Kingdom of Hungary based

on the Italian model. Such sabres were made in larger Croatian cities by master forgers referred to as cestari. There was also a special type of a hussar sabre forged in Rakovec (Rokonuk), the seat of the Rakovec-Vrbovec estate of the Zrin-ski family, which in the resources has been re-ferred to as “the sabre of the Rakovec region”.

1.32.

A CROAT, a copperplate engraving by Cesare Vecellio,

1590. The Croat in this copperplate engraving is armed

with a sabre protruding through his coat. It is important

to point out the hairstyle or head shaving method where

at the top of the head there is only a hair queue.


38 39

1.34.

A HALBERD FROM ISLAM GRČKI, Italy: Venetia, the second

half of the 16th century, HPM-PMH-9406. On a copperplate of

George Keller dating back to 1617 showing the Uskok plundering

of merchant vessels an Uskok commander is armed with a

halberd. Croatian Historical Museum, Zagreb, HPM/PMH–9406.

1.35.

A HALBERD, Germany, around 1580. During first half of

the 16th century a helbard was usual infantry weapon,

especially of German mercenaries Landsknechts that

were garrisoned in Croatian lands to fight together

with Uskoks and other troops on Border, Croatian

Historical Museum, Zagreb, HPM-PMH-19489.

1.36.

A HALBERD WITH LONG POINT, Austria; Styria, 16th century,

The halberd is an infantry pole weapon that combinate an axe,

a pike and a hook in one weapon. Ability of cheap infantrymen

equipped with halberd which proved very effective in line

combat against expensive heavy armoured cavalry knight

changed the way of waging wars. Halberd with its long pike is

primary stubbing weapon while hook and axe have secondary

role. Croatian Historical Museum, Zagreb, HPM-PMH-11538.

1.35.

HELEBARDA, Njemačka, oko 1580. Tijekom prve polovine

16. stoljeća helebarda je bila uobičajeno naoružanje

pješaštva, posebno njemačkih najamnika, Landsknechta,

koji su bili slani i u hrvatske zemlje, gdje su se borili

zajedno s uskocima i ostalim postrojbama u Krajini.

1.36.

HELEBARDA S DUGIM BODILOM, Austrija: Štajerska, 16.

stoljeće. Helebarda je pješačko oružje na motki koje objedinjuje

sjekiru, koplje i kuku. Mogućnost da se jeftinije opreme

pješaci koji su sposobni oružjem na motki nadjačati teško

oklopljenog i skupog viteza konjanika uvelike je promijenila

način ratovanja. Helebarda s dugim bodilom namijenjena

je ponajprije za ubadanje protivnika, kljun je uporabljiv u

boju, ali smanjeno sječivo sjekirice ima sporednu ulogu.


1.37.

HELEBARDA S DUGIM BODILOM, Pankraz Taller, Austrija,

Gornja Austrija: Bad Hall, kraj 16. stoljeća. Ovaj tip helebarde

karakterističan je za Austriju i Štajersku, a brojni slični primjerci

čuvaju se u Zemaljskoj oružarnici u Grazu. U gradiću Hallu kraj

Steyera razvila se potkraj 16. st. masovna proizvodnja helebardi

za habsburške oružane sile i rata protiv Osmanskoga Carstva.

Na temelju velikih državnih narudžbi tamošnje dvije radionice,

Pankraza Tallera iz Halla i Petera Schreckeisena iz obližnjeg

Waldneukirchena, izradile su na tisuće helebardi, kopalja i

pa tako i unutarnjoaustrijskih vojnika, „nje-mačkih vojnika“. Možemo pretpostaviti kako je helebarda mogla zgodno poslužiti u pomorskim sukobima pa ju je valjda stoga i Keller nacrtao.

1.34.

HELEBARDA IZ ISLAMA GRČKOG. Italija: Venecija, 2. polovina

16. stoljeća. Na bakrorezu Georga Kellera iz 1617. koji prikazuje

borbu uskoka s trgovačkim brodovljem kod Senja prikazan

je zapovjednik uskočkoga čamca naoružan helebardom.

Hrvatski povijesni muzej, Zagreb, HPM/PMH–9406.

Pole weaPonS

An assumption can be made that the Uskoks also used different types of pole weapons. In a well-known depiction by the Frankfurt-based newspaper illustrator, George Keller (1568–1634) dating back to 1617 that shows the Uskok activ-ity at sea in front of Senj, it is evident that on almost every light galley of the Uskoks, either on the bow or on the stern, besides the ensign, the trumpeter or the piper, there was one Uskok soldier holding a halberd in his hand. Keller’s illustration abounds in significant details and it is convincing in many ways and confirmed by other sources, hence these halberds cannot be ignored.

1.33.

USKOKS IN FRONT OF SENJ, BEGINNING OF THE 17TH

CENTURY. A copperplate engraving by the Frankfurt-based

newspaper illustrator George Keller dating back to 1617

showing the Uskok activity in the Velebit Channel and their

plundering of merchant vessels. The copperplate engraving

is extraordinarily accurate and abounding in details that

have been confirmed by other sources. Keller had to draw

based on the information provided by the eyewitnesses.

The Uskok galleys were rowing boats with three to six

pairs of oars. On the stern, there is the ensign with a flag

of the Archduke: a black double-headed eagle in a yellow

field. On the stern, there is an Uskok soldier armed with a

halberd and one playing what in Croatian is referred to as

the diple, a woodwind musical instrument with a bag and

bellows (in Croatian referred to as mih), or the trumpet.

The halberd is a weapon developed in Switzerland in the 15th century as a combination of a pole– a pike, hook and axe, which proved very effective in line combat against armoured cavalry. It spread throughout Western Europe through the fame of the Swiss mercenaries. Hence, halberd became the standard weapon of Western European infantry soldiers in the 16th and at the beginning of the 17th century, as well as of the Army of Inner Austria, “German soldiers”. It can be assumed that the halberd was suitable for combat at sea and that is probably the reason why Keller drew them.


40 41

Njihova korist ističe se u poslovima izvan bojnog polja koje

su obavljali vojnici ili mornari, kao što su pribavljanje drva,

krčenje šuma, postavljanje tabora, rezanje užadi i slični

poslovi. Hrvatski povijesni muzej, Zagreb, HPM/PMH–2861.

1.40.

GALIJOT, bakrorez Cesara Vecellija, 1590. Prikazani galijot

naoružan je bojnom sjekirom i kordom ili mačem.

Nadžak je borbeni čekić koji s jedne strane ima ušiljen kljun, a izvorno je služio za borbu protiv oklopljenog konjanika. I ovo, izvorno konjanič-ko oružje, između 16. i 18. st. često nalazimo u naoružanju hrvatsko-ugarskih pješaka, kao i

drugog oružja na motki. Tim oružjem snabdjevene su stotine

tvrđava i utvrda duž pograničja između Habsburške Monarhije

i Osmanskoga Carstva. Tako je Pankraz Taller između 1575.

i 1612. oružarnici u Grazu isporučio na temelju 38 narudžbi

ukupno 8102 helebardi, 6582 kopalja za njemačke vojnike,

2950 štitova (Tarden) i 155 kopalja s oprugom (Federspieße).


1.38.

HELEBARDA NIŽEG ČASNIKA, Pankraz Taller; Austrija:

Bad Hall, 16. – 17. st. Velik broj takvih ukrašenih helebardi

izradio je Pankraz Taller, a dostavljene su u oružarnicu

u Grazu tijekom druge polovice 16. stoljeća. U to doba

helebarde se sve manje pojavljuju u vojnim formacijama

na bojnom polju, osim kao oznake nižih časnika. Ovaj tip

helebarde služio je uglavnom u ceremonijalne svrhe kao

oznaka vojnog čina i funkcija te kao oružje dvorskih straža.

Hrvatski povijesni muzej, Zagreb, HPM/PMH–467.

Uz helebarde i koplja najčešće oružje na motki uskoka bile su sjekire, buzdovani i nadžaci. Borbe-ne sjekire iz 16. i 17. st. nisu tipološki jasno prepo-znatljive među brojnim iskopinama sličnih sjekira. Neke se inačice ipak mogu pouzdano povezati s „hrvatskim vojnicima“ – haramijama. Ponajprije su to takozvane husarske sjekire s elegantnim izdulje-nim sječivom s jedne i borbenim čekićem s druge strane. Katkada imaju vitičasto oblikovane roščiće na nasadu. One su se razvile od srodnih osmanskih borbenih sjekira zvanih tabar iz 16. st. s kojima dijele neke srodne osobine i dekorativne motive.

Uz te dekorativne i prepoznatljive hrvatsko-ugar-ske borbene sjekire postoje i brojne druge ina-čice „općeg“ obličja za koje također smatramo da su bile oružje haramija, a time i senjskih uskoka. One su manje jer borbena sjekira mora biti mala i lagana da bi bila pogodna za borbu.

1.39.

VOJNA SJEKIRA, zapadna Europa, 17. st. Prema „Vojnom

pravilniku za konjanike u Krajini“ iz 1578. godine konjanici

bi, između ostaloga, za svoje naoružanje trebali „sekirizo

spravne imati“. Sjekire su se tijekom ranomodernog doba

uglavnom koristile kao oruđe ili kao sporedno oružje.

back to the 16th century with which they share some similar features and ornamental motifs.

In addition to these ornamental and recognisable Croatian-Hungarian battle axes there are many other versions of “general” form which is consid-ered as weapons used by the haramia and hence also by the Uskoks of Senj. They are smaller in size because the battle axe needs to be small and light in order to be suitable for use in combat.

1.39.

A BATTLE AXE, West Europa, 17th century. By the „Regulation

for the cavalry on the Military Border“ from 1578. each

cavalryman beside other weapons should have an axe. Axes in

early modern period were mainly used as a tool or secondary

weapon. They were very usefull outside battlefield for choping

1.37.

A HALBERD WITH LONG POINT, Pankraz Taller, Austria,

Upper Austria, Bad Hall, end of the 16th century. This type

of halberd is characteristic for Austria and Styria and many

similar examples are kept in Armour in Graz. The small

town Hall near Steyer, by the end of the 16th century saw

the development of a mass production of halberds to

meet the requirements of the Habsburg Forces and the

war against the Ottoman Empire. The two workshops by

Pankraz Taller from Hall and Peter Schreckeisen from the

nearby Waldneukirchen produced thousands of halberds,

spears and other pole weapons, which were basic in large-

scale orders placed by the state. These weapons met the

needs of hundreds of fortresses and fortifications along the

border between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman

Empire. Hence, between 1575 and 1612, based on 38 orders

placed, Pankraz Taller delivered a total of 8102 halberds, 6582

spears for German soldiers, 2950 shields (Tarden) and 155

spears with a spring (Federspieße) to the Graz-based armory.

Croatian Historical Museum, Zagreb, HPM-PMH-19482.

1.38.

A PETTY OFFICER’S HALBERD, master Pankraz Taller’s

workshop, Austria, Hall, the end of the 16th or the beginning

of the 17th century. Great number of such decorated halberds

was made by Pankraz Taller and delivered to the Armoury

in Graz during second half of the 16th century. In those

times such halberds were less used in military formations

on the battlefield except as a rank isnignia. This type of

halberd was used in ceremonila services as a military rank

insignia and as a weapon of ceremonial court guards.


Besides halberds and spears, the most popular pole weapon among the Uskoks were axes, maces and war-hammers. In the 16th and the 17th century, battle axes were not typologically clearly recognis-able among a large number of excavations of sim-ilar axes. Some versions can still with certainty be linked with the “Croatian soldiers” – the haramias. These were primarily the so-called hussar axes with elegant elongated blade on one and a war-ham-mer on the other side. At times they have curved quillons on the tang. They developed from related Ottoman battle axes referred to as tabar dating


42 43

1.42.

OSMANSKI NADŽAK IZ SENJA, Osmansko Carstvo, 16. – 17.

st. Nadžak je konjaničko oružje na motki koje je služilo za

obaranje protivnika i probijanje oklopa, koncentrirajući svu

silu udarca na jednu točku. Nadžaci su u srednjoj i istočnoj

Europi ostali u uporabi do sredine 18. stoljeća, služeći kao

zapovjedničko obilježje konjaničkih postrojbi te kao oznake

časti. Hrvatski povijesni muzej, Zagreb, HPM/PM–3065.

Treća vrsta oružja na kratkoj motki kojima su se služili hrvatsko-ugarski haramije, a time i senjski uskoci, jest buzdovan. Potkraj 16. i na početku 17. st. buzdovan ima najčešće malu mjedenu, brončanu ili željeznu kruškoliku gla-vicu razdijeljenu na gusta uzdužna „pera“.

osmanlijskih. U to doba i haramije znaju nosi-ti neke oblike lakog oklopa, pogotovo pancirne košulje, kako nam prikazuje Vecellijeva ilustracija uskočkog vojvode. Udarcem kljuna nadžaka pan-cir se mogao lako probiti. Postoji više inačica tih hrvatsko-ugarskih nadžaka. U početku, tijekom 16. stoljeća, oni su manji i kompaktniji dok u 17. st. njihov kljun dobiva vrlo izduljen i tanak oblik.

1.41.

HRVATSKI PLEMIĆ, bakrorez Cesara Vecellija, 1590.

Prikazani hrvatski plemić osim raskošnog odjela

kao simbol statusa nosi i oružje, nadžak. Uz to je

naoružan i husarskom sabljom hrvatsko-ugarskog

tipa s lančićem koji je spajao križnicu i dno drške.

1.42.

AN OTTOMAN WAR-HAMMER FROM SENJ, Ottoman

Empire, 16th-17th century, War-hammer is cavalry pole

weapon used for throwing down of the enemy and

piercing armour by concentrating of entire force in one

point. The war-hammers in Eastern- and Mid-Europe were

used by the mid 18th century as militray rank insignia.


The third type of a shorter pole weapon used by the Croatian-Hungarian haramia soldiers, as well as the Uskoks of Senj, was the mace. At the end of the 16th and at the beginning of the 17th century, the mace most commonly had a small brass, bronze or iron pear-shaped head divided into dense longitudinal “feath-ers” (pernachs – a type of flanged mace).

1.43.

SCHIAVONE (A SLAV) OR A DALMATIAN, a copperplate

engraving by Cesare Vecellio, 1590. The depicted

person certainly represents a noble from Dalmatia,

judging by his sumptuous clothing, as well as the mace

that he carries as a status symbol. According to the

description, his weapons also include a Turkish sabre.

woods, raising camp, cuting roppes and other similar jobs.


1.40.

A GALLEY SLAVE, a copperplate engraving by Cesare

Vecellio, 1590. The depicted galley slave is armed with

a battle axe and korda, long war knife, or a sword.

War-hammer on one side has a sharp beak and it was originally intended for fighting against an armoured cavalry soldier. This weapon original-ly used by the cavalry soldiers, between the 16th

and the 18th century was frequently identified among the weapons used by the Croatian and Hungarian infantry soldiers, as well as by the Ottoman army. During that period, also hara-mias used to wear some types of light armour, primarily chain mail vests, as shown in the de-piction of a Duke of the Uskoks by Vecellio. A hit with the beak of a war-hammer could easily tear the body armour. There are several versions of these Croatian-Hungarian war-hammers. Orig-inally, in the 16th century, they were smaller and more compact, while in the 17th century, their beak became very elongated and slim shaped.

1.41.

A CROATIAN NOBLE, a copperplate engraving by Cesare

Vecellio, 1590. The depicted Croatian noble, irrespective of

the sumptuous uniform worn as a status symbol, his weapon

is a war-hammer. In addition, he is also armed with a hussar

sword of the Croatian-Hungarian type with a chain that

connected the cross-guard and the bottom of the grip.


44 45

Sva tri oružja: borbena sjekira, buzdovan i nadžak s vremenom su postali statusni simboli i oznaka čina vojnog zapovjednika, pa su u skladu s tim često ukrašavani drveni rukohvati. Bili su oblagani srebrnim okovima, omatani srebrnom žicom ili ukrašavani umetnutim poludragim raznobojnim kamenjem i drugim dekorativnim materijalima.

mali rat

Kao ljudi rođeni i stasali na nemirnom krajištu uskoci su bili izrazito vješti vojnici, izvanredni u malom pograničnome ratu. Izvodili su česte manje i veće prodore na mletački i osmanski teritorij, brzo prodirući i brzo se povlačeći, pre-ma potrebi. Imali su malene, lake i brze brodove i manje brodiće na jedra zvane fuste, konstrui-rane tako da se mogu brzo premještati ili nositi kopnom. Njihovi brodići znali su u trupu čak imati ugrađene čepove kako bi se u kritičnim situacijama mogli potopiti, a nakon prestanka opasnosti izvući iz vode i nastaviti plovidbu.

1.47.

NAPAD USKOKA NA TRGOVAČKE BRODOVE KOD

OTOKA RABA, POČETAK 17. st. Dok mletačka galija

izviđa oko Raba, uskoci u svojim brodicama napadaju

trgovačke brodove s druge strane otoka. Gioseppe

Rosacio, Viaggio da Venetia a Constantinopoli, Venetia,

1606. Reprint. Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb, str. 10.

Budući da su bili vrlo snalažljivi vojnici, neki njihovi pothvati još i danas izazivaju strahopoštovanje. Poznat je impresivan pothvat iz 1604. kada su Mlečani presreli oko 400 uskoka na njihovu pljač-kaškom upadu na osmanski prostor i prisilili ih da se iskrcaju u uvali na otoku Ižu. Mletačka vojska blokirala je izlazak iz zaljeva čekajući svitanje i priliku za napad. Međutim, uskoci su uspjeli nad-mudriti Mlečane tako da je noću skupina uskoka privukla pažnju mletačkih vojnika glasnim pjeva-njem dok su ostali uskoci iskoristili taj trenutak i prenijeli brodice na drugu stranu otoka i pobjegli.

1.43.

SCHIAVONE (SLAVEN) ILI DALMATINAC, bakrorez Cesara

Vecellija, 1590. Prikazani lik predstavlja zasigurno plemića

iz Dalmacije sudeći po njegovoj raskošnoj odjeći, ali i

buzdovanu koji nosi kao statusni simbol. Naoružanje

mu, prema opisu, upotpunjuje turska sablja.

1.44.

GLAVICA BUZDOVANA VUKA I NIKOLE HRELJANOVIĆA IZ

SENJA, Zapadna Europa, 16. – 17. st. Smatra se da je buzdovan

pripadao uskocima, braći Nikoli i Vuku

hrvati izložbe- hrvati–ljudi iza mita... · • kraljevska pukovnija hrvata • odora i zastave...

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