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O¡Z AmMma _r_m§gmO¡Z AmMma _r_m§gmO¡Z AmMma _r_m§gmO¡Z AmMma _r_m§gmO¡Z AmMma _r_m§gm

Y_© Am¡a Zr{VY_© Am¡a Zr{VY_© Am¡a Zr{VY_© Am¡a Zr{VY_© Am¡a Zr{V

Xme©©{ZH$m| Ho$ ~rM `h àíZ gXm CR>Vm ahm h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV Z¡{VH$VmAm¡a gXmMaU H$s Amoa MaU Š`m| ~T>mVm h¡ ? gmYmaU Vm¡a na `h _mZmOmVm h¡ {H$ Y_© ì`pŠV H$mo `h gmoMZo Ho$ {cE ~mÜ` H$a XoVm h¡ {H$ CgoOrdZ H$mo {H$g Vah ì`VrV H$aZm Mm{hE & Xw…I H$m `, nacmoH$ H$m `,{ZÝXm, XÊS>, AnhaU, _mZ{gH$ g§Vmn, emar[aH$$ ñdmñÏ` Am{X H${Vn`Eogo H$maU h¢ {OZgo ì`pŠV Y_© H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡ Am¡a VÏ` naH$hmoH$a ghr T§>J go OrdZ ì`VrV H$aZo H$s Amoa ~T> OmVm h¡ &

AmYw{ZH$ wJ _| H${Vn` d¡km{ZH$m| Zo `h AdYmaUm ì`ŠV H$s h¡ &{H$ Z¡{VH$ ì`dhma Ho$ nrNo> n«mH¥${VH$ g³oh H$m gå~ÝY h¡ & CZH$m H$hZm h¡{H$ ì`pŠV H$s na_mW©dmXr `m na{hVdmXr X¥[îQ>> CgH$s gÝV{V _| g§H«${_Vhmo OmVr h¡ & `h VÏ` B©ídadmXr Ym{_©H$ ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ {cE {MÝVm H$m{df` ~Z J`m& do `h gmoMZo cJo {H$ Eogr pñW{V _| B©ída H$s Š`mAmdí`H$Vm h¡ & Xygam g_wXm` gmoMZo cJm {H$ `{X B©ída g¥[îQ>H$Vm© h¡ Vmoeara H$s ~ZmdQ> Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo AdmhZ H$aZo H$s j_Vm go ~mha H¡$go hmogH$Vr h¡ ? `h epŠV B©ída n«XËV hmoZo na Cg_| gÝXoh H$s Jw§Om`e hr Š`m ?

Z¡{VH$ ì`dhma H$s n¥îR>> y{_ _mÌ Xme©©{ZH$ {ddmX H$m {df` Zht h¡&o {gÕmÝV Vmo g_mO _| AnamY Am{X amoH$Zo Ho$ {cE O~aXñV gmhg n¡Xm

H$aVo h¢ Am¡a ì`pŠV Ho$ Mm[aÌ H$mo gwYmaZo H$m H$m_ H$aVo h¢ & n[anyU©, AnyU©,AÀN>mB©, ~wamB© H$s n[a^mfm | AnZr-AnZr ^co hr hmoVr h¢ na EH$ gr_mH$m Cc§KZ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX H$moB© ^r ~wamB© AÀN>mB© _| Zht ~Xc nmVr & n«H¥${VHo$ gmW OmoS>H$a CZH$mo n[a^m{fV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & ì`pŠV _| {Z_m©UH$aZo H$s AmXV hmoVr h¡ & dh n«mH¥${VH$ Am¡a H¥${Ì_, XmoZm| n«H$ma Ho$ nXmWm}§H$s aMZm H$aZo _| ì`ñV ahVm h¡ Am¡a dht dh nyU©Vm Am¡a AnyU©Vm H$m

_yë`m§H$Z H$aVm h¡ & B©ída H$mo h_ {H$gr ^r ê$n _| _mZ| na n«mH¥${VH$ {Z`_AQ>c Am¡a ApÝV_ hmoVo h¢ & CÝh| YmoIm Zht {X`m Om gH$Vm & Bg{cE Xe©ZCgr H$mo B©ída _mZH$a ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$m VH©$ n«ñVwV H$aVm h¡ & h_ AmH$m§jmHo$ nrNo> n«~c H$maU ImoOVo h¢ Am¡a {\$a AmH$m§jm H$mo nyam H$aZo H$m n« ËZH$aVo h¢ & na dñVwV… h_ H$maU H$s JBamB© VH$ Zht nhþ§M nmVo Am¡a CgoB©ída H$s BÀN>m Ho$ gmW OmoS> XoVo h¢ &

n«Ë oH$ Xe©Z _| B©ída H$m Aä wnJ_, CgH$m ghr kmZ H$aZm Z¡{VH$VmH$r EH$ H$gm¡Q>r _mZr OmVr h¡ & _Z _| Cgo g_PZo H$s AmH$m§jm OmJ«V hmoOmZm hr Z¡{VH$Vm H$m nhcm nmR> H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & H$maU Am¡a gmYZ H$s_r_m§gm h_mao gmÜ` Ho$ ñdê$n na {Z ©a H$aVr h¡ & ì`pŠV go ì`pŠV Am¡ag_mO go g_mO OwSo> ahVo h¢ Am¡a gmYZ, H$maU Ho$ AZwgma do nañna n« m{dVhmoVo ahVo h¢ & n« m{dV hmoZo/H$aZo _| h_mar _mZ{gH$Vm A{YH$ H$m_ H$aVrh¡& _Z EH$ geñV _mÜ`_ Ho$ ê$n _| IS>m hmo OmVm h¡ & _Z na Am{YnË``Ú{n h_mam hmoVm h¡ na gmYmaU Vm¡a na _Z na h_mar dmgZm A{YH$maH$a coVr h¡ Am¡a dmgZm J«{gV _Z h_ H$mo ^Q>H$mZo cJVm h¡ & Bg{cE g^rAmÜ`mpË_H$ gÝVm| Zo _Z H$mo n{dÌ H$aZo Am¡a Cgo de _| H$aZo H$s n«mW{_H$Amdí`H$Vm ~VmB© h¡ & B©ída kmZ, AmË_m `m na_mË_m H$m gmjmËH$ma ^r_mZ{gH$ EH$mJ«Vm Am¡a n{dÌVm na AmYm[aV h¡ &

ew `m gå`H²$ X¥[îQ>> go h_| `{X AmË_r`Vm hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a h_ O~`h ^r XoIVo h¢ {H$ g_mO ^r Cggo n«o_-g³oh H$aVm h¡ Vmo {\$a Cg H$m © _|h_ XËV{MËV hmoH$a OwQ> OmVo h¢ & gH$maU H$m © H$aZo Ho$ nrNo> h_mar _mZdVmAm¡a H$éUm H$m_ H$aVr h¡ & dhr WmW© Y_© h¡ & ew H$m_ H$aZo H$s AmH$m§jm,CgHo$ n«{V gå_mZ, n«e§gm hr _mV¥Ëd ^md H$mo n¡Xm H$aVr h¡ & n«H¥${V H$snhMmZ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ew H$mo nH$‹S>Zm H${R>Z Zht hmoVm & ew H$m \$c ewAm¡a Aew H$m \$c Aew hmoVm h¡, h n«mH¥${VH$ {Z`_ h¡ & CgH$m AZwH$aUhr Y_© h¡ Am¡a dhr Y_© Z¡{VH$Vm h¡ &

Y_©, Zr{V Am¡a B©ída H$s ì`m»`m na `{X ^m¡{VH$Vm H$m yV gdmahmo Om o Vmo {\$a _mZdVm {ggH$Zo cJVr h¡, Ym{_©H$ CÝ_mX ~T> OmVm h¡,

O¡Z AmMma _r_m§gm 394

Amnam{YH$ _Zmod¥pËV AmJo Am OmVr h¡ Am¡a B©ída, na_mË_m, nwÊ` Am{Xg~ Hw$N> {Icm¡Zo O¡go cJZo cJVo h¢ & O~ VH$ h _Zmod¥pËV Am¡a gm§gm[aH$VmH$m ghr Am^mg ì`pŠV H$mo Zht hmo OmVm, dh {H$gr H$m ^r ^cm Zht H$agH$Vm & ZmJ[aH$ AmMma g§{hVm Y_© H$s n«mapå^H$ y{_H$m h¡ & dhr ì`pŠVH$m Am¡a g_mO H$m Y_© h¡ &

_hËËd Y_© H$m h¡, _mZdVm H$m h¡ Cgo g§km XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht&g§km XoZo `m Zm_H$aU H$aZo go gr_m§H$Z hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a dhr gr_m§H$ZYm{_©H$ CÝ_mX _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡ & O¡ZY_© H$m _yc ê$n _mZdVm hrahm h¡& dh {H$gr ì`pŠV {deof go Zht OwS>r h¡ & CgH$m Vmo OwS>md _mÌ_mZdVm go h¡ Am¡a Cgr H$s ì`m»`m H$mo CËVaH$mc _| O¡ZY_© H$h {X`mJ`m& "O¡Z' eãX ^r ì`pŠV naH$ Zht h¡, JwUnaH$ h¡, {dew{ÕnaH$ h¡ &AmË_Vwcm na dh AmYm[aV h¡, Bg{cE g_VmdmXr h¡Ÿ& `hr g_Vm Y_© H$sAmË_m h¡ &

g§gma H$m A{YH$m§e g_wXm` Xw…Im| go nr{S>V h¡ & AkmZVm Am¡a _moh-AmgpŠV Ho$ H$maU dh Z o-Z o Xw…Im| H$mo nmVm ahVm h¡ & CZ Xw…Im| go _wŠVH$amZo Ho$ {cE AmÜ`mpË_H$ _hmnwéfm| H$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a do ñdmZw d gog§gmar n«m{U`m| H$m nWXe©Z H$a CZ Xw…Im| go _wŠV hmoZo H$m nW {XImVo h¢&Bg nW Xe©Z _| CÝh| nmnm| H$m Xwî\$c Am¡a nwÊ` H$m`m}§ H$m gË\$c ^r {XImB©nS>Vm h¡ {Ogo ZaH$ Am¡a ñdJ©-_moj H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & `h g~ Y_© Am¡aZr{V Ho$ hr A§J-n«Ë §J h¢ &

Y_© Am¡a Zr{V ^r g§ñH$maJV hmoVr h¡ & o g§ñH$ma Ord {dkmZ naAmYm[aV h¢ & OÝ_-OÝ_mÝVa go Omo n[adoe {_cm h¡, dh h_mar gmoM _|PcH$Vm h¡ Am¡a {\$a h_ AnZo nwéfmW© go, n«km go, g_P go Cgo n[a_m{O©VH$aVo ahVo h¢ & Bg{cE _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| Zo ~mcH$m| H$mo gwg§ñH$m[aV H$aZo na~c {X`m h¡& n[adma CgH$s n«mW{_H$ nmR>emcm h¡ & _mVm-{nVm Ho$ AÀNo>-~wao H$m © hr ~mcH$ H$mo AÀNo>-~wao g§ñH$ma XoVm h¡ {OÝh| coH$a dh g_mO _|CVaVm h¡ Am¡a {\$a g_mO go r dhr grIVm h¡ & ht ì`mdhm[aH$ _Zmo{dkmZH$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡ & _mZdr` VËËdm| H$s d¡km{ZH$ ì`m»`m H$mo {dñVma ^r

395 O¡Z gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm Ho$ ñda

`ht {_cVm h¡ & Bgr H$mo h_ _mZdr` n«H¥${V H$hH$a ^r ì`m»`m{`V H$agH$Vo h¢ & nmañn[aH$ gh`moJ H$s ^mdZm go gm_wXm{`H$ MoVZm H$m OÝ_ ^r`ht hmoVm h¡& `h _mZdr` n«d¥pËV h¡ &

Bgr _mZdr` n«d¥pËV H$mo Y_© H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & Y_© WmW© _| _mZdVmH$m A§H$Z h¡, n«{V{~å~Z h¡, EH$ ghOd¥pËV h¡ Omo ha n«mUr _| _yc ê$n goahm H$aVr h¡ & amJ-Ûof Ho$ H$maU dh d¥pËV n«ÀN>ÝZ ^co hr hmo Om o, Amd¥Vhmo Om o na cwá Zht hmoVr & Cgr H$mo OmJ«V H$aZo Ho$ {cE Z¡{VH$ `m AmMmanaH$ {Z`_m| H$m {dYmZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & `o {Z`_ OrdZ na {Z`ÝÌUñWm{nV H$aVo h¢, epŠV H$mo gÝVw{cV H$aVo h¢ Am¡a aMZmË_H$ d¥pËV gog{hîUwVm Am¡a Aqhgm-An[aJ«h H$s ^mdZm H$mo g§~{cV H$aVo h¢ & dhrg§~{cV AmH$ma _| g§ñH¥${V ~Z OmVr h¡ & AV… h_ Y_© H$mo Zr{V H$m AmYmaH$h gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a My§{H$ Y_© _mZdVm Am¡a g_Vm H$m Xygam Zm_ h¡, AmMmaAm¡a Zr{V H$s ì`m»`m ^r Cgr Ho$ AmYma na hmoZr Mm{hE &

Zr{V Am¡a Y_© H$m joÌ g_yMo OrdZ go OwS>m h¡ & dm{UÁ`, {ejm,Ý`m`, g_mO, AW© Am{X g^r joÌm| _| ì`pŠV H$m Z¡{VH$ CËVaXm{`ËdhmoVm h¡ & CgH$s AmMma g§{hVm CgHo$ ì`pŠVËd H$s {X½X{e©H$m h¡ & ha joÌAmO «îQ>mMma H$m JT> hmo J`m h¡ & AZ{JZV KmoQ>mco gm_Zo Am aho h¢ &amOZr{VH$ ZoVmAm| Ho$ gmW Vmo o KmoQ>mco AmXV _o§ {JZo Om gH$Vo h¢ & AnamYgwagm H$s ^m§{V ~T> aho h¢ & AmV§H$dmX qhgm H$m VmÊS>d Z¥Ë` H$a ahm h¡ &Cloaning, Stem cells, Organ selling, Chemical weapons, Neoclear

bombs Zo gmar Xw{Z`m§ _| qhgH$ dmVmdaU n¡Xm H$a {X`m h¡ & Eogr pñW{V_| Y_© Am¡a Zr{V H$m {deof CËVaXm{`Ëd hmo OmVm h¡ &

AmYw{ZH$ H$mc _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$m _wÔm ~hþV CR>m`m Om ahm h¡&_hmË_m JmÝYr, Amå~oS>H$a Am¡a _ma{Q>Z cyWa qH$J O¡go AmYw{ZH$ _hmnwéfm|Zo VWmH${WV X{cV Am¡a n{VV g_wXm`m| H$mo g_mO _| g_mZ XOm© {XcmZoAm¡a CÝh| g^r Ho$ ~am~a cmZo H$m AWH$ n« ËZ {H$`m h¡ & CÝh| ñdVÝÌ H$aZoAm¡a gm_m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ A{YH$ma XoZo Ho$ {cE BZ _hmnwéfm| ZoAnZr Amhÿ{V Xo Xr h¡ & g_mOdmX Am¡a cmoH$H$ë`mU H$s mdZm go AmoVn«moVBZ ZoVmAm| H$m `moJXmZ gamhZr` Am¡a A{dñ_aUr` h¡ &


VrWªH$a F$f^Xod Zo AmO go H$_ go H$_ Xg hOma df©© nhco hr Bg_wÔo H$mo CR>mH$a gdm}X`dmX Am¡a g_VmdmX H$s n«ñWmnZm H$a Xr Wr & CgH$s_yc ^mdZm hr gm_m{OH$ CËWmZ H$s ahr h¡ & dJ© Am¡a Om{V Ho$ H$Q>Kao gohQ>H$a n«m{U_mÌ Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s ~mV gmoMZm, Y_© H$mo qhgm go _wŠV H$aZmAm¡a AZoH$mÝVdmX Ho$ AmYma na g_mO _| gm¡_Zñ` H$s ñWmnZm H$aZmgm_m{OH$ g§Kfm}§ H$mo Xya H$aZo H$s {Xem _| _hËËdnyU© H$X_ Wo & O¡ZY_© H$sAmMma g§{hVm Zo X¡{ZH$ OrdZ nÕ{V _| Omo n{dÌVm Am¡a AqhgH$ {dMma-ga{U Xr dh AmO r AZyR>r ~Zr hþB© h¡ & h CgHo$ Y_© Am¡a Zr{V VËËd H$mhr A§J h¡ &

ewÕ MoVZm H$m {dH$mgewÕ MoVZm H$m {dH$mgewÕ MoVZm H$m {dH$mgewÕ MoVZm H$m {dH$mgewÕ MoVZm H$m {dH$mg

AmMma-Xe©Z {MÝVZ Am¡a VËËdkmZ na AmYm[aV h¡ & {MÝVZ hrì`pŠV H$mo gwIr ~ZmVm h¡ Am¡a {MÝVZ hr Cgo Xw…I gmJa _| Sw>~mo XoVm h¡ &""Aßnm ZB© doàUr Aßnm _o Z§XU§ dU§'' ""Aßnm ZB© doàUr Aßnm _o Z§XU§ dU§'' ""Aßnm ZB© doàUr Aßnm _o Z§XU§ dU§'' ""Aßnm ZB© doàUr Aßnm _o Z§XU§ dU§'' ""Aßnm ZB© doàUr Aßnm _o Z§XU§ dU§'' (AmË_m hr d¡VaUr h¡ Am¡aAmË_m hr ZÝXZ dZ h¡) `h H$WZ {MÝVZ nj Ho$ gmW hr AmMma nj H$mo^r gwI-Xw…I H$m CËVaXm`r ~VmVm h¡ & Agƒm[aÌ H$s ~r_mar `WmW© _|EH$ g§H«$m_H$ amoJ h¡ Omo ì`pŠV go gmao g_mO Am¡a amîQ>´ _| \¡$c OmVr h¡ &Bg{cE H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo amOm H$mo {OVopÝÐ` hmoZm Amdí`H$ ~Vm`m h¡ & AÝ`WmH«y$aVm, n[aJ«h Am¡a ì`{^Mma O¡go ^ §H$a nmnm| go g_mO AmH«$mÝV hmo OmVmh¡ & AV… M[aÌ H$m àíZ d¡ pŠVH$ Zht, gm_m{OH$ h¡ & Cgo IÊS>-IÊS> H$aXoIZm ^r C{MV Zht & ì`pŠV go hr g_mO ~ZVm h¡ & ì`pîQ> Am¡a g_pîQ>H$mo {~cHw$c AcJ-AcJ H$a XoZm C{MV Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm & ewÕ MoVZmH$m {dH$mg hr Mm[aÌ H$m {dH$mg h¡ &

O¡ZY_© Zo "nañnamonJ«hmo OrdmZm_²' "nañnamonJ«hmo OrdmZm_²' "nañnamonJ«hmo OrdmZm_²' "nañnamonJ«hmo OrdmZm_²' "nañnamonJ«hmo OrdmZm_²' H$hH$a ì`pŠV Am¡a g_mOH$s g_pÝd{V H$s hr ñWmnZm H$s h¡ & gh`moJ godm H$m hr EH$ ê$n h¡ &g_mO gmnoj hmoZo na `hr godm XmZ H$m ê$n co coVr h¡ Am¡a XmZ _| XmVmAm¡a `mMH$ Xmo nj hmoVo h¢ & XmVm H$m hmW D§$Mm Am¡a `mMH$ H$m hmW ZrMoahVm h¡ - "XmV¥`mMH$`mo ^}X… H$amä`m_od gy{MV…'Ÿ "XmV¥`mMH$`mo ^}X… H$amä`m_od gy{MV…'Ÿ "XmV¥`mMH$`mo ^}X… H$amä`m_od gy{MV…'Ÿ "XmV¥`mMH$`mo ^}X… H$amä`m_od gy{MV…'Ÿ "XmV¥`mMH$`mo ^}X… H$amä`m_od gy{MV…'Ÿ& Eogr godm _|l_ Am¡a YZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ & Eo{hH$Vm _| \§$gH$a YZmO©Z Ho$


gmYZ An{dÌ hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a XmZ _| Cgr An{dÌ YZ H$m Cn`moJ {H$`mOmVm h¡ & V~ "Ah§' H$m AmZm ^r ñdm^m{dH$ hmo OmVm h¡ &

O¡ZY_© Zo Bg d¥pËV H$m {MÝVZ H$a hr `h gyÌ {X`m {H$ YZmO©ZÝ`m`nyd©H$ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE, _mZdVm na hr Cgo AmYm[aV hmoZm Mm{hE&{Z_©c _Z go {Z_©c Ðì` H$m XmZ gËnmÌ _| {X`m Om o V^r Cg H$s gmW©H$Vmh¡ & AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$m ^r `hr _yë` _mZm OmVm h¡ & gm_m{OH$Vm ^rnZnVr h¡ & AmÝV[aH$ Am¡a ~mhç Xw{Z`m§ Ho$ ~rM O~VH$ gm_§Oñ` Zht~¡R>m`m OmòJm, OrdZ-aW Am¡a gm_m{OH$ g§JR>Z empÝV_` Am¡a gwIXZht hmo gH$Vm&

Mm[aÌ H$m {Z_m©U Ka H$s nmR>memcm go hr n«maå^ hmoVm h¡ & g§ñH$ma_mVm-{nVm go hr {_cVo h¢ & naÝVw gm_m{OH$ Am¡a nm[anmpíd©H$ dmVmdaU^r H$_ _hËËd H$m Zht hmoVm & ~mcH$ O~ g_mO _| MaU aIVm h¡ VmoAmgnmg H$m dmVmdaU Cgo A{YH$ n« m{dV H$aVm h¡ & {dÚmc` _| OmZona Cgo {ejH$m| Am¡a gm{W`m| go g§nH©$ hmoVm h¡ & g§nH©$ H$s `h Xem-{Xem~mcH$ Ho$ OrdZ H$mo ~ZmZo _| {deof H$m ©H$mar hmoVr h¡ & Bg_| Ka Ho$ AmpË_H$g§ñH$maom§ H$s n«~cVm Am¡a ñdmÜ`m` H$s gKZVm ~mcH$ Ho$ {dî` H$m {Z_m©UH$aVr h¡ & CgHo$ g§ñH$mam| _| gXmMma H$m qgMZ `{X Zht ahoJm Vmo dh{ZpíMV hr nW go {dM{cV hmo Om oJm & AmË_mZwemgZ H$m n« md ~mcH$Ho$ OrdZ _| {deof _hËdH$mar {gÕ hmoVm h¡ &

AmË_mZwemgZ H$mo h_ gå`½Xe©Z H$h gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& `h gå`½Xe©Z {~Zm{Okmgm Ho$ Zht hmo nmVm& {Okmgm Ho$ {~Zm {dH$mg H$mo H$moB© J{V Zht{_cVr& {Okmgm hr n«km H$mo OJmVm h¡& n«km Ho$ {~Zm emñÌ H$s ^r H$moB©Cn`mo{JVm Zht hmoVr& Bg{cE OrdZ _o§ BZ g^r {~ÝXwAm| H$s gm_m{OH$Vmna JhamB© go {dMma {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&

ì`pŠV-ì`pŠV go hr g_mO ~ZVm h¡ Am¡a g_mO H$s A{^ì`pŠV Xe©Z_| hmoVr h¡& h_ ñdVÝÌ ^co hr hm| na naVÝÌ ^r H$_ Zht h¢& ^` Am¡an«cmo Z H$s naVÝÌVm Zo OrdZ H$mo ÛÝÛmË_H$ ~Zm {X`m h¡& Cg_o§ g_ñ`mAm|H$m A§~ma cJm {X`m h¡& d¡ pŠVH$ g_ñ`m`m| Ho$ gmW hr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m |^r CgHo$ gm_Zo IS>r ahVr h¢& CZHo$ g_mYmZ H$s ImoO _| {\$a Cgo Xm¡S>Zm


n‹S>Vm h¡ & `h Xm¡S> Cgo n{VV ^r H$a XoVr h¡ Am¡a Jmoc _| \§$gm XoVr h¡ & CgJmoc MŠH$a go ~mha {ZH$cZm {\$a gac Zht hmoVm &

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AmMma OrdZ H$m {Zî`ÝX h¡, CgH$s H$gm¡Q>r h¡ & O¡ZXe©Z ApñVËddmXna ISo> hmoH$a _¢ H$m¡Z hÿ± ? H$hm§ go Am`m hÿ± ? H$hm§ OmZm h¡ ? Am{X O¡goJ§ ra àíZm| H$m g wpŠVH$$ g_mYmZ n«ñVwVH$a OrdZ H$mo gmoÔoî` ~ZmZo H$mn« ËZ H$aVm h¡ & dh Aqhgm Am¡a gdm}X` H$s n¥îR>> y{_ _| OrdZ OrZo H$sEogr nÕ{V XoVm h¡ {Og_| `WmW© YamVc na ISo> hmoH$a ì`pŠV g§Kf© {dhrZOrdZ {~Vm gH$Vm h¡ & AmË_m H$s ñdm^m{dH$ Am¡a d¡ m{dH$ n[aUm_ Xemna {MÝVZ H$aZo Ho$ {cE gm_m{`H$, n«{VH«$_U Am¡a n«m`píMËV O¡go gmYZXoH$a O¡ZY_© Zo Y_© H$s ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`mo{JVm H$mo ^r n«ñVwV {H$`m h¡ &

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gå`½Xe©Z hmoZo H$m VmËn © h¡ na_ gË` Ho$ AÝdofU Ho$ n«{V é{M,gË` H$m OmJaU Am¡a Hw$_mJ© go Xya ahZo H$s X¥T> AmñWm & Bggo ì`pŠV na_empÝV Am¡a AZmgpŠV H$m AZw d H$aVm h¡, _w_wjw hmoH$a n«m{U_mÌ Ho$ n«{VH$éUmerc hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a g~ Ordm| Ho$ n«{V AmË_m¡nå` Ho$ ^md OmJ«V hmoOmVo h¢ & na_ gË` Ho$ n«{V JhZ AmñWm ({Z…e§{H$V), {_Ï`m{dMma Ho$ n«{VAZmñWm ({ZîH$m§{jV), gË`mMaU _| {H$gr ^r n«H$ma H$m gÝXoh Z hmoZm({Z{d©{M{H$Ëgm), AgË`mMaU Ho$ n«{V AZmH$f©U (A_yT>X¥[îQ>>), AmË_JwUH$s d¥{Õ (CnJyhZ), gË`mMaU Ho$ n«{V gå_mZ (pñW{VH$aU) gh`moJ,dmËgë` Am¡a CgHo$ _mhmËå` H$s A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ n«{V éPmZ (n« mdZm) oAmR> A§J Eogo h¡§ {OZgo gå`½Xe©Z H$s WmW©Vm H$m mZ hmo OmVm h¡ (dgw.lm.48)& Bggo gmYH$ Z {_Ï`mdmX H$s n«e§gm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Z Cg Amoa AnZoMaU ~T>mVm h¡ & gå`½Xe©Z H$m VmËn © h¡ AmÜ`mpË_H$ _mJ© na na_ lÕmAm¡a ZmpñVH$Vm go nyU© _wpŠV &

~mYH$ VËËd~mYH$ VËËd~mYH$ VËËd~mYH$ VËËd~mYH$ VËËd

gmÜ` n«m{á Ho$ ~mYH$ VËËd h¢ nm§M-{_Ï`mËd, A{da{V, n«_mX, H$fm`Am¡a `moJ (V.gy. 8.1)& BZgo H$_©~ÝY hmoVm h¡ & H«$moY, _mZ, _m`m Am¡acmo o Mma H$fm` h¢ {OZgo AmË_m H$s _yc epŠV Xe©Z Am¡a kmZ na H$_m}§H$m AmdaU N>m OmVm h¡ & H$fm`m| H$s Va-V_Vm Ho$ AmYma na AZÝVmZw~ÝYr,An«Ë`m»`mZmdaU, n«Ë`m»`mZmdaU Am¡a g§ÁdcZ o Mma CZHo$ oX hmoVo h¢Omo H$_ hmoVo OmVo h¢& AZÝVmZw~ÝYr AdñWm _| gå`½X¥[îQ>> {_cVr hr ZhtŠ`m|{H$ do H$fm`| H«$_e… nËWa H$s aoIm, nËWa H$m ñVå^, dm§g H$s OS> Am¡aH¥${_ aoe_ Ho$ a§J Ho$ g_mZ n«JmT>V_ hmoVm h¡ & An«Ë`m»`mZmdaU H«$moY-_mZ-_m`m-cmo {_Å>r H$s aoIm, hmS> H$m Iå^m, _oTo> H$m gtJ Am¡a H$sMS>Ho$ a§J Ho$ g_mZ Mm[aÌ H$mo {dH¥$V H$aZo dmco hmoVo h¢& h Amld H$s y{_H$mh¡ & AUwd«Vr OrdZ _| o VËËd ~mYH$ hmoVo h¢ na Bg AdñWm _| AmË_m Am¡aXoh H$s {^ÝZVm n«VrV hmoZo cJVr h¡ & Bg{cE BgHo$ A{YH$mar gå`H²$X¥[îQ>>hmoVo h¢ &


n«Ë`m»`mZmdaU H«$moY, _mZ, _m`m, cmo Yy{caoIm, H$mîR>ñVå^,McVo ~¡c H$s _yÌYmam Am¡a I§OZ Ho$ a§J Ho$ g_mZ epŠV gånÝZ hmoVo h¢ &BZHo$ ahZo na Mm[aÌ {damoYH$ VËËdm| H$m nyU©V… {ZamoY Zht hmoVm & BgoAnyU© Ad«V Amld H$s y{_H$m _mZm OmVm h¡ & gmYH$ `hm§ go AmË_a_UH$aZo cJVm h¡ Am¡a _hmd«Vr H$s y{_H$m ~Zm coVm h¡ &

g§ÁdcZ H«$moY, _mZ, _m`m, cmo H$mo OcaoIm, cVm-ñVå^, ~m§gH$s N>mc Am¡a hëXr Ho$ a§J Ho$ g_mZ _mZm J`m h¡ & BZHo$ ahZo na Mm[aÌ{dKmVH$ VËËdm| H$m g_yc CÀNo>X Vmo Zht hmoVm na gmYH$ gmYZm Ho$ joÌ _|AmJo ~T> OmVm h¡ Am¡a gamJ-g§ _r hmo OmVm h¡ & gmYZm Ho$ joÌ _| o g^r~mYH$ VËËd Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$mao J o h¢ &

gmYH$ Am¡a gmYZm ì`dñWmgmYH$ Am¡a gmYZm ì`dñWmgmYH$ Am¡a gmYZm ì`dñWmgmYH$ Am¡a gmYZm ì`dñWmgmYH$ Am¡a gmYZm ì`dñWm

gá VËËdm| H$m kmZ hr gmYZmH$mc h¡ & gmYH$ BZ VËËdm| H$mo g_PVoh¢ Am¡a `WmepŠV VXZwHy$c AmMaU H$m nmcZ H$aVo h¢ & AmMmaU H$s X¥[îQ>>go gmYH$m| H$mo ñWyc ê$n go Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡ - lmdH$Am¡a _w{Z & BZH$mo AUwd«Vr Am¡a _hmd«Vr ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ &

AUwd«Vr lmdH$ J¥hñWmdñWm _| ahH$a AZmdí`H$ qhgm go Xya ahVmh¡ Am¡a g§ _ nyd©H$ AnZm OrdZ {Zdm©h H$aVm h¡ & dh Ý`m` nyd©H$ YZH$_mVm h¡ Am¡a gËnmÌ _| CgH$m {dgO©Z H$aVm h¡ & ZmJ[aH$ g§{hVm H$mnmcZ H$aVm hþAm O~ AÜ`mË_ joÌ _| CÝht d«Vm| H$mo {dñVma go YmaUH$aVm h¡ Vmo dh _hmd«Vr _w{Z hmo OmVm h¡ & ñdñW Am¡a gÝVw{cV g_mO Ho${Z_m©U _| BZ XmoZmo§ d«VnmcH$m| H$s Ah§ y{_H$m ahVr h¡& h _mÌ AmXe©dmXZht ~pëH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ ñVa na ^r gwIr hmoZo H$m EH$ AÀN>m Cnm` h¡&

1. lmdH$mMma1. lmdH$mMma1. lmdH$mMma1. lmdH$mMma1. lmdH$mMma

lmdH$ Am¡a lmdH$mMma H$m ApñVËd n«ma§ H$mc go hr ahm h¡ & O¡ZY_©`Ú{n l_UmMma n«YmZ h¡ na CgH$m AmYma lmdH$mMma hr h¡ & lmdH$mMmaH$m {dH$mg cJ^J Voahdt eVr VH$ hmoVm ahm h¡ & lmdH$mMma gm{hË`BgH$m n«_mU h¡ & ½`mah n«{V_m`| ^r lmdH$mMma Ho$ gmonmZ Ho$ ê$n _|g_m{dîQ> hþB© h¢ & ~mahd«V ^r Bgr go OwSo> hþE h¢ & _moj n«m{á CgH$m _yc


CÔoí` h¡ & nyOm, VrW© mÌm, gm_m{OH$ CËgd, n w©fU Am{X nd©, g§ñH$maAm{X g^r Ym{_©H$ H$m © Bgr CÔoí` Ho$ n[anyaH$ h¢ & lmÕ, J§Jmg³mZ, XwJm©MÊS>r Am{X qhgH$ Xodr-XodVmAm| H$m nyOZ Am{X O¡go H$m`m}§ H$mo hm§ {ZaW©H$Am¡a {_Ï`m _mZm J`m h¡ &

Bg Vah gå`½Xe©Z, gå`H²$kmZ Am¡a gå`H²$Mm[aÌ Ho$ g_pÝdV ê$nH$mo _moj H$m _mJ© _mZm OmVm h¡, n¥WH²$-n¥WH²$ Zht & Bg_| mJdV²-gån«Xm`H$s ^pŠV, AÛ¡V doXmÝV H$m kmZ Am¡a nyd© _r_m§gH$ H$m H$_©, VrZm| H$mg§{_{cV ê$n J{ ©V h¡ & O¡go Am¡f{Y Ho$ _mÌ Xe©Z, kmZ, AWdm ImZo-nrZogo amoJ H$s empÝV Zht hmoVr, ~pëH$ VrZm| {H«$`mAm| H$mo EH$ gmW H$aZo go hrAm¡f{Y H$m`©H$mar hmoVr h¡ Cgr Vah aËZÌ` H$s `wJnV² AdñWm H$mo hr_moj_mJ© _mZm J`m h¡ & `hm§ gå`½Xe©Z gr{T>`m§ h¢ Am¡a AJc-~Jc Ho$nmoc gå`H²$kmZ Am¡a gå`H²$Mm[aÌ h¢ &

gå`H²$Xe©Z _o| `h {dídmg g wpŠVH$$ ê$n go X¥T> hmoVm h¡ {H$ VrWªH$aAm¡a CZHo$ AmJ_ ghr h¡ & Hw$Xod, Hw$emñÌ Am¡a Hw$JwéAm| go gmYH$ Xya hmoOmVm h¡ Am¡a Om{V, ê$n, ~c, {dÚm Am{X _Xm| Am¡a Ah§H$mam| go _wŠV hmoOmVm h¡ & gå`H²$kmZ hmoZo na e§H$m |, H$m§jm | Am{X Xya hmo OmVr h¡§ Am¡agå`H²$Mm[aÌ n«JQ> hmo OmVm h¡ Omo lmdH$m| Ho$ {cE AUwd«V Ho$ ê$n _| Am¡agmYwdJ© Ho$ {cE _hmd«V Ho$ ê$n _| {ZYm©[aV h¡ & _¡Ìr, n«_moX, H$méÊ` Am¡a_mÜ`ñW ^md gmYH$ Ho$ OrdZ _| Kwc-{_c OmVo h¢ & `hm§ VH$ AmVo-AmVogå`ŠËd hmoZo go nyd© hr j`mone_, {dew{Õ, XoeZm (VËËdm| H$m AdYmaU),n«m`mo½` (_§XVm) Am¡a H$aU ({Z_©c n[aUm_) o nm§M cpãY`m§ n«má hmoOmVr h¢ &

lmdH$-lm{dH$m H$mo JdVr gyÌ _| VrW© H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& em`X Bg{cE{H$ gmYH$ Bgr AdñWm go gmYZm H$s Amoa ~T>Vm h¡ & Bg AdñWm _| d«V Am¡aAd«V XmoZm| AdñWmAm| H$m {_lU ahVm h¡ Bg{cE Bgo d«Vmd«Vr, g§ _mg§ _rAm¡a ~mcnpÊS>V H$hm J`m h¡ & n«W_ Mma JwUñWmZ VH$ g^r Ord Ad«VrH$hcmVo h¢ & dhm§ g§da H$m A^md ahVm h¡ & na dh {ZO©am H$m A{YH$mar h¡,d«VmamYZm H$m nmÌ h¡ & H${Vn` Amaå^-g_maå^m| _| go gmYH$ {H$gr go{daV hmoVo h¢, {H$gr go {daV Zht hmoVo & Bg{cE l_UmonmgH$ H$mo nm§Md|


JwUñWmZ Xoe{da{V dmcm _mZm OmVm h¡ & MVwW© JwUñWmZ _| Cgo ho monmXoH$m {ddoH$ OmJ«V hmo OmVm h¡, CgHo$ _Z _| {dew{Õ Am OmVr h¡ & na dh Y_©Ho$ _mJ© na Zhr§ Mc nmVm & CgH$m Xe©ZmdaUr` _mohH$_© {e{Wc hmo OmVmh¡ na Mm[aÌmdaUr` _mohH$_© {e{Wc Zht hmoVm & Eogr pñW{V _| gå`ŠËdHo$ ghmao Y_© H$m AmMaU H$aZo cJVm h¡ & `hr CgH$m AUwd«Vr ê$n h¡,qhgm{X H$m _`m©{XV Ë`mJ Am¡a Aqhgm{X H$m `WmeŠ` AmMaU h¡ &

dñVwV… lmdH$mMma AmMma g§{hVm H$m n«W_ gmonmZ h¡ & CgHo$mCnmgH$, l_mUmonmgH$ Am¡a AUwd«Vr ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ & lmdH$ H$s AmMmag§{hVm AmÜ`mpË_H$ joÌ Ho$ {cE EH$ AmYma{ecm h¡ & lmdH$ dh h¡ {Og_|lÛm, Y_©ldU, XmZ Am¡a g§ _ Ho$ ^md hm| & Cgo Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV{H$`m J`m h¡ g_dm`m§J _| - Xe©Z lmdH$ Am¡a d«Vr lmdH$ & Xe©Z lmdH$H$m MVwW© JwUñWmZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a d«Vr lmdH$ H$m n§M_ JwUñWmZ& {XJå~anaånam _| CgHo$ VrZ n«H$ma {H$ o J o h¢ - nm{jH$, Z¡pîR>H$ Am¡a gmYH$Ÿ&n«W_ gm_mÝ` h¡ Am¡a eof XmoZm| {deof h¢ & AÝVa `h h¡ {H$ Z¡pîR>H$ gmYH$n«{V_m - J«hU nyd©H$ AmJo ~T>Vm h¡ O~{H$ ídoVmå~a naånam _| n«{V_mJ«hU H$m H$moB© n¥WH²$ {dYmZ Zht h¡ & d«Vm| Ho$ Aä`mg Ho$ ~mX `hm§ gmYH$l_U n`m© _| Mcm r OmVm h¡ Am¡a Zht r & naÝVw {XJå~a naånam _| dhn«{V_mYmar hr ahVm h¡ `m _w{Z ê$n YmaU H$a coVm h¡, nrNo> cm¡Q>Vm Zht &Bg{cE Cgo dhm§ gmYH$ H$hm J`m h¡ & {OZgoZ Zo lmdH$M`m© H$mo VrWªH$aF$f^Xod go CX² yV _mZm h¡ Am¡a Cgo d¡{XH$ {H«$`mH$mÊS> Ho$ gmW ~¡R>m {X`mh¡& Bgo `m| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo d¡{XH$ H$_©H$mÊS> H$m O¡ZrH$aU H$a{X`m h¡& CËVaH$mc _| O¡Z lmdH$mMmaom§ H$s EH$ cå~r naånam {_cVr h¡ OmoñWmZm{X Ho$ AmYma na ~XcVr ahr h¡ &

1) nm{jH$ lmdH$1) nm{jH$ lmdH$1) nm{jH$ lmdH$1) nm{jH$ lmdH$1) nm{jH$ lmdH$

lmdH$ Y_© J¥hñW Y_© h¡ & gmYH$ ì`pŠV AÜ``Z, _ZZ, {MÝVZAm¡a namonXoe go gmYZm Ho$ joÌ _| AmJo ~T>Vm h¡ & CgHo$ AZoH$ JwUm| H$mdU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡ {OZ_| _w»` h¢ - Ý`m` nyd©H$ Ðì`mO©Z H$aZm, AqhgmAm¡a An[aJ«h H$m nmcZ H$aZm, H¥$Vk, namonH$mar Am¡a {dZ`r hmoZm & {hV


{_V {n« ^mfr, gXmMmar, {ddoH$s, emH$mhmar Am¡a nmn^ré O¡go JwU {\$aCg_| ñdV… Am OmVo h¢ & Bgo AUwd«Vr H$hm OmVm h¡ &

gmYmaU lmdH$ H$m gd©n«W_ H$V©ì` `h h¡ {H$ dh g§H$ën Ho$ gmW d«Vnyd©H$ ñWyc qhgm go {Zd¥ËV hmoH$a Aqhgm H$s Amoa H$X_ ~T>m o & BgHo$ {c odh _Ú, _m§g, _Yw Am¡a n§MmoXwå~a \$cm| (~S>, nrnS>, D$_a, H$Ryy>a Am¡anmH$a) Ho$ ^jU H$m Ë`mJ H$a Xo & Bggo dh AîQ> _ycJwUm| H$m nmcH$ ~ZOmVm h¡ & lmdH$ Ho$ _ycJwUm| _| am{Ì^moOZ Ë`mJ, nmZr N>mZH$a nrZm,XodXe©Z H$aZm Am¡a CgHo$ gmW hr XodnyOm, Jwé^pŠV, ñdmÜ`m`, g§ _,Vn Am¡a XmZ H$mo ^r g§{_{cV H$a {X`m J`m h¡ & qhgH$ amJÛofr Xodr-XodVmAm| H$m nyOZ, J§Jm{X g³mZ, nrnc Am{X H$m nyOZ, {nÊS>XmZ Am{XO¡gr cmoH$ _yT>VmAm| go ^r Xya ahZm Amdí`H$ _mZm J`m h¡ &

BZ {Z`_m| H$m nmcZ H$aZo na O¡Z lmdH$ H$s {XZM`m© ^r VXZwgmahmo OmVr h¡ & ~«m÷ _whÿV© _| CR>H$a U_moH$ma _ÝÌ H$m CƒmaU H$ao, ""H$mo@h§,H$mo __ Y_©…, qH$ d«V_²'' H$m {MÝVdZ H$ao, gm_m{`H$ H$ao, g³mZm{X X¡{ZH${H«$`mAm| go {Zd¥ËV hmoH$a {OZnyOm `m XodXe©Z H$ao Am¡a {\$a ^moOZH$aAnZo H$m © _| cJ Om o & am{Ì go nhco gm §H$mcrZ ^moOZH$a ñdmÜ`m` H$aoAm¡a Aqhgm, gË`, AMm¡ ©, ~«÷M © Am¡a An[aJ«h Am{X ~mah d«Vm| H$mñWyc X¥[îQ>> go nmcZ H$ao & `h CgH$s X¡{ZH$M`m© h¡ & Bg AdñWm _| CgoOwAm, _m§gmhma, _ÚnmZ, {eH$ma, Mmoar Am¡a nañÌr godZ BZ gá ì`gZm|go ^r Xya ahZm Mm{hE &

AîQ> _ycJwUm| H$s naånam _| g_`-g_` na n[adV©Z hmoVm ahm h¡&g_ÝV^Ð Zo n§MmUwd«V Am¡a _Ú, _m§g, _Yw H$m Ë`mJ ê$n AîQ> _ycJwU _mZoh¢ O~{H$ Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Zo CZH$m C„oI hr Zht {H$`m h¡ & _mÌ ~mah d«Vm| Ho$Zm_ {JZm {X o h¢ & nyÁ`nmX, AH$c§H$, {dÚmZ§X Zo ^r BZH$m C„oI Zht{H$`m & XmZ, nyOm, Vn, erc, ñdmÜ`m` Am¡a g§ _ ê$n fQ²>H$_m}§ H$m ^r`hm§ {dYmZ {OZgoZ Am{X AmMm`m}§ Zo {H$`m h¡ & J¥hñW Ho$ {cE ~mah d«Vm|H$m {dYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡ - nm§M AUwd«V-Aqhgm, gË`, AñVo , ~«÷M ©Am¡a An[aJ«h& {X½d«V, Xoed«V Am¡a AZW© XÊS>d«V o VrZ JwUd«V h¢ Am¡agm_m{`H$, XoemdH$m{eH$, n«mofYmondmg Am¡a A{V{Wg§{d^mJ `o Mma


{ejmd«V h¢ & Bggo ì`pŠV nhco gmYZm H$s Amoa AmH¥$îQ> hmoVm h¡ ~mX _| dhgå`H²$kmZ n«má H$aVm h¡, {\$a AUwd«Vr ~ZVm h¡ & BgHo$ ~mX _hmd«Vr,n«_ËV, An«_ËV Am¡a A`moJr AdñWm H$mo n«má H$aVm h¡ &

AqhgmUwd«V Am{X Ho$ n[anmcZ _| d«Vm| H$m {H$gr gr_m VH$ Omo Cc§KZhmoVm h¡ Cgo A{VMma H$hVo h¢ & AmMm`m}§ Zo Eogo A{VMmam| H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡O¡go AqhgmUwd«V Ho$ A{VMma h¢-Jm` ¢g Am{X H$mo _maZm, ~m§YZm, No>XZm,A{YH$ ~moP cmXZm Am¡a AÝZXmZ amoH$ XoZm & gË`mUwd«V Ho$ A{VMma h¢ -{_Ï`m CnXoe XoZm, Jwá~mV H$mo n«JQ> H$aZm, Omcr hñVmja H$aZm, YamohaH$m AnhaU H$aZm, _wImH¥${V XoIH$a _Z H$s ~mV n«JQ> H$aZm Am{XŸ& MmoarH$aZo H$m Cnm` ~VmZm (ñVoZn« moJ), VXmh¥VXmZ, amÁ`-{Z`_m| Ho$ {déÕAmMaU H$aZm, hrZm{YH$ ~m§Q>m| H$m Cn`moJ H$aZm Am¡a n«{Vê$nH$ o nm§MAMm¡`m©Uwd«V Ho$ A{VMma h¡ § & AZ§JH«$sS>m, n[aJ«hrVm J_Z Am{X~«÷M`m©Uwd«V Ho$ A{VMma h¡§ Am¡a ^mÊS>, joÌ, dmñVw, {haÊ`, ñdU© Am{XH$s gr_m H$m Cc§KZ H$aZm, YZ-YmÝ` H$mo JhZo Ho$ ê$n _| aIZm, Am{X H$mon[aJ«h-na_mUwd«V Ho$ A{VMma _mZo OmVo h¢ & Bgr Vah AÝ` d«Vm| Ho$ ^rA{VMmam| H$m C„§KZ Zht H$aZm Mm{hE&

BZ AUwd«Vm| H$mo AVrV Ho$ AmYma na AmMm ©lr Vwcgr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _|AUwd«V AmÝXmocZ hþAm {OgZo g_mO _| Z`r MoVZm H$m OmJaU {H$`m Am¡aVXZwgma Cgo dV©_mZ gÝX © _| {ZåZ n«H$ma go n«ñVwV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ &BZ_| AUwd«V Am¡a JwUd«V Vmo `md‚mrdZ nmcm OmVm h¡ & na {ejmd«Vm| H$mnmcZ OrdZ n ©ÝV Z hmoH$a {Z`V g_` Ho$ {cE hmoVm h¡ & BZ d«Vm| _| _ycd«V h¡ Aqhgm Am¡a eof d«V CgH$s ajm Ho$ {cE hmoVo h¢ & {ZaW©H$ qhgm Ho${df` _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ _mojm{^cmfr gmYH$ H$m h H$V©ì` h¡ {H$ dh ñWmdaOrdm| H$s ^r qhgm Z H$ao, Ìg Ordmo§ H$s qhgm H$aZo H$m Vmo àíZ hr Zht h¡ &

{Za{W©H$m§ Z Hw$duV, Ordofw ñWmdaoîd{n &{Za{W©H$m§ Z Hw$duV, Ordofw ñWmdaoîd{n &{Za{W©H$m§ Z Hw$duV, Ordofw ñWmdaoîd{n &{Za{W©H$m§ Z Hw$duV, Ordofw ñWmdaoîd{n &{Za{W©H$m§ Z Hw$duV, Ordofw ñWmdaoîd{n &qhgm_qhgmY_©k… H$m §jmÝ_moj_wnmgH$… &&qhgm_qhgmY_©k… H$m §jmÝ_moj_wnmgH$… &&qhgm_qhgmY_©k… H$m §jmÝ_moj_wnmgH$… &&qhgm_qhgmY_©k… H$m §jmÝ_moj_wnmgH$… &&qhgm_qhgmY_©k… H$m §jmÝ_moj_wnmgH$… &&

dV©_mZ n[adoe _| h_ AUwd«Vm| H$mo g§jon _| {ZåZ ê$n go n[aJ{UVH$a gH$Vo h¢ &

AqhgmUwd«V -AqhgmUwd«V -AqhgmUwd«V -AqhgmUwd«V -AqhgmUwd«V - 1. `md‚mrdZ {H$gr ^r {ZanamY n«mUr H$mg§H$ënnyd©H$ dY Zht H$ê§$Jm& 2. H$^r AmË_-hË`m Am¡a «yU hË`m Zht


H$ê§$Jm & 3. H$^r neww-njr H$mo Mm~wH$ Am¡a nËWa go n«Vm{‹S>V Zht H$ê§$Jm&4. H«y$aVm go {Z{_©V n«gmYZ-gm_J«r (Cosmetics) H$m n« moJ Zht H$ê§$Jm&5. _Ú-_m§g Ho$ ì`mnma _| ^mJrXma Zht ~Zy§Jm VWm d¡gr H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ eo a(A§e) ^r Zht IarXy§Jm & 6. am{Ì ^moOZ Zht H$ê§$Jm & 7. _mXH$ d ZerconXmW© H$m godZ Zht H$ê§$Jm Am¡a Z _m§g ^jU H$ê§$Jm&

gË`mUwd«V -gË`mUwd«V -gË`mUwd«V -gË`mUwd«V -gË`mUwd«V - 1. {H$gr na {_Ï`m Amamon `m H$c§H$ Zht cJmD§$Jm&2. A_mZV, ~§YH$ `m Yamoha aIr hþB© dñVw H$mo _m§JZo na _¢ AñdrH$ma ZhtH$ê§$Jm & 3. AZW©H$mar PyR> Zht ~mocy§Jm Am¡a Z MwJcr H$ê§$Jm, 4. Ý`m`mc` _| ZPyR>r Jdmhr Am¡a gmjr Xy§Jm & 5. ~¢H$mo§ go OmcgmOr H$aHo$ F$U Zht cy§Jm&

AMm¡`m©Uwd«V -AMm¡`m©Uwd«V -AMm¡`m©Uwd«V -AMm¡`m©Uwd«V -AMm¡`m©Uwd«V - 1. H«$`-{dH«$` _| Hy$Q> Vmoc-_mn Zht H$ê§$Jm& 2.ImÚ dñVw _| ~o_oc {_cmdQ> Zht H$ê§$Jm VWm ZH$cr dñVw H$mo Agcr ~VmH$aZht ~oMy§Jm & 3. OmZ~yP H$a Mmoar Am¡a VñH$ar H$m _mc Zht IarXy§Jm& Am¡aZ {H$gr Vah ^r Mmoar H$ê§$Jm & 4. A{YH$ XhoO H$s cmcgm go AnZr nËZrAm¡a nwÌdYy H$mo H$îQ>, Cnmc§ Am¡a n«Vm‹S>Zm Zht Xy§Jm& 5. {~Zm {Q>H$Q> aoc`mÌm Zht H$ê§$Jm Am¡a A{YH$ ã`mO Zht cy§Jm &

~«÷M`m©Uwd«V -~«÷M`m©Uwd«V -~«÷M`m©Uwd«V -~«÷M`m©Uwd«V -~«÷M`m©Uwd«V - 1. H$^r nañÌr-J_Z Am¡a doí`m-J_Z Zht H$ê§$Jm&2. H$^r r Hw$erc H$m godZ Zht H$ê§$Jm & 3. H$m_moËVoOH$ {\$ë_, Mc{MÌAm¡a dr{S>`mo H¡$goQ> Zht XoIy§Jm & 4. H$m_moÔrnH$ gm{hË` H$m nR>Z ZhtH$ê§$Jm& 5. nd© Ho$ {XZm| _| ~«÷M ©d«V YmaU H$ê§$Jm &

n[aJ«hn[a_mUmUwd«V -n[aJ«hn[a_mUmUwd«V -n[aJ«hn[a_mUmUwd«V -n[aJ«hn[a_mUmUwd«V -n[aJ«hn[a_mUmUwd«V - 1. ê$n`o coH$a _VXmZ Zht H$ê§$Jm&2.emXr Ho$ n«g§J _| XhoO H$m R>hamd Am¡a AZw~§Y Zht H$ê§$Jm & 3. JcVgmYZ `Wm gÅo>, OwE§, VñH$ar Am{X «îQ> VarHo$ go AW© H$m CnmO©Z ZhtH$ê§$Jm& 4.na g§npËV H$mo AnZr {ZOr g§npËV Zht g_Py§Jm & `Wm-{H$am oH$m _H$mZ & 5. eÌmñÌ Am¡a {dñ\$moQ>H$ gm_J«r Ho$ H«$` _| YZ H$m {d{Z`moOZZht H$ê§$Jm&

{XJ²d«V - {XJ²d«V - {XJ²d«V - {XJ²d«V - {XJ²d«V - 1. Xoe Am¡a {dXoe _| qhgH$ (Mercenary) cwQo>ao Am¡aAmV§H$dmXr {Jamohm| go gånH©$ ñWm{nV Zht H$ê§$Jm& 2. OhmO, nZSw>ã~rAm{X go g_wÐ-`mÌm Zht H$ê§$Jm & 3. {Z{X©îQ> Xoem| Ho$ A{V[aŠV {dXoe-`mÌm Zht H$ê§$Jm & 4. {~Zm nma - nÌ Ho$ {dXoe-`mÌm Am¡a Omgygr ZhtH$ê§$Jm& 5. {H$gr {ZpíMV {Xem `m gr_m Ho$ ~mha Zht OmD§$Jm &


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AZW©XÊS> {da_UmUwd«V -AZW©XÊS> {da_UmUwd«V -AZW©XÊS> {da_UmUwd«V -AZW©XÊS> {da_UmUwd«V -AZW©XÊS> {da_UmUwd«V - 1. _¢ {H$gr H$s hË`m, Mmoar, S>mH$m,ÚyV Am{X H$m n«{ejU Zht Xy§Jm& 2. _¢ {H$gr H$mo IVaZmH$ qhgmH$mareñÌ Am¡a AñÌ Zht Xy§Jm & 3. n«H¥${V H$m XmohZ Zht H$ê§$Jm & 4. {ZaW©H$dZñn{V H$mo Zht VmoSy§>Jm & 5. {ZaW©H$ n«cmn Zht H$ê§$Jm Am¡a Z A{eîQ>dMZ ~mocy§Jm&

Z¡{VH$ X¥[îQ>> go A{VMmam| H$m {deof _hËËd h¡ & d«Vm| H$m nmcZ H$aVohþE ^r gmYH$ n«cmo Zm| Ho$ H$maU d«V go n{VV hmoVo hþE {XImB© XoVo h¢ &Jar~m| H$mo ~§Ywdm _OXya O¡gm Cn`moJ H$aZm, Zm¡H$am| Ho$ gmW AÀN>m ì`dhmaZ H$aZm, MwJcr H$aZm, H$_ Vm¡cZm, AZ§JH«$sS>m, A{V^ma S>mcZm, KmoSo>~¡c Am{X H$mo ~{Y`m H$aZm, XmZ coZo dmco H$m AZmXa H$aZm Am{X Eogo hrA{VMma h¢ & BZ A{VMmam| H$s BVZr cå~r gyMr h¡ {H$ `{X d«Vr CgH$mnmcZ H$aZo cJo Vmo EH$ ~hþV AÀN>m BÝgmZ ~Z Om o & n`m©daU H$s X¥[îQ>>go ^r `h A{YH$ AÀN>m h¡ &

2) Z¡pîR>H$ lmdH$2) Z¡pîR>H$ lmdH$2) Z¡pîR>H$ lmdH$2) Z¡pîR>H$ lmdH$2) Z¡pîR>H$ lmdH$

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lmdH$ H$s Z¡{VH$ g§{hVm _| _pÝXa {Z_m©U, VrW© mÌm, n§MH$ë`mUH$à{VîR>m Am{X _hmoËgdm| H$m Am`moOZ ^r g§{_{cV h¡& dñVwnmc,~ZmagrXmg, empÝVXmg, Pdoar, draOr dmoam Am{X g¡H$S>m| lmdH$m| H$mC„oI {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {OÝhm|Zo Bg n«H$ma Ho$ g_m`moOZ H$a O¡ZY_© H$sn« mdZm H$s & XmZ, nyOm, nwÊ`, Vnñ`m, Ë`mJ Am{X O¡go ew H$m © ^r EogoAm`moOZm| go hmo OmVo h¢ &


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^pŠV VËËd^pŠV VËËd^pŠV VËËd^pŠV VËËd^pŠV VËËd

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H$s {_cVr h¡ & lÕm, AÝY lÕm Z hmo Om o, Bg{cE `hm§ gå`H²$ {deofUOmoS>m J`m h¡ &

lmdH$ Am¡a _w{Z AdñWm _| ^pŠV Am¡a Ü`mZ gmYZm H$m g_mZ _hÎdh¡ & Bg{cE h_ `hm§ BZ VËËdmo§ na ^r {dMma H$aZm Amdí`H$ g_PVo h¢&

lmdH$ H$m AW© hr lÕm gånÝZ ì`pŠV h¡ & ñVw{V, ñVmoÌ, nyOZ,{dZ`, ^OZ, ñ_aU, g_n©U Am{X VËËd ^pŠV Ho$ hr VËËd h¢ & {ZîH$m_^pŠV Ho$ ~mX gH$m_ ^pŠV H$m CX` hþAm Bhcm¡{H$H$ gmYZm Ho$ joÌ _| &n[aUm_V… fS>mdí`H$ Am¡a {OZnyOm {dH$mg Zo Z o ^pŠV joÌ H$mo OÝ_{X`m& godm Am¡a {dZ` H$mo ^r Bgr Ho$ AÝVJ©V _mZ {c`m J`m & nyÁ`nmXZo n«km H$mo hr lÕm H$hm h¡ & CÝhm|Zo AahÝV, AmMm ©, ~hþlwV Am¡a n«dMZ _|^md{dew{Õ wŠV AZwamJ H$mo hr ^pŠV H$hm h¡ & `h ^pŠV {~Zm Ü`mZ Ho$Zht hmo nmVr & O¡ZmMm`m}Zo \$cV… pŠV Ho$ ~mah oX {H$ o h¢ - {gÕ, lwV,M[aÌ, moJ, AmMm ©, n§MJwé, VrWªH$a, empÝV, g_m{Y, {Zdm©U, ZÝXrída,Am¡a M¡Ë` ^pŠV & gm_m{`H$, MVw{dªe{V ñVw{V, dÝXZm, n«{VH«$_U,H$m`moËgJ© Am¡a n«Ë`m»`mZ lmdH$ Ho$ X¡{ZH$ H$V©ì` h¢ & lmdH$ H$s 53 {H«$`m |g§ñH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| {ZYm©[aV h¢ Omo d¡{XH$ {H«$`mAm| go {_cVr-OwcVr h¢ &

{OZnyOm{OZnyOm{OZnyOm{OZnyOm{OZnyOm

BZ_| M¡Ë` ^pŠV H$m gå~ÝY {OZnyOm go ahm h¡ & M¡Ë`, ñVyn, d¥j,`j Am{X H$s nyOm {OZnyOm H$s n¥îR>> y{_ _| ahr h¡ & a`Ugma (JmWm 60)_| Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Zo J¥hñW Ho$ _w»` H$V©ì`m| _| XmZ Am¡a nyOm H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡ &`h H$Xm{MV² n«mMrZV_ C„oI H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & `h nyOm Ðì` Am¡a ^mdXmoZm| n«H$ma H$s hmoVr h¡ & {XJ§~a Am¡a ídoVmå~a XmoZm| naånam | XmoZm| n«H$maH$s nyOmAm| H$m {dYmZ H$aVr h¢ & Ðì`nyOm H$s gm_J«r _| `Wmg_` d¥{ÕhmoVr ahr h¡ & h[ad§enwamU _| Oc, MÝXZ, AjV, nwîn, Xrn, Yyn, \$cAm¡a AK© BZ AîQ>> Ðì`m| go nyOm H$m {dYmZ {_cVm h¡ & Oc H$m ñnîQ> {dYmZCËVaH$mc _| Adí` hþAm h¡ na dh n«jmcZ Am¡a A{^foH$ _| g§{_{cV ahmh¡ & A{^foH$ _| Xw½Y, Bjwag, K¥V, X{Y Ed§ Oc H$m n« moJ hmoVm Wm &n§Mm_¥Vm{^foH$ H$s `h naånam CÎmaH$mcrZ h¡ Am¡a dh d¡{XH$ naånam go


Am`m{VV h¡& ídoVmå~a naånam _| n«_mO©Z, A{^foH$, A§Jn«m|N>Z, JÝYconZAm¡a dñÌmn©U o nyOm Ho$ nm§M A§J _mZo OmVo h¢ & Bgr n§MmonMmar nyOZ goAîQ>>n«H$mar nyOZ Am¡a Cgr go gdm}nMmar VWm fmoS>e oXr nyOZ H$m {dH$mg hþAm&

o AîQ>> Ðì` n«VrH$mË_H$ h¢ & OÝ__¥Ë w-Oam Ho$ {dZme Ho$ {cE Oc h¡,g§ñVaVmn Ho$ {dZme Ho$ {cE MÝXZ h¡, H$m_~mU {dZme Ho$ {cE nwîn h¡,jwYmamoJ {dZme Ho$ {cE Z¡d¡Ú h¡, _mohmÝYH$ma {dZme Ho$ {cE Xrn h¡, _moj\$c n«m{á Ho$ {cE \$c MT>m`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a AZ¿ © \$c H$s n«m{á Ho$ {cEAK© {X`m OmVm h¡ & CËVaH$mc _| d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ n« md go BZ n«VrH$m| H$mo`Wmê$n _| co {c`m J`m Am¡a \$cV… nwîn Am¡a n¹$mÝZ MT>m`m OmZm cJm &{XJå~a naånam _| A~ BZ XmoZm| H$m n«McZ cJ^J ~ÝX hmo J`m h¡ &

ídoVmå~a naånam _| n§MmonMmar nyOm _| JÝY, nwîn, Yyn, Xrn Am¡aZ¡doÚ o nm§M Ðì` {OZnyOm _| g_{n©V {H$ o OmVo h¢ & XemonMma _| _YwnH©$,Oc, g³mZ, dñÌ, Am yfU, JÝY, nwîn, Yyn, Xrn Am¡a Z¡doÚ g§{_{cV h¢Am¡a fmoSemonMmar nyOZ _| BZHo$ gmW hr nmXn«jmcZ A¿ ©g_n©U, AmM_Z,AmˆmZ, AmgZn«XmZ Am¡a ñdmJV o N>h VËËd Am¡a OwS> J o & gÌh oXrnyOZ _o§ g³mZ, {dconZ, dñÌ wJc g_n©U, dmgjonU, nwîn, nwîn_mcm,n§MdU© go A§JÝ`mg, JÝY, ÜdOm, Am^yfU, J¥haMZm, nwînd¥pîQ>,AîQ>_§JcaMZm, Yyn, ñVw{V, Z¥Ë` Am¡a dm{XÌ H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ &Bgr Vah AmˆmZ, ñWmnZ, gpÝZ{YH$aU, nyOZ Am¡a {dgO©Z ^r nyOZ Ho$hr A§J h¢ & BZ g^r A§Jm| H$m {dH$mg ~«m÷U naånam Ho$ n« md go O¡Znaånam _| hþAm h¡ &

CËVaH$mc _| Yrao-Yrao BgHo$ ~mX AZwîR>mZ Am¡a {dYmZ hmoZo cJo&n§MH$ë`mUH$ à{VîR>m | hmoZr cJt & drVamJr {OZnyOm Ho$ gmW hr emgZXodr-XodVm, `j-`{jUr Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| gañdVr, Apå~H$m, nX²_mdVr,Ádmcm_m{cZr, MH«o$ídar, H$mcr, _{U^Ð, KÊQ>mH$U©, joÌnmc, ZdJ«hAm{X H$s ^r nyOZ hmoZo cJr {OZna ñnîQ>>V… ~«m÷U {d{Y-{dYmZm| H$mn«^md {XImB© XoVm h¡ & n§MH$ë`mUH$ nyOm, g³mZnyOm, {gÕMH«${dYmZ,BÝÐÜdO {dYmZ, empÝV{dYmZ Am{X ^r hmoZo cJo & _ÝÌm| H$s g§aMZm _|d¡{XH$ Xodm| Ho$ ñWmZ na O¡Z Xodm| H$mo n«{VpîR>V H$a {X`m J`m & nyU© AqhgH$


naånam `{X nwîn, Xhr Am{X O¡go g{MËV Ðì`m| go nyOZ {dYmZ H$aZo H$sAZw_{V XoVr hmo Am¡a joÌnmc Am{X H$s nyOZ H$mo {d{hV _mZVr hmo Vmo{ZpíMV hr `h EH$ ~S>r Ag§J{V h¡ & Bg gÝX © _| `h Adí` C„oIZr` h¡{H$ O¡Z ^pŠV n«{H«$`m Am¡a nyOm-{dYmZ _| H$ht ^r qhgH$ naånam H$moñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m J`m & `hm§ VH$ {H$ H$moB© ^r O¡Z Xodr-XodVm qhgH$ñdê$n go ~§Ym Zht h¡ &

ñVmoÌ naånamñVmoÌ naånamñVmoÌ naånamñVmoÌ naånamñVmoÌ naånam

ñVmoÌ naånam _| gyÌH¥$Vm§J H$m drañVd Am¡a dÝXZ n«mMrZV_ _mZmOm gH$Vm h¡ & CgHo$ ~mX Cng½Jha ñVmoÌ AmVm h¡ & Bgr H$mo M¡Ë`dÝXZñVmoÌ H$hm OmVm h¡ & `h ñVmoÌ ídoVmå~a naånam _| hr n«{gÕ h¡ & Bgr Ho$gmW g_ÝV^Ð Ho$ XodmJ_ ñVmoÌ, {OZñVw{VeVH$ d ñd § y ñVmoÌ, AH$c§H$H$m AH§$cH$ ñVmoÌ, YZ§O` H$m {dfmnhma ñVmoÌ, _mZVw§J H$m ^ŠVm_añVmoÌ, ho_MÝÐ H$m drVamJ ñVmoÌ, AmemYa H$m ghòZm_ ñVmoÌ {deofn«{gÕ h¢ & BZ_| ^ŠVm_a ñVmoÌ EH$ Eogm ñVmoÌ h¡ Omo XmoZm| naånamAm| _|g_mZ ê$n go g_mXaUr` h¡ & AÝVa `h h¡ {H$ ídoVmå~a g§n«Xm` _| 32 go35 do§ VH$ Ho$ Mma ícmoH$m| H$mo AñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ BZ_| qghmgZ,^m_ÊS>c, XwÝXw{^ VWm N>Ì BZ Mma n«m{Vhm`m}§ H$m dU©Z h¡ & Bg{cE `hm§Hw$c Mdmcrg nÚ _mZo OmVo h¢ &

_ÝÌ naånam_ÝÌ naånam_ÝÌ naånam_ÝÌ naånam_ÝÌ naånam

^pŠV VÝÌ go _ÝÌ naånam H$m {dH$mg hþAm & Zm_ñ_aU, ldU,_ZZ Am¡a {MÝVZ H$s n¥îR>> y{_ _| _ÝÌ H$s CËnpËV hmoVr h¡ & Bgo _§JcdmŠ`^r _mZm OmVm h¡ & _ÝÌ H$m gå~ÝY eãX Am¡a Üd{Z go h¡ {Oggo MoVZm H$mon« m{dV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Bg{cE Ü`mZ _| _ÝÌ H$m n« moJ {MËV H$mo EH$mJ«H$aZo Ho$ {cE hmoVm h¡ &

O¡Z naånam _| n«mMrZV_ _ÝÌ U_moH$ma _ÝÌ _mZm OmVm h¡ & Bg_|nm§M nX h¢ - A[ahÝV `m AahÝV, {gÕ, AmMm ©, CnmÜ`m`, Am¡a gmYw &BÝh| na_oîR>r H$hm OmVm h¡ & BgH$m n«maå^ hþAm ""U_mo {gÕmU§'' ""U_mo {gÕmU§'' ""U_mo {gÕmU§'' ""U_mo {gÕmU§'' ""U_mo {gÕmU§'' go&


{\$a Bg_| A[ah§V eãX OwS>m & Imadoc {ecmcoI _| ""U_mo Aah§VmU§""U_mo Aah§VmU§""U_mo Aah§VmU§""U_mo Aah§VmU§""U_mo Aah§VmU§U_mo {gÕmU§''U_mo {gÕmU§''U_mo {gÕmU§''U_mo {gÕmU§''U_mo {gÕmU§'' o Xmo nX hr {_cVo h¢ & BgHo$ ~mX n«W_ eVr _| fS²>I§S>mJ__| eof VrZ nX Am¡a OwS> J o & Bg Vah fS²>IÊS>mJ_, ^JdVr, _ycmMmaAm{X J«ÝWm| _| {ZåZ{c{IV nm§M nX {_cVo h¢ -U_mo A[ah§VmU§, U_moU_mo A[ah§VmU§, U_moU_mo A[ah§VmU§, U_moU_mo A[ah§VmU§, U_moU_mo A[ah§VmU§, U_mo{gÕmU§, U_mo AmB[a`mU§,U_mo CdÁPm`mU§, U_mo cmoE gìdgmhÿU§&{gÕmU§, U_mo AmB[a`mU§,U_mo CdÁPm`mU§, U_mo cmoE gìdgmhÿU§&{gÕmU§, U_mo AmB[a`mU§,U_mo CdÁPm`mU§, U_mo cmoE gìdgmhÿU§&{gÕmU§, U_mo AmB[a`mU§,U_mo CdÁPm`mU§, U_mo cmoE gìdgmhÿU§&{gÕmU§, U_mo AmB[a`mU§,U_mo CdÁPm`mU§, U_mo cmoE gìdgmhÿU§&

U_moH$ma _ÝÌ Ho$ AmYma na _ÝÌ aMZm H$s n«{H«$`m n«maå^ hþB© & BgH$mg§{járH$aU "U_mo A{gAmCgm`' "U_mo A{gAmCgm`' "U_mo A{gAmCgm`' "U_mo A{gAmCgm`' "U_mo A{gAmCgm`' Amo_² (A+A+Am+C+_²) qH$dm D±$Ho$ ê$n _| hþAm & BgHo$ {cE n«Ud eãX H$m ^r n« moJ hmoZo cJm & Bg _ÝÌ _|Hw$c 35 Aja h¢ Am¡a 5 nX h¢, 30 ì §OZ h¡§ Am¡a 34 ñda h¢ & Bgo _§Jc_ÝÌ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ & Bg_| AmH$ma go coH$a jH$ma n ©ÝV g^r _mV¥H$m Üd{Z`m§{dÚ_mZ h¢ & BZ_o§ Am| n«YmZ ~rO h¡ Omo AmË_dmMH$ h¡ & Bgr Vah lr H$moH$s{V©dmMH$ h«t H$mo H$ë`mU dmMH$, jt H$mo empÝVdmMH$, h§ H$mo_§JcdmMH$, D§$ H$mo gwIdmMH$, údt H$mo `moJdmMH$, h§ H$mo {dÛof Am¡aamofdmMH$, n«t H$mo ñVå^ZdmMH$ Am¡a Šbt H$mo cú_rn«m{ádmMH$ H$hm J`mh¡& BZ _ÝÌm| H$m On Am¡a CZH$s Amd¥pËV gyú_ J«pÝW`m|, fQ²>MH«$m| Am¡aepŠV Ho$ÝÐm| H$mo n« m{dV H$aVr h¡ Am¡a M¡VÝ`H$moe H$mo AmÝXmo{cV H$aVr h¡&BZ _ÝÌm| Ho$ `ÝÌ ^r ~Zm o OmVo h¢ Am¡a BZ _ÝÌm|- §Ìm| H$s ghm`Vm go{d{dY Acm¡{H$H$ epŠV`m§ n«má H$s OmVr h¢ &

`moJ-Ü`mZ naånam`moJ-Ü`mZ naånam`moJ-Ü`mZ naånam`moJ-Ü`mZ naånam`moJ-Ü`mZ naånam

AmÜ`mpË_H$ ì`pŠVËd Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {cE moJ Am¡a Ü`mZ EH$ {d{eîQ>>gmYZ h¡ & CgH$m emar[aH$$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg na ^r n« md nS>Vm h¡ &Ü`mZ H$m AmYma ^r eara Am¡a {MËV h¡ & eara _| ZmS>rVÝÌ Am¡a J«pÝWVÝÌH$m _hËËd A{YH$ h¡ & BZ_| gwfwåZm ZmS>r _Z H$mo EH$mJ« H$aZo _| A{YH$ghm`H$ hmoVr h¡ & Ü`mZ gmYZm H$m _yc CÔoí` h¡ ñWyc eara H$mo oXH$agyú_ eara VH$ nhþ§MZm & Cg_| AVrpÝÐ` epŠV H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ {cE_mZ{gH$ epŠV H$m {dH${gV hmoZm AË`mdí`H$ h¡ & ñdmÜ`m` ^r Bg_|ghm`H$ hmoVm h¡ &

AgV² go gV² H$s Amoa OmH$a _Z H$mo AmË_m _| {dcrZ H$a XoZm Ü`mZ


H$s CncpãY h¡ & _Z, dmUr, eara Am¡a ídmg H$m {ZamoY hr g§da`moJ h¡ &`h Ü`mZ h¡ & _Z O~ nyU©V… {ZpîH«$` hmo OmVm h¡ V~ Cgo g_m{Y H$hmOmVm h¡ & BgHo$ {cE O¡Z gmYZm _| AmgZm| H$m n« moJ ^r {d{hV _mZm J`m h¡&

O¡Z`moJ naånam _| Ü`mZ Ho$ Mma n«H$ma h¢ - AmV©, am¡Ð, Y_© Am¡a ewŠbÜ`mZ & n«W_ Xmo Ü`mZ An«eñV h¢ Am¡a CËVadVu XmoZm| Ü`mZ àeñV h¢&Ü`mZ gmYZm _| BÝht n«eñV Ü`mZm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Y_©Ü`mZ_| j_m{X Xg Y_m}§ H$m Ü`mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡, AmJ_m| H$m ñdmÜ`m` Am¡a{MÝVZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a H$_m}§ Ho$ {dnmH$ VWm cmoH$, ZXr Am{X g§ñWmZm|na {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡ & ewŠbÜ`mZ _| _mohn«H¥${V`m| Ho$ Cne_Z na {MÝVZ{H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a H«$_e… Km{V`m-AKm{V`m H$_m}§ H$m {dZme hmo OmVm h¡&`h Ü`mZ Ho$dcr Ho$ hmoVm h¡ & BZ Ü`mZm| _| Y_©Ü`mZ {deof _hËËdnyU© h¡&

Ü`mVm Am¡a Ü o Ho$ gmW g§ moJ hmo OmZm hr `moJ h¡ & {MËVd¥pËVAm|H$m {ZamoY H$aZm hr g_m{Y n«má H$aZm h¡ & g§ _ Am¡a Vn go CgH$s n«m{áhmoVr h¡ & _¡Ìr, n«_moX, H$méÊ` Am¡a _mÜ`ñÏ` ^mdZmAm| H$mo AnZmH$agmYH$ g_Ëd`moJ H$mo n«má H$a coVm h¡ & `moJ H$m _w»` cú` gå`½X¥[îQ>> H$m{dH$mg H$aZm h¡ & dhr na_ nX n«m{á H$m _mJ© h¡ & Eogr hr H$m`moËgJu{XJå~a O¡Z `moJr H$s _y{V© _moh|OmoXS>mo, hS>ßnm Am¡a cmohmZrnwa go n«má hþB©h¢ & AmJ_ wJ _| `moJ Am¡a Ü`mZ H$m gwÝXa dU©Z {_cVm h¡ &

AmJ_ wJ go _Ü` wJ _| g§H«$mÝV hmoZo na `moJ H$m {dH$mg A{YH$hþAm h¡ & Bg {dH$mg H$mo h_ h[a^Ð, ew MÝÐ Am¡a ho_M§Ð Ho$ `moJ J«ÝWm| _|XoI gH$Vo h¢ & ew MÝÐ Zo `moJ Amoa Ü`mZ Ho$ ñWmZ na kmZ eãX H$m n« moJH$a kmZmU©d J«ÝW H$s aMZm H$s & Bg gÝX © _| Hw$ÝXHw$ÝXmMm © H$m "UmUoU "UmUoU "UmUoU "UmUoU "UmUoUPmU{g{Õ'PmU{g{Õ'PmU{g{Õ'PmU{g{Õ'PmU{g{Õ' nX X¥îQ>>ì` h¡ & h[a^Ð Zo AmJ_ wJ Ho$ Y_©Ü`mZ H$mo `moJ{~ÝXw_| AÜ`mË_, ^mdZm, Ü`mZ, g_Vm Ed§ d¥pËV g§j` BZ nm§M ^mJm| _|{d^m{OV {H$`m h¡ & AmMm © ho_MÝÐ Zo ew MÝÐ Ho$ {MÝVZ H$mo AmJo ~T>mVohþE {MËV Ho$ Mma n«H$mam| H$m dU©Z {H$`m Am¡a AmË_m H$s VrZm| AdñWmAm|H$m gwÝXa {MÌU {H$`m & ew MÝÐ Zo h[a^Ð H$s AmR> X¥[îQ>>`m| ({_Ìm, Vmam,Xrn«m, pñWam, H$mÝVm, n« m, nam Am¡a Anam) H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$s AnojmnmV§O{c Ho$ AîQ>m§J`moJ H$mo AnZm`m h¡ - _, {Z`_, H$m`Šboe, n«mUm`m_,


n«Ë`mhma, Ü`mZ, YmaUm, Ü`mZ Am¡a g_m{Y & `hm§ {d{dY F${Õ-{g{Õ-n«m{á H$mo ^r ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡& Ü`mZ _| Y_©Ü`mZ H$m {deof _hËËd h¡&`hm§ CgHo$ Mma oXm| H$m dU©Z {_cVm h¡ - 1) {nÊS>ñW (earañW) _| nm{W©dr,Am¾o r, dm`dr, dméUr Am{X YmaUmAm| na {MÝVZ {H$`m OmVm h¡, 2)nXñW Ü`mZ _o§ na_oîR>r Am{X Ho$ nXm| na {MÝVZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & ê$nmVrV_| {Za§OZ {gÕ na AmË_m H$m Ü`mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡, Am¡a 3) ê$nñW Ü`mZ _|A[ahÝV AmJ_Z H$m Ü`mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ &

AmYw{ZH$ wJ _| O¡Z Ü`mZ nÕ{V H$mo n«ojm Ü`mZ Ho$ ê$n _| {dH$mgH$aZo H$m lo OmVm h¡ VoamnÝW Ho$ AmMm © _hmn«kOr H$mo {OÝhm|Zo Cgo {dkmZHo$ gmW OmoS> {X`m h¡ & CÝhm|Zo ghòma, Amkm, {dew{Õ, AZmhV, _{Unya,ñdm{YîR>mZ Am¡a _ycmYma MH«$ H$mo ½c|S²>g go OmoS>m h¡ Am¡a epŠV, ñdmñÏ`,V¡Og, AmZÝX, {dew{Õ, ~«÷, n«mU, Mmjwf, An«_mX, Á`mo{V, empÝV Am¡akmZ Ho$ÝÐm| H$mo ^r J«pÝW`m| Ho$ gmW gå~Õ {H$`m h¡ &

VrWm©Q>ZVrWm©Q>ZVrWm©Q>ZVrWm©Q>ZVrWm©Q>Z

VrWm©Q>Z ^r ^pŠVVÎd H$m A{^ÝZ A§J h¡& VrW© eãX g§gma-gmJa gonma hmoZo H$m gmYZ _mZm J`m h¡ & lwV Am¡a JUYa H$mo ^r Bg AW© _| VrW©H$hm J`m h¡ & Bgr AmYma na VrWªH$am| Ho$ OÝ_ñWmZm|, kmZ n«m{á ñWmZm|,VnñWmZm| VWm _moj n«m{á ñWmZm| H$mo n{dÌ _mZm J`m h¡ & BÝh| joÌ _§JcH$hm OmVm h¡ & BÝht ñWmZm| H$mo H$mcmÝVa _| {gÕ joÌ, H$ë`mUH$ joÌ Am¡aA{Ve` joÌ H$h {X`m J`m h¡ & BZ VrW©joÌm| Ho$ Xe©Z go ì`pŠV H$s mdZm |n{dÌ hmoVr h¢, ^pŠV H$m joÌ ~T>Vm h¡, n{dÌVm Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ MoVZmOmJ«V hmoVr h¡ & H$cm joÌ H$mo ^r h_ Bgr _| g§{_{cV H$a gH$Vo h¢ &

`hm§ h_ BZ VrW©joÌm| H$m AmH$cZ n«mXo{eH$ AmYma na H$a aho h¢&BZ_| A{YH$m§e joÌm| na B{Vhmg H$cm Am¡a nwamVËËd IÊS> _| {dMma {H$`mJ`m h¡Ÿ& na `hm§ h_ n«g§Jde CZH$m Zm_mo„oI _mÌ H$a aho h¢ &

1. CËVa^maV1. CËVa^maV1. CËVa^maV1. CËVa^maV1. CËVa^maV

CËVa ^maV _| CËVa n«Xoe l_U O¡Z g§ñH¥${V H$m JT> ahm h¡ & `hm§Mm¡~rg VrWªH$am| _| go AR>mah VrW©H$am| H$m OÝ_ hþAm & Hw$é, nm§Mmc, H$m¡ec,


dËg, H$mer, eyagoZ Am{X OZnX ht aho h¢ & _mZd gä`Vm H$m ~rOmamonU^r `ht hþAm h¡ & AR>mah VrWªH$am| Ho$ J ©, OÝ_, Vn, kmZ H$ë`mUH$ Bgrn«Xoe _| hþE h¢ & ^JdmZ² F$f^Xod H$m {Zdm©U ^r `ht hþAm &

hpñVZmnwa, ~S>mJm§d (_oaR>), _Wwam, AmJam, em¡arnwa, ~Qo>ída,MÝÐdma ({\$amoOm~mX), _agcJ§O (\$samoOm~mX), AîQ>>mnX (~XarZmW),lrZJa (F${fHo$e), A{hÀN>Ì, H$påncm, H$mer, n«`mJ, H$m¡emå~r,n^mogm, A`moÜ`m, lmdñVr, H$mcÝXr (Xod[a`m {Ocm), H$Hw$_ J«m_, nmdm,XodJT>, gramoZ, {Jama, ndmOr, c{cVnwa, Vmc~ohQ>, ydZ, MÝXoar, M§mXnwa,OhmOnwa, XwYB©, dmZnwa, _XZnwa, H$aJwdm§ Am{X ñWmZ O¡Z VrW©joÌ h¢&

2. nydu ^maV - {~hma, ~§Jmc Am¡a CS>rgm2. nydu ^maV - {~hma, ~§Jmc Am¡a CS>rgm2. nydu ^maV - {~hma, ~§Jmc Am¡a CS>rgm2. nydu ^maV - {~hma, ~§Jmc Am¡a CS>rgm2. nydu ^maV - {~hma, ~§Jmc Am¡a CS>rgm

{~hma n«Xoe l_U g§ñH¥${V H$m n«_wI Ho$ÝÐ ahm h¡ & Cg_| Mm¡~rgVrWªH$am| _| go A{YH$m§e Ho$ J ©, OÝ_, kmZ Am¡a {Zdm©U H$ë`mUH$ hþE h¢ &d¡emcr, H$mo{Q>{ecm (_JY `m H$qcJ), {_{Wcmnwar, _ÝXma{Jar,Månmnwar, amOJ¥hr, ZmcÝXm, nmdmnwar, JwUmdm, nmQ>{cnwÌ, gå_oX{eIa,^{ÐH$mnwar, Hw$cwhm nhmS> Bgr n«Xoe Ho$ AÝVJ©V h¡ & gå_oX{eIa go ~rgVrWªH$am| H$m {Zdm©U hþAm h¡ &

~§Jmc _| _hmdra ñdm_r H$m {~hma hþAm h¡ & dhm§ H$cm H$s X¥[îQ>> goAZoH$ VrW©joÌ h¢& CS>rgm Imadoc Ho$ H$maU n«{gÕ h¡ & hm§ H$Q>H$, wdZoída,IÊS>{J[a-CX`{J[a joÌ h¢ &

3. _Ü`^maV3. _Ü`^maV3. _Ü`^maV3. _Ü`^maV3. _Ü`^maV

dV©_mZ _Ü`n«Xoe _| n«mMrZH$mc Ho$ gwH$moec, AdÝVr, _mcd, XemU©Am¡a Mo{X OZnX gpå_{cV h¢ & BZ_| nmdm{J[a, {gÕHy$Q>, Myc{J[a,aoeÝXr{J[a, ÐmoU{J[a Am¡a gmoZm{J[a {gÕ joÌ h¢ & eof A{Ve` joÌ Am¡aH$cmjoÌ h¢ & BZ OZnXm| _| Mo{XOZnX _| gwhmo{Z`m, ½dm{c`a, _ZhaXod,gmoZm{J[a, n{Zhma, I{Z`m§YmZm, JyS>a, JmocmH$moQ>, nMamB©, ~Oa§JJT>,Wydm¡Z, ~yT>r MÝXoar, I§Xma{J[a, MÝXoar, Am_ZMma, ^m_m¡Z, {^`m§XmV,~rR>cm, nnm¡am, Amhma, ~ÝYm, IOwamhmo, ÐmoU{J[a, aoeÝXr{J[a, nOZmar,~rZm, nQ>ZmJ§O, H$mH$mJ§O (gmJa) Am{X joÌ A{Ve` joÌ h¢ &


_mcdm joÌ Ho$ IaJm¡Z (D$Zm, ~S>dmZr, {gÕda Hy$Q>, H$S>m¡X H$cm,Hw$ÊS>r, gcdmS>m, OcH$Znwa, _Zmda, ^d{e`m, ^monmda, JT>r, Jm§Jcr,{gYmZm, J§YdmZr, amOmoXm, S>mSy>a, gwcVmZnwa, {MIcXm, aUdmg,Idmg, noQ>cmdX, {H$gZJa, Xod{Jar, AcramOnwa, Hw$ecJT>, CÊSo>c,BÝXm¡a, H$m¡ÝS>r, H§$dcm, M¡Znwa, am_nwam, AZwnwam, H¡$Wwcr, O`qghnwam,C‚m¡Z, Xodmg, aVcm_, gma§Jnwa, H$mcrnrR>, nMmoa, ZaqghJT>, amOJT>,AmîQ>m, ^m¢am, CX`{J[a, ½`magnwa, dogZJa, {gam|O, Ah_Xnwa H$cmjoÌaho h¢ &

{~ÝÜ`joÌ _| gmJa, Q>rH$_JT>, nnm¡am, Amhma, ~§Ym, IOwamhmo, ~rZmdahm, nQ>ZmJ§O, Hw$ÊS>cnwa, ÐmoU{Jar, aoeÝXr{J[a, AO`JT>, n{V`mZXmB©,nVm¡am, EaU, nOZmar, B©ídadmam, {nn[a`m, _ohgmZm, am`nwa, ehS>moc,X_moh, N>Vanwa, nÝZm, gVZm, ardm§, ZdmJT>, gmoOZm, _hamOnwa Am{XñWmZ {deof n«{gÕ h¢ &

_hmH$m¡ec joÌ _| hþe§JmdmX, ~oVyc, O~cnwa, {gdZr, _ÊS>cm,{N>ÝXdmS>m, ~mcmKmQ> Ed§ Zaqghnwa {Oco AmVo h¢ {OZ_| cIZmXm¡Z, ~ahQ>m,~hm¡ar ~§X, K§gmoa, nZmJa, _wŠVm{J[a, C{S>`m, _yc{J[a, H$marVcmB©,H$m¡ZrOr {deof C„oIZr` h¢ &

N>ËVrgJT> co hr A~ n¥WH²$ n«Xoe ~Z J`m h¡ na h_ Cgo _Ü`n«Xoe _|hr gpå_{cV H$a aho h¢ & {~cmgnwa, am`nwa, XwJ©, amOZmXJm§d Am¡a ~ñVa{Oco Bg_| _w»` h¢ & `hm§ ZJnwam, H$dYm©, K{Q>`mar, aVZnwa, Apå~H$mnwa,OJXcnwa, ~ñVa, O¡go ñWc H$^r n«_wI aho h¢ &

Jmonmc joÌ _| ½dm{c`a, Wy~moZ MÝXoar, _ëhmaJT>, {nN>moa,gmoZm{Jar, Xy~Hw$ÊS>, Zada, {MVmam, n§MamB©, {gamohm, nmcr, am`JT>,{ednwar, ^r_nwa, H$mocmag, gw mfnwam, joÌ {deof _hËËdnyU© h¢ &

4. npíM_ ^maV4. npíM_ ^maV4. npíM_ ^maV4. npíM_ ^maV4. npíM_ ^maV

npíM_ ^maV _| amOñWmZ, JwOamV Am¡a _hmamîQ>´ g§{_{cV h¢ &amOñWmZ _| H$moB© {gÕjoÌ Am¡a H$ë`mUH$ joÌ Zht h¢ & A{Ve` joÌ 16-17 hr h¢ & {OZ_| _hmdraOr, Mm§XIoS>r, O`nwa, nX²_nwam, AO_oa, ~Koam,


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JwOamV ^r O¡Z g§ñH¥${V H$m JT> ahm h¡& {JaZma _| ^JdmZ Zo{_ZmWHo$ Xrjm, Ho$dckmZ Am¡a _moj H$ë`mUH$ hþE h¢ & Vma§Jm, eÌw§O`, KmoKm,nmdmJT>, _hþAm, gyaV, A§H$coída, AOham, Aå~w[aUr J«m_, AU{hcnwa,^éH$ÀN>, H$mehX, IoQ>H$, I§JmaJT>, ÛmaH$m, nmQ>cmZJa, e§Ioída,nmíd©ZmW, n« mgnmQ>Z, ~c^r, qghnwa, ñVå^VrW© Am{X ñWc VrW©joÌ_mZo OmVo h¢ &

_hmamîQ>´ _| {H$gr VrWªH$a H$m H$moB© H$ë`mUH$ ^co hr Z hþAm hmo na_w{Z`m| Zo Vnñ`m H$a hm§ go _moj n«má Adí` {H$`m h¡ & JOn§Wm, _m§JrVw§Jr,Hw$ÝWc{J[a {Zdm©U joÌ h¢ & A{Ve` joÌ Am¡a H$cmVrW© ^r h¢ & BZHo$A{V[aŠV XhrJm§d, ~mhþ~cr, H$moëhmnwa, Cñ_mZm~mX, Voa, emocmnwa,gmdaJm§d, Ecmoam, n¡R>U, ZdmJT>, AÝV[aj nmíd©ZmW, H$ma§Om, am_Qo>H$,^mVHw$cr H$mo ^r VrW©joÌm| _| {JZm OmVm h¡ &

5. X{jU ^maV5. X{jU ^maV5. X{jU ^maV5. X{jU ^maV5. X{jU ^maV

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V{_c ^mfm Ho$ Hw$ac, {ecßn{XH$a_², _{U_oIc¡, Zmcm{S>`ma{MÝVm_{U, ZrcHo$er Am{X n«mMrZV_ H$mì` O¡ZY_© go hr g§~Õ aho h¢ &H$m§Mr O¡Z g§ñH¥${V H$m Ho$ÝÐ ahm h¡ & AmaH$mQ> Ho$ nmg n§MnmÊS>d_c¡, {Vê$_c¡,H$ZH${J[a Am{X nhm{S>`m§ O¡Z _pÝXa Am¡a Jw\$m | h¢ & {gËVZdgc nhmS>rH$m AW© hr h¡ - {gÕm| `m O¡Z gmYwAm| H$m dmgñWmZ & BgHo$ A{V[aŠVVoZr_c¡, ZmaÅ>m_c¡, g_Ua_c¡, Am¡a Amcé{Å>_c¡ Zm_H$ nhm{S>`m§ r gmW-gmW h¢ Ohm§ n«mMrZ O¡Z _pÝXa h¢ & _Xwam, AÌ¡_c¡, ZmJ_c¡, neww_c¡,AëJa_c¡, H$scŠHw$S>r, goÅ>rnmoS>dw, noƒr`„_, {VéƒmUwÆ>_c¡, ZmJaH$mo{_c


Am{X ñWmZ r O¡Z VrW© joÌ h¢ Ohm§ n«mMrZ O¡Z _pÝXa Am¡a Jw\$m | {dÚ_mZh¢ & BZ_| AÝZ¡_c¡, {VéƒmUwQ²>S>_c¡, ZmJaH$mo{_c Am{X ñWmZ AmO {hÝXwAm|Ho$ A{YH$ma _| h¢ & h_mao maV _| Eogo hOmam| O¡Z _pÝXa h¢ Omo m Vmo ZîQ> H$a{X o J o h¢ `m CZna hR>mV² A{YH$ma H$a {c`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

AmÝY« _| O¡ZY_© _m¡ ©H$mc go ahm h¡ & {dOJmnQ²>Q>_, JmoXmdar, JwÊQy>a,H$m|S>amOwnmSw>, AZÝVnwa_², ZmJamOnmSw>, Ya{UH$moQ>, _cH$mnwa_², O`Vr,_mMda_², noS²>S>_é, Q>m{Q>nmH$, {dOJmÅ>_², hmWr Jw§\$m, IÊS>{J[a-CX`{J[a,g§J_oída Am{X ñWmZm| na O¡Z _pÝXa AmO ^r gwa{jV h¢&

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hmgZ {Oco _| ~o„ÿa, hco{~S>, ldU ~ocJmoc, gmUoh„r, H$Xå~h„r,hmgZ, hoaJy, _§Jcya, n«{gÕ O¡Z VrW© joÌ h¢ & _ÊS>c {Oco _| Ac~m{S>,


~o„ÿa, ~§Jcmoa {Oco _| empÝV{JËVo, _ÊR>moZpÝX, _¡gya {Oco _| _¡gya lra§JnÅ>_,Jmoå_Å>{J[a, do„ÿa, gm{cJ«m_, gaJwê$, Am{X ñWmZ ^r Xme©©Zr` h¢&

O¡Z VrW©joÌm| Am¡a H$cmjoÌm| H$s `h _mÌ EH$ g§{já gyMr h¡ & BZHo${df` _| {dñVma go AÝ`Ì XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ &

3. gmYH$ lmdH$ … g„oIZm3. gmYH$ lmdH$ … g„oIZm3. gmYH$ lmdH$ … g„oIZm3. gmYH$ lmdH$ … g„oIZm3. gmYH$ lmdH$ … g„oIZm

lmdH$ H$s `h V¥Vr` AdñWm h¡ & `hm§ VH$ nhþ§MVo-nhþ§MVo dh {df`dmgZmAm| go AZmgŠV hmoH$a eara H$mo ^r ~ÝYZ g_PZo cJVm h¡ & earaO~ AeŠV hmo OmVm h¡, BpÝÐ`m§ namYrZ hmoZo cJVr h¡§ Am¡a Y_©gmYZm _|ì`dYmZ AmZo cJVm h¡ Vmo lmdH$ `m gmYw g„oIZm (g_m{Y_aU) YmaUH$a coVm h¡ & Bg d«V _| {ZamgŠV hmoH$a Am_aU Amhma, Ocm{XH$ H$mnyU©V… Ë`mJ H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a Y_m©amYZnyd©H$ eara Ë`mJ H$aZo H$mg§H$ën J«hU H$a {c`m OmVm h¡ & gå`H²$ n«H$ma go H$m` Am¡a H$fm` H$mo H¥$eH$aZm hr g„oIZm h¡ (gå`ŠH$m`H$fm` coIZm gëcoIZm, g.{g.(gå`ŠH$m`H$fm` coIZm gëcoIZm, g.{g.(gå`ŠH$m`H$fm` coIZm gëcoIZm, g.{g.(gå`ŠH$m`H$fm` coIZm gëcoIZm, g.{g.(gå`ŠH$m`H$fm` coIZm gëcoIZm, g.{g.7.22),7.22),7.22),7.22),7.22),&

g„oIZm H$mo h_ "AmË_hË`m' H$s g§km Zht Xo gH$Vo & Š`m|{H$AmË_hË`m H$aZo dmcm ì`pŠV AV¥á dmgZm Am¡a H«$moYm{X H$fm`m| go J«{gVahVm h¡ O~{H$ g„oIZmYmar gmYH$ lmdH$ Ho$ _Z _| Eogr H$moB© ~mV ZhtahVr & dh Vmo g^r go j_m `mMZm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a _hmd«V YmaU H$m g§H$ëncoVm h¡ & amOZr{VH$ m gm_m{OH$ AmÝXmocZm| _| Omo Am_aU AZeZ na ~¡R>OmVm h¡Ÿ& Cgo ^r BgH$s gr_m go ~mha hr _mZZm Mm{hE & g„oIZm _|dñVwV… n[aUm_m| H$s {dew{Õ H$s Amoa A{YH$ Ü`mZ {X`m OmVm h¡ & _aUH$mc_| Omo Ord {Og coí`m go n[aUV hmoVm h¡ CËVaH$mc _| Cgr coí`m H$mYmaH$ hmoVm h¡ &

_aU Ho$ n«H$ma_aU Ho$ n«H$ma_aU Ho$ n«H$ma_aU Ho$ n«H$ma_aU Ho$ n«H$ma

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ñd § H$aZm, 2) B§{JZr_aU ({Z`V Xoe _| hr eara H$s n[aM`m© ñd § H$aZm,Am¡a 3) n«m`monJ_Z _aU (eara H$s n[aM`m© go _wŠV ahH$a _mÌ AmË_Ü`mZ_| crZ hmo OmZm) & AmMm © {edm © Zo _aU Ho$ nm§M oX ~Vm o h¢ - ~mc_aU, ~mc~mc-_aU, npÊS>V_aU, npÊS>V-npÊS>V_aU Am¡a ~mc-npÊS>V_aU (^J. Am. JmWm 2016) & npÊS>V-npÊS>V _aU H$s g„oIZmO¡Z-g§ñH¥${V H$s {d{eîQ>> XoZ h¡ & O¡ZoVa g§ñH¥${V _| Eogm n«mdYmZ XoIZoZht {_cVm & d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V _| n«m`mondoeZ, n«m`monJ_Z O¡go H${Vn`eãX Adí` {_cVo h¢ na CZ_| dh {dewÕVm Zht {XImB© XoVr Omo g„oIZm_| hmoVr h¡ & h Z AmË_hË`m (Suicide) H$m ê$n h¡ Am¡a Z Bgo Euthansia mMercy Killing H$m hr ê$n H$h gH$Vo h¢ & Eogo _aU AmÜ`mË_ X¥[îQ>> eyÝ` hmoVoh¢ & _mÌ AmgpŠV H$m g§ ma hr CÝh| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ &

O¡ZoVa Xe©Zm| _| g„oIZm H$s AdYmaUmO¡ZoVa Xe©Zm| _| g„oIZm H$s AdYmaUmO¡ZoVa Xe©Zm| _| g„oIZm H$s AdYmaUmO¡ZoVa Xe©Zm| _| g„oIZm H$s AdYmaUmO¡ZoVa Xe©Zm| _| g„oIZm H$s AdYmaUm

_¥Ë`w VrZ n«H$ma H$s hmo gH$Vr h¡-emar[aH$$, _mZ{gH$ Am¡aAmÜ`mpË_H$& AmÜ`mpË_H$ _¥Ë w H$mo hr O¡ZY_© _| g„oIZm H$hm J`m h¡ &AmË_ gmjmËH$ma Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr Cgo n«má {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & cJ^Jg^r Y_m}§ _| {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| AmÜ`mpË_H$ _¥Ë w H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`mJ`m h¡ & d¡{XH$, O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, MrZr, {Vã~Vr Am¡a OmnmZr nydu` Xe©Zm| _|CgH$m _yc CÔoí` AmË_mZw y{V m AmË_kmZ n«má H$aZm ahm h¡ Am¡a nmíMmË`Xe©Zm| _| AmË_m go _wpŠV n«má H$aZm AWdm nwZO©Ý_ n«má H$aZm ahm h¡ &

g„oIZm O¡gm H$moB© eãX d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V _| Zht h¡& na Z{MHo$Vm Am¡a`_ VWm AOw©Z Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ ~rM hþE dmVm©cmn go AmË_g_n©U ê$n^pŠV`moJ H$m ê$n gm_Zo Adí` AmVm h¡ & Cn{ZfX² gm{hË` _| g§gma(OÝ_-_aU) {dkmZ H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡ Am¡a A{dÚm ê$n H$_© Ho$ {dZme go_wpŠV n«má H$s OmVr h¡ g_m{Y Ho$ _mÜ`_ go & Bggo A{YH$ Hw$N> Zht{_cVm& _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX H$s {H«$`mH$mÊS> ì`dñWm _| _ÝÌnyd©H$ J§JmOc {N>S>H$ZmAm{X H$m © BgH$s n[a{Y Ho$ ~mha h¢ &

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_¥Ë w H$mo OrVZo H$m nW n«eñV {H$`m h¡ & _¥Ë w Ho$ g_` ~m¡Õ gyÌm| H$m nmR>{H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a ~mX _| n[aÌmUH$a gmYwAm| H$mo Amhma XmZ ^r {X`mOmVm h¡ & Bg g_` MrZr, {Vã~Vr Am¡a µOoZ ~m¡ÕY_© _| ^r cJ^J `hrê$n {_cVm h¡ & {Vã~Vr naånam _| g„oIZm H$m AÀN>m ê$n Adí` {XImB©XoVm h¡&

_ogmnmoQ>m{_`m§ Am¡a {_l g§ñH¥${V _| _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX B©ída ê$n Ý`m`mYreHo$ gm_Zo AnZm nyam coIm - OmoIm XoZm nS>Vm h¡ & ho{~«H$ g§ñH¥${V _| _¥Ë w H$s{deof AdYmaUm Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ dhm§ eara Am¡a AmË_m dm{ng `WmñWmZMco OmVo h¢ & Cgo B©ída H$s g¥pîQ> H$m ñdm^m{dH$ EH$ n{dÌ ^mJ _mZmOmVm h¡ na h¡ dh nmn H$m \$c & Cgo _grhm Ho$ gm_Zo OmZm nS>Vm h¡ &

{H«$píM{ZQ>r _| AmË_m H$m nwZO©Ý_ Hw$N> Xygao ê$n _| h¡ & Hw$c {_cmH$maH$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Cg_| nwZO©Ý_ hmoVm h¡ {Ogo Resurrection H$hm OmVmh¡ & _aZo Ho$ ~mX AmË_m H$mo ñdJ©, ZaH$ `m {dew{Õ Ho$ {cE oO {X`m OmVmh¡ & _¥Ë w Ho$ g_` B©ída H$s n«mW©Zm hr g~go ~S>r eaU h¡ &

Bñcm_ _| A„m H$mo hr EH$ _mÌ B©ída _mZm J`m h¡ & _¥Ë w Ho$ g_`n«mW©Zm H$s OmVr h¡ {H$ dh CgHo$ gm_Zo IS>m aho & dh A„mh go j_m`mMZm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Cggo n{dÌ hmoZo H$s n«mW©Zm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a {\$a A„mh_| g_m{dîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ & nwZO©Ý_ `hm§ Zht h¡ & _aVo g_` Hw$amU H$m nmR>gwZVm/nT>Vm h¡, Am¡a nmnm| go _wŠV H$aZo H$s n«mW©Zm H$aVm h¡ &

VwcZmË_H$ X¥[îQ>> go XoIm Om o Vmo _¥Ë w Ho$ g_` g^r Y_m}§ _| AnZoBîQ>Xod Ho$ n«{V lÕm Am¡a ^pŠV ì`ŠV H$s OmVr h¡ ñVdZ `m gyÌnmR> H$aHo$Am¡a H¥$V H$m`m}§ H$m n«m`píMËV H$a {ZamgpŠV nyd©H$ OrdZ H$m ApÝV_ g_`{ZH$mcm OmVm h¡ & Bg n«{H«$`m _| O¡ZY_© H$s g„oIZm H$m Omo Jham ê$nh_mao gm_Zo ahVm h¡ dh AÝ`Ì Zht {_cVm &

Euthanasia Am¡a g„oIZm Am¡a g„oIZm Am¡a g„oIZm Am¡a g„oIZm Am¡a g„oIZm (Spiritual death)

Euthanasia H$m AW© h¡ Good death `m dying well Bgo Psysician-

assisted suicide H$hm OmVm h¡ {dXoem| _| & ì`pŠV EH$ cå~r AghZr`~r_mar go O~ V§J hmo OmVm h¡ Vmo dh {M{H$ËgH$ H$s ghm`Vm go _¥Ë w nmH$aCggo _wŠV hmo OmZm MmhVm h¡ & Bgo Slippery slope ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ & `h


EH$ n«H$ma go AmË_hË`m hr h¡ Omo gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ X¥[îQ>> go AZw{MVAm¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ {déÕ h¡ & OrdZ H$m `Ú{n `h EH$ ñdm^m{dH$ n[aUm_ h¡na {H$Ýht {deof n[apñW{V`m| _| Š`m Xygao Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^r Bg n[aUm_ H$mon«má {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ? h EH$ j àíZ h¡ {Ogna gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$,amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Ý`m`mYre g_wXm` _| _V oX IS>m hþAm h¡&

Am{Xdmgr Om{V`m| _| _¥Ë w H$mo ñdm^m{dH$ Z _mZH$a Cgo eÌw `m yV{nemMm| Ûmam {X`m J`m AnKmV _mZm OmVm h¡ & na nyd© Am¡a nmíMmË`naånam _| Cgo ñdm^m{dH$ hr H$hm OmVm h¡ & J«rH$ Xme©©{ZH$m| Zo Vmo _¥Ë w Ho$~mX nwZO©Ý_ hmoVm h¡ `m Zht, Bg {df` na ^r H$m\$s {dMma {H$`m h¡ &Euthanasia eãX J«rH$ eãX h¡ {OgHo$ àma§{^H$ eãX H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ well

Am¡a thanatos H$m VmËn © h¡ _¥Ë w & `{X em[a[aH$$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ ~r_mar goamoJr A{YH$ naoemZ hmo OmVm h¡ Vmo dh Ý`m`mc` _| _¥Ë w nmZo Ho$ {cE{ZdoXZ H$aVm h¡ & `{X Ý`m`mc` Cgo ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡ Vmo Ý`m`mYre amoJrH$mo {df {ncmZo ñd § AmVm h¡ &

A[aîQ>moQ>c, ßboQ>mo Am¡a {S>ñhmZa Zo AmË_hË`m H$s {ZÝXm H$s h¡ Am¡añdm^m{dH$ _¥Ë w H$mo hr ghr ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ & H$Xm{MV² Sophocles nhcmXme©©{ZH$ h¡ {OgZo AmË_hË`m H$mo C{MV _mZm h¡ & amo_ _| Cgo Summum

Bonum _mZm OmVm ahm, `{X CgH$m H$maU ~r_mar, CÝ_mX `m An_mZhmo & na Cgo g¡{ZH$m|, Anam{Y`m| Am¡a Xmgm| Ho$ {cE {Z{fÕ _mZm h¡ &cJ^J Vrgar eVr _| B©gmB© _V go n« m{dV {Z`moßbmQ>mo{ZñQ>mo Zo BgH$m{damoY {H$`m Am¡a Cgo B©ída Ûmam n«XËV n[aUm_ _mZm & AJñVm`Z Zonm§Mdt eVr _| Bgo N>Ro> H$_m§S>_|Q> "Thou shalt not kill" H$m {damoYH$ _mZm&Voahdt eVr _| Aquinas Zo BgH$m Am¡a ^r g_W©Z `h H$hH$a {H$`m {H$AmË_hË`m H$aZo dmcm níMmËVmn (Repentance) go d§{MV ah OmVm h¡ Am¡añdm^m{dH$ _¥Ë`w go ^r JcV AmË_hË`m H$m {dMma h¡ & CÝhm|Zo Summatheolegica _| AmË_hË`m H$mo nmn Am¡a H$mZyZZ {déÕ H$hm h¡ & Renais-

sance Zo Ú{n Bg naånam Ho$ {damoY _| Hw$N> Zht H$hm na Cg na nwZ{d©MmaH$aZo H$m dmVmdaU Adí` ~Zm`m & \$cV… Thomas More Zo Litopia _|1516 _| Am¡a F. Bacon Zo New Atlantis _| 1926 _| AmË_hË`m Ho$ nj _|


AnZo VH©$ {X o Am¡a Cgo ghr ~Vm {X`m & naÝVw 1757 _| David Hume ZoCZ VH$m}§ H$m CËVa XoH$a AmË_hË`m H$mo nwZ… ñdrH$ma H$a {X`m &

19 dt eVr _| AmË_hË`m na d¡km{ZH$ AmYma go {dMma {H$`m OmZocJm & 1897 _| Durkheim Zo Cgo gm_m{OH$ AnamY H$hH$a CgHo$ VrZH$maU ~Vm o - Ah§H$ma, namonH$m[aVm Am¡a An_mZ & Freud Zo Bgo mdmË_H$CÛocZ H$m H$maU _mZm Am¡a ñd § ^r CgH$m {eH$ma hþAm & Amo{h`mo _|1906 _| A_o[aH$m Zo AmË_hË`m Ho$ nj _| {~c nmg H$amZm Mmhm na dh{Ja J`m & 1935 _| {~«Qo>Z _| r Eogm hr {~c cm`m J`m na Cgo _§Oyar Zht{_c gH$s & Tohnson Am¡a Repouille H$mo H«$_e… CZH$s nËZr Am¡a nwÌ H$moMercy Killing H$aZo na XpÊS>V ^r {H$`m J`m & {hQ>ca Zo Vmo Cg_| EH$Z`m _moS> hr cm {X`m & {ÛVr` {díd wÕ _| cJ^J EH$ cmI cmoJm| H$moOmVr` ew{ÕH$aU Ho$ Zm_ na Znw§gH$ ~Zm {X`m J`m & O_©Zm| Zo coWc J¡gHo$ _mÜ`_ go 1939 _| AnKm{V`m| H$mo _¥Ë w Ho$ KmQ> CVma {X`m & 1941 _|Vmo AÝVV… CgHo$ nj _| H$mZyZ ^r ~Z J`m & `h dñVwV… EH$ n«H$ma gogm_y{hH$ dY hr Wm & Bgo Euthanasia Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm &

{~«Qo>Z _| Euthanasia Society H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Am¡a Euthanasia Ho$nj _| nwZ… dmVmdaU ~Zm`m J`m & 1950 go 1969 VH$ cJmVma {~«Qo>ZAm¡a A_o[aH$m _| BgHo$ nj _| AZoH$ ~ma {~c aIo J o na do nmg Zht hmogHo$& Fleteher Zo Euthanasia Ho$ nj _| O~X©ñV VH©$ n«ñVwV {H$ o & CgZoMurder H$mo Malice aforethought H$hm Am¡a Euthanasia H$mo Mercy afore-

thought H$hH$a Cgo C{MV R>ham`m & OZ_V H$amH$a r Bg nj H$mo _O~yVH$am`m J`m Ho$ZoS>m, {~«Qo>Z Am¡a A_arH$m _| & BgHo$ ~mX Death with dignity

bills ^r cm o J o na Living will H$mo H$mZyZr Zht ~Zm`m Om gH$m & AÝV _|1976 _| Ho${c\$mo{Z© m, A_o[aH$m _| Right-to-die statute nmg hmo gH$m&ZrXacoÊS> Am{X Xoem| Zo r Bg na {dMma {H$`m Am¡a Dutch Medical Coun-

cil valuntary euthanasia H$mo ñdrH¥$V {H$`m & {\$a ^r {ddmX emÝV ZhthþAm & 1980 _| Derek Humphry Zo Hamlock society ~ZmB©, Let me die

before I wake nwñVH$ {cIr, Am¡a Euthanasia Research of Guidance

Organization Group V¡ ma {H$`m& The world federation of right-to-die


Societies ^r ~ZmB© JB© na Cgo nyar Vah H$mZyZr Zht ~Zm`m Om gH$m &1984 _| ZrXacoÊS> Zo Hw$N> eVm}§ Ho$ AmYma na Cgo AÝVV… ñdrH$ma H$a{c`m&

A_[aH$m _| Bgo H$mZyZr Om_m nhZmZo H$m ~S>m n« ËZ hþAm na g\$cVmZht {_c gH$s & 1970 _| gwn«r_ H$moQ©> Zo Right to refuse medical treat-

ment constitution nmg {H$`m & Dr. Jack Kevorkain Ho$ AWH$ n« ËZ go The

oregon death with dignity act nmg hþAm 1994 _| na Cgo 1997 _| aÔ H$a{X`m J`m Am¡a Physician assisted suicide H$mo J¡a H$mZyZr _mZm J`m &AmO ^r Cgo nyar Vah d¡Ym{ZH$ ê$n Zht {_c gH$m & {~«Qo>Z _| \$adar 14,2003 H$mo fS²>df©u` cloned sheep dolly H$mo \o$\$S>m| _| Iam~r Am OmZo Ho$H$maU euthanized death go g_má H$a {X`m J`m & BgH$m VmËn © `hr h¡{H$ A~ AghZr` Am¡a cm-BcmO hmo OmZo na H$éUm Ho$ AmYma na n«mUr H$mo_¥Ë w H$m daU H$am`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo ^r EH$ ~N>So> H$mo BgrAmYma na _maZo H$s Amkm Xr Wr {OgH$s H$m\$s AmcmoMZm H$s JB© Wr &

AmË_hË`m (Sucicide) H$mo d¡Ym{ZH$ ñdrH¥${V Z {_cZo H$s n¥îR>> y{__| _yc ^mdZm `h h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV H$m g_mO Ho$ n«{V EH$ {d{eîQ>> H$V©ì` hþAmH$aVm h¡ Omo AmË_hË`m go n{VV hmo OmVm h¡ & ì`pŠV na g_mO H$m A{YH$mahmoVm h¡ & dh ì`pŠV H$mo _maZo _| gh`moJ Zht Xo gH$Vr & BgHo$ A{V[aŠVYm{_©H$ joÌ _| AmË_hË`m H$mo B©ída Ho$ {dnarV _mZm J`m & {H$Ýht {deofn[apñW{V`m| _| Cgo ñdrH$mam Om gH$Vm h¡ na d¡Ym{ZH$Vm Zht Xr Om gH$Vr&BZHo$ A{V[aŠV AmË_ ñdmVÝÍ`, H$mé{UH$ _¥Ë w, {M{H$ËgH$ H$s ghm`Vmgo n«má _¥Ë w Am{X VH$m}§ Zo ^r OrdZ H$s JwUdËVm H$mo H$_ Zht {H$`m & CgoAnamY H$s loUr go _wŠV Zht {H$`m Om gH$m & Z¡{VH$Vm H$s X¥[îQ>> go r BgoC{MV Zht H$hm Om gH$m & B©gmB©, Bñcm_, d¡{XH$, O¡Z, ~m¡Õ Am{X H$moB©^r Y_© AmË_hË`m H$s ñdrH¥${V Zht XoVm &

^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| ^r AmË_hË`m H$mo {H$gr ^r pñW{V _| d¡Ym{ZH$Zht _mZm J`m & CgH$m Article 21 Am¡a Section 309 ñnîQ> ê$n go AmË_hË`mH$mo J¡aH$mZyZr _mZVm h¡ &


BgHo$ ~mdOyX g{V n«Wm e{X`m| go n«M{cV ahr hr h¡ & d¡{XH$ Y_©`Ú{n AmË_hË`m Ho$ nj _| Zhr h¢ {\$a ^r Ohm§ H$ht dh CXmaVm Ho$ nj _|^r {XImB© XoVm h¡ & O¡ZY_© _| Bg CXmaVm H$mo g„oIZm H$m ê$n {X`m J`mh¡& emar[aH$$ Aj_Vm Am¡a amoJ H$s J§ raVm O~ Jhar hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo nyU©{ZamgŠV hmoH$a, AqhgH$ ^md go Ym{_©H$ AmamYZm H$aVo hþE ì`pŠV H$moOrdZ-_wŠV hmoZo H$mo d¡Ym{ZH$ _mZVm h¡ O¡Z Y_©& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| ^rBg n«H$ma H$s Ym{_©H$ _¥Ë w H$mo Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ Zht ~Vm`m J`m &

JwUñWmZ … AÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZJwUñWmZ … AÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZJwUñWmZ … AÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZJwUñWmZ … AÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZJwUñWmZ … AÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZ

JwUñWmZ Ord Ho$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ `m AqhgH$ {dH$mg H$s H$hmZr h¡ &O¡Z gm{hË` _| Bg na {dñVma go ~hþV MMm© hþB© h¡ & dhm§ Ord Ho$ AmÜ`mpË_H${dH$mg Ho$ Mm¡Xh gmonmZm| H$m dU©Z hþAm h¡ Omo g§jon _| Bg n«H$ma h¢ -

1. {_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> - 1. {_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> - 1. {_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> - 1. {_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> - 1. {_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> - O~ VH$ Ord AmË_ ñdê$n H$s nhMmZ Zht H$anmVm V~ VH$ Mh {_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> H$hcmVm h¡ & EH$pÝÐ`$ go coH$a Ag§kr n§MopÝÐ`VH$ Ho$ Ord {_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> H$hcmVo h¢ & {_Ï`mËd Ho$ Xya hmoVo hr Ord n«W_JwUñWmZ go MVwW© JwUñWmZ _o§ nhþ§M OmVm h¡ Am¡a {\$a dhm§ go n{VV hmoH$an«W_ JwUñWmZ _| Am OmVm h¡ &

2. gmgmXZ gå`½X¥[îQ>> - 2. gmgmXZ gå`½X¥[îQ>> - 2. gmgmXZ gå`½X¥[îQ>> - 2. gmgmXZ gå`½X¥[îQ>> - 2. gmgmXZ gå`½X¥[îQ>> - MVwW© JwUñWmZ _| nhþ§MZo na {Z`_ godh AZÝVmZw~ÝYr Am{X H$fm`m| Ho$ H$maU gå`½Xe©Z go n{VV hmoVm h¡ Am¡an«W_ JwUñWmZ _| nhþ§M OmVm h¡ {\$a ^r dh gå`½Xe©Z H$m AmñdmXZ H$aVm h¡&

3. gå`p½_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> -3. gå`p½_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> -3. gå`p½_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> -3. gå`p½_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> -3. gå`p½_Ï`mX¥[îQ>> - `h AdñWm gå`ŠËd Am¡a {_Ï`mËd H$s{_{lV AdñWm h¡ & BgH$m H$mc AÝV_w©hÿV© h¡ & gå`ŠËd ê$n ^md hmoZo naMVwW© JwUñWmZ _| nhþ§M OmVm h¡ AÝ`Wm ZrMo Ho$ JwUñWmZ _| Mcm OmVm h¡ &

4. Ag§`V gå`½X¥[îQ>> -4. Ag§`V gå`½X¥[îQ>> -4. Ag§`V gå`½X¥[îQ>> -4. Ag§`V gå`½X¥[îQ>> -4. Ag§`V gå`½X¥[îQ>> - gå`½Xe©Z n«má hmoZo na Ord H$mo `hJwUñWmZ {_cVm h¡ & gå`½X¥[îQ>> Ord A{YH$m{YH$ VrZ ^d VH$ g§gma _|ahVm h¡ & Mm¡Wo ^d _| dh {Z`_V… _moj n«má H$a coVm h¡ & Bgo A{daVgå`ŠËd H$hm OmVm h¡ & gå`ŠËdr Ho$ Ho$dc {ZO©am hmoVr h¡ & gå`½Xe©Z`hm§ CËH«$mpÝV H$m Ûma h¡ & `hm§ Ord AY©nwÒc namdV©Z (H$mccpãY) nmcoVm h¡&


5. Xoe g§`V -5. Xoe g§`V -5. Xoe g§`V -5. Xoe g§`V -5. Xoe g§`V - `h Xoed«Vr lmdH$ H$s pñW{V h¡ Ohm§ dh ~mahAUwd«Vm| Am¡a ½`mah n«{V_mAm| H$m nmcZ H$aVm h¡ & n«Ë`m»`mZmdaU H$fm`m|H$m CX` `hm§ ahVm h¡&

6. n«_ËVg§`V 6. n«_ËVg§`V 6. n«_ËVg§`V 6. n«_ËVg§`V 6. n«_ËVg§`V - `h AdñWm _hmd«Vr _w{Z H$s h¡ & Bg_| CgH$sd¥pËV n«_mX go An«_mX Am¡a An«_mX go n«_mX H$s Amoa Xm¡S>Vr ahVr h¡ & dhg§`V ahZo na ^r n«_ËV h¡ & n«Ë`m»`mZmdaU H$fm`m| H$m Cne_ VWmg§ÁdcZ Am¡a ZmoH$fm`m| H$m CX` ahVm h¡&

7. An«_ËVg§`V - 7. An«_ËVg§`V - 7. An«_ËVg§`V - 7. An«_ËVg§`V - 7. An«_ËVg§`V - N>R>m JwUñWmZdVu Ord O~ An«_ËV nyd©H$gå`H²$ AmMaU H$aVm h¡ Vmo dh Bg JwUñWmZ _o§ nhþ§MVm h¡ & dV©_mZ H$mc_| Bg JwUñWmZ go AmJo H$moB© ^r gmYw Zht Om nmVm & Š`m|{H$ D$na Ho$JwUñWmZm| _| OmZo H$s epŠV Cg_| Zht ahVr &

8. Anyd© H$aU -8. Anyd© H$aU -8. Anyd© H$aU -8. Anyd© H$aU -8. Anyd© H$aU - Bg JwUñWmZ _| Ord Ho$ ^md Anyd© ê$n go {dewÕhmoVo h¢ & `hm§ go Ord n{VV Zht hmoVm ~pëH$ CgH$s {dewÕmdñWm H$m ê$n{ZIaVm Mcm OmVm h¡ & BgH$s Xmo lo{U`m§ h¢ - Cne_ loUr Omo AmR>d| go½`mahd| JwUñWmZ VH$ ahVr h¡, Am¡a ½`mahd| JwUñWmZ go {Z`_V… n{VVhmoH$a n«W_ JwUñWmZ VH$ nhþ§M OmVm h¡ & Am¡a jnH$loUr dmcm Ord ½`mahdt

y{_H$m _| nhþ§MH$a _moh H$mo gd©Wm CnemÝVH$a drVamJ ~Z OmVm h¡ Am¡a~mahd| JwUñWmZ _| nhþ§M OmVm h¡ &

9. A{Zd¥pËVH$aU -9. A{Zd¥pËVH$aU -9. A{Zd¥pËVH$aU -9. A{Zd¥pËVH$aU -9. A{Zd¥pËVH$aU - Bg_| g^r Ordm| Ho$ n[aUm_ g_mZ ahVo h¢ &_mÌ cmo H$fm` H$m gyú_ A§e eof ah OmVm h¡&

10. gyú_gm§nam` - 10. gyú_gm§nam` - 10. gyú_gm§nam` - 10. gyú_gm§nam` - 10. gyú_gm§nam` - gm§nam` H$m AW© h¡ cmo & `hm§ Ord _mohZr`H$_© H$s eof gyú_ cmo n«H¥${V H$m ^r Cne_H$a ½`mahd| JwUñWmZ _| nhþ§MOmVm h¡ & na kmZ-Xe©ZmdaU H$_© H$m AmdaU eof ahVm h¡& `hm§ go Ord{ZpíMV ê$n go ZrMo Ho$ JwUñWmZm| _| n{VV hmoVm h¡&

11. jrUH$fm` -11. jrUH$fm` -11. jrUH$fm` -11. jrUH$fm` -11. jrUH$fm` - Bg_| gyú_cmo H$m ^r j` hmo OmVm h¡ &12. drVamJ N>X²_ñW g§`V -12. drVamJ N>X²_ñW g§`V -12. drVamJ N>X²_ñW g§`V -12. drVamJ N>X²_ñW g§`V -12. drVamJ N>X²_ñW g§`V - Bg_| gmYH$ drVamJ AdñWm

n«má H$a coVm h¡ & Bg JwUñWmZ go Ord H$m nVZ Zht hmoVm ~pëH$ AÝV_w©hÿV©ahH$a dh {Z`_ go Voahd| JwUñWmZ _| Mcm OmVm h¡ & `hm§ VH$ Ho$ Ord


N>X²_ñW H$hcmVo h¢ & Š`m|{H$ Bg AdñWm VH$ CgHo$ gmW H$_m}§ H$m gå~ÝY~Zm ahVm h¡ &

13. g`moJHo$dcr - 13. g`moJHo$dcr - 13. g`moJHo$dcr - 13. g`moJHo$dcr - 13. g`moJHo$dcr - Ord H$s `h H¡$dë` AdñWm h¡ & Mma Km{V`mH$_m}§ H$m {dZme hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a _mÌ Am¡Xm[aH$ H$m` ê$n {Ì`moJ eof ahOmVm h¡&

14. A`moJ Ho$dcr -14. A`moJ Ho$dcr -14. A`moJ Ho$dcr -14. A`moJ Ho$dcr -14. A`moJ Ho$dcr - Bg JwUñWmZ _| g`moJHo$dcr ewŠb Ü`mZ Ho$MVwW© oX H$mo n«má H$a {Ì`moJm| H$m {ZamoY H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AKm{V`m H$_m}§ H$mo^r ZîQ>> H$a {gÕmdñWm H$mo n«má H$a coVm h¡& `hr _moj h¡ Am¡a `hr AmË_mH$m _yc ñd^md h¡ &

Bg Vah gmYZm H$s X¥[îQ>> go `h AmË_m Ho$ {dH$mg H$s H$hmZr h¡ Am¡almdH$ Ho$ Mm[aÌ H$s _{h_m H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡ & gmW hr Cgo h_ l_UmMma go^r g§~Õ H$a gH$Vo h¢ &

JwUñWmZm| H$m dU©Z {XJå~a naånam _| hr {_cVm h¡ & _yc ê$n _| `hgmYH$ H$s AdñWm {_Ï`mËd go n«maå^ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm Ho$ ~cna H$_m}§ go {d{Z_w©ŠV hmoH$a _moj n«má H$aZo na g_má hmoVr h¡ & Bg ~rMH$fm`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ì`pŠV {H$VZm ZrMo {JaVm h¡ Am¡a CZgo Xya hmoH$a{H$VZm D$na CR>Vm h¡ `h ^r XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & ½`mahdm§ JwUñWmZ BgH$mCXmhaU h¡ &

_w{Z AmMma _| Aqhgm H$s n[a{Y Agr{_V hmo OmVr h¡ & gmYH$ Cg_|nydm}ŠV n§M nmnm| go _Z, dMZ, H$m` go Am¡a H¥$V, H$m[aV Am¡a AZw_moXZm go_wŠV hmo OmVm h¡& CgH$s g_J« gmYZm Aqhgm Am¡a CgHo$ gh`moJr AÝ`g^r d«Vm| Ho$ n[anmcZ _| cJ OmVr h¡& Bg _hmd«Vr gmYZmH$mc _| Ü`mZAm¡a Vn n«_wI _mJ© hmoVo h¢, gm§gm[aH$ BÀN>m | emÝV hmoZo cJVr h¢ Am¡a _mÌAmË_gmYZm H$m Ü o hr ~M OmVm h¡ &

emH$mhmaemH$mhmaemH$mhmaemH$mhmaemH$mhma

O¡ZY_© Amhmaew{Õ na {deof ~c XoVm h¡ & dh emar[aH$$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ew{Õ Ho$ {cE ewÕ Amhma H$mo Amdí`H$ _mZVm h¡ & Amhma Ho$ n«H$ma na earaH$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Cgr AmYma na CgH$s _mZ{gH$ epŠV ^r ~ZVr


h¡ & ""O¡gm Im o AÝZ d¡gm nmdo _Z'' H$hmdV ^r `hr ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡ {H$Amhma H$m gå~ÝY h_mao ^mdm| go hmoVm h¡ & gmar D$Om© Amhma go hr {_cVrh¡ & nmMZ Am{X O¡gr gm_mÝ` {H«$`mAm| H$m gå~ÝY Amhma Am¡a Amhma H$mgå~ÝY emar[aH$$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ {H«$`mAm| go hmoVm h¡ Am¡a o XmoZm| {H«$`m |h_mao nwZO©Ý_ H$m {ZYm©aU H$aVr h¢ & Bg{cE O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo Amhma H$mo A{YH$go A{YH$ ewÕ ~Zm o aIZo na Omoa {X`m h¡ &

Amhma H$s n[a{Y ^r ~S>r {demc h¡ & dh _mÌ H$dcmhma Zht h¡ &Cg_| con, Voc _X©Z, Am{X r AÝV y©V h¢ & Bgr H$mo AmoOmhma Am¡a amo_mhmaH$hm OmVm h¡ & ^mdm| Am¡a g§doJm| H$mo H$m_m©hma Am¡a ZmoH$_m©hma H$hm OmVmh¡ & ImÚ, no , coß`, AeZ, nmZ g~ Hw$N> Amhma Ho$ AÝVJ©V h¡& Bgr _|eH©$am, dgr`, n«moQ>rZ, I{ZO, {~Q>m{_Z, Oc Am{X g~ Hw$N> {_cVm h¡ &dZñn{V`m| H$m Cn`moJ ^r Bgr _| gpå_{cV h¡ &

O¡Z g§ñH¥${V _| ^ú`-A^ú` na ~hþV {dMma {H$`m J`m h¡ & _Ú,_m§g, _Yw, n§M CXwå~a \$c, H$ÝX_yc, nwîn, _yc, ~hþ-~rOH$, AXaIAm{X H$mo ^ú` Zht _mZm OmVm h¡ & o AZÝVH$m{`H$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU A^ú`h¢ & qhgmOÝ` ^r h¢ & Xmcm| Ho$ gmW XyY-Xhr H$m g§ moJ hmo OmZo na {ÛXc^r A^ú` h¡ & dmgm ^mOZ, A{YH$ g_` H$m AMma _waã~m, Kr, Xhr,Z_H$, nH$dmZ Am{X H$s JUZm r A^ú` _o| hmo OmVr h¡ & N>Zo Oc H$m Am¡an«mgwH$ Oc H$m r g_` {ZYm©[aV h¡ & XyY ú` h¡ na XyY Eogr Jm` ¢g H$mhmo {OgHo$ ~N>So> H$mo n`m©á XyY {_cVm hmo &

_m§gmhma nyar Vah dÁ © h¡ & dh An«mH¥${VH$ Am¡a qhgmOÝ` Amhma h¡&~YH$ H$s {ZîH$éUVm Am¡a H«y$aVm ~Ü` n«m{U`m| Ho$ _m§g _| CVa OmVr h¡ Omo^jH$ Ho$ n[aUm_m| H$mo n« m{dV H$aVr h¡ & _m§g H$m AW© hr h¡- _m§ g… AW©mV²Omo _wPo Im oJm Cgo _¢ ^r OÝ_-OÝ_mÝVa VH$ ImVm ahÿ§Jm & dh ì`m{Y`m|H$m Ka ^r _mZm OmVm h¡ & H$mocoñQo>amoc go h¥X` amoJ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a `hH$mocñQo>amoc _m§g, A§S>m| Am¡a OmZdam| go ~T>Vm h¡ & H¢$ga, {_Ju, J{R>`m,ËdMmamoJ, cH$dm, Am{X ^r _m§gmhm[a`m| H$mo A{YH$ hmoVo h¢ & _m§gmhma Ho$H$maU n`m©daU ^r n«Xy{fV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dZgånXm ZîQ>> hmo OmVr h¡ &AnamYm| _| ^r d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a AW©VÝÌ ^r JS>~S>m OmVm h¡ & _m§gmhma Z


ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {cE AZwHy$c hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z gwg§ñH$mam| Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {cE & CggoH«y$aVm {ZîH$éUVm Am¡a Ag{hîUwVm H$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡ & AÊSo> ^r _m§gmhmaHo$ hr AÝVJ©V AmVo h¢ & _wJ}Ho$ g§gJ© Ho$ {~Zm r Omo AÊSo> _wJu H$s OdmZr _|n¡Xm hmoVo h¢ do AÊSo> ^r _wJu H$s AmÝV[aH$ JÝXJr H$m n[aUm_ h¡, aŠVg«mdHo$ H$maU Eogm hmoVm h¡ & Am¡a {\$a Eogo AÊSo> ^r EH$ Ord Ho$ ^rVa go n¡Xm hmoVoh¢ dZñn{V go Zht & `h aŠVg«md ^r ÌmgX dmVmdaU Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡&

_m§gmhma XmZdVm H$m n«VrH$ h¡ & _m§gmhma H$m {dH$ën emH$mhma h¡ &emH$mhmar _m§gmhma Zht H$aVm na _m§gmhmar emH$mhma H$aVm h¡ &gm_m{OH$Vm Am¡a gm_wXm{`H$ MoVZm OmJ«V H$aZo Ho$ {cE _m§gmhma H$mN>moS>Zm EH$ A{Zdm © A§J h¡ & newwAm| H$s H«y$aVm, VZmd, ^`, H«$moY Am{X^md CZHo$ _m§g H$mo Oharcm ~Zm XoVo h¢ & Cgr _m§g H$mo ImZo dmcm ì`pŠVCg OharconZ go AnZo AmnH$mo H¡$go _wŠV aI gH$Vm h¢ ? Bg{cE O¡ZmMm`m}§Zo Amhmaew{Õ na ~c {X`m h¡ & Amhmaew{Õ Am¡a CgH$s gmpÎdH$Vm Ho$ gmW_Z, dMZ Am¡a H$m` H$s ew{Õ ^r OwS>r hþB© h¡ & Ðì`ew{Õ, ^md ew{Õ Am¡ajoÌ H$mcew{Õ ^r Cgr Ho$ A§J h¢ &

^moOZ _| n`m©á n«moQ>rZ, eH©$am, {dQ>m{_Ýg, I{ZO, dgm Am{X nXmW©hmoZo Mm{hE {Oggo eara ñdñW aho Am¡a Cg_| n«{VamoYmË_H$ epŠV ~Zr aho&gmYmaU Vm¡a na EH$ ì`pŠV Ho$ {cE 60 J«m_ n«moQ>rZ, 15 J«m_ \¡$Q> Am¡a2700 H¡$cmoarO H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ {OgH$s ny{V© `Wmdí`H$ AZmO,Xmc, emH$-gãOr, \$c, XyY, Kr, Voc, eŠH$a Am{X go ^cr^m§{V nyar hmoOmVr h¡ & Am{W©H$ X¥[îQ>> go gñVm Am¡a ñdmñÏ` H$s X¥[îQ>> go AÀN>m emH$mhmahr hmoVm h¡ &

_Zwî` n«H¥${V go emH$mhmar h¡ & _m§gmhma Vmo CgH$m {dH¥$V ê$n h¡ &CgH$s eara aMZm Am¡a ñd^md ^r _m§gmhmar Ordm| go {~cHw$c {^ÝZ h¡ &Jm`, ~¡c, KmoS>m, D§$Q>, gm§S>, ~ÝXa, {Oam\$, hmWr Am{X neww emH$mhmar hrh¢ & emH$mhmar ì`pŠV A{YH$ ñdñW, g~c Am¡a XrK©Ordr hmoVo h¢ & CZ_|H$_©R>Vm, g{hîUwVm Am¡a l_ercVm ^r A{YH$ hmoVr h¡ & _mZ{gH$ VZmd^r H$_ hmoVm h¡ & \$cV… CZna amoJm| H$m AmH«$_U A{YH$ Zht hmoVm &


AmO A_o[aH$m Am{X Xoem| _| emH$mhma H$m n«McZ ~T> ahm h¡ Am¡a^maV _m§g {Z`m©V H$a ahm h¡ & dV©_mZ _o§ maV _| cJ^J 4000 H$ËcImZoa{OñQ>S©> h¢ CZ_| AcH$~ra O¡go Xg ~So> mpÝÌH$ H$ËcImZo h¢ {OZ_| n«{V{XZcJ^J nm§M cmI neww H$mQo> OmVo h¢ & AZa{OñQ>S©> H$ËcImZo Vmo EH$ cmI go^r D$na hm|Jo & _hmdra, ~wÕ Am¡a H$~ra O¡go AÜ`mpË_H$ gÝVm| H$s _mV¥ y{__| XmZdVm H$m `h Ioc gaH$ma _m§g {Z`m©V go hmoZo dmco VmËH$m{cH$ cm^Ho$ {cE H$a ahr h¡ & AW© VÝÌ H$m J{UV dñVwV… CëQ>m h¡ & o neww AnZo _m§ggo A{YH$ H$s_V AnZo OrdZ go AmnH$mo XoVo h¢ & BZH$m dY Am{W©H$ X¥[îQ>> go^r hm{Zn«X h¡ &

2) l_UmMma2) l_UmMma2) l_UmMma2) l_UmMma2) l_UmMma

O¡Z _w{Z H$m AmMma l_UmMma H$hm OmVm h¡ & CgH$m AmMma AmË_Vwcmna n«{VpîR>V Am¡a ñdmZw y{V VWm g_Vm na AmYm[aV ahVm h¡ & lmdH$ Ho$d«Vm| Am¡a {Z`_m| H$m hr h {dñVma h¡ & Bg{cE Bgo _hmd«Vr H$hm OmVm h¡&Aqhgm, gË`, AMm¡ ©, ~«÷M © Am¡a An[aJ«h d«Vm| H$m n[anyU© ê$n go nmcZH$aZo _| hr CgH$s gmYZm h¡ & g_^mdr hmoZm Am¡a d¥pËV`m| H$m e_Z H$aZmCgH$m Ü o hmoVm h¡ & XmoZm| naånam | Bgr ê$n H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¢& _mÌAÝVa `h h¡ {H$ {XJå~a naånam {OVopÝÐ` hmoZo Ho$ gmW nyU© An[aJ«hr Am¡a`WmOmV (Z¾) ê$n H$mo Amdí`H$ _mZVr h¡ Am¡a ídoVmå~a naånamAMocH$Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na Aën MocH$Vm H$mo A§JrH$ma H$aVr h¡ &

l_U _w{Z Am¡a J¥hñW H$m EH$ {deof gå~ÝY ahm h¡ & do EH$ Xygao na{Z ©a ahVo h¢ & na `h ^r gË` h¡ {H$ l_U H$mo J¥hñW go A{YH$ gå~ÝYZht aIZm Mm{hE & l_U hmoZo Ho$ nrNo> d¡am½` ^md Ho$ A{V[aŠV X[aÐVm,Om{V, Om{Vñ_aU, amoJ, gå_mZn«m{á Am{X AZoH$ H$maU hmoVo h¢ & O¡Zg§n«Xm` _| Om{Vn«Wm CVZr Zht ahr {OVZr d¡{XH$ g§n«Xm` _| & d¡{XH$gån«Xm` Ho$ hr n« md go CÎmaH$mc _| O¡Z gån«Xm` _| ^r Om{VdmX H$m amoJ

cJ J`m& \$cV… `h XoIm J`m h¡ {H$ Cg_| {ZåZ Om{V _| CËnÝZ gmYH$

H$mo gmYZm Ho$ joÌ _| AmMm`m©{X H$m nX Zht {X`m OmVm & l_U eãX _w{Z

Ho$ {cE n« wŠV hþAm h¡ {OgH$m AW© h¡ g_^mdr hmoZm, AnZr d¥pËVAm| H$mo


e_Z H$aZm & BgHo$ {cE Cgo AÝVa§J Am¡a ~{ha§J n[aJ«h go _wŠV hmoZm

Amdí`H$ h¡ & dh AMocH$ hmo, _wpÊS>V hmo, AqH$MZ Am¡a {Z{d©H$ma hmo,

{ZamgŠV Am¡a {Z{d©H$mar hmo, h CgH$m ñdê$n h¡ & lmdH$mMma H$m n[anmcZ

H$aVo hþE gmYH$ _| _w{Z AmMma Ho$ nmcZ H$s j_Vm CËnÝZ hmo OmVr h¡ &

_ycJwU_ycJwU_ycJwU_ycJwU_ycJwU

l_UmMma H$mo _ycJwU Am¡a CËVa JwUm| _| {d^ŠV {H$`m J`m h¡,

lmdH$mMma Ho$ ~mah AUwd«V l_UmMma _| ~mah _hmd«V Ho$ ê$n _| Am OmVo

h¢ & _w{Z AdñWm _| Cgo 28 _ycJwUm| H$m n[anmcZ H$aZm nS>Vm h¡ & 1-5)

nm§M _hmd«V - Aqhgm, gË`, AñVo , ~«÷M © Am¡a An[aJ«h, 9-10) n§M

g{_{V`m§ - B© m©, ^mfm, EfUm, AmXmZ {ZjonU Am¡a à{VîR>mnZm, 11-

15) n§MopÝÐ` {dO`Vm, 16-21) fS>mdí`H$ - MVwqd©e{VñVd, dÝXZm,

n«{VH«$_U, n«Ë`m»`mZ, Am¡a H$m`moËgJ©, 22) Ho$ecw§MZVm, 23) AMocH$Vm,

24) Ag³mZVm, 25) ye`Z, 26) pñW{V^moOZ, 27) AXÝVYmdZ, Am¡a

28) EH$ wŠVd«V &`hm§ n«{VH«$_U H$m VmËn © h¡ AnamYm| H$s {ZÝXm Ed§ Jhm© nyd©H$ Xmofm|

H$m n[aË`mJH$a nwZ… dm{ng cm¡Q>Zm& n«{VH«$_U Ho$ AZoH$ oX-n« oX h¢&H$m{cH$ AmYma na CgHo$ gmV oX h¢ - X¡d{gH$, am{ÌH$, B© m©nW, nm{jH$,MmVw_m©{gH$, gm§dËg[aH$ Ed§ Am¡Îm_mW©& o g^r n«{VH«$_U AmcmoMZm nyd©H$hmoVo h¢&

o n«{VH«$_U n«W_ Am¡a ApÝV_ VrWªH$am| H$mc _| g_m`mZwgma hmoVoahVo Wo Š`m|{H$ Bg g_` Ho$ gmYw M§Mc d¥{Îm dmco hmoVo Wo& Am¡a A{OV gocoH$a nmíd© VH$ Ho$ gmYw AnamY hmoZo na hr n«{VH«$_U H$aVo Wo Š`m|{H$ do X¥T>~w{Õemcr hmoVo Wo VWm ewÕ Mm[aÌdmco ^r (_ycmMma, 7.129-133)&

n«Ë`m»`mZ H$m VmËn © h¡ N>moS>Zm AWm©V² Xmofm| H$m Ë`mJ H$aZm& CgHo$N>h oX h¢ - Zm_, ñWmnZm, X«ì`, joÌ, ^md Am¡a H$mc& d«Vm| H$s ew{Õ Ho${cE o n«Ë`m»`mZ {H$ o OmVo h¢& {dew{Õ nyd©H$ n«Ë`m»`mZ Ho$ nmcZ _| Mman«H$ma Ho$ H$maU h¡ - {dZ`, AZw mfm, nmcZ Am¡a n[aUm_ (_y. 7.142&


H$m`moËgJ© _| eara go __Ëd Ë`mJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& Zm_m{X oX go `h N>hn«H$ma H$m h¡& Bg_| eara Ho$ n«{V __Ëd Ë`mJ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

ídoVmå~a naånam _| 27 _ycJwU _mZo h¢ - 5 _hmd«V, 6-10) BpÝÐ`{ZJ«h, 11-14) Mma H$fm` {ddoH$, 15-17) gË` 3-^md, H$aU Am¡a`moJ, 18) j_m, 19) {damJVm, 20) _Z g_mYmaUVm, 21) dMZg_mYmaUVm, 22) H$m` g_mYmaUVm, 23) kmZ gånÝZVm, 24) Xe©Zg§nÝZVm, 25) Mm[aÌ g§nÝZVm, 26) doXZm{VghZVm, Am¡a 27)_maUmpÝVH$m{VghZVm &

n«mMrZ AmJ_m| _| _hmd«Vm| _| go _mÌ Aqhgm Am¡a An[aJ«h H$s MMm©A{YH$ hþB© h¡ & eof d«V CËVaH$mcrZ {dH$mg H$m n[aUm_ h¡ &{deofmdí`H$^mî` Am¡a CdmgJXgmAmo _| CZH$m {deof dU©Z CncãYhmoVm h¡ & Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Am¡a C_mñdm_r Zo ^r BZH$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ & {XJå~a-ídoVmå~a naånam _| _hmd«Vm| Ho$ ñdê$n _| H$moB© AÝVa Zhr§ h¢, AÝVa h¡_hmd«Vm| H$s pñWaVm Ho$ {cE H$s JB© nm§M-nm§M ^mdZmAm| _| & `h AÝVaH$ht Zm_m| _| h¡ Vmo H$ht H«$_ _| h¡ & BZ g^r Ho$ ~mdOyX g§ _mon`moJrgr{_V CnH$aU, Wm dñÌ, nmÌ, H$å~c, nmXn«m|N>Z Am¡a H$Q>mgZ (MQ>mB©)aIZo H$s ñdrH¥${V Vmo Xr JB© h¡ na CZgo __Ëd Zht aIZo H$m AmXoe ^r{X`m J`m h¡ & `hm§ _yÀN>m© H$mo __Ëd Ho$ gmW OmoS> {X`m J`m na {XJå~anaånam _| _yÀN>m© Ho$ gmW ì`dhmaV… dñÌm{X H$mo aIZm ^r n[aJ«h hr _mZmJ`m h¡ &

AÝ` _ycJwUm| _| n§M g{_{V`m§ AîQ>> n«dMZ _| g_m{hV hmoVr {XImB©XoVr h¡§ Am¡a fS>mdí`H$m{X H$m nmcZ _ycJwU Ho$ ê$n _| ^co hr Zht hmo naCZH$m nmcZ Vmo hmoVm hr h¡ & hm§, AMocH$Ëd, {j{Ve`Z, pñW{V^moOZAm¡a EH$^ŠV d««Vm| H$m C„oI {XImB© Zht XoVm & g{_{V Am¡a Jw{á H$mo"n«dMZ_mVm' Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡ &

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_ycJwUm| Ho$ ~mX {OZ Vnm{X H$m nmcZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ CÝh| CËVaJwUH$hm OmVm h¡ & gm_mÝ`V… do o h¢ -


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O¡gm h_ nhco XoI MwHo$ h¡§, l_U Ho$ AmMma-{dMma H$mo "H$ën' H$hmOmVm h¡Ÿ& H$ën Ho$ Xmo oX h¢-{OZH$ën Am¡a pñWVH$ënŸ& {OZH$ën YmaU


H$aZo dmcm AMocH$, gånyU© H$fm`m| H$m Ë`mJr Am¡a {Zîn[aJ«hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ&ñW{da H$ënr dh h¡ Omo n§M_hmd«VYmar, AMocH$ (AënMocH$) Am¡a 28_ycJwUYmar hmoVm h¡Ÿ& œoVmå~a naånam H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg n§M_ Amoam _| {OZH$ën{dpÀN>Þ hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| naånam §o l_U Ho$ Xg H$ënm| H$m dU©Z H$aVrh¢Ÿ- AmMocŠ`, Am¡Ôo{eH$, eæ`mVa, {nÊS>Ë`mJ, amOqnS> Ë`mJ, H¥${VH$_©,d«V, Á oð>, à{VH«$_U, _mg VWm n w©fUŸ& g^r gmYw l_U pñWV H$ënm| H$mnmcZ H$aVo h¢Ÿ{OZ_| eæ`mVa {nÊS>, d«V, Á oð> Am¡a H¥${VH$_©Ÿà_wI h¢& eofApñWV H$ën h¢ {OZH$m nmcZ àW_ Am¡a ApÝV_ VrWªH$a H$mo N>moS>H$a eof_Ü` Ho$ 22 VrWªH$am| Ho$ gmYw VWm {dXoh Ho$ gmYw BÝh| nmcVo ^r h¢ Am¡a Zht^r nmcVo h¡§& VrWªH$a nmœ© Ho$ g_` gm_m{`H$ g§ _ H$s ì`dñWm Wr naVrWªH$a _hmdra Zo CgHo$ ñWmZ na N>oXmonñWmnZr` g§ _ H$s ì`dñWm H$s&VX²Zwgma _hmdra Zo Xgm| H$ënm| H$mo A{Zdm © _mZm h¡&

Bg n«H$ma `hm§ h_Zo AmMma _r_m§gm H$m g§{já dU©Z {H$`m h¡, BgrHo$ gmW VËËd _r_m§gm Am¡a kmZ_r_m§gm H$m ^r& {dñVma Ho$ ^` go Ohm§H$ht Cgo ñnîQ> Zht {H$`m Om gH$m& hm§, {Okmgw nmR>H$ _yc `m AÝ` J«ÝWm|H$mo VXW© XoI gH$Vo h¢& n«mMrZ O¡Z gm{hË` _| O¡Z lmdH$m| Ûmam H$s JB©g_wÐr `mÌmAm| Ho$ {d{dY C„oIm| H$mo XoIZo go nVm McVm h¡ {H$ o O¡Z `mÌrAnZo gmW XodXe©Z Ho$ {Z{_ËV O¡Z _y{V© aIm H$aVo Wo& A{YH$ ñWm{`Ëd H$sX¥[îQ>> go do dhm§ _pÝXa ^r {Z{_©V H$a coVo Wo& ~ëJo[a`m Am{X _| n«má{OZ_y{V© m§ BgHo$ CXmhaU Ho$ ê$n _| n«ñVwV H$s Om gH$Vr h¢&

nnn



^maVr` ^mfmAm| _o| O¡Z gm{hË`^maVr` ^mfmAm| _o| O¡Z gm{hË`^maVr` ^mfmAm| _o| O¡Z gm{hË`^maVr` ^mfmAm| _o| O¡Z gm{hË`^maVr` ^mfmAm| _o| O¡Z gm{hË`

gm{hË` g§ñH¥${V H$m Xn©U h¡ Am¡a ^mfm Cg Xn©U H$m {ZXe©H$ h¡ &gm{hË` H$s {d{dYVm Am¡a Cg_| n« wŠV ^mfmAm| H$s n«ê$nVm go g§ñH¥${V Ho$d¡{eîQ²>` H$mo nhMmZZm H${R>Z Zht hmoVm & O¡Z g§ñH¥${V H$m ^ì` n«mgmXAqhgm na n«{VpîR>V h¡ & An[aJ«h, AZoH$mÝVdmX, ^pŠV Am{X g^r VËËdCgr H$s emIm | h¢ & O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo Iwco _Z go g§ñH¥$V, n«mH¥$V, An «§e,V{_c, H$ÝZS> O¡go n«mÀ` Am¡a {hÝXr JwOamVr, amOñWmZr Am¡a _amR>r O¡grAmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` ^mfmAm| H$m CÝ_wŠV n« moJH$a AnZr gd©ì`mnH$ X¥pîQ>H$mo COmJa {H$`m & CZHo$ Bg n« moJ Zo O¡ZY_© H$mo cmoH$Y_© ~ZmZo _| ~S>mgh`moJ {H$`m & Bg AÜ`m` _| h_ CZHo$ Ûmam n« wŠV BZ ^mfmAm| _| {c{IVAqhgm naH$ gm{hË` na EH$ {dh§J_ X¥pîQ> S>mc|Jo & gd©n«W_ n«mH¥$V ^mfmH$mo g_P c| Š`m|{H$ O¡ZY_© Ho$ _yc AmJ_ J«ÝW n«mH¥$V _| hr h¢ &

1. n«mH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e1. n«mH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e1. n«mH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e1. n«mH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e1. n«mH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e

^mfm{dkmZ H$s X¥pîQ> go n«mH¥$V ^mfm H$m gå~ÝY ^mamonr` ^mfmn[adma _| ^maVr` Am ©emIm n[adma go h¡ & Bg ^mfm n[adma H$mo {dÛmZm|Zo gmYmaUV… VrZ ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡ &1. n«mMrZ ^maVr` Am © mfm H$mc- cJ^J 3000 B©.ny. go 1000

B©. ny. VH$2. _Ü`H$mcrZ Am © mfm H$mc - 600 B©. ny. go 1000 B©. ny. VH$3. AmYw{ZH$ Am © mfm H$mc - 1000 B©. go AmYw{ZH$ H$mc VH$

n«mH¥$V ^mfm | n«mMrZ H$mcrZ OZ gm_mÝ` ~mo{c`m| H$m n«{V{Z{YËdH$aVr h¢ & n«mMrZ ^maVr` Am © mfm H$m ñdê$n F$½doX Am¡a AWd©doX _|{XImB© XoVm h¡ Ohm§ Cƒm, ZrMm, Xyc^, nƒm O¡go eãXm| H$m n« moJ hþAm h¡&Cg g_` VH$ OZ^mfm Ho$ `m ~mocr Ho$ o ê$n {dH${gV hmoH$a N>mÝXg² H$mê$n co MwHo$ Wo & BgHo$ ~mdOyX Cg_| OZ^m{fH$ VËËd {N>n Zht gHo$ &

nadVu d¡{XH$H$mc _| Xoí` ^mfmAm| Ho$ VrZ ê$n {_cVo h¢ - CXrÀ`(gá{gÝYwn«Xoer`), _Ü`Xoer`, VWm n«mÀ` ^mfm (nydu CËVan«Xoe, AdYAm¡a {~hma _| ~mocr OmZo dmcr) & _hmdra Am¡a ~wÕ n«mÀ` ^mfm ^mfr WoOmo kr` g§ñH¥${V _| {dídmg Zht H$aVo Wo & nm{c n«mH¥$V mfm | m ~mo{c`m§Bgr n«Xoe H$s Wt & `hm§ Ho$ {Zdmgr d«mË` Am © g§ wŠV ì §OZ, ao\$ Am¡agmoî_ Üd{Z`m| H$m CƒmaU gacVm go Zht H$a nmVo Wo & g§ wŠV ì §OZm| H$m`h g_rH¥$V ê$n hr n«mH¥$V Üd{Z`m| H$m _ycmYma h¡ & Bg n«H$ma d¡{XH$ ^mfmHo$ g_mZmÝVa Omo ^mfm Mcr Am ahr Wr, dhr Am{X_ n«mH¥$V Wr & CgoAcJ H$a N>mÝXg² H$m {Z_m©U hþAm Am¡a eof ê$n go n«mH¥$V H$m {dH$mg hþAm&AWm©V² doXm| _| n«má n«mH¥$V n«mMrZV_ n«mH¥$V _mZr Om gH$Vr h¡ & Cgr goCËVaH$mcrZ n«mH¥$V {dH${gV hmoVr ahr & n«mH¥$V ~mocr Wr Am¡a ~mocr H$m{dH$mg hmoVm ahVm h¡ & g§ñH¥$V mfm ~Z JB© Bg{cE CgH$m {dH$mg AdéÕhmo$ J`m & d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥$V _| Bg{cE n«mH¥$V ~mocr Ho$ H${Vn` VËËd {XImB©XoVo h¢ & AV… `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ^mfmd¡km{ZH$ B{Vhmg H$s X¥pîQ> gon«mH¥$V ^mfm g§ñH¥$V go nyd©Va ahr hmoJr&

n«mH¥$V dñVwV… OZ ~mocr Wr {Ogo CËVaH$mc _| g§ñH¥$V Ho$ _mÜ`_ gog_PZo-g_PmZo H$m n« ËZ {H$`m J`m & d¡{XH$ ê$n {dH¥$V, qH$H¥$V², {ZH¥$V²,n«W², J«W², jwÐ, {dH$Q>, H$sH$Q>, XÊS>, jw„ Am{X Yrao-Yrao OZ^mfm god¡{XH$ gm{hË` _| nhþ§M J o & Eogr n«mH¥$V ~mocr H$mo hr n[aîH¥$V H$a N>mÝXg²^mfm (g§ñH¥$V) H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m & OZ~mocr n«mH¥$V H$m hr {dH$mgCËVaH$mc _| nm{c, n«mH¥$V, An «§e Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ê$n _| hþAm VWm N>mÝXg² ^mfm H$mo n[aîH¥$VH$a nm{U{Z Zo cm¡{H$H$ g§ñH¥$VH$m ê$n {X`m & gmYmaUV… cm¡{H$H$ g§ñH¥$V _| Vmo n[adV©Z Zht hmo nm`m nan«mH¥$V OZ~mocr gX¡d n[ad{V©V Am¡a {dH${gV hmoVr ahr & g§ñH¥$V H$mo{e{jV Am¡a CƒdJ© Zo AnZm`m VWm n«mH¥$V gm_mÝ` g_mO H$s A{^ì`pŠVH$m gmYZ ~Zr ahr & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m| _| gm_mÝ` OZm| gon«mH¥$V _| hr dmVm©cmn H$am`m J`m h¡ & `hr n«mH¥$V CËVaH$mc _| gm{hpË`H$n«mH¥$V ~Z JB© {Og_| cå~o-cå~o g_mg Am¡a g§ñH¥$V go n[ad{V©V n«mH¥$V

^maVr` ^mfmAm| _| O¡Z gm{hË` 446

ê$nm| H$m n« moJ hmoZo cJm& n«mH¥$V ì`mH$aUm| H$s aMZm H$s AmYma{ecm _o§^r Bgr n«d¥pËV Zo H$m_ {H$`m&

n«mH¥$V Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mgH«$_ H$mo h_ gmYmaU Vm¡a na Xmo ñVam| _|{d^m{OV H$a gH$Vo h¢ -1) n«W_ ñVar` n«mH¥$V - cJ^J 3000 B©.ny. go 600 B©.ny. VH$

(N>mÝXg² ê$n)2) {ÛVr` ñVar` n«mH¥$V - gm{hpË`H$ n«mH¥$V {Ogo VrZ wJm| _|

{d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ -1) n«W_ wJrZ n«mH¥$V - 600 B©.ny. go 100 B©.ny. VH$ & Bg_|

A) Amf©n«mH¥$V - nm{c, AY©AmJYr, em¡agoZr,~) {ecmcoIr n«mH¥$V - Imadoc Am{X {ecmcoIg) {Z` n«mH¥$V Am¡a n«mH¥$V Yå_nX Am{X H$s n«mH¥$V, AídKmof ZmQ>H$m| H$s n«mH¥$V

2) {ÛVr` wJrZ n«mH¥$V (n«W_eVr B©. go 12 dt eVr VH$) - Ac§H$ma,ì`mH$aU, H$mì` Am¡a ZmQ>H$m| _| n« wŠV n«mH¥$V| - _hmamîQ´>r em¡agoZr,_mJYr Am¡a n¡emMr & 3) V¥Vr` wJrZ n«mH¥$V - (n§M_ eVr go 15dt eVr VH$) -An §«e gm{hË` &n«mH¥$V ì`mH$aUm| H$s aMZm g§ñH¥$V ì`mH$aUm| Ho$ AmYma na cJ^J

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_m¡ © gm_«mÁ` Ho$ nVZ Ho$ ~mX _Wwam _Ü`Xoe H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ho$ÝÐ ~ZJ`m Am¡a g§ñH¥$V VWm em¡agoZr n«mH¥$V CgH$s cmoH${n« ^mfm | ~Z JBª&âV Zo AnZo ZmQ²>èmñÌ _| em¡agoZr H$mo n«_wI ^mfm _mZm h¡ &


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AY©_mJYr _JY Am¡a H$mer-H$moec n«Xoem| Ho$ ~mo{c`m| Ho$ {_lU go{Z{_©V hþB© Wr & H$mcmÝVa _| O~ _Wwam O¡ZY_© H$m geŠV H«o$ÝÐ ~Zm Vmoem¡agoZr H$m n« md AY©_mJYr na nS>Zm ewê$ hþAm & Bgr Vah ~c^r dmMZmZo Cg na _hmamîQ>r n«mH¥$V H$m n« md N>moS>m & OoH$mo~r Zo Bgr H$mo O¡Z _hmamîQ>rH$hm h¡ & _mH©$ÊSo>` Zo Bgo em¡agoZr _| AÝV y©V H$a {X`m & n«mMrZ O¡Z AmJ_AY©_mJYr _| hr {_cVo h¢ na AmJ_m| H$m g§H$cZ hmoVo-hmoVo CZ na em¡agoZrH$m r n« md n‹S> J`m& Bg Vah em¡agoZr Am¡a _mJYr Ho$ {_lU go AY©_mJYrH$s g§aMZm hþB©& _mH©$ÊSo>` Am¡a A^`Xod Bgr {dMmaYmam Ho$ njYa h¢&{XJå~a AmMm © ^r Bgo ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ & {XJå~a AmJ_ _| em¡agoZr H$mn« moJ _w»` ê$n go hþAm h¡ Am¡a Cg na AY©_mJYr H$m n« md {XImB© XoVm h¡&ídoVmå~a AmJ_ _| AY©AmJYr H$m n« moJ {deof ê$n go hþAm h¡ Am¡a Cgnaem¡agoZr H$m n«^md n[ac{jV hmoVm h¡ & em¡agoZr H$m hr Zht, Cgo Vmoho_M§Ð Zo "gd© mfmn[aUm_' H$h {X`m h¡& BgH$m VmËn © BVZm Vmo {c`mhr Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ AY©_mJYr AmJ_ na AZoH$ n«mH¥$Vm| H$m n« md ahm h¡ &{OZXmgJ{U_hËVa Zo Bgr _mJYr Am¡a Xoí` ^mfmAm| Ho$ g§{_{lV ê$n H$mo


Amf© n«mH¥$V H$hm Wm & ho_MÝÐ Zo ^r Bgo ñdrH$ma {H$`m & `hm§ h_ AË`ÝVg§jon _| H${Vn` n«_wI n«mH¥$Vm| H$s EH$ Xmo {deofVmAm| H$m C„oI H$a aho h¢&

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An «§e H$mo ^r n«mH¥$V H$m hr {dH${gV ê$n H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & CgHo$^r n«mXo{eH$ oXm| Ho$ AmYma na AZoH$ oX hmo J o-ZmJa, ~«mMS>, CnZmJa,nydu, níM_r, X{jUr Am{X & Bg_| `lw{V, ñdamÝV eãX, n«W_m-{ÛVr`m{d^pŠV _| C, MVwWu, n§M_r Am¡a fîR>r Ho$ ê$n hþ§ VWm hmo {MÝh dmco VWmAñ_V² eãX Ho$ n«W_m EH$dMZ _| hC§ ê$n {_cZo cJo & Bgr n«H$ma H$s Am¡a^r Eogr {deofVm | h¢ {OZH$m {dH$mg AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` ^mfmAm| _| hþAm h¡&

O¡Z gm{hË` H$s ê$naoImO¡Z gm{hË` H$s ê$naoImO¡Z gm{hË` H$s ê$naoImO¡Z gm{hË` H$s ê$naoImO¡Z gm{hË` H$s ê$naoIm

A~ h_ hm§ O¡Z gm{hË` H$s ê$naoIm H$mo n«mH¥$V, g§ñH¥$V Am¡a An «§e^mfmAm| _| n«má {dYmAm| Ho$ AZwgma {d^m{OV H$a n«ñVwV H$a aho h¢&

1. n«mH¥$V gm{hË`1. n«mH¥$V gm{hË`1. n«mH¥$V gm{hË`1. n«mH¥$V gm{hË`1. n«mH¥$V gm{hË`

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H$mo Ah©Ûcr H$m {eî` _mZm J`m h¡ & AV… BZ XmoZm| AmMm`m] H$m g_` B©.ny. n«W_eVr _mZm OmVm h¡ & cmohm © Ho$ g_` VH$ lw{Vcmon hmo MwH$m Wm &

BZ AmJ_m| H$mo lw{V naånam go gwa{jV aIH$a CZH$mo A{YH$ _hËËd{X`m J`m & cJ^J Xgdt eVmãXr Ho$ nyd© H$m H$moB© ^r AmJ_ J«ÝW {c{IVê$n _| Zht {_cVm & dmMZ naånam _| H$^r H$^r AmJ_ H$m Hw$N> ^mJ cwá^r hmo OmVm Wm & CXmhaU Vm¡a na AmMmam§J H$m _hmn[akm Zm_H$ gmVdm§AÜ``Z dO« Ho$ H$maU cwá hmo J`m Omo _yc _w{Z naånam H$m A§J Wm &àíZì`mH$aU H$m _ycê$n AmO CncãY Zht hmoVm & AH$c§H$ Am{X AmMm`m}§Zo {OZ AmJ_m| go Omo ^mJ AnZo J«ÝWm| _| CX²Y¥V {H$ o h¢ do ^mJ AmO Ho$g§ñH$aUm| _| CncãY Zht hmoVo & Bg{cE `h Vmo {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ CncãYAmJ_m| _| OmoS>-KQ>md `Wmg_` Amdí`H$VmZwgma hmoVm ahm h¡ & `hñdm^m{dH$ ^r Wm &

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AmJ_ gm{hËÀmJ_ gm{hËÀmJ_ gm{hËÀmJ_ gm{hËÀmJ_ gm{hË`

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Vah CZH$m gyÌH¥$Vm§J {ddaU ^r Xe©Z Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$s X¥{ï> go AË`ÝV_hÎdnyU© h¡& Bg_| r CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V n«_mUm| H$m CÕaU Am¡a ñdnj-nanjH$m n«m_m{UH$ n«ñVwVrH$aU {H$`m h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ {cE CÝhm|Zo VXwŠV_²,AÝ ¡aß wŠV_², VWm MmoŠV_², CŠV§ M, VWm{h Am{X eãXm| H$m n« moJ {H$`mh¡& `h {ddaU 12850 ícmoH$ n«_mU h¡ Am¡a Bgo CÝhm|Zo dmh[aJ{U H$sghm`Vm go nyam {H$`m h¡&

empÝVgy[a (11-12 dt eVr) H$s CÎmamÜ``Z Q>rH$m H$m Zm_{eî`{hVmd¥{Îm h¡& Bg_| n«mH¥$V H$WmZH$m| Am¡a CÕaUm| H$s ~hþcVm h¡& Bg_|_yc gyÌ Ed§ {Z w©pŠV XmoZm| H$m ì`m»`mZ h¡&

A^`Xod (11-12 dt eVr) H$s d¥{Îm`m§ r ~S>r _hÎdnyU© h¢Ÿ& CZH$sñWmZm§Jd¥{Îm _yc gyÌm| na h¡& eãXmW© Am¡a {df` H$m gwÝXa {ddoMZ h¡&VWm{h, CŠV§ M Am{X eãXm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÕaU {X o h¢& g^r d¥{Îm`m| _|H$WmZH$, CÕaU, eãXmW©, {df` {ddoMZ AÀN>m hþAm h¡& Bgr Vah_cJ{J[a H$s d¥{Îm`m§ Am¡a ho_MÝX« H$s Q>rH$mE§ ^r g§ñH¥$V~hþc h¢&

2. H$_© gm{hË`2. H$_© gm{hË`2. H$_© gm{hË`2. H$_© gm{hË`2. H$_© gm{hË`

_yc H$_© gm{hË` n«mH¥$V _| {cIm J`m h¡ na Cg na Q>rH$m gm{hË`g§ñH¥$V _| ^r {_cVm h¡& em_Hw$ÊS> Zo H$_©n«m^¥V Am¡a H$fm`n«m^¥V nan«mH¥$Vg§ñH¥$V H$ÝZS> {_{lV ^mfmAm| _| ~mah hOma ícmoH$$ n«_mU Q>rH$m{cIr na dh AmO CncãY Zht& Bgr n«H$ma g_ÝV^X« Zo ^r H$_©n«m ¥V na48000 ícmoH$ n«_mU gwÝXa g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _| Q>rH$m {cIr, na dh ^r AmO{_cVr Zht& CncãY Q>rH$mAm| _| H$_©n«m^¥V (fQ²>IÊS>mJ_) na dragoZÛmam {cIr n«mH¥$V-g§ñH¥$V-{_{lV, Ydcm Q>rH$m C„oIZr` h¡ Omo 72000ícmoH$ n«_mU h¡& BgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|§Zo H$fm`n«m ¥V H$s Mma {d^pŠV`m| na20000 ícmoH$ n«_mU O`Ydcm Q>rH$m {cIr Omo nyar Zht hmo gH$s& CgAYyao H$m_ H$mo O`goZ ({OZgoZ) Zo 40000 ícmoH$ n«_mU _| {cIH$a nyam{H$`m& H$fm`nmhþS> H$s aMZm AmMm`© JwUYa (B©. {ÛVrèVr) Zo VWmH$_©n«m ¥V (fQ²>IÊS>mJ_) H$s aMZm nwînXÝV- yV~{c (n«W_ eVmãXr) Zoem¡agoZr n«mH¥$V _| H$s Wr& hm§ H$fm`n«m ¥V na g§ñH¥$V _| {cIr JB© dragoZ-


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yV~{c&N>R>m IÊS> {df` H$s {demcVm Am¡a Jå^raVm Ho$ H$maU ñdVÝÌ J«ÝW

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ídoVmå~a gån«Xm` H$m H$_© gm{hË` CgHo$ CÎmaH$mcrZ H$_©n«H¥${V,eVH$, n§Mg§J«h Am¡a gá{VH$m Zm_H$ H$_©J«ÝWm| na AmYm[aV h¡& H$_©n«H¥${Vna Xmo g§ñH¥$V Q>rH$m | h¢ - EH$ _c`{J[a (12-13 dt eVr) H¥$V d¥{Îm(8000 ícmoH$ n«_mU) Am¡a Xygar èmo{dO` (18 dt eVr) H¥$V d¥{Îm(13000 ícmoH$ n«_mU)& n§Mg§J«h H$s ì`m»`mAmo| _| Xmo ì`m»`m | _hÎdnyU©h¢ -MÝX«{f© _hÎmaH¥$V ñdmonkd¥{Îm (9000 ícmoH$ n«_mU) VWm _c`{J[aH¥$Vd¥hÛ¥{Îm (18850 ícmoH$ n«_mU)& N>moQ>r-_moQ>r Am¡a ^r Q>rH$m | n«H$m{eV hþB© h¢&


3. {gÕmÝV gm{hË`3. {gÕmÝV gm{hË`3. {gÕmÝV gm{hË`3. {gÕmÝV gm{hË`3. {gÕmÝV gm{hË`

AmMm © C_mñdm{V ({d. 1-2 eVr) n«W_ AmMm © h¢ {OÝhm|Zo n«mH¥$V_| {c{IV {gÕmÝV gm{hË` H$mo g§ñH¥$V _| gyÌ~Õ {H$`m& CZHo$ VÎdmW©gyÌna hr CÎmaH$mc _| gdm©W©{g{Õ, VÎdmW©amOdm{V©H$, VÎdmW©ícmoH$dm{V©H$Am{X AZoH$ d¥hËH$m` J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm hþB©& CgHo$ ~mX AmMm © Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Ho$n«mH¥$V J«ÝWm| na g§ñH¥$V _| AZoH$ Q>rH$m | aMr JB©& n«dMZgma Am¡a g_`gmana A_¥VMÝX« (10dt eVr) Am¡a O`goZ (12dt eVr) H$s Q>rH$m`|,{Z`_gma na nÙn«^_cYmarXod, n§MmpñVH$m` na A_¥VMÝX«, O`goZ,kmZMÝX«, _{„foU, n« mMÝX« Am{X H$s Q>rH$m | VWm AQ²>R>nmhþS> na lwVgmJa,A_¥VMÝX« Am{X H$s Q>rH$m`| {_cVr h¢& Ord{d`ma na nmR>H$ aËZmH$a({d.g§.1610), g_`gwÝXa VWm j_mH$ë`mU ({d.g§.1859) Zo,Ordg_mg na ho_MÝX« (6627 ícmoH$n«_mU) Zo, g_`{IÎmg_mg nah[a^X«gy[a, _c`{J[a gy[a d aËZeoIagy[a Zo, ndÙgméÕma na{gÕgoZgy[a ({d.g§.1248) Zo 16500 ícmoH$ n«_mU Am¡a CX`n« Zo 3203ícmoH$ n«_mU, VWm gÎm[ag`R>mUnàU na Xod{dO` ({d.g§. 1370) Zo2100 ícmoH$ n«_mU Q>rH$m | {cIr h¢&

{gÕmÝV gm{hË` _|o Q>rH$mË_H$ J«ÝWm| H$s g§»`m Adí`$ A{YH$ h¡ naCZ_| _m¡{cH$Vm H$s H$_r Zht& Hw$N> _m¡{cH$ J«ÝW ^r h¢& O¡go A_¥VM§X«gy[aH$m nwéfmW©{gÕ²`wnm` d VÎdmW©gma, _mKZÝXr (13dt eVr) H$memñÌgmag_wƒ` VWm {OZhf© ({d.g§.1502) H$m qde{VñWmZH${dMmam_¥Vg§J«h (2800 ícmoH$ n[a_mU) C„oIZr` h¢&

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Ý`m` gm{hË`Ý`m` gm{hË`Ý`m` gm{hË`Ý`m` gm{hË`Ý`m` gm{hË`

O¡Z Ý`m` gm{hË` H$m n«maå^ ñVmoÌH$mì` go hþAm h¡ {OgH$m gyÌnmVAmMm © g_ÝV^X« Zo XodmJ_ñVmoÌ go {H$`m h¡& `h _ycV… ñVmoÌ ^co hr h¡na Bg_| ~S>r Vm{H©$H$Vm Ho$ gmW Amá H$s _r_m§gm H$s JB© h¡ (g_` {Û.eVr,115 nÚ)& Bg_| CÝhm|Zo AZoH$mÝVdmX H$s {g{Õ H$s h¡& CZH$maËZH$aÊS> lmdH$mMma EH$ Z`r X¥{ï> coH$a Am`m h¡& S>m°. hramcmc O¡Z ZoBgo {H$gr `moJrÝX« Xod H$s aMZm _mZm 8-11 dt eVr Ho$ ~rM& na _w»Vmagm. Zo IÊS>Z {H$`m BgH$m& CÝhm|Zo Bgo g_rMrZ Y_©emñÌ Zm_ {X`m&Aï>_yc JwU naånam, dmcm 66 dm§ ícmoH$ n«{já hmoJm& H$m[aH$m 22 _|AmË_KmV, ñVyn Am{X H$m C„oI _hÎdnyU© h¡ - AmnJmgmJag³mZ...& 24dt H$m[aH$m _| nmIÊS>r eãX H$m n« moJ "Y_©nÝW' Ho$ AW© _o§ h¡& _yT>VmAm| H$sg_rjm na Yå_nX H$m n« md h¡& AV… CgH$m g_` V¥Vr` eVr hmoZmMm{hE& CZH$m _w»` `moJXmZ h¡ - 1) n«_mU H$m ñdnam^mg cjU, 2)H«$_^m{d AH«$_^m{d oXm| H$s n[aH$ënZm, 3) Z`, hoVw, dmÀ`, dmMH$,ñ`mÛmX Am{X H$m ñdê$n, 4) AZw_mZ go gd©k{g{Õ, 5) Amá H$m ñdê$nVm{H©$H$ T§>J go, 6) {MÌH$mì` H$m n«ma§ , 7) eVH$ H$mì` H$m gyÌnmV, 8)Xe©Z Am¡a H$mì`Ëd H$m g_Ýd`&

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AmMm © {dÚmZÝX H$Um©Q>H$s` ~«m÷U n[adma _| OÝ_o Wo& CZH$m g_`cJ^J Zd_t eVr h¡& CZH$m Vm{H©$H$ d¡Xwî` CZHo$ ñdVÝÌ Am¡a Q>rH$m J«ÝWm|_| n«{V{~på~V hmoVm h¡& Amánarjm ñdmonkd¥{Îm g{hV _| (124 H$m[aH$m)CÝhm|Zo B©ída, H${nc, gwJV, ~«÷mÛ¡V H$s narjm H$aVo hþE Ah©V² _| gd©kVmH$s {g{Õ H$s h¡& AÝ` narjm J«ÝWm| _| r CÝhm|Zo Bgr Vah O¡ZoVa Xe©Zm| H$snarjm H$s h¡& VÎdmW©ícmoH$ dm{V©H$ Am¡a Aï>ghòr O¡Z Ý`m` Ho$ ~oOmoS>J«ÝW h¢&

CÎmaH$mc _| {gÕmÝV Zo Ý`m` Ho$ joÌ _| n«doe {H$`m& AmMm`m}§ Zo Cgo^r n[anwï> {H$`m& g_ÝV^X« (2-3 ar eVr) H$s Amá_r_m§gm, ñd § yñVmoÌAm¡a wŠË`ZwemgZ Bg joÌ Ho$ n«mW{_H$ Am¡a {d{eï> J«ÝW h¢& Amá_r_m§gmna AH$c§H$ (720-780B©.) H$s Aï>eVr, {dÚmZpÝX (775-840B©.) H$sAï>ghòr, Am¡a dgwZpÝX (11-12dt eVr) H$s XodmJ_d¥{Îm C„oIZr` h¡&BZHo$ A{V[aŠV _„dmXr (350-430B©.) H$m Z`MH«$, nyÁ`nmX XodZÝXr(n§M_ eVr) H$s gdm©W©{g{Õ, {gÕgoZ (5-7 dt eVr) Ho$ gÝ_pVVH©$Am¡a Ý`m`mdVma, h[a^X«gy[a (705-775 B©) Ho$ emñÌdmVm©g_wƒ`,


fS²>Xe©Z g_wƒ` Am¡a AZoH$mÝV O`nVmH$m, AH$c§H$ (720-780 B©.) Ho$Ý`m`{d{ZíM`, cKr`ñÌ`, {g{Õ{d{ZíM`, n«_mUg§J «h,VÎdmW©amOdm{V©H$, Aï>eVr, {dÚmZpÝX (775-840 B©.) H$s n«_mU narjm,gËèmgZnarjm, Amánarjm, VÎdmW©ícmoH$dm{V©H$, nÌnarjm,{gÕ{f©J{U (9-10 dt eVr) H$s Ý`m`mdVmaQ>rH$m, _m{UŠ`ZpÝX (10-11 dt eVr) H$m narjm_wI, n« mMÝX« (11 dt eVr) Ho$ Ý`m`Hw$_wXMÝX«Am¡a n«_o H$_c_mV©ÊS>, AZÝVdr © (11 dt eVr) H$s n«_o aËZ_mcm, ho_MÝX«(1089-1172 B©.) H$s n«_mU_r_m§g Am¡a AÝ``moJì`dÀNo{XH$m,dm{XXodgy[a (12 dt eVr) H$m n«_mUZ`VÎdmcmoH$, dm{XamOgy[a (12dteVr) Ho$ n«_mU{ZU© Am¡a Ý`m`{d{ZíM`{ddaU, _{„foU (13dt eVr)H$s ñ`mÛmX_§Oar, JwUaËZ (1343-1418B©.) H$s fS²>Xe©Zg_wƒ`Q>rH$m Am{XJ«ÝW O¡Z Ý`m` Ho$ AmYma ñVå^ h¢& Bg wJ _| AZoH$mÝVdmX H$s ñWmnZmVm{H©$H$ T§>J go H$s Om MwH$s Wr VWm n«Ë`j Am¡a namoj H$s n[a^mfmAm| H$mopñWa H$a {X`m J`m Wm& Zì`Ý`m` Ho$ joÌ _| èmo{dO` (18dt eVr) Ho$Z`n«Xrn, kmZ{~ÝXw, AZoH$mÝVì`dñWm, VH©$^mfm, Ý`m`mcmoH$,Ý`mÌÊS>ZImÚ Am{X J«ÝW ^r C„oIZr` h¢& g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _|BZ Xme©{ZH$ Am¡a Ý`m` {df`H$ J«ÝWm| H$m EH$ {d{eï> `moJXmZ h¡& BZ_|Vm{H©$H$ nÕ{V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {gÕmÝVm| H$mo n«ñWm{nV J`m {H$`m h¡&

`moJ gm{hË``moJ gm{hË``moJ gm{hË``moJ gm{hË``moJ gm{hË`

`moJ gm{hË` AÜ`mË_ H$s Ma_mdñWm H$mo n«má H$aZo H$m gwÝXaV_gmYZ h¡& g§ñH¥$V O¡Z coIH$m| Zo Bg na ^r Iy~ {cIm h¡& nyÁ`nmX H$mBï>monXoe VWm g_m{YeVH$ Bg {dYm H$s n«mMrZV_ aMZm | hmoJr& CZHo$~mX h[a^X«gy[a g§ dV… n«W_ AmMm © hm|Jo {OÝhm|Zo Am¡a A{YH$ O¡Z `moJ{df`H$ J«ÝWm| H$mo g§ñH¥$V _| {cIZo H$m CnH«$_ {H$`m& CZHo$ n«_wI J«ÝW h¢ -`moJ{~ÝXw (527 nÚ), `moJX¥{ï>g_wƒ` (226nÚ) Am¡a ~«÷{g{Õg_wƒ`(423 nÚ)& Bgr n«H$ma ho_MÝX« (12 dt eVr) H$m `moJemñÌ, ew MÝX«(12-13 dt eVr) H$m kmZmU©d Am¡a aËZeoIagy[a (15 dt eVr) H$sÜ`mZXÊS>H$ñVw{V VWm AmemYa H$m AÜ`mË_ahñ` Am{X J«ÝW g§ñH¥$V _|{cIo J o h¢& Bgr n«H$ma H$s `moJ {df`H$ Am¡a ^r H¥${V`m§ h¢&


`moJ gmYZm Ho$ {cE AZwno«jmAm| H$m {MÝVZ Amdí`H$ h¡& g§ñH¥$V _|ÛmXemZwn«ojm Zm_ go VrZ J«ÝW {_cVo h¢ - gmo_XodH¥$V, H$ë`mUH$s{V©H¥$VAm¡a AkmVH$V¥©H$& _w{Z gwÝXagy[a H$m AÜ`mË_H$ënXw«_, èmo{dO` J{UH$m AÜ`mË_gma Am¡a AÜ`mË_mon{ZfX², amO_„ ({d.g§. 1641) H$mAÜ`mË_H$_c_mV©ÊS>, gmo_Xod H$s AÜ`mË_Va§JUr Am{X J«ÝW AÜ`mË_ gogå~Õ h¢& BZ J«ÝWm| _| _Z-dMZ-H$m` H$s n«d¥{Îm`m| H$mo g§ {_VH$a na_{dewÕmdñWm H$mo H¡$go n«má {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, BgH$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡&H$m{V©Ho$`mZwno«jm Zm_H$ n«mH¥$V J«ÝW na ew MÝX« ^Q²>Q>maH$ (1556 B©.) H$sg§ñH¥$V Q>rH$m ^r CncãY h¡&

4. AmMma gm{hË`4. AmMma gm{hË`4. AmMma gm{hË`4. AmMma gm{hË`4. AmMma gm{hË`

n«mH¥$V Ho$ g_mZ g§ñH¥$V _| ^r AmMma gm{hË` H$m {Z_m©U hþAm h¡&C_mñdm_r (n«W_-{ÛVr` eVr) H$m VÎdmW©gyÌ Bg joÌ H$s n«W_ aMZmH$hr Om gH$Vr h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ² n«e_a{Vn«H$aU H$mo r BÝht H$m J«ÝW _mZVoh¢& g_ÝV^X« ({ÛVr`-V¥Vr` eVr) H$m aËZH$aÊS>lmdH$mMma, A{_VJ{V({d.g§. 1050) H$m lmdH$mMma, A_¥VMÝX«gy[a (1000B©.) H$mnwéfmW©{gÕ² wnm`, gmo_Xod H$m CnmgH$mÜ``Z, _mKZpÝX ({d.g§. 1265)H$m lmdH$mMma, AmemYa Ho$ gmJma-AZJmaY_m©_¥V, draZÝXr (12 dteVr) H$m AmMmagma, gmo_n« gy[a (12dt eVr) Ho$ {gÝXya n«H$aU Am¡al¥§Jmad¡am½`Va§{JUr, XodoÝX«gy[a (13 dt eVr) H$m g§KmMma{d{Y,aËZeoIagy[a ({d.g§.1516) H$m AmMma n«Xrn (4056 ícmoH$n«_mU),amO_„ (17 dt eVr) H¥$V cmQ>rg§{hVm Am{X J«ÝW ^r AmMma{df`H$ h¢&

^pŠVnaH$ gm{hË`^pŠVnaH$ gm{hË`^pŠVnaH$ gm{hË`^pŠVnaH$ gm{hË`^pŠVnaH$ gm{hË`

BZHo$ A{V[aŠV g§ñH¥$V _| Hw$N> Eogo r J«ÝW {cIo J o h¢ {OZH$m {deofgå~ÝY nyOm-n«{Vð>m Am{X go ahm h¡& BZH$s ^r g§»`m H$_ Zht h¡& o J«ÝW^pŠV naH$ h¢& nyÁ`nmX H$s pŠVnaH$ aMZm | Bg joÌ _| g§ dV… n«mMrZV_ahr hm|Jr {OZH$s aMZm AmMm © Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX H$s ^pŠVnaH$ H¥${V`m| Ho$ AmYmana hþB©& g_ÝV^X« Ho$ XodmJ_ñVmoÌ, {OZñVw{VeVH$ d ñd § yñVmoÌ, {gÕgoZH$s ~Îmr{g`m§, AH$c§H$ H$m AH$c§H$ñVmoÌ, ~pßn^{Q²>Q> (743-838 B©.) H$m


MVw{dªe{V{OZñVmoÌ, YZ§O` (8-9dt eVr) H$m {dfmnhmañVmoÌ, JwU^X«(9 dt eVr) H$m AmË_mZwemgZ, {dÚmZpÝX (8-9 dt eVr) H¥$V {OZeVH$ñVmoÌ, _mZVw§J (11 dt eVr) H¥$V ^ŠVm_añVmoÌ, ho_MÝX« (11-12 dteVr) H¥$V drVamJñVmoÌ, ew MÝX« (12 dt eVr) H¥$V kmZmU©d, AmemYa(12-13 dt eVr) H¥$V ghòZm_ñVmoÌ, Ah©X²Xmg (13 dt eVr) H¥$V^ìÒZH§$R>mâU, nÙZpÝX (14 dt eVr) H¥$V Oarn{„nmíd©ZmWñVmoÌ,d¡am½èVH$, {d_cH${d (15 dt eVr) H¥$V àíZmoÎmaaËZ_mcm,{XdmH$a_w{Z (15 dt eVr) H¥$V l¥§Jmad¡am½`Va§{JUr Am{X J«ÝW pŠVnaH$h¢& ŠVm| Zo BZ g§ñH¥$V J«ÝWm| _| AnZo Bï>Xod H$s ñVw{V H$s h¡& cJ^J n«Ë oH$J«ÝW _| J«ÝWH$mam| Zo {H$gr Z {H$gr H$s ñVw{V H$s h¡ {OZH$m A^r VH$g§H$cZ Zht hmo nm`m& gyÌH¥$Vm§J _| Vmo drañVw{V Zm_ H$m g_yMm AÜ`m` h¡&

Hw$N> J«ÝW n«{Vð>mAm| go gå~Õ h¢& "n«{Vð>mH$ën' Zm_ Ho$ Eogo AZoH$J«ÝWm| Ho$ C„oI {_cVo h¢ naÝVw CZ_| go ho_MÝX«, hpñV_„ Am¡a h[a{dO`gy[aHo$ hr n«{Vð>mH$ën A^r VH$ n«H$me _| Am o h¢& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV dgwZpÝX H$mn«{Vð>mgmag§J«h d AmemYa H$m n«{Vð>m gmamoÕma ^r _hÎdnyU© J«ÝW h¡&

O¡ZY_© _| _ÝÌ-VÝÌ H$s ^r naånam ahr h¡& gy[a_§Ì {OZn« gy[a H$mgy[a_ÝÌd¥hËH$ën {ddaU, qgh{VcH$gy[a (13 dt eVr) H$m _§ÌamOahñ`,_{„foU Ho$ ^¡adnÙmdVrH$ën, H$m_MmÊS>m{cZrH$ën, gañdVrH$ën,{dZ`MÝX« gy[a H$m Xrnm{cH$mH$ën Am{X _ÝÌ-VÝÌmË_H$ aMZm | n«{gÕh¢& n§M_oé {gÕMH«${dYmZ, MVw{dªe{V {dYmZ Am{X {d{YnaH$ aMZm`|^r {_cVr h¢& {d{dY VrW©H$ën H$mo ^r Bgr _| gpå_{cV {H$`m Om gH$Vmh¡ {Og_| {OZn« gy[a Zo O¡Z VrWm©| H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ dU©Z {H$`m h¡&

nm¡am{UH$ Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mì` gm{hË`nm¡am{UH$ Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mì` gm{hË`nm¡am{UH$ Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mì` gm{hË`nm¡am{UH$ Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mì` gm{hË`nm¡am{UH$ Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mì` gm{hË`

nm¡am{UH$ Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mì` H$m gå~ÝY O¡ZY_© _| _mÝ` _hmnwéfm|go AmVm h¡& BZ_| CZHo$ M[aV, H$_©\$c, cmoH$VÎd, {Xì`VÎd, AmMmaVÎdAm{X H$m dU©Z {H$`m OmVm h¡& hm§ VrWªH$am|, M[aVZm`H$m|, gmYH$m| AWdmamOmAm| Ho$ OrdZM[aÌ H$mo H$mì`mË_H$ AmYma XoH$a Cn[ñWV {H$`m J`m h¡&


_`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_ am_MÝX« H$m H$WmZH$ gmd©Xo{eH$ Am¡a gmd©H$m{cH$ahm h¡& O¡Z H$mì`Ymam _| ^r CgH$s AZoH$ naånam | gm_Zo Am`t Am¡a CZ_|H$mì` {cIo Jò& g§ñH¥$V _| {cIo H$mì`m| _| a{dfoU ({d.g§. 734) H$mnÙnwamU AWdm nÙM[aV, (18023ícmoH$), {OZXmg (16 dt eVr),gmo_goZ, Y_©H$s{V©, MÝX«H$s{V© Am{X {dÛmZm| Ho$ nÙnwamU n«{gÕ h¢&_hm^maV {df`H$ nm¡am{UH$ _hmH$mì`m| _| {OZgoZ H$m h[ad§enwamU (eH$g§.705), Xodn« gy[a ({d.g§.1270) H$m nmÊS>dM[aV, gH$cH$s{V© (15dteVr) H$m h[ad§enwamU, ew^MÝX« ({d.g§. 1608), dm{XMÝX« ({d.g§.1654) d lr yfU ({d.g§. 1657) Am{X Ho$ nmÊS>dnwamU n«_wI h¢& BgH$Wm H$mo O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo ~‹S>r n«J{VercVm Ed§ ~m¡{ÕH$Vm Ho$ gmW n«ñVwV {H$ m h¡&

ÌogR>ecmH$m _hmnwéfm| go gå~Õ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` n[a_mU _| H$htAm¡a A{YH$ h¡& {OZgoZ (8 dt eVr) H$m Am{XnwamU, JwU^X« (8 dt eVr)H$m CÎmanwamU (eH$ g§. 770), lrMÝX« H$m nwamUgma ({d.g§. 1080),Xm_ZÝXr (11 dt eVr) H$m nwamUgma g§J«h- _w{Z _{„foU H$m{Ìf{ð>_hmnwamU ({d.g§. 1104), AmemYa H$m {Ìf{ð>ñ_¥{VemñÌ ({d.g§.1282), ho_MÝX« H$m {Ìf{ð>ecmH$mnwéfM[aV ({d.g§.1228) Am{X J«ÝWC„oIZr` h¢& Bgr n«H$ma A_¥VMÝX« H$m MVw{dªe{V{OZoÝX« g§{jáM[aVm{Z(1238 B©.), A_aMÝX«gy[a H$m nÙmZÝX _hmH$mì` ({d.g§. 1294),draZpÝX H$m MÝX«n« M[aV (11dt eVr), _mZVw§Jgy[a H$m lo m§gZmWM[aV({d.g§. 1332), dY©_mZgy[a H$m dmgwnyÁ`M[aV ({d.g§. 1299),kmZgmJa H$m {d_cZmWM[aV ({d.g§. 1517), AgJ H$m empÝVZmWnwamU(eH$ g§. 910), _m{UŠ`MÝX«gy[a H$m empÝVZmWM[aV ({d.g§. 1276),{dZ`MÝX« gy[a H$m _{„ZmWM[aV, _w{Zgwd«VZmWM[aV, H$s{V©amOCnmÜ`m` H$m Zo{_ZmW _hmH$mì` (14 dt eVr), JwU{dO`J{U H$mZo{_ZmWM[aV ({d.g§. 1668), dm{XamOgy[a (eH$ g§. 947),_m{UŠ`MÝX«gy[a, {dZ`MÝX«gy[a, ^mdXodgy[a Am{X Ho$ nmíd©©ZmWM[aV,AgJ H$m _hmdraM[aV ({d.g§. 1045), gH$cH$s{V© H$m dY©_mZM[aVAm{X J«ÝW ^r CÎm_H$mo{Q> Ho$ h¢&


MH«$d{V© m| na ^r AZoH$ g§ñH¥$V H$mì` {cIo J o h¢& Mm¡~rg H$m_Xodm|_| Zc r EH$ cmoH${n« {df` ahm h¡ {Og na cJ^J nÝX«h H$mì` {cIo J oh¢& CZHo$ A{V[aŠV hZw_mZ, dgwXod, ~{camO, n«ÚwåZ, ZmJHw$_ma, Ord§YaAm¡a Oå~yñdm_r na r eVm{YH$ g§ñH¥$V H$mì`m| H$m n«U`Z hþAm h¡& Ord§YaH$m AmYma coH$a jÌMy‹S>m_{U, JÚ{MÝVm_{U (dmXr^qgh), OrdÝYaMåny(h[aeMÝX«) VWm Oå~yñdm_rM[aV H$m AmYma coH$a nƒrgm| J«ÝW {cIo J oh¢& n«Ë oH$~wÕm| (H$aHw$ÊS>, Z½JB©, Z{_ Am¡a Xw_w©I) na ídoVmå~a naånam _|A{YH$ J«ÝW {cIo J o h¢ O~{H$ {XJå~a naånam _| Ho$dc H$aH$ÊSw> H$mo aMZmH$m {df` ~Zm`m J`m h¡&

BZHo$ A{V[aŠV H$mì` _| Hw$N> Eogo ^r _hmnwéfm| Ho$ OrdZM[aVm| H$moAnZo coIH$ H$m {df` ~Zm`m J`m h¡ {OZH$m gå~ÝY _hmdra, lo{UH$AWdm O¡Z g§ñH¥${V go ahm h¡& Eogo M[aVm| _| YÝ`Hw$_ma, em{c^X«, n¥ÏdrMÝX«,AmX«H$Hw$_ma, O`Hw$_ma, gwcmoMZm, nwÊS>arH$, dam§J, lo{UH$, A^`Hw$_ma,Jm¡V_, _¥JmnwÌ, gwXe©Z, MÝXZm, _¥JmdVr, gwcgm Am{X ì`pŠV`m| na{cIo J o M[aV H$mì`m| H$s g§»`m eVm{YH$ h¡& AmMm`m}§ H$mo r M[aV H$mì`m|H$m {df` ~Zm`m J`m h¡& ^X«~mhþ, ñWyc^X«, H$mcH$mMm`© dO«ñdm_r,nmX{cágy[a, {gÕgoZ, dpßn^{Q² >Q>, h[a^X«gy[a, gmo_gwÝXagy[a,gw_{Vg§^d, hragm ¡^m½`, {dO`Xod, ^mZwMÝX«J{U, {Xp½dO`,{OZH¥$nmMÝX«gy[a Am{X Eogo hr n«_wI AmMm © H$ho Om gH$Vo h¢ {OZ na O¡Z{dÛmZm| Zo g§ñH¥$V H$mì` {cIo h¢&

O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hmnwéfm| na r g§ñH¥$V _hmH$mì` H$m g¥OZ{H$`m h¡ Bggo CZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZ H$m nVm McVm h¡& ho_MÝX« Ho$ Hw$_manmcAm¡a _hmH$mì` (g§ñH¥$V-n«mH¥$V-{_{lV), A[aqgh H$m gwH¥$V g§H$sV©Z({d.g§. 1278), ~mcMÝX«gy[a H$m dgÝV{dcmg ({d.g§. 1334),Z`MÝX«gy[a H$m hå_ra _hmH$mì` ({d.g§. 1440), {OZhf©J{U H$mdñVwnmcM[aV ({d.g§. 1497), gdm©ZÝX H$m OJSw>M[aV ({d.g§. 1350),n« mMÝX« H$m n« mdH$M[aV ({d.g§. 1334), VWm _oéVw§Jgy[a H$m n«~ÝY{MÝVm_{U ({d.g§. 1361), Am{X J«ÝW {deof C„oIZr` h¢& BZ J«ÝWm| _|d{U©V amOmAm| Zo O¡ZY_© Ho$ n«Mma-n«gma _| n`m©á `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& Bgr


n«H$ma AZoH$ n«epñV`m§ , nQ²>Q>md{c`m§ Jwdm©d{c`m§, VrW©_mcm |, {ecmcoI,_y{V©coI Am{X ^r g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _| {Z~Õ h¢&

H$Wmgm{hË`H$Wmgm{hË`H$Wmgm{hË`H$Wmgm{hË`H$Wmgm{hË`

O¡ZmMm`m}o§ Zo g§ dV… H$Wm J«ÝWm| H$s gdm©{YH$ aMZm H$s h¡& `Ú{n oH$Wm | KQ>Zm-n«YmZ A{YH$ h¢, naÝVw CZ_| EH$ {deof cú` {XImB© XoVm h¡&`h cú` h¡ - AmÜ`mpË_H$ Ma_ gmYZm Ho$ CËH$f© H$s n«m{á& Bg gÝX © _|coIH$m| Zo AmJ_m| _| d{U©V H$WmAm| H$m Aml` Vmo {c`m hr h¡, gmW hrZr{VH$WmAm| H$s n¥ð> y{_ _| cm¡{H$H$ H$WmAm| H$m ^r ânya Cn`moJ {H$`mh¡& h[afoU H$m ~¥hËH$Wm H$moe ({d.g§. 955), n« mMÝX« VWm Zo{_MÝX« Ho$H$WmH$moe, gmo_MÝX«J{U H$m H$Wm _hmoX{Y ({d.g§. 1520), ew ercJ{UH$s n«~ÝY n§MeVr, gH$cH$s{V© Am{X Ho$ d«VH$WmH$moe, JwUaËZgy[a H$mH$WmU©d, VWm AZoH$ H${d`m| Ho$ nwÊ`mòd H$WmH$moe Am{X aMZm | loð> g§ñH¥$VH$mì` H$mo n«ñVwV H$aVr h¢& BZ_| VËH$mcrZ n«M{cV AWdm H$pënV H$WmAm|H$mo O¡ZY_© H$m nwQ> XoH$a {Z~Õ {H$`m h¡& Y_m©ä`wX`, gå`ŠËdH$m¡_wXr,Y_©H$ënXw«_, Y_©H$Wm, CnXoen«mgmX, gáì`gZ H$Wm Am{X H$WmË_H$ J«ÝWm|_| d«VnyOm{X go gå~Õ H$WmAm| H$m g§H$cZ h¡& Y_©narjm Zm_ Ho$ ^r AZoH$H$Wm J«ÝW Bgr {df` go gå~Õ {_cVo h¢& {gÕ{f© H$s Cn{_{V^dn«n§MH$Wm({d.g§. 962) VWm ZmJXod H$m _XZnamO` (cJ^J 15 dt eVr) O¡goHw$N> J«ÝW Eogo ^r n«má hmoVo h¢, Omo ê$nH$ e¡cr _|o H$_©H$Wm H$hZo H$m CnH«$_H$aVo h¢&

Y_© Ho$ {H$gr nj H$mo$ n«ñVwV H$aZo Ho$ {cE gm{hË` AWdm B{Vhmg go{H$gr ì`pŠV {deof H$m M[aV CR>m {c`m J`m Am¡a Cgo AnZo T§>J go n«ñVwVH$a {X`m J`m& èmoYa H$m M[aÌ Eogm hr H«$_ h¡ Omo coIH$m| H$mo ~‹S>m {n«cJm& gmo_Xod (10 dt eVr) Zo Cgo èpñVcH$Måny _| {Z~Õ H$a Am¡a ^ré{MH$a ~Zm {X`m& Xem| J«ÝW g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` _| Bg H$Wm H$m AmYma coH$aaMo J o h¢& Aqhgm Ho$ _mhmËå` H$mo `hm§ A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& cJ^J~rg J«ÝW "lrnmcM[aV' Ho$ {_cVo h¢ {OZ_| {gÕMH«$ Ho$ _mhmËå` H$mo n«ñVwV{H$`m J`m h¡& ^{dî`XÎmH$Wm, _{Un{VM[aV, gwH$m oecM[aV,


gwHw$_mcM[aV, {OZXÎmM[aV, JwUd_©M[aV, MånH$loð>rH$Wm,Y_©XÎmH$Wm, aËZnmcH$Wm, ZmJXÎmH$Wm Am{X g¡H$‹S>m| J«ÝW {_cVo h¢ {OZ_|Bg n«H$ma H$s H$WmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Y_© Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$mo CX²Km{Q>V {H$`mJ`m h¡&

Hw$N> Eogo ^r H$Wm J«ÝW h¢ {OZ_| _{hcm dJ© H$mo nmÌ ~Zm`m J`m h¡&aËZn« mMm © (13 dt eVr) H$s Hw$dc`_mcmH$Wm, {OZaËZgy[a ({d.g§.1340) H$s {Zdm©UcrcmdVrH$Wm, _m{UŠ`gy[a (15 dt eVr) H$s_hm~c_c`gwÝXar Am{X eVm{YH$ H$WmJ«ÝW n«{gÕ hþE h¢&

Bgr n«H$ma {V{W, nd©, nyOm, ñVmoÌ, d«V Am{X go gå~Õ g¡H$‹S>m| H$Wm |h¢ {OÝh| O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _| {Z~Õ {H$`m h¡& {dH«$_m{XË` H$s H$Wm^r ~hþV cmoH${n« hþB© h¡& Hw$N> YyVm©»`mZ Am¡a Zr{VH$WmË_H$ gm{hË` ^r{_cVm h¡& {OZgo OrdZ H$s g\$cVm Ho$ gyÌ gå~{cV {H$ o OmVo h¢&

c{cV dm¶`c{cV dm¶`c{cV dm¶`c{cV dm¶`c{cV dm¶`

O¡ZmMm`m©| Zo g§ñH¥$V Ho$ c{cV dm¶` H$mo ^r ~hþV g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡&CÝhm|Zo _hmH$mì`, IÊS>H$mì`, Zr{VH$mì`, gÝXoeH$mì`, ZmQ>H$ Am{X AZoH${dYmAm| na AnZr coIZr Mcm`r h¡& _hmgoZgy[a H$m n«ÚwåZM[aV (10 dteVr), dm½^Q> H$m Zo{_{Zdm©U H$mì` (10 dt eVr), draZpÝX (11 dteVr) H$m MÝX«n« M[aV, AgJ H$m dY©_mZM[aV (13 dt eVr), h[aMÝX«H$m Y_©e_m©ä`wX` (13 dt eVr), {OZnmcJ{U (13 dt eVr) H$mgZËHw$_maM[aV, A^`Xodgy[a ({d.g§. 1278) H$m O`ÝV{dÒ, dñVwnmc(13 dt eVr) H$m ZaZmamÙZÝX, Ah©X²Xmg (13 dt eVr) Ho$ _w{Zgwd«VH$mì`, nwéXodMåny Am¡a ^ì`H$ÊR>mâU, {OZn«^gy[a H$m lo{UH$M[aV({d.g§. 1356), _w{Z^X«gy[a H$m empÝVZmWM[aV ({d.g§. 1410), yam_cH$m O`moX` _hmH$mì` ({d.g§. 1994) Am{X _hmH$mì` naånamJV_hmH$mì`m| Ho$ Ac§H¥$V H$mì` h¢& CZH$s ^mfm ^r n«m§Oc Am¡a AmoO_`r h¡&YZ§O` (8 dt eVr) H$m {ÛgÝYmZ _hmH$mì` Am¡a _oK{dO`J{U H$mgágÝYmZ _hmH$mì` ({d.g§. 1760), OèoIagy[a H$m O¡ZHw$_magå^d({d.g§. 1483), YZnmc (9dt eVr) H$s {VcH$_§Oar, dmXr^qgh


(1015-1150B©) H$s JÚ{MÝVm_{U, gmo_Xod H$m epñVcH$Måny ({d.g§.1016), h[aMÝX« H$m OrdÝYaMåny Am{X H$mì` r g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` Ho$ Am yfUH$ho Om gH$Vo h¢&

gÝXoe H$mì`m| _| nmídm©ä wX` ({OZgoZmMm ©, 8 dt eVr) Zo{_XyV({d.g§. 14 dt eVr), O¡Z_oKXyV (_oéVw§J, 14 dt eVr), ercXyV (M[aÌgwÝXaJ{U, {d. g§. 1484), ndZXyV (dm{XMÝX«, {d.g§. 1727), MoVmoXyV,_oKXyV g_ñ`mcoI, BÝX«XyV, MÝX«XyV Am{X H$mì`m| _| Jr{VVÎd dñVwH$WmH$m Aml` coH$a gwÝXa T§>J go g§Omo o J o h¢& O¡ZñVmoÌ gm{hË` Vmo Am¡a ^rg_¥Õ h¡& CgHo$ ŠVm_añVmoÌ H$ë`mU_pÝXa ñVmoÌ, {OZghòZm_ Vmo AË`ÝVn«{gÕ h¢& ZmQ>H$ Ho$ joÌ _| ^r O¡ZmMm`m}§ H$m H$_ `moJXmZ Zht& CÝhm|Zonm¡am{UH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, ê$nH$ Am¡a H$mën{ZH$ {dÚmAm| _| ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZmH$s h¡& am_MÝX« (13 dt eVr) Ho$ gË`h[aMÝX«, Zc{dcmg, _{„H$m_H$aÝX,H$m¡{_Xr {_ÌmU§X, aKw{dcmg, {Z^©`^r_ ì`m`moJ, amo{hUr _¥Jm§H$,amKdmä wX`, `mXdmä wX` Am¡a dZ_mcm, XodMÝX« H$m MÝX«{dO` n«H$aU{dO`nmc H$m X«m¡nXr ñd`§da, am_^X« H$m n«~wÕamo{hUo`, ènmc H$m_mohamO namO` (13 dt eVr) èMÝX« H$m _w{X«V Hw$_wXMÝX«, hpñV_„(13-14 dt eVr) Ho$ A§OZm-ndZ§O`, gw^X«mZm{Q>H$m, {dH«$mÝVH$m¡ad,_¡{WcrH$ë`mU, dm{XMÝX« H$m kmZgy m}X` ({d.g§. 1648) Am{X X¥í`H$mìÈH$ Amoa Ohm§ ZmQ>H$s` VÎdm| go ao hþE h¢ dht CZ_| O¡Z VÎdm| H$m r n`m©áA§H$Z h¡& BZ g^r H$mì`m| _| `Ú{n l¥§Jma Am{X agm| H$m `WmñWmZ n« moJhþAm h¡ na n«_wI ê$n go emÝV ag Zo ñWmZ {c`m h¡& O`qgh gy[aH¥$Vhå_ra_X©Z, aËZeoIagy[aH¥$V n«~moYMÝX«moX`, _oKn« mMm ©H¥$V _XZ namO`^r CÎm_H$mo{Q> H$s ZmQ²>` H¥${V`m§ h¢&

cmj{UH $gm{hË`cmj{UH $gm{hË`cmj{UH $gm{hË`cmj{UH $gm{hË`cmj{UH $gm{hË`

cmj{UH$ gm{hË` Ho$ AÝVJ©V ì`mH$aU, H$moe, Ac§H$ma, N>ÝX, g§JrV,H$cm, J{UV, Á`mo{Vf, Am wd}X, {eën BË`m{X {dYm | gpå_{cV hmoVrh¢& O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo BZ {dYmAm| H$mo ^r Cno{jV Zht hmoZo {X`m& ì`mH$aU Ho$joÌ _| XodZpÝX (6 dt eVr) H$m O¡ZoÝX«ì`mH$aU Am¡a Cg na {cIr AZoH$


d¥{Îm`m§ nmë`H$s{V© (9 dt eVr) H$m emH$Q>m`Z ì`mH$aU Am¡a CZ na {cIrd¥{Îm`m§, ho_MÝX« H$m {gÕho_MÝX« eãXmZwemgZ Am¡a Cg na {cIr AZoH$d¥{Îm`m§ gd©{d{XV h¢& CÝhm|Zo O¡ZoVa gån«Xm` Ho$ AmMm`m}§ Ûmam {c{IVì`mH$aU J«ÝWm| na ~rgm| Q>rH$m | {cIr h¢ Omo AnZo Amn _| _hÎdnyU© h¢&JwUZÝXr, gmo_Xod, A^`ZÝXr, nmë`H$s{V©, JwUaËZ, ^mdMÝX« Ì¡{dÚ Am{XAmMm © Bg joÌ Ho$ n«YmZ n[ÊS>V aho h¢&

H$moe Ho$ joÌ _| YZ§O` (11 dt eVr) H$s YZ§O`Zm__mcm Am¡aAZoH$mW© Zm__mcm, ho_MÝX« H$s A{^YmZ {MÝVm_{U Zm__mcm Am¡a {ZKÊQw>eof VWm CZ na AZoH$ d¥{Îm`m§, YagoZ (13-14 dt eVr) H$m {dídcmoMZH$moe Am{X J«ÝW n«{gÕ h¢& ho_MÝX« H$m H$mì`mZwemgZ, dm½^Q> H$mdm½^Q>mc§H$ma (12 dt eVr), ZaoÝX«gy[a H$m Ac§H$ma _hmoX{Y ({d.g§.1280), {dZ`MÝX«gy[a H$s H$mì` {ejm (13 dt eVr) Am{X AZoH$Ac§H$maemñÌ C„oIZr` h¢& H$mì`H$ëncVm, ZmQ²>`Xn©U, Ac§H$ma{MÝVm_{U, Ac§H$maemñÌ, H$mì`mc§H$magma Am{X Am¡a ^r n«{gÕ Ac§H$maJ«ÝW h¢&

Á`mo{Vf Ho$ joÌ _| àíZnÕ{V, ^wdZXrnH$, Amaå^{g{Õ,^X«~mhþg§{hVm, Ho$dckmZhmoam, `ÝÌamO, Ì¡cmoŠ`n«H$me, hmoam_H$aÝX,eHw$ZemñÌ, _oK_mcm, hñVH$mÊS>, Zm ‹S >r{dkmZ, ñdßZemñÌ,Ho$dckmZàíZMyS>m_{U, gm_w{X«H$emñÌ, Am{X eVm{YH$ J«ÝW h¢& Bgr n«H$maAm`wd}X Ho$ joÌ _| Aï>m§Jg§J«h, nwînm`wd}X, _XZH$m_aËZ, ZmS>rnarjm,Aï>m§JöX`d¥{Îm, `moJ{MÝVm_{U, Am`wd}X _hmoX{Y, ag{MÝVm_{U,H$ë`mUH$maH$, ÁdanamO` Am{X J«ÝW AË`ÝV Cn`moJr h¢& gmo_Xod H$mZr{VdmŠ`m_¥V, h§gXod H$m _¥JnjremñÌ Am¡a Xwc© amO H$m hñVr narjmZm_H$ J«ÝW ^r g§ñH¥$V O¡Zgm{hË` Ho$ A_yë`_{U h§¡& BZ J«ÝWmo§ go O¡ZmMm`m}§H$m d¡Xwî` XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&

A{^coI gm{hËÀ{^coI gm{hËÀ{^coI gm{hËÀ{^coI gm{hËÀ{^coI gm{hË`

O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo n«mH¥$V Ho$ g_mZ g§ñH¥$V _| ^r A{^coIm| H$s aMZm H$sh¡& _Wwam Ho$ H$Xm{MV² n«mMrZV_ A{^coI O¡Zm| H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ gånXm Ho$


ê$n _| {JZo Om gH$Vo h¢& S>m°. ~yëha Zo CÝh| B©.ny. 150 go coH$a n«W_ eVmãXrHo$ ~rM H$m {gÕ {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ ~mX Hw$N> coI Hw$fmU H$mcrZ h¢ {OZ_|g_«mQ²> H${ZîH$, hþ{dîH$ Ed§ dmgwXod Ho$ amÁ` g§dËga {Xò Jò h¢& {\$aJwáH$mc go coH$a 11 dt eVmãXr Ho$ coI h¢& 11 dt eVmãXr Ho$ ~mX Vmo ~hþVO¡Z A{^coI {_cVo h¢& Hw$N> _H©$am Am{X O¡go Vm_«nÌ Am¡a H$Xå~d§e Ho$coI ^r {_cVo h¢&

A^r VH$ hOmam| O¡Z {ecmcoI n«má hmo MwHo$ h¢& CZH$m n«H$meZ r hmoMwH$m h¡& {XJå~a gån«Xm` Ho$ {ecmcoI _m{UH$M§X J«ÝW_mcm Am¡a ^maVr`kmZnrR> go nm§M ^mJm| _| n«H$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h¢& ~m~y H$m_Vmn«mgmXOr Zo ^rEH$ n«{V_mcoI g§J«h n«H$m{eV {H$`m Wm& Bgr Vah ídoVmå~a gån«Xm` Zo^r AnZo O¡Z A{^coI n«H$m{eV {H$ o h¢& ~m~y nyaUM§X Zmha Zo O¡ZcoIg§J«h Zm_ go VrZ ^mJ, _w{Z O`ÝV{dO` Zo A~w©X n«mMrZ coI g§J«h nm§M^mJm| _| {dO`Y_© gy[a Ho$ n«mMrZ coI g§J«h Am¡a O¡Z YmVw n«{V_m coIg§J«h, _w{Z, H$mpÝVgmJaOr H$m O¡Z n«{V_m coI Xmo ^mJm| _|, EH$"Eo{Vhm{gH$ O¡Z {ecmcoI g§J«h, CnmÜ`m` {dZ` gmJaOr H$m n«{Vð>mcoI g§J«h Am{X n«H$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h¢& V{_c coI ^r àH$me _| Am MwHo$ h¢Ÿ&

_m{UH$MÝX J«ÝW_mcm go n«H$m{eV A{^coI g§J«hm| _| ldU~ocJmocm,_¡gya, _¡gya Ho$ _grndVu ñWmZm| go n«má A{^coI, _Wwam Am{X coI g§H${cVh¢& XmoZm| gån«Xm`m| H$mo A{^coI gm{hË` ~S>m g_¥Õ h¡& CZ_| gm{hpË`H$,gm§ñH¥${VH$, Xme©{ZH$ Am¡a ^m{fH$ VÎd {N>no hþE h¡& Hw$N> A{^coI Eogo h¢{OZ_| g§ñH¥$V Am¡a n«mH¥$V XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$m {_{lV ê$n _| n« moJ hþAm h¡&^mfm{dkmZ H$s X¥{ï> go CZH$m _hÎdnyU© Cn omJ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

o coI nmfmU, Jwhm, _y{V©, ñVå^, ñVyn, {ecmnÅ>, Am`mJnÅ>, Vm_«,_wX«m Am{X na CËH$sU© hmoVo h¢& CZ_| {d{^ÝZ gådËgam| H$m C„oI {_cVmh¡, {d{dY {c{n`m| H$m n« moJ ^r dhm§ hþAm h¡& BZ {ecmcoIm| H$mo ^mfm,H$mc, d§e, n«Xoe, Y_© Am{X H$s X¥{ï> go {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&amOZr{VH$ coIm| _| amOmAm| H$s {déXmdcr, gm_[aH$ {dO`, d§e n[aM`,J«m_XmZ Am{X H$m C„oI {_cVm h¡& gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{^coIm| _| g§K Jwé,d§emdcr, JU, JÀN>, nÅ>mdcr, J«m_XmZ Am{X H$m dU©Z hmoVm h¡& n«epñV`m|


H$mo ^r Bgr {dYm _| g§{_{cV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& _y{V© A{^coIm| _| _pÝXam|Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m B{Vhmg ahVm h¡& o gmao gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{^coI Y_© Am¡a gån«Xm`H$s {deof OmZH$mar Ho$ {cE ~hþV Cn`moJr hmoVo h¢&

ò A{^coI O¡ZY_© Am¡a g_mO H$s pñW{V na n«H$me S>mcVo h¢&CÎma^maV _| _Wwam, CX`{J[a-IÊS>{J[a, n^mogm, amOJ¥h, CX`{J[a(gm§Mr), XodJT>, IOwamhmo, ½dm{cà Am{X ñWmZ O¡ZY_© Ho$ Ho$ÝX« Wo& X{jUn«mÝV _| ldU~ocJmoc, hþå_M, hco~rS> A§Jcr, H$maH$c, AmH$m©Q> Am{XñWmZm| na O¡ZY_© H$s H$cm n„{dV hmo ahr Wr& 12dt eVmãXr Ho$ AmgnmgO¡ZY_© {dl¥§I{cV hmoZo cJm& amÁ`ml` g_mán«m` hmo MwH$m Wm, d¡îUdAm¡a drae¡d O¡go gån«Xm` O¡ZY_© Ho$ {dÛofr hmo J o Wo, g_mO AmKmV Ho$^` go AmH«$mÝV Wm Am¡a emgH$dJ© O¡Z Ho$ÝX«m| H$mo {dZï> H$aZo _| OwQ> J o Wo&emgH$ O¡ZY_© H$m n[aË`mJH$a Cgr na AmH«$_U H$a aho Wo& H$ëMw[aZaoe{d‚mc Am¡a MmcwŠ` Zaoe gmo_oída MVwW© BgHo$ ÁdcÝV CXmhaU h¢&

3. An^«§e gm{hË`3. An^«§e gm{hË`3. An^«§e gm{hË`3. An^«§e gm{hË`3. An^«§e gm{hË`

An «§e gm{hË` _| OZOrdZ _| n«M{cV H$WmAm| H$m n« moJ {deof ê$ngo {H$`m J`m h¡ & Cg_| cmoH$mon`moJr gm{hË` Ho$ g¥OZ na A{YH$ Ü`mZ{X`m J`m h¡ & nwamU, M[aV, H$Wm, amgm, ê$nH$, MM©ar, O`_mcm, \$mJwBË`m{X AZoH$ {dYmAm| na O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo AnZr ñ\w$Q> aMZm | {cIr h¢ {OZH$mg§{já C„oI h_ ZrMo H$a aho h¢ -

An «§e _| n«mMrZV_ "nwamU' gm{hË` _| ñd`å y (7 dt - 8 dt eVr)H$m nC_M[aC gd©n«W_ C„oIZr` h¢ & CZH$m [aQ²>R>Uo{_M[aC (h[ad§enwamU)^r CncãY h¡ & h[ad§enwamU Zm_ H$s AÝ` H¥${V`m§ ^r {_cVr h¢ Omo Ydc(10-11 dt eVr) Am¡a e…H$s{V© (15 dt eVr) Ûmam {cIr JB© h¢ & BZHo$A{V[aŠV nwînXÝV (10 dt eVr) Ho$ {Vg{Q²>R>_hmnw[agJwUmc§H$ma(_hmnwamU), OghaM[aC Am¡a Um`Hw$_ma M[aC, YZnmc YŠH$S> H$m^{dg`ËVH$hm (10 dt eVr), H$ZH$m_a H$m H$aH$ÊS>M[aC (10 dt eVr),Ym{hc H$m nC_{g[aM[aC (10 dt eVr) h[a^Ð H$m gUËHw$_maM[aC(10dt eVr), dra H$m Oå~ygm{_M[aC (11 dt eVr), Z`ZpÝX H$m


gwX§gUM[aC, ZagoZ H$m {g[admcM[aC, nÙH$s{V© H$m nmgUmhM[aC nwamUAWdm M[aV H$mì` Ho$ gwÝXa {ZXe©Z h¢ &

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go 1550 VH$ {Og_| JwOamVr n{ÊS>Vmo § Ho$ {eî`m| Zo gm{hË` {cIm, 2)

1550 go 1850 VH$ {Og_| H$ma§Om, cmVya Am¡a Am¡a§Jm~mX Ho$ Å>maH$ _w»`

aho, 3) Vrgao dJ© _| H$moëhmnwa Ho$ ^Å>maH$ Wo, Am¡a 4) Mm¡Wm dJ© AmYw{ZH$

J«ÝWH$mam| H$m h¡ Omo 1850 B©. Ho$ ~mX Ho$ h¢Ÿ& BZ g^r H$s aMZmE§ JwOamVr,

g§ñH¥$V Am¡a H$ÝZS> gm{hË` go Am`m{VV h¢Ÿ&

_hmamï´> O¡ZY_© H$m _w»` àXoe ahm h¡Ÿ& `hm§ dragoZ, dO«goZ,

{OZgoZ, YZ§O`, ñd § yXod O¡go _hmZ² H${d {dX ©dmgr WoŸ& Ymam{ed,


A§H$mB©, A§OZoar, Ecmoam Am{X Jwhm _pÝXa, H$moëhmnwa, n¡R>Z, {eanwa Am{X

Ho$ O¡Z _pÝXa `hm§ H$s Yamoha h¢Ÿ&

JwOamVr O¡Z gm{hË`JwOamVr O¡Z gm{hË`JwOamVr O¡Z gm{hË`JwOamVr O¡Z gm{hË`JwOamVr O¡Z gm{hË`

cJ^J 12 dt eVr _o§ O¡Z H${d`m| Zo amgmo, \$mJw, ~mah_mgm, H$ŠH$mo,

{ddmhcw, Mƒar, Am»`mZ Am{X {dYmAm| H$mo g_¥Õ H$aZm n«maå^ {H$`m &

em{c^Ðgy[a (1185 B©.) H$m âVoída ~mhþ~{camg n«W_ n«mß` JwOamVr

H¥${V h¡ & CgHo$ ~mX Yå_w H$m Oå~yamg, {dZ`n« H$m Jm¡V_amg, nWgyWr

H$m {g[aWy{c^X²X, amOeoIagy[a H$m Zo{_ZmW \$mJw, n«mMrZ JwOamVr gm{hË`

H$s loîR> H¥${V`m§ h¢ & Bg H$mc _| A{YH$m§e coIH$ O¡Z hþE h¢ &^pŠVH$mc _| 15 dt eVr _| ^r O¡Z J«ÝWH$ma hþE h¢ & em{c^Ðamg,

Jm¡V_n¥ÀN>m, Oå~yñdm_r {ddmhcmo, OmdS> ^dS>amg, gwXe©Z lopîR>amgAm{X J«ÝW Bgr eVr Ho$ h¢ & cmdÊ`g_` 16 dt eVr Ho$ n«_wI gm{hË`H$maWo& {d_cn«~ÝY r Bgr g_` H$s aMZm h¡ & amg, M[aÌ, {ddmhcmo, ndm‹S>moAm{X AÝ` gm{hË` ^r Bgr g_` {cIm J`m & 17 dt eVr Ho$ O¡Z gm{hË`_| Zo{_{dO` H$m ercdVramg, g_`gwÝXa H$m ZcX_`ÝVramg, AmZÝXKZH$s AmZÝX Mm¡~rgr Am¡a AmZÝXKZ ~hmoËVar n«_wI h¡§ & Bgr g_` cmoH$dmVm©gm{hË` VWm amg Am¡a n«~ÝY H$mì` ^r {cIo J o & 18-19 dt eVr _| ^rgmYwAm| Zo Bgr n«H$ma H$m gm{hË` {cIm &

{hÝXr O¡Z gm{hË`{hÝXr O¡Z gm{hË`{hÝXr O¡Z gm{hË`{hÝXr O¡Z gm{hË`{hÝXr O¡Z gm{hË`

{hÝXr gm{hË` H$m Vmo n«maå^ hr O¡Z gm{hË`H$mam| go hþAm h¡ & CgH$mAm{XH$mc H$~ go _mZm Om` `h {ddmX H$m {df` Adí` ahm h¡ na ñd`å yAm¡a nwînXÝV H$mo Zht wcm`m Om gH$Vm {OZHo$ gm{hË` _| An «§e go hQ>H$a{hÝXr H$s Z`r n«d¥pËV`m§ {XImB© XoVr h¢ & _w{Zam_qgh, _h §{XU _w{Z,AmZÝX{VcH$, XodgoZ, Z`ZpÝX, ho_MÝÐ, YZnmc, am_MÝÐ, h[a^Ðgy[a,Am_^Q²>Q> Am{X O¡Z H${d C„oIZr` h¡ §& amgmo, \$mJw, ~o{c, n«~ÝY Am{X{dYm | r hm§ g_¥Õ hþB© h¢ & em{c^Ðgy[a (gZ² 1184) H$m ~mhþ~{camg,{OZXËVgy[a Ho$ MM©ar, H$mcñdê$n \w$cH$_² Am¡a CnXoeagm`Zgma,


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{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ _Ü`H$mc _| ^r O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo n«~ÝY, M[aV, H$Wm,nwamU, amgm, ê$nH$, ñVdZ, nyOm, MCnB©, MyZ‹S>r, \$mJw, ~o{c, ~mah_mgmAm{X g^r n«H$ma H$m gm{hË` g¥OZ {H$`m & gm{hË`H$mam| _| ~ZmagrXmg,ÚmZVam`, Hw$eccm^, ^yYaXmg, Xm¡cVam_, am`_„, O`gmJa,CnmÜ`m`, gH$cH$s{V©, cú_r~„^, ê$nMÝX nÊSo>, ^¡`m ^JdVrXmg,d¥ÝXmdZ, ~«÷O`gmJa, XodrXmg R>Hw$agr Am{X eVm{YH$ O¡Z H${d`m| Zo{hÝXr gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ {H$`m & ahñ`^mdZm H$s X¥pîQ> go `h H$mc {deofX¥îQ>ì` h¡ &

g§ñH¥$V, n«mH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e Ho$ CËVaH$mcrZ H$Wm J«ÝWm| _|An«mH¥${VH$Vm, A{Vn«mH¥${VH$Vm, AÝY{dídmg, CnXoemË_H$Vm, O¡go VËËdâo n‹So> h¢ Am¡a BÝht VËËdm| go gå~Õ H$WmZH$ ê${‹T>`m| H$s g¥pîQ> hþB© h¡ &An «§e H$mc _| H$WmZH$m| H$m \$cH$ Am¡a {dñV¥V hmo J`m & CZ_| cmoH$OrdZHo$ VËËd Am¡a A{YH$ Kwc{_c J o & H$mën{ZH$ H$WmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go OrdZHo$ ha {~ÝXw H$mo dhm§ J{V Am¡a n«J{V {_cr & nm[adm[aH$ g§Kf©, g_wÐ`mÌm,ñdßZ, gn©X§g, Am{X O¡go VËËd {hÝXr {_WH$s` H$WmZH$ ê${T>`m| _| n[aUVhmo J o&

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g§doXZmË_H$ {~ÝXw h¢ Ohm§ ^mdmË_H$ g§H$sU©Vm Ho$ H$maU ì`pŠV _mZdVmH$mo ycH$a XmZdVm H$mo A§JrH$ma H$a coVm h¡& Ym{_©H$ Ag{hîUwVm CgHo$_Z _| H$R>moa {^{Îm`m§ IS>r H$a XoVr h¡ Am¡a g§Kfm}§ H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¡& dh Y_©Ho$ `WmW© ñdê$n go AZ{^k ahVm h¡& _mÌ H$_©H$mÊS> Am¡a naånamJVar{V[admO H$mo hr Y_© _mZH$a McVm h¡& _mZdVm hr Y_© h¡ Omo VmoS>VmZht, g^r H$mo OmoS>Vm h¡, EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡, {ddoH$ Am¡a g§ _ XoVm h¡AZoH$Vm _| EH$Vm H$s grI XoVm h¡& `h ghr h¡ {H$ g_`-g_` na {MÝVH$AnZo Xoe H$mc, n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma Y_© H$s XoeZm XoVo h¢ {H$ÝVw do Y_©Am¡a {MÝVZ _| d¡{dÜ` hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Ym{_©H$ Ag{hîUwVm H$mo OÝ_ ZhtXoVo& Ag{hîUwVm Am¡a g§Kf© H$m OÝ_ dhm§ hmoVm h¡ Ohm§ ""_oar CnmgZmnÕ{V hr ghr h¡, _moj n«mnH$ h¡, AÝ` H$s Zht'' `h {dMma g_mO H$mo{X`m OmVm h¡& naÝVw VÏ` `h h¡ {H$ `h Vmo gmYH$ H$s OrdZ X¥{ï> h¡,CgH$m AnZm {dMma h¡& {dMmam| Ho$ AZwgma hr Omo Amld AWm©V² ~ÝYZ Ho$H$maU hmoVo h¢ do hr _wpŠV Ho$ H$maU ~Z OmVo h¢ Am¡a Omo _wpŠV Ho$ H$maU hmoVoh¢ do Amld Ho$ H$maU ~Z OmVo h¢& `h g~ Vmo h_mao ^mdm| na {Z ©a H$aVm h¡-

Oo Amgdm Vo n[añgdm, Oo n[añgdm Vo Amgdm &Oo Amgdm Vo n[añgdm, Oo n[añgdm Vo Amgdm &Oo Amgdm Vo n[añgdm, Oo n[añgdm Vo Amgdm &Oo Amgdm Vo n[añgdm, Oo n[añgdm Vo Amgdm &Oo Amgdm Vo n[añgdm, Oo n[añgdm Vo Amgdm & AmMmam§J, 1-4.2

gmYZmJV d¡{dÜ` hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ na dh {ddmX H$m H$maU Zht~ZZm Mm{hE (Våhm dÙ{ddmXmo gJnag_Eqh dp‚m‚mmo, {Z`_gma,156)& {ddmX H$m H$maU ~ZmZo _| ì`m»`mH$ma ^r H$maU hmoVo h¢& _yc gyÌH$s ì`m»`m ì`m»`mH$ma AnZo T§>J go H$aVo h¢ {Ogo h_ Y_© H$s {dH$mgmË_H$AdñWm H$h gH$Vo h¢ na dh _yc AW© go hQ>H$a hmoVr h¡& O¡ZmJ_ cJ^J EH$hOma df© ~mX {c{n~Õ hþE& V~ VH$ lw{V naånam ahZo Ho$ ~mdOyX AmJ_Ho$ nmR>m| _| AÝVa Am OmZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡& Q>rH$mH$mam| Zo `h AÝVa Am¡aA{YH$ cm {X`m Omo {ddmXm| H$m H$maU ~Z J`m& nmR>H$ H$mo ì`m»`mH$ma H$sn[apñW{V, Xoe Am¡a H$mc na {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE&

O¡Z naånam _| Bg n«H$ma H$s Ym{_©H$ Ag{hîUwVm na Jå^raVm nyd©H${dMma {H$`m J`m& AmMm`m}§ Zo Cgo H$XmJ«h Am¡a EoH$mpÝVH$ {dMma X¥{ï>H$hm& `h EH$ n«H$ma go X¥{ï>amJ h¡ Omo AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ EH$Vm


H$m ~mYH$ VÎd h¡& `h ^co hr n«eñVamJ hmo na g_m{OH$ EH$Vm Ho$ {cE{ZpíMV hr hm{ZH$maH$ h¡& Bgr go g§Kf© CnOVo h¢& O¡ZmMm`m|© Zo Bg _mÝ`VmH$mo Xme©{ZH$ ê$n Xo {X`m& CÝhm|Zo ~ÝYZH$maH$ Xe©Z_moh Ho$ VrZ oX {H$ o-gå`ŠËd _moh, {_Ï`mËd _moh Am¡a {_l _moh& `hm§ gå`ŠËd _moh H$m VmËn ©h¡ AnZr Ym{_©H$ _mÝ`VmAm| H$mo hr ghr _mZZm, AÝ` H$mo AgË` H$s H$mo{Q>_| n[aJ{UV H$aZm& drVamJVm H$s n«m{á Ho$ {cE gå`ŠËd _moh H$mo ^rN>moS>Zm nS>Vm h¡& Bgr{cE gyÌH¥$Vm§J _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ Omo ì`pŠV AnZo{gÕmÝV H$s n«e§gm Am¡a Xygao Ho$ {gÕmÝV H$s {ZÝXm H$aVo h¢ VWm Xygam| Ho$n«{V Ûof-^md aIVo h¢ do g§gma _| n[a «_U H$aVo ahVo h¢ -

g`§ g`§ ng§g§Vm Jah§Vm na§ d`§&g`§ g`§ ng§g§Vm Jah§Vm na§ d`§&g`§ g`§ ng§g§Vm Jah§Vm na§ d`§&g`§ g`§ ng§g§Vm Jah§Vm na§ d`§&g`§ g`§ ng§g§Vm Jah§Vm na§ d`§&Oo C VËW {dCñg§{V g§gmao Vw {dCpñg`m &&1.1.2.23Oo C VËW {dCñg§{V g§gmao Vw {dCpñg`m &&1.1.2.23Oo C VËW {dCñg§{V g§gmao Vw {dCpñg`m &&1.1.2.23Oo C VËW {dCñg§{V g§gmao Vw {dCpñg`m &&1.1.2.23Oo C VËW {dCñg§{V g§gmao Vw {dCpñg`m &&1.1.2.23Bg H$WZ go BVZm Vmo {gÕ hmoVm hr h¡ {H$ O¡ZY_© _| Y_©-g{hîUwVm

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na Omoa XoH$a aËZÌ` H$s gmYZm H$mo A{YH$ _hÎd XoVm h¡& Bg{cE hm Y_©H$m gå~ÝY OÝ_ go Zht, ñd § Ho$ H$_© go h¡& AmË_m hr na_mË_m h¡& g¥ï>m ê$nB©ída H$m H$moB© ñWmZ Zht& O¡ZY_© g_VmdmXr Y_© h¡& Bg_| Om{VdmX H$mH$moB© ñWmZ Zht& `hr Om{VdmX g§Kf© H$m H$maU h¡, EH$Vm H$m KmVH$ h¡&


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O¡ZY_© H$s gm_m{OH$ MoVZm 504

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O¡Z g_mO _ycV… Om{V dJ© {dhrZ g_mO h¡ & dh OÝ_V… dU© ì`dñWmHo$ nj _| Zht h¡ & dh Vmo H$_©Um Cgo ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡ & H$_© Ho$ AmYma nahr ì`pŠV Ho$ _hËËd H$m _yë`m§H$Z hmoVm h¡ & O¡ZY_© Ho$ Bg {gÕmÝV Zoì`pŠV H$mo ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a g_mO H$mo cmoH$VÝÌmË_H$Vm n«XmZ H$s h¡ & CËVaH$mc_| ^co hr d¡{XH$ Y_© Ho$ n« md go Om{VdmX H$m n« md ~‹T>m hmo na {\$a ^rdh AnZo _yc {gÕmÝV go H$^r Zht hQ>m & O¡Z g_mO Ho$ OrdZ Xe©Z _|AmO ^r Bg {gÕmÝV Ho$ ì`dhma H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & gå`½Xe©Z,gå`½kmZ Am¡a gå`ŠMm[aÌ ê$n aËZÌ` H$s AmamYZm CgH$s {deofVm h¡ &`Ú{n O¡ZY_© Ho$ AZw m`r Aëng§»`H$ h¢, cJ^J EH$ H$amoS> h¢, {\$a ^r doM[aÌ{ZîR> Am¡a n«m_m{UH$ h¢ & Ý`m`nyd©H$ AO©Z H$aZm g_mO H$m _w»`Ü o ahm h¡ & d¡{XH$ {gÕmÝV Ho$ "OÝ_Zm Om{V' Ho$ {damoY _| O¡ZY_© Zo


"H$_©Um Om{V' H$m Omo ñda CR>m`m Cgo _hmdra Zo H«$mpÝV H$m Zmam {X`m &Cggo Om{VdmX H$s Xrdmc| T>h JB© & V^r Vmo _hm^maVH$ma H$mo H$hZm nS>m- Vngm ~«m÷Umo OmVñVñ_mV² Om{VaH$maU_²'& O¡ZY_© Zo _Zwî` Om{V H$moEH$ _mZm {\$a ^r dh Om{VdmX H$s YmaUm H$mo nyar Vah wcm Zht gH$m &_Zwî` Om{V VmpËËdH$ ê$n go EH$ ^co hr hmo na n«mXo{eH$, dU©, Y_©,^mfm, H$_© Am{X Ho$ oX go AZoH$ hmo OmVr h¡ & Nw>AmNy>V H$s ~r_mar ^r cJOmZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ & O¡Zg_mO ^r Bggo An« m{dV Zht ahm &

O¡Z g_mO H$_©Um ì`mnmar hmoZo Ho$ H$maU d¡í` _mZr OmZo cJr &~«m÷U Am¡a j{Ì`m| _| ^r AnZr Om{V go hQ>H$a H$_© H$aZo H$s n«d¥pËV gd©ÌXoIr OmVr h¡ & AV… Om{VdmX H$moB© B©ídaH¥$V ì`dñWm Zht H$hr Om gH$Vr&{dÚm wŠV gXmMma, ajm, ì`mnma Am¡a {eën o Mma Amdí`H$Vm | n«Ë oH$g_mO _| ahVr h¢ & BÝht H$_©Um Ho$ AmYma na Mma dU© ~Z J o Am¡a do ê$T>hmo J o & H$mcmÝVa _| cm¡{H$H$ X¥pîQ> _| g§»`m, g§ñH¥${V, ~c, H$_© Am{X Ho$AmYma na D§$M-ZrM H$m ^r oX CZ_| Am J`m &

O¡ZY_© Zo _Zwî` Om{V H$mo EH$ _mZH$a ^r {H«$`m `m H$_© Ho$ AmYmana Mma dJm}_| {d^m{OV {H$`m & ~«m÷U naånam _| JmoÌ aŠV naånam H$mÚmoVH$ Wm na O¡Z naånam Zo Cgo Hw$c, ~c, ê$n, Vn Am{X Ho$ n«H$f© Am¡aAnH$f© H$m gyMH$ ~Zm {X`m & Cgo Om{V `m d§e H$s gr_m go {ZH$mcH$aH$_© go OmoS> {X`m & Cƒ-ZrM JmoÌ H$_© Ho$ \$c ^r Bgr AmYma na hmo J o &Bg JmoÌ H$m gå~ÝY _ycV… Om{V go Z hmoH$a ì`pŠV go ahm h¡ & CgH$mH$_©O{ZV gwI-Xw…I g_yhmË_H$ Z hmoH$a ì`pŠVnaH$ ahVm h¡ & Om{V OÝ_Zmhmo gH$Vr h¡ na JmoÌ-H$_© H$m gå~ÝY n«m{U_mÌ go h¡ & Hw$c H$m AW© mo{ZOÝ`dJ© go h¡ & Yrao-Yrao o XmoZm| EH$ hmo J o &

O¡Z gm{hË` _| Om{V-Hw$c Am¡a JmoÌm| H$m C„oI {_cVm h¡ & Am ©Om{V om§ _| Aå~îQ>, ŠbÝX, d¡Xoh, d¡{XH$, h[aV Am¡a Mw§MwU n«_wI _mZr JB©h¢ & CJ«, ^moJ, amOÝ`, BúdmHw$, kmV Am¡a H$m¡ad Hw$cm © H$ho OmVo h¢ Am¡aH$mí`n, Jm¡V_, dËg, Hw$Ëg, H$m¡{eH$, _ÊS>d Am¡a d{eîQ> Am{X F${f`m| goJmoÌm| H$m CX² d _mZm OmVm h¡ & BZ g^r Ho$ AmdmÝVa oX-n« oX ^r hmoVoaho Am¡a H$_© oX go ~«m÷U, j{Ì`, d¡í` Am¡a eyÐ o Mma dJ© ~Z J o & H$_©


H$s X¥pîQ> go hr CËVamÜ``Z Am{X AmJ_m| _| BZ Mmam| Ho$ `WmW© cjUm| H$sì`m»`m ^r H$s JB© d¡{XH$ naånamJV AWm}§ go hQ>H$a & dñVwV… g_VmdmXrO¡ZY_© _| Om{VdmX H$m H$moB© ñWmZ h¡ hr Zht & dh Vmo AmMaU n«YmZ Y_©h¡ & H$moB© ^r ì`pŠV {~Zm {H$gr oX^md Ho$ CgH$m nmcZ H$a gH$Vm h¡ &

AmMm © n« mMÝÐ Zo ~«m÷UËdOm{V H$m {Zamg H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$n«Ë`j go _Zwî` Om{V H$m Vmo Am^mg hmoVm h¡ na ~«m÷U Ho$ {ea na EogmH$moB© {MÝh Zht ahVm {Oggo Cgo nhMmZm Om gH$mŸ& gmX¥í` cjU ^r~«m÷UËd H$m ~moY Zht H$am nmVm & doXmÜ``Z H$mo ^r cjU Zht _mZm OmgH$Vm Š`m|{H$ eyÐ ^r doXmÜ``Z H$a gH$Vm h¡ & OÝ_Zm ~«m÷UËd H$snhMmZ ^r ghr Zht hmo gH$Vr Š`m|{H$ H$m_mVwa Zm[a`m| _| ì`{^Mma XoImOmVm h¡ & ì`{^Mmar Am¡a Aì`{^Mmar _mVm-{nVm H$s gÝVmZm| _| H$moB©AÝVa {XImB© Zht XoVm & ~«÷m go CËnÝZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~«m÷U H$hZm R>rH$Zht Š`m|{H$ gånyU© _mZdOm{V H$mo ~«÷m go CËnÝZ _mZm OmVm h¡ & EogrpñW{V _| ~«m÷U H$s nhMmZ H$aZm H${R>Z hmoJm & {\$a `{X ~«÷m _| hr~«m÷UËd Zht hmo Vmo ~«÷m go ~«m÷U H$s CËnpËV H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡ ? Am¡a{\$a ~«m÷UËd {H$g_| ahVm h¡ ? Ord _|, eara _|, g§ñH$ma _| AWdmdoXmÜ``Z _| `m BZ_| H$moB© ^r VËËd ghr Zht hmo gH$Vm&

O¡Z Xe©Z AmË_{ZîR> Y_© h¡ & `h Y_© g_mO H$s Anojm KQ>H$ H$mogwYmaZo Ho$ nj _| A{YH$ h¡ & BH$mB© H$m gwYmaZm gac r hmoVm h¡ & BH$mB© m|Ho$ g_wXm` go hr g_mO H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ & Bg n«H$ma ì`pŠV{ZîR> Xe©Zgm_m{OH$ Xe©Z Ho$ ê$n _| n«{VpîR>V hmo OmVm h¡ & O¡ZY_© H$m n«Ë oH$ {gÕmÝVì`pŠV Am¡a g_mO XmoZm| Ho$ {cE g_mZ ê$n go lo ñH$a {gÕ hmoVm h¡ &

_hmdra Ho$ g_yMo CnXoem| H$mo `{X h_ EH$ eãX _| H$hZm Mmh| VmoCgHo$ {cE ""Aqhgm'' eãX H$m n« moJ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & OrdZ Ho$ hajoÌ H$s g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ Aqhgm Ho$ AmMaU _| gpÝZ{hV h¡ & _¡Ìr,n«_moX, H$méÊ` Am¡a _mÜ`ñW ^mdm| H$m AZwdV©Z, g_Vm Am¡a An[aJ«h H$mAZw{MÝVZ, Z` Am¡a AZoH$mÝV H$m AZwJ«hU VWm g§ _ Am¡a gƒm[aÌ H$mAZwg§YmZ Aqhgm Ho$ n«_wI ê$n h¢ & CgH$s nwZrV n¥îR> y{_ Aqhgm go AZwa§{OVh¡ & O¡Z g_mO EH$ AqhgH$ g_mO h¡ Omo Aqhgm Ho$ g_Ëd na n«{VpîR>V h¡&


`{X ~«m÷UËd n{dÌVm H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡ Am¡a {ZË` h¡ Vmo {\$a doí`m Ho$ Ka _|n«{dîQ> ~«m÷U Zm[a`m| _| ~«m÷UËd H$m A^md Š`m| _mZm OmVm h¡ VWmCZH$s {ZÝXm Š`m| H$s OmVr h¡ ? ~«m÷UËd Ho$ Z hmoZo na dUm©l_ ì`dñWm_| ^r H$moB© ì`dYmZ Zht hmoVm & AV… O¡Z naånam H$s Ñ{ï> go ~«m÷UËdOm{V OÝ_Zm Zht H$_©Um hr _mZr OmZr Mm{hE & JwU Am¡a H$_© Ho$ AZwgmahr Om{V H$s ì`dñWm H$s OmZr Mm{hE &

dU© ì`dñWmdU© ì`dñWmdU© ì`dñWmdU© ì`dñWmdU© ì`dñWm

O¡ZY_© gå_V g_mO ì`dñWm AmË_mZwemgZ na Ho$pÝÐV h¡ & B©ídadmXHo$ Koao go hQ>mH$a nwéfmW©dmX, H$_©dmX Am¡a g_mZVmdmX Ho$ Am§Mc _| ncr-nwgr g§ñH¥${V Am¡a CgH$s g_mOì`dñWm EH$ H«$mpÝVH$mar Xe©Z {cE hþE h¡ &d¡{XH$ wJ H$s OÝ_V… dU© ì`dñWm Ho$ {damoY _| H$_©V… g_mOdmXr ì`dñWmn«ñVwV H$aZm CgH$m n«_wI {gÕmÝV h¡ & CËVamÜ``Z (25.29-31) _| ñnîQ>H$hm J`m h¡ - H$_© go ~«m÷U, H$_© go j{Ì`, H$_© go d¡í` Am¡a H$_© go hrOrd eyÐ hmoVm h¡ & Ho$dc {ea _w‹S>mZo go l_U, Am|H$ma H$m Omn H$aZo go~«m÷U, O§Jc _| ahZo go _w{Z, Hw$eMrda YmaU H$aZo go Vnñdr Zht hmoVm,A{nVw g_Vm go l_U, ~«÷M © go ~«m÷U, kmZ go _w{Z VWm gå`½kmZnyd©H$ Vn H$aZo go Vnñdr hmoVm h¡ & Om{V H$s _{h_m Zht, _{h_m h¡ Vn H$s(Z XrgB© OmB{dgog H$moB© Z XrgB© OmB{dgog H$moB© Z XrgB© OmB{dgog H$moB© Z XrgB© OmB{dgog H$moB© Z XrgB© OmB{dgog H$moB© -CËVamÜ``Z,12.37)Ÿ&

Z {d _wpÊS>òU g_Umo, Z Amo §H$maoU ~åhUmoŸ&Z {d _wpÊS>òU g_Umo, Z Amo §H$maoU ~åhUmoŸ&Z {d _wpÊS>òU g_Umo, Z Amo §H$maoU ~åhUmoŸ&Z {d _wpÊS>òU g_Umo, Z Amo §H$maoU ~åhUmoŸ&Z {d _wpÊS>òU g_Umo, Z Amo §H$maoU ~åhUmoŸ&Z _wUr aÊUdmgoU§, Hw$gMraoU Z VmdgmoŸ&&Z _wUr aÊUdmgoU§, Hw$gMraoU Z VmdgmoŸ&&Z _wUr aÊUdmgoU§, Hw$gMraoU Z VmdgmoŸ&&Z _wUr aÊUdmgoU§, Hw$gMraoU Z VmdgmoŸ&&Z _wUr aÊUdmgoU§, Hw$gMraoU Z VmdgmoŸ&&g_`mE g_Umo hmoB, ~å^MoaoU ~åÛmoŸ&g_`mE g_Umo hmoB, ~å^MoaoU ~åÛmoŸ&g_`mE g_Umo hmoB, ~å^MoaoU ~åÛmoŸ&g_`mE g_Umo hmoB, ~å^MoaoU ~åÛmoŸ&g_`mE g_Umo hmoB, ~å^MoaoU ~åÛmoŸ&ZmUoU ` _wUr hmoB, VdoU§ hmoB VmdgmoŸ&&ZmUoU ` _wUr hmoB, VdoU§ hmoB VmdgmoŸ&&ZmUoU ` _wUr hmoB, VdoU§ hmoB VmdgmoŸ&&ZmUoU ` _wUr hmoB, VdoU§ hmoB VmdgmoŸ&&ZmUoU ` _wUr hmoB, VdoU§ hmoB VmdgmoŸ&&H$å_wUm ~å^wUmo hmoB, H$å_wUm hmoB {IÎmAmoŸ&H$å_wUm ~å^wUmo hmoB, H$å_wUm hmoB {IÎmAmoŸ&H$å_wUm ~å^wUmo hmoB, H$å_wUm hmoB {IÎmAmoŸ&H$å_wUm ~å^wUmo hmoB, H$å_wUm hmoB {IÎmAmoŸ&H$å_wUm ~å^wUmo hmoB, H$å_wUm hmoB {IÎmAmoŸ&~Bñgmo H$å_wUm hmoB, gwÔmo hdB H$å_wUmŸ&&~Bñgmo H$å_wUm hmoB, gwÔmo hdB H$å_wUmŸ&&~Bñgmo H$å_wUm hmoB, gwÔmo hdB H$å_wUmŸ&&~Bñgmo H$å_wUm hmoB, gwÔmo hdB H$å_wUmŸ&&~Bñgmo H$å_wUm hmoB, gwÔmo hdB H$å_wUmŸ&&

-CËVamÜ``Z, 25.29-31O¡Z g§ñH¥${V H$s `h H$_©Um ì`dñWm ~hþV g_` VH$ Zht Mc gH$s

CËVaH$mc _| dh nwZ… d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V go n« m{dV hmoZo cJr & {OZgoZ (8dt eVr) Ho$ AmVo-AmVo O¡ZY_© Zo MmVwd©U© ì`dñWm H$mo X~r AmdmO _|


ñdrH$ma-gm H$a {c`m & CgZo ~«m÷U H$m g§~§Y d«Vm| Ho$ g§ñH$ma go Omo‹S>{X`m & gmW hr eyÐm| Ho$ Xmo oX H$a {X o-H$mê$ Am¡a AH$mê$ & Ymo~r, ZmB©,gwdU©H$ma Am{X H$mê$ eyÐ h¢ Omo ñn¥í` h¢ & VWm g_mO go ~mha ahZo dmcoeyÐ AH$mê$ h¢ {OÝh| Añn¥í` H$hm J`m h¡ (Am{XnwamU, 16. 184-186)&

cJ^J EH$ eVmãXr ~mX gmo_Xod Zo Bg n[ad{V©V _mÝ`Vm H$moPH$PmoaZo H$m n« ËZ {H$`m & na do g\$c Zht hmo gHo$ & AV… CÝhm|Zo J¥hñWY_m}§ H$mo Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m - cm¡{H$H$ Y_© Am¡a nmacm¡{H$H$ Y_© &cm¡{H$H$ Y_© Zo doX Am¡a ñ_¥{V H$mo n«_mU _mZ {c o OmZo H$s ì`dñWm H$sAm¡a nmacm¡{H$H$ Y_© Zo AmJ_m| H$mo (èpñVcH$., CËV. n¥. 273) & naÝVw`h {d^mOZ VWm _mÝ`Vm AmJo Zht ~‹T> gH$s Am¡a AÝ` AmMm`m}§ H$m g_W©ZCgo Zht {_c gH$m & `h ì`dñWm Bg àH$ma H$s Wr -

Ûm¡ {h Y_m} J¥hñWmZm§ cm¡{H$H$… nmacm¡{H$H$…Ÿ&Ûm¡ {h Y_m} J¥hñWmZm§ cm¡{H$H$… nmacm¡{H$H$…Ÿ&Ûm¡ {h Y_m} J¥hñWmZm§ cm¡{H$H$… nmacm¡{H$H$…Ÿ&Ûm¡ {h Y_m} J¥hñWmZm§ cm¡{H$H$… nmacm¡{H$H$…Ÿ&Ûm¡ {h Y_m} J¥hñWmZm§ cm¡{H$H$… nmacm¡{H$H$…Ÿ&cmoH$ml`mo ^doXmÚ… na… ñ`mXmJ_ml`…Ÿ&&cmoH$ml`mo ^doXmÚ… na… ñ`mXmJ_ml`…Ÿ&&cmoH$ml`mo ^doXmÚ… na… ñ`mXmJ_ml`…Ÿ&&cmoH$ml`mo ^doXmÚ… na… ñ`mXmJ_ml`…Ÿ&&cmoH$ml`mo ^doXmÚ… na… ñ`mXmJ_ml`…Ÿ&&

- èpñVcH$Måny, CÎmamY©, n¥-273gd© Ed {h O¡ZmZm§ à_mU§ cm¡{H$H$mo {d{Y…Ÿ&gd© Ed {h O¡ZmZm§ à_mU§ cm¡{H$H$mo {d{Y…Ÿ&gd© Ed {h O¡ZmZm§ à_mU§ cm¡{H$H$mo {d{Y…Ÿ&gd© Ed {h O¡ZmZm§ à_mU§ cm¡{H$H$mo {d{Y…Ÿ&gd© Ed {h O¡ZmZm§ à_mU§ cm¡{H$H$mo {d{Y…Ÿ&`Ì gå`H$Ëdhm{ZZ© `Ì Z d«VXyfU_²Ÿ&&`Ì gå`H$Ëdhm{ZZ© `Ì Z d«VXyfU_²Ÿ&&`Ì gå`H$Ëdhm{ZZ© `Ì Z d«VXyfU_²Ÿ&&`Ì gå`H$Ëdhm{ZZ© `Ì Z d«VXyfU_²Ÿ&&`Ì gå`H$Ëdhm{ZZ© `Ì Z d«VXyfU_²Ÿ&&

- dhr.n¥. 373Bg n«H$ma O¡ZY_© _| g_mO ì`dñWm H$_©Um ahVo hþE ^r OÝ_Zm H$s

Amoa PwH$Zo cJr & {\$a ^r `h Adí` Ü`mZ _| aIm J`m {H$ cm¡{H$H$ Y_© Ho$_mÜ`_ go {_Ï`mËd Z nZnZo cJo & Bg{cE gmo_Xod Zo `h ñnîQ> H$a {X`m{H$ {Og {d{Y go gå`ŠËd H$s hm{Z Z hmo VWm d«V _| XyfU Z cJo Eogrn«Ë oH$ cm¡{H$H$ {d{Y O¡ZY_© _| gå_V hmo gH$Vr h¡ (dhr, n¥. 373) &

BgHo$ ~mdOyX _Ü`H$mc _| O¡ZY_© g_mO Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV hmoZocJm Am¡a H$_©Um ì`dñWm hmoZo na ^r Om{VdmX H$m Hw$N> ê$n CâVm hþAm{XImB© XoZo cJm & Bgr VÏ` na h_ AmJo {dMma H$a aho h¢ &

Aml_ ì`dñWmAml_ ì`dñWmAml_ ì`dñWmAml_ ì`dñWmAml_ ì`dñWm

Aml_ ì`dñWm AmÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mg H$m n«VrH$ h¡ & O¡ZY_© _| `Ú{n_ycV… Aml_ H$s AdYmaUm Zht h¡ na h[a^Ð, {OZgoZ Am{X AmMm`m}§ Zo


d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V go Cgo coH$a O¡ZY_© H$s n«H¥${V Ho$ AZwgma CgH$m {ddoMZ{H$`m h¡ & CgHo$ nrNo> CZ H$m CÔoí` Wm OrdZ _| CËVamoËVa {dew{Õ H$sn«m{á Bg X¥pîQ> go Aml_ ì`dñWm Ho$ Mma oX hþE - ~«÷M ©, J¥hñW, dmZn«ñWAm¡a gÝ`mgml_ & gÝ`mgml_ O¡ZY_© H$m l_Uml_ h¡, _w{Z AdñWm h¡-

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- Am{XnwamU, 39.151-152; gmJma Y_m©_¥V, 7.20~«÷M`m©l_ -~«÷M`m©l_ -~«÷M`m©l_ -~«÷M`m©l_ -~«÷M`m©l_ - `h Aml_ kmZml_ h¡ Ohm§ ~«÷M`© d«V nyd©H$

kmZmamYZm H$s OmVr h¡ & AmR> df© H$s AdñWm go {ejm-Xrjm ewê$ hmoOmVr h¡ & ~mcH$ H$mo {OZ_pÝXa _| co OmH$a Xe©Z nyOZ H$a ~«÷M ©d«VXoZm Mm{hE & n{dÌVm Am¡a AZmgpŠV H$mo ~T>mZo H$s X¥pîQ> go {ea_wÊS>ZVWm `kmondrV YmaU H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na ^r ~c {X`m J`m h¡ &`kmondrV H$mo ~«÷gyÌ `m aËZÌ`gyÌ ^r H$hm J`m h¡ Omo gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-Mm[aÌ H$m n«VrH$ h¡ &

{dÚmaå^ H$aVo g_` gd©n«W_ ~«÷MmarH$mo Jwé_wI go lmdH$mMmaH$m AÜ``Z H$aZm Am¡a VXZÝVa {dZ`nyd©H$ AÜ`mË_emñÌ n‹T>Zm Amdí`H$h¡& gmW hr ì`mH$aUemñÌ, AW©emñÌ, Á`mo{VfemñÌ, N>ÝXemñÌ,eHw$ZemñÌ, Am¡a J{UVemñÌ Am{X {df` Am¡a emñÌm| H$m ^r AÜ``Z H$aZmMm{hE& Bg AdñWm _| _YwË`mJ, _m§gË`mJ, nÄM CXwå~a \$cm| H$m Ë`mJ Am¡aqhgm{X nm±M ñWyc nmnm| H$m Ë`mJ OrdZ n ©ÝV Ho$ {cE H$a XoZm Mm{hE&

J¥hñWml_ -J¥hñWml_ -J¥hñWml_ -J¥hñWml_ -J¥hñWml_ - ~«÷M © Aml_ Ho$ AZÝVa J¥hñWml_ _| n«doe {H$`mOmVm h¡ & {ddmh hmo OmZo na J¥hñW A{V{WgËH$ma, XmZ, nyOm, namonH$maAm{X H$m`m}§ H$mo CËgmhnyd©H$ gånÝZ H$aVm h¡ & J¥hñWml_ H$mo g_mO-godmH$m gmYZ _mZm J`m h¡ & cm¡{H$H$ X¥pîQ> go Bgr Aml_ na AÝ` VrZm| Aml_m|H$m ApñVËd {Z ©a H$aVm h¡ & _w{Z, jw„H$, EocH$, Am{ ©H$m, n« ¥{V Ë`mJrdJ©lmdH$m| Ho$ hr D$na Adcpå~V h¡ & lmdH$ H$mo AnZm AmMma-ì`dhma BVZmn[aîH¥$V H$a coZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ dh g_` AmZo na gÝ`mgr ~Z gHo$ & Y_©


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g§ñH$ma-ì`dñWmg§ñH$ma-ì`dñWmg§ñH$ma-ì`dñWmg§ñH$ma-ì`dñWmg§ñH$ma-ì`dñWm

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oX h¢ -(1) AdVma{H«$`m, (2) d¥ËVcm^, (3) ñWmZcm^, (4) JUJ«h,

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Hw$_maJwá Ho$ H$mc _| lm{dH$m em_mT²>`m Zo 432 B©. _| _Wwam _| EH$ O¡Zn«{V_m H$s n«{VîR>m H$amB© Wr & 1085 B©. _| IOwamhmo _| goR>mZr nX²_mdVr ZoEH$ {OZn«{V_m n«{VîR>m{nV H$s Wr & O¡Z dra Amememh Am¡a CgH$s _mVmZo nÝZm Ym` Ho$ gh`moJ go CX`qgh amUm H$mo H«y$a dZdra Ho$ Mw§Jwc go~MmH$a {MËVm¡S> Ho$ qghmgZ na AmgrZ {H$`m & Bg nmdZ H$m © _| nÝZmYmÀm¡a Amememh H$s _mVm H$m {deof hmW Wm {OÝhm|Zo Amememh H$s H$màVmAm¡a ^réVm H$mo X~mH$a Cgo dZdra go g§Kf© coZo H$m gmhg gwQ>m`m &{dO`ZJa Ho$ amOm Xodam` n«W_ (1406.10 B©.) H$s nÅ>amZr ^r_mXodr^r na_ {OZ^ŠV Wr & CgZo 1410 B©. _| ldU~ocJmoc H$s _§Jm{`-dg{XH$m OrUm}ÜXma H$am`m & AmO CgH$m Zm_ {Ì wdZ MyS>m_{U M¡Ë`mc` h¡&^r_mXodr Ho$ gmW hr dgVm{` Zo ^r dhm§ dY©_mZ ñdm_r H$s _y{V©


n«{VîR>m{nV H$s Wr & Vm¡cd eof H$s amOHw$_mar {dXwfr Xod_{V ZolwVn§M_rd«V Ho$ CÚmnZ _| gwn«{gÜX _hm{demcH$m` Ydc, O`Ydc Am¡a_hmYdc H$s VmS>nÌr` n«{V`m§ {cImH$a _yS>{dX«r (doUwnwa) H$s Jwê$dg{XAna Zm_ {gÜXmÝVdg{X _| ñWm{nV H$s Wr & Bg go BZ {gÜXmÝV J«ÝWm| H$sajm hmo gHo$ & H$mH©$c Zaoe dra oaag ~moSo>`a H$s N>moQ>r ~hZ amZr H$mccXodrd§JwO gr_o H$s a{jH$m Am¡a n«em{gH$m Wr & CgZo 1530 B©. _| AnZo Hw$cXodVmH$„dg{X Ho$ nmíd©© VrWªH$a H$s {ZË` nyOm Ho$ {cE y{_XmZ {X`m Wm&

BgHo$ ~mX _Ü`H$mc _| H$moB© {deof C„oIZr` Zmar H$m Zm_ {XImB©Zht {X`m AmYw{ZH$ wJ _| ^r `hr pñW{V ahr & A§J«oOm| Ûmam em{gV n«Xoem|_| ~å~B© Ho$ gwn«{gÜX g_mO-{hV¡fr, XmZdra goR> _m{UH$MÝX« Oo.nr. H$sgwercm _oKmdr nwÌr _{hcm EH$ _JZ~oZ H$m Zm_ Adí` C„oIZr` h¡ &X¡dXw{d©nmH$ go 1898 B©. _| 19 df© H$s Am w _| dh {dYdm hmo JB© & na {nVmHo$ gh`moJ go {dÚmÜ`Z {H$`m, Y_© H$mo g\$c ~Zm`m Am¡a Zmar OJV H$s{ejm, gwYma godm Ed§ CÜXma _| OrdZ An©U H$a {X`m & ~mX _| CÝhm|ZoVr{g`m| lm{dH$ml_ ñWm{nV H$am o Am¡a _{hcm n[afX| ñWm{nV H$s¨& 1993B©. Ho$ _hmoËgd _| g_mO Zo CÝh| O¡Z _{hcm aËZ H$s Cnm{Y n«XmZ H$s,~å~B© n«emgZ Zo AmZZoar Oo.nr. ~Zm`m & gZ² 1930 _| CZH$m ñdJ©dmghmo J`m& AmO ^r AZoH$ O¡Z _{hcm | g^r joÌm| _| AnZm {d{eîQ> ñWmZ~Zm o hþ o h¡Ÿ&

3. gm§ñH¥${VH$ `moJXmZ3. gm§ñH¥${VH$ `moJXmZ3. gm§ñH¥${VH$ `moJXmZ3. gm§ñH¥${VH$ `moJXmZ3. gm§ñH¥${VH$ `moJXmZ

gwg§ñH$mam| H$mo OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ ê$n _| `hm§ VH$ h_Zo B{Vhmg Ho$ nyîR>m|_o Zmar H$m AmÜ`mpË_H$ ê$n XoIm {Og_| CgH$m d¡ pŠVH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$`moJXmZ n«{V{~på~V hmoVm h¡ & Bg Xm¡a _| Cgo gm_m{OH$ {df_VmAm| H$m^r gm_Zm H$aZm nS>m & `hr CgH$m `moJXmZ h¡ & Bgo hr h_ Cggo CX² yV{ejm H$h gH$Vo h¡ & `h {ejm ~mcH$ AnZo n[adma go n«má H$aVm h¡ Am¡an[adma H$m VmËn © h¡ _mVm-{nVm, nwÌr, ~hZ, nwÌ Am{X & g^r H$mo gwg§ñH¥$VH$aZo H$m {deof CËVaXm{`Ëd _mVm H$m ahVm h¡ & n[adma H$m AÀN>m `m ~wamhmoZm _mVm H$s n«H¥${V na {Z ©a h¡, CgHo$ gñH$mam| na AmYm[aV h¡ & g§ñH$mam|H$s `h cå~r ly§Icm g_mO H$mo ~m§Yo ahVr h¡ &


nm[adm[aH$ ê$n go O¡Z Zmar H$m ì`pŠVËd O¡Z gm§ñH¥${VH$ gm{hË` _|n[ac{jV hmoVm h¡ & O¡Z AmJ_m| _| Zmar Ho$ {d{dY ê$n nwÌr,nwÌ dYw, nËZrHo$ ê$n _| {M{ÌV hþAm h¡ & BZ ê$nm| _| dh n[adma Ho$ g_w{MV {dH$mg _|AnZm `moJXmZ {H$`m H$aVr Wr& ^mB©-^m^r Ho$ AZwemgZ _| ahZo na ^rdh n[adma Ho$ g^r gXñ`m| H$m Ü`mZ aIVr Wr & Am¡a nwÌr Ho$ ê$n _| _mVm-{nVm H$s godm H$aVr Wr & n[adma _| n«má g§ñH$ma CgH$s WmVr ahVr Wr Omon[adma Ho$ n«eñV {dH$mg _| Cn`moJr hmoVr Wr &

H$Ý`mAm| H$mo {e{jV H$aZm _Ü`H$mc _| Amdí`H$ _mZm OmVm Wm&h[a^X« Ho$ AZwgma aËZdVr H$s {ejm Ho$ {cE CgHo$ {nVm Zo g^r gmYZOwQ>m o Wo (g_amBƒ H$hm, ^d 8,n¥. 744) & Hw$dc`_mcm H$s EH$ H$Wm _|^éH$ÀN> H$s H$Ý`m _XZ_§Oar Zo AnZo {nVm H$s Amkm go EH$ amOH$sa H$moWmoSo> hr g_` _| AjakmZ, {c{nkmZ dmñVwcj, Z¥Ë`kmZ, Xe©Z Am{X H$s{ejm XoH$a npÊS>V ~Zm {X`m Am¡a amOH$sa H$s n«oaUm go _hm{dXwfrgÝ`m{gZr E{UH$m ~Zr (127.1.18) & {dÚmdVr Zmar hr Hw$ec J¥{hUrhmoVr h¡ (Am{XnwamU, 16.18) & ^m`m© Ho$ ê$n _| Zmar AnZo n{V H$s {_Ì,gcmhH$ma Ed§ g§a{jH$m Ho$ ê$n _| n«{VpîR>V Wt & `h CgH$m EH$ AmXe©OrdZ Wm & nËZr H$s n{V go Am¡a n{V go nËZr H$s emo m Wr & _mVm Ho$ ê$n_| n«{VpîR>V hmoH$a dh ì`pŠV H$mo gwg§ñH¥$V H$a _hmnwéf H$s H$mo{Q> _| ~¡R>mXoVr h¡ & _mVm H$s dÝXZm H$a hr ì`pŠV _w{ZnX YmaU H$aVm Wm & Bg X¥pîQ>go CgH$m ñWmZ {nVm go ^r D§$Mm Wm & _mVm H$m `moJXmZ Wm {H$ CgZon[adma H$mo gwg§ñH¥$V H$a CgH$m gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$aZo _| gh`moJ {X`m &`h pñW{V H$mc gmnoj Zht & AmO ^r h¡ & VrWªH$am| H$s `{j{U`m| Ho$ ê$n_| n«{VîR>m{nV {H$`m OmZm ^r Zmar Ho$ ì`pŠVËd H$s Ah§ nhMmZ _mZr OmgH$Vr h¡ &

Bg n«H$ma h_Zo n«Ë`j-An«Ë`j ê$n go Zmar H$m `moJXmZ ì`pŠV Am¡ag_mO Ho$ {dH$mg _| {H$VZm ahm h¡ Cgo A§{H$V/B§{JV {H$`m h¡ emar[aH${Z~©cVm Zo Cgo AmnpËV`m| H$m Am_ÝÌU Adí` {X`m h¡ na CZ AmnpËV`m|Zo ì`pŠV Am¡a g_mO H$mo A{YH$ XYH$m`m h¡, Ocm`m h¡ AV… `{X g_mOAm¡a n[adma H$mo empÝV nyd©H$ g_¥pÜX H$s Amoa co OmZm h¡ Vmo Zmar H$s


g_w{MV B‚mV hmoZr Mm{hE, CgHo$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg Ho$ {cE g^r XadmO|Imoco OmZm Mm{hE, A_mZw{eH$Vm H$mo Xya H$a _mZdVm Ho$ AmYma na CgHo${d{dY ê$nm| H$mo n«{VpîR>V {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE V^r _¡Ìo r, JmJu, cmonm_wX«m,_ram, _mo„m, Pm§gr H$s amZr cú_r~mB©, EZr ~ogÝQ>, a_m ~mB© amZmSo>,amOcúå_m, npÊS>Vm a_m~mB©, H$ñVya~m Jm§Yr, O¡gr Zm[a`m| H$m OÝ_ hmogHo$Jm& O¡Z g§ñH¥${V Zo Zmar Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo nyU© ñdVÝÌVm Xr, Xmgr n«WmH$m {damoY {H$`m, {^jwUr H$m AmXa {H$`m Am¡a CgHo$ ha ê$n H$mo g_mO _|n«{VîR>V {H$`m& dV©_mZ _| A~ Cgo `h n«{VîR>m {_c ahr h¡ `h EH$ ewg§Ho$V h¡ &

VËH$mcrZ g_mO _| Zmar XmgdV² _mZr OmZr Wr& VrWªH$a _hmdra ZoCgo nwéf Ho$ g_H$j ñWmZ {X`m& MocZm H$m CXmhaU h_mao gm_Zo h¡ hr&AV… `hr H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ O¡Z g§ñH¥${V _| gm_mÝ`V… Zmar H$s pñW{Vnwéf Ho$ g_H$j hr {XImB© XoVr h¡ & d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V _| _mÝ`, F$U{gÕmÝVH$mo `hm§ ñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m J`m & AV… nwÌ-nwÌr _| ^r H$moB© oXH$-aoImZht ItMr J`r & nwÌ H$mo H$moB© Ym{_©H$ _hËËd ^r Zht {X`m J`m & BgHo${dnarV nwÌr H$m _hËËd H$ht A{YH$ ahm h¡ & `Ú{n {ddmh Ho$ joÌ _| ^r don«m`… ñdV§Ì Wt, {\$a ^r _mVm-{nVm H$s AZw_{V nyd©H$ {ddmh gå~ÝY{ZpíMV H$aZm A{YH$ AÀN>m _mZm OmVm h¡ & gm_mÝ` n[adma _| ^r `{XnwÌr gwÝXa Am¡a ñdñW ahr Vmo CgH$m gå~ÝY amO n[adma go hmoZo H$sgå^mdZm ~‹T> OmVr Wr & Bg X¥pîQ> go H$Ý`m H$m hmoZm {demX H$m H$maUZht Wm &

n[adma Ho$ ~rM ^r CgH$s pñW{V AÀN>r Wr & _mVm-{nVm, ^mB©,^m^r, ZZX g^r EH$ gmW ahVo Am¡a CZHo$ ~rM {H$gr n«H$ma H$m g§Kf© ZhthmoVm Wm & dh Xmgr Ho$ ê$n _| Zht ~pëH$ n[adma Ho$ EH$ gm_mÝ` gXñ` Ho$ê$n _| OrdZ `mnZ H$aVr Wr & {ejm ì`dñWm ^r CgH$s nyar hmoVr Wr &{dÚmdVr Zmar H$mo gd©loîR> nX {X`m OmVm Wm & {nVm H$s g§npËV _| {ddmhHo$ nyd© VH$ hr CZH$m A{YH$ma Wm & Zmar _mÌ ^mo½`m Zht Wr, CgoAmË_{dH$mg H$aZo H$m nyam Adga {X`m OmVm Wm & Cgo A{^emn ^r Zht


_mZm OmVm Wm & _mVm H$m ê$n Vmo dÝXZr` Wm & _‚mZ, _ÊS>Z, ñVÝ`,g§ñH$ma Am¡a H«$sS>m H$amH$a dh YmÌr H$m H$m_ H$aVr Wr &

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Hw$c {_cmH$a `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Zmar H$s pñW{V O¡Z g_mO _|AÀN>r Wr & `Ú{n gmYH$m| Zo Zmar H$s KZKmoa {ZÝXm ^r H$s h¡ na dh BgX¥pîQ> go hþB© h¡ {H$ H$m_dmgZm Ho$ H$maU nwéfdJ© H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoOmVr h¡ Am¡a \$cV… nwéf AmÜ`mpË_H$ joÌ go Xya ^mJ OmVm h¡ & `h VmodñVwV… nwéfdJ© H$s H$_Omoar H$m hr {ZXe©H$ h¡ & Bgo ZmardJ© H$s hrZpñW{V H$m gyMH$ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm & Cgo Vmo dñVwV… nwéf Ho$ g_H$j_mZm J`m h¡ & dV©_mZ _| O¡Z g_mO _| Zmar H$s pñW{V gwn«{VpîR>V h¡ &

Ohm§ VH$ {ejm nÕ{V H$m n«íZ h¡, gm§gm[aH$ {df` dmgZmË_H$gmYZm| H$mo CncãY H$aZm {ejm H$m _yc CÔoí` H$^r Zht ahm h¡ & `hAmZwg§{JH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a hmoVm h¡ na ""gm {dÚm `m {d_wŠV o'' H$sn[a^mfm Ohm§ K{Q>V Zht hmoVr Cgo {ejm Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm & ^maVr`g§ñH¥${V AÜ`mË__ycH$ g§ñH¥${V h¡ Am¡a Cg_| ^r l_U g§ñH¥${V H$s O¡Z{dMmaYmam nyU©V… {dewÕ gmYZm| na AmYm[aV h¡ & AV… `hm§ {ejmAmÜ`mpË_H$ CÝZ{V H$mo coH$a hr AmJo ~‹T>Vr h¡ Mmho dh Zmar-{ejm hmo `m~mc-{ejm hmo & _hmdra H$s g_Ëd X¥pîQ> Eogr hr {ejm H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ñdê$n H$mo ^r `hm§ ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE CZna EH$mË_H$ X¥pîQ>H$moU go {dMma{H$`m J`m h¡ &

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{OZnyOm lmdH$ Ho$ Amdí`H$ H$V©ì`m| _| {JZr OmVr h¡& Zm_, ñWmnZm,X«ì`, joÌ, H$mc Am¡a md H$s Anojm go nyOm N>h n«H$ma H$s hmoVr h¡& g_mgV…CgHo$ Xmo oX h¢ X«ì`nyOm Am¡a mdnyOm& O~ {OZH$s nyOm AîQ> Ðì`m| (Oc,MÝXZ, AjV, nwîn, Z¡doÚ, Xrn, Yyn, \$c Am¡a AK©) go H$s OmVr h¡ V~dh Ðì` nyOm H$hcmVr h¡ Am¡a {~Zm AîQ> Ðì`m| go H$s JB© nyOm ^mdnyOmH$hcmVr h¡ & J¥hñWm| H$s `h {OZnyOm fQ²>H$_m}§ _| AÝV y©V h¡ - Xod nyOm,JwényOm, ñdmÜ`m`, g§ _, Vn Am¡a XmZ& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV g{MÎm (n«Ë`jCnpñWV {OZH$s nyOm) Am¡a A{MÎm (emñÌnyOm) Am¡a {_l nyOm ^r H$sOmVr h¡& {gÝYw, hS>ßnm _| {OZnyOm hmoVr ahr hmoJr& BgH$s n¥ð> y{_ _|^pŠV VÎd ahm h¡& n«W_V… ^mdnyOm hmoVr Wr& X«ì`nyOm H$m {dH$mgCÎmaH$mc _| hþAm&

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AmYw{ZH$ _mZg VH©$dmXr Am¡a gyú_X¥îQ>m h¡& AÝYlÕm H$s Amoa CgH$mH$moB© PwH$md Zht& gmån«Xm{`H$Vm, Ym{_©H$Vm Am¡a OmVr` ~ÝYZm| Ho$ H$Q>Kam|H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a dh CZgo Xya hQ>Vm Mcm Om ahm h¡& H$cm Am¡a {dkmZ Ho$ AmcmoH$_| A~ dh {díd~ÝYwËd H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hmo ahm h¡& _mZdVm H$m nwOmar~ZH$a _mZd-_mZd H$mo Omo‹S>Zo H$m EH$ nwZrV g§H$ën {c o AmO H$s Z`rnr‹T>r H$mo AmJo ~‹T>Zo H$m g§H$ën {X`o hþE h¡& V¥Vr` {díd`wÕ H$s H$mcr_oK_mcm H$mo ZîQ> H$aZo H$m `WmeŠ` n« ËZ H$aZm CgH$m CÔoí` ~Zm hþAmh¡& `hr CgH$s gmYZm h¡&

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Aqhgm Am¡a {dídempÝV EH$ Xygao go AZwñ yV h¡& ì`pŠV, g_mO Am¡aamîQ´> H$ë`mU H$mo Cggo n¥WH²$ Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm & AmO g_yMm {díd ^rEH$ gyÌ go ~§Y J`m h¡& EH$ ñWmZ na Am o yMmc go Xygam joÌ An« m{dVhþE {~Zm Zht ah nmVm& Bg{cE {dídempÝV Ho$ {cE Aqhgm H$m d¡Mm[aH${dH$mg Amdí`H$ h¡ & n«m{U _mÌ Ho$ n«{V _¡Ìr Am¡a X`m H$m ^md O~ VH${dH${gV Zht hmJm V~ VH$ {dídempÝV H$s n«ñWmnZm H$s H$ënZm hr ZhtH$s Om gH$Vr&

eñÌrH$aU Am¡a Cn{ZdoedmX ^r EH$ hr {gŠHo$ Ho$ Xmo nhco h¢& `hamOepŠV H$m n«VrH$ h¡, OZepŠV H$m Zht& OZepŠV V~ hmoJr O~ _¡Ìr^mdAm¡a gh-ApñVËd H$m {dH$mg hmo, XwamJ«h H$mo Ë`mJ H$a gmnojVm Am o VWm


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{dídempÝV H$m gå~ÝY ZmJ[aH$ AZwemgZ go h¡& OZVÝÌ H$m VmËn ©AZwemgZ hrZ A{^ì`pŠV go Zht& gr{_V {Z §ÌU Am¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ X~mdH$m dh EH$ gå_m{ZV ê$n h¡ & dhm§ {Za§§Hw$eVm {ZpíMV hr IVaZmH$ hmoVrh¡& {damoY H$s nÕ{V ^r d¡Ym{ZH$, emcrZ, AZwem{gV Am¡a gm_§Oñ`nyU©hmo& eñÌm| H$s hmoS> Ho$ nrNo> ` H$m yV gdma ahVm h¡& Bg{cE {Z…eñÌrH$aUEH$ g_ñ`m Adí` h¡ na {X amîQ´>m| _| gh-ApñVËd, g{hßUwVm, AZmH«$_U,g_Pm¡VmdmX, dmVm© Ûmam {ddmXm| H$m hc O¡go {gÕm§ÝVm| H$m n[anmcZ hmoZocJo Vmo _hm{dZmeH$mar na_mUw~_ H$s Amdí`H$Vm hr Zht nSo>Jr& naAqhgm H$m ì`mdhm[aH$ n« moJ BVZm A{YH$ hmoZo H$s H$ënZm _mÌ H$ënZmhr hmoJr & epŠV gÝVwcZ H$s X¥pîQ> go ñd § H$mo n«~cV_ ~Zm o aIZm A{YH$ì`mdhm[aH$ h¡& gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amîQ´>r` OrdZ_| qhgm Am¡a Aqhgm XmoZm|gmYZm| go hr {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZ nm o Om gH$Vo h¢& BZ XmoZm| H$s gr_m H$m

{ZYm©aU {ddoH$ Ho$ AmYma na hr hmo gH$Vm h¡&


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h_ g§gmar Ordm| H$s BÀN>m | AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ AZÝV hmoVr h¢- BÀN>mBÀN>mBÀN>mBÀN>mBÀN>mhw AmJmgg_§ AZ§Vm& hw AmJmgg_§ AZ§Vm& hw AmJmgg_§ AZ§Vm& hw AmJmgg_§ AZ§Vm& hw AmJmgg_§ AZ§Vm& AmH$pñ_H$ Am¡a AZMmhm ì`dhma h_mar AMoVZBÀN>m H$m n[aUm_ h¡& Z¡{VH$Vm _mZ{gH$ ÛÝÛ Am¡a n«{VÛÝÛr BÀN>m | n¡XmH$a gH$Vr h¡& na d¡gr pñW{V _| gmYH$ H$mo {ddoH$ H$m n« moJ H$aZm nS>Vmh¡& na {MËV Ho$ AMoVZ ^mJ _| X{_V g§ñH$ma ahVo h¢ & Omo o pñW{V`m§ n¡XmH$aVo h¢& BÝh| O¡ZY_© H$s mfm _| Am¡X{`H$ n«Umcr H$hm OmVm h¡& H«$moYm{XH$^md Bgr n«Umcr Ho$ A§J h¢ & BZHo$ AmZo na O~ CnXoe `m {MÝVZ ewê$hmoVm h¡& Vmo dh j`mone{_H$ n«Umcr h¡ Omo MoVZ BÀN>m H$m n[aUm_ h¡ &Bggo gdoJmo§ na {Z §ÌU nm`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a CËVoOZm H$m {dc` {H$ m OmVm h¡&

_Z H$s M§McVm Ho$ _yc H$maU h¡§-Xw…I, d¡_Zñ` & AZ¡{VH$Vm H$mn«mXw m©d ^r Bgr go hmoVm h¡& ^m¡{VH$ Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© H$m _mÜ`_O~ AZ¡{VH$ hmoVm h¡ Vmo CgHo$ nrNo> o ^md ISo> hmo OmVo h¢& Eogo g_`nma_m{W©H$ {MÝVZ Am¡a g_P H$m ^mdZ ì`pŠV H$mo ghr _mJ© na cm gH$Vm h¡&


_mZ{gH$ AÝVÛ©ÝÛ hmoZo na g§ _ H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡& `h g§ _{hVH$a Vmo hmoVm h¡& na {n« Zht hmoVm& gwI H$s n[a^mfm | ^r AcJ-AcJ hmoVr h¡§& Bg{cE Z¡{VH$Vm H$s gr_m ^r EH$ Zhr ah OmVr& gwI wÕH$s ^mdZm, cmo , ñdmW©, H$m_d¥pËV, ¡m{VH$ gwI H$s n«m{á H$s H$m_ZmAm{X O¡go VÎd gmYH$ Ho$ Z¡{VH$Vm Am¡a g§ _ go {dM{cV H$aZo H$m gmYZ~Z OmVo h¢& na Eogr pñW{V _| O~ VH$ _yÀN>m© §J Zht hmoJr, V~ VH$AZmgpŠV Zht Am oJr, Z¡{VH$Vm Am¡a g§ _ H$m ^md ^r OmJ¥V Zht hmoJm&g_mO H$s X¥pîQ> go Z¡{VH$Vm EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ `WmW©Vm h¡, H$gm¡Q>r h¡& BggoMoVZm n«{V{H«$`m _wŠV hmo OmVm h¡& Am¡a gmYH$ ~{hamË_m go AÝVamË_m H$sAmoa ~‹T> OmVm h¡& `hr AqhgH$ gmYZm h¡&

Aqhgm H$s gmYZm H$m _yc AmYma h¡ ^m¡{VH$ nXmW© Ho$ n«{V __ËdAm¡a _yÀN>m© H$m Ë`mJ& _yÀN>m© qhgm H$m H$maU ~ZVr h¡ Am¡a qhgm emar[aH$Am¡a _mZ{gH$ gwI Ho$ {c o hmoVr h¡& _yÀN>m© Ë`mJ H$m gwÝXaV_ gmYZ h¡eara go __Ëd-Ë`mJ Am¡a H$m }mËgJ© H$aZm& Bggo {Z © Vm H$m md ~‹To>Jm,YZ Am¡a gËVm H$m {dH$ÝX«rH$aU hmoJm Am¡a AqhgH$, Z¡{VH$ dmVmdaU H$m{Z_m©U hmoJm&

Aqhgm H$s gmYZmAqhgm H$s gmYZmAqhgm H$s gmYZmAqhgm H$s gmYZmAqhgm H$s gmYZm

Aqhgm H$m {dH$mg MoVZm H$m {dH$mg h¡& Bg {dH$mg Ho$ {cE EH$Amoa H«$moYm{X H$fm`m| go _wŠV ahZm Amdí`H$ h¡& Vmo Xygar Amoa Amcñ`,AkmZ, _yÀN>m© Am{X O¡go VËdm| H$mo Xya H$a AmÜ`mpË_H$ Ü`mZ Am¡a gmYZm_| crZ hmo OmZm ^r gmYH$ Ho$ {cE Oê$ar h¡& Bggo n[adoe Am¡a dmVmdaU~Xc OmVo h¢ Am¡a nwamZo H$_m}§ H$s aoIm ^r ^ñ_ hmo OmVr h¡&

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`hm§ `h ~mV ^r {dMmaUr` h¡ {H$ qhgm Am¡a CgHo$ _mohH$ n[aUm_m|go AmH${f©V hmoH$a cmoJ Aqhgm H$s Amoa H$_ hr AmñWmdmZ h¡& Mm¡~rgm|KÊQ|> h_mao gm_Zo Eogm dmVmdaU AmVm ahVm h¡& {Oggo `h {dídmg ~ZJ`m {H$ {~Zm qhgH$ AmÝXmocZ Ho$ Hw$N> ^r n«má Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm&gaH$mar n«emgZ ^r Bgr ^mfm H$mo g_PVm h¡& CgHo$ cmIm| g¡{ZH$ qhgH$AmV§H$dmX H$mo ZoñVZm~yX H$aZo Ho$ {cE qhgH$ n«{VamoY H$aZo H$m n«[ejU{X`m H$aVo ahVo h¢& `{X Aqhgm nmcZ Ho$ {cE ^r Eogo hr n«[ejU {X oOm | Vmo {ZpíMV hr Aqhgm Ho$ gwIX n[aUm_m| H$mo OZOZ VH$ nhþ§Mm`m OmgH$Vm h¡& Bggo Aqhgm H$m ApñVËd H$m n«{ejU gdm©{YH$ _hÎdnyU© h¡&

Aqhgm Am¡a gh-ApñVËdAqhgm Am¡a gh-ApñVËdAqhgm Am¡a gh-ApñVËdAqhgm Am¡a gh-ApñVËdAqhgm Am¡a gh-ApñVËd

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dKoadmc -dKoadmc -dKoadmc -dKoadmc -dKoadmc - dKoadmc Om{V H$s CËnpËV Ho$H$S>m (Q>m|H$ {Ocm) gocJ^J 16 {H$._r. Xya AdpñWV dKoam Zm_H$ J«m_ go hþB© cJ^J 11 dteVmãXr _| & `hm§ empÝVZmW ^JdmZ H$s EH$ 9 \$sQ> H$s _y{V© yJ © go n«máhþB© h¡ {Og na IwXo coI go nVm McVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s n«{VîR>m g§. 1254 _|hþB©& n§. AmemYa (13 dt eVmãXr) Zo gd©n«W_ dKoadmc H$m C„oI""ì`mK«oadmcmÝd`'' Ho$ Zm_ go {H$`m h¡ & nÙmdVr, MÝÐoídar Am¡a Apå~H$mBg Om{V H$s Hw$cXo{d`m§ h¢ & amOñWmZ go {ZH$cH$a Bg Om{V Zo AnZmAmdmg _Ü`n«Xoe Am¡a _hmamîQ´> H$mo ^r ~Zm`m & EH$ AZwlw{V Ho$ AZwgma


X{jU _| Bg Om{V H$m n«gma g§. 1241 _| hþAm {OgHo$ ZoVm nyZm Or IQ>moS>Wo & na nyZmOr IQ>moS> g§. 16 dt eVr Ho$ H$ma§Om ^Å>maH$ gmo_goZ Ho$ {eî`Wo & AV… CgH$m X{jU n«dmg Bgr eVmãXr _| hmoZm Mm{hE & BgHo$ H${Vn`JmoÌ h¢ - am_^ÊS>mar, e§Idmc, emZmn{V, hmocm, H$moQ>dm, à^m, {gadmS>`mAm{X&

IÊSo>cdmc - IÊSo>cdmc - IÊSo>cdmc - IÊSo>cdmc - IÊSo>cdmc - IÊSo>cdmc Om{V O¡Z g_mO H$s EH$ n«_wI g_¥ÕOm{V h¡ & BgH$m CX² d amOñWmZ Ho$ grH$a {Oco Ho$ g_rndVu IÊSo>cmJ«m_ go hþAm cJ^J 8 dt eVr _| & `h g_mO AZoH$ JmoÌmo§ _| {d^ŠV h¢Ÿ-AO_oam, nmQ>moXr, Xmogr, H$mgcrdmc, goR>r, nmQ>Zr, Q>m|½`m, H$mcm, doX,gmoZr, dmoham, gmh, N>mdS>m, dS>OmË`m, JmoYm, J§Jdmc, nmÊS>çm, am§dH$m,gmoJmZr Am{XŸ&

IÊSo>cdmc g_mO ~‹S>m CXma, g_¥Õ Am¡a AÜ`mË_{ZîR> g_mO ahmh¡& CgZo nMmgm| n§MH$ë`mUH$ n«{VîR>m`| H$amBª Am¡a _pÝXam| H$m {Z_m©UH$am`m & IÊSo>cdmc Om{V _| go AZoH$ n«{VpîR>V AmMm © Å>maH$ Am¡a {dÛmZhþE h¢ - O`goZ, haXod, VoOnmc, R>mo{c`m, R>ŠHw$agr, R>mHw$a, IS²>JgoZ,ho_amO, Xm¡cVam_ H$mgcrdmc, OJÝZmW, yYaXmg, Q>moS>a_c, gXmgwIH$mgcrdmc, am_M§X AO_oam, gwaoÝÐH$s{V© Am{X & dV©_mZ _| `h g_mOMmam| Va\$ \¡$cr hþB© h¡ &

O¡gdmc - O¡gdmc - O¡gdmc - O¡gdmc - O¡gdmc - O¡gdmc Om{V O¡gc_oa ZJa go cJ^J 10 dt eVr _|CX² yV hþB© & _ycV… `h Om{V amOnyV ahr h¡ & `h Om{V {Vamo{V`m Am¡aCnao{V`m _| {d^m{OV h¡ & {Vamo{V`m _ycg§K 46 JmoÌr h¡ O~{H$ Cnamo{V`mH$mîR>mg§Kr Am¡a 36 JmoÌr h¡ & Bg Om{V _| Zo{_M§X, _mUŠàmO, cú_UXod,Xoëh Am{X AZoH$ H${d hþE h¢ {OÝhm|Zo dY©_mZM[aV, A_agoZ M[aV O¡goAZoH$ H$mì`J«ÝW {cIo h¢ & {Ì wdZ{J[a na _m¡hå_X Jm¡ar Ho$ {gnhgmcmam|Zo AmH«$_U H$aHo$ H$ãOm H$a {c`m Am¡a `h O¡gdmc {Ì wdZ{J[a H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a M§~c KmQ>r Ho$ XmoZm| N>moam| na ~go Jm§dm| _| OmH$a ~g JE & dhm§ cJ^J600 dfm}§ VH$ ahZo Ho$ ~mX, do q^S>, hmWag, AcrJ‹T>, Aå~mh, _wa¡Zm,AmJam, ½dm{cà, AO_oa, H$cH$ËVm, {X„r, ~§~B© Am{X ñWmZm| na OmH$aahZo cJo &


AJ«dmc -AJ«dmc -AJ«dmc -AJ«dmc -AJ«dmc - AJ«dmc O¡Z g_mO H$s EH$ n«_wI Om{V h¡ Omo AJ«mohm({hgma {Ocm h[a`mUm) go CËnÝZ hþB© h¡ & `hm± EH$ Q>rco H$s IwXmB© _|""AJ«moXHo$ AJM OZnX²g'' ""AJ«moXHo$ AJM OZnX²g'' ""AJ«moXHo$ AJM OZnX²g'' ""AJ«moXHo$ AJM OZnX²g'' ""AJ«moXHo$ AJM OZnX²g'' {cIm coI {_cm h¡ & AJ«mohm _| AJ«goZZm_H$ j{Ì` amOm Wm & CÝht H$s naånam H$mo AJ«dmc H$hm OmVm h¡ & `hAJ«goZ g_wÐ JwßV H$s Bcmh~mX àepñV H$m CJ«goZ hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

AJ«dmcm| Ho$ 18 JmoÌ _mZo OmVo h¢ - JJ©, Jmo c, {_ËVc, qOXc,qghc, _w§{Jc, Vm{`c, Vac, H§$gc, ~{N>c, EaZ, T>mcU, {MËVc,{_ËVc, qhXc, qH$Yc, haham, nwadÝdm & BZ_| Xmo Y_m}§ Ho$ _mZZo dmco h¢- O¡ZY_© Am¡a d¡îUd Y_© & cmohmMm © Ho$ CnXoe Ho$ n« md _| AmZodmco O¡ZAJ«dmc Am¡a eof d¡îUd AJ«dmc H$hcmVo h¢ & XmoZmo dJm }_| amoQ>r-~oQ>rì`dhma hmoVm h¡ & gmYmaUV… CnOm{V`m| H$m d¥ËVmÝV 9-10 dt eVr Ho$nyd© Zht {_cVm & H$hm OmVm h¡, cmo{hË`mMm © Zo AJ«dmcmo§ H$mo O¡ZY_© _|Y_mªV[aV {H$`mŸ&

{hgma go `h Om{V g§H«${_V hmoH$a {X„r, CËVa n«Xoe, amOñWmZ,_Ü`n«Xoe, X{jU Am{X mJm| _| \¡$c JB© & h EH$ g_¥Õ, AmMma{ZîR> Am¡aCXma Om{V ahr h¡ & BgHo$ ~Zdm o AZoH$ _§{Xa, emñÌ Am¡a g§ñWmZ {_cVoh¢ & ò nmZrnV, gmoZrnV, {hgma, {dOZm¡a, _wamXm~mX, ZOrdm~mX,Aå~mcm, ghmaZnwa, _oaR>, IVm¡cr, AmJam, {X„r, ~Zmag, Bcmhm~mX,ZmJnwa Am{X gd©Ì ñWmZm| _| \¡$co hþE h¢ &

AJ«dmc g_mO _| AÀNo> gm{hË`H$ma Am¡a gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo n¡Xm H$aZodmco hþE h¢ & gmhÿ ZÅ>c ({X„rdmgr) H$s n«oaUm go lrYa Zo nmgUmhM[aC{cIm g§. 1189 Ho$ Amgnmg & ZÅ>c Zo {X„r _| EH$ Am{XZmW _§{Xa ~Zdm`mAm¡a CgH$s n«{VîR>m H$amB© & `h _§{Xa Hw$Vw~_rZma Ho$ nmg ~Zm Wm & AmO^r Hw$ã~Vwc Bñcm_ _pñOX _| Am¡a CgHo$ Amgnmg O¡Z _y{V© m§ {_cVr h¢ &AJ«dmc {dÛmZm| _| lrYa (g§. 1189 _| nmgUmhM[aC Am{X Ho$ coIH$)gwYmé (g§. 1411 _| n«ÚwåZM[aÌ), drg, _oYmdr, N>rhc, ZÝXcmc(gwXe©ZM[aÌ, emoYaM[aÌ Am{X), d§erXmg, JdVrXmg, nm§So> ê$nMÝÐ,OJOrdZ, aBYy, dmgrcmc, g§Vcmc, F$f^Xmg, _ohaM§X, haJwcmc,hramcmc, Vwcgram_, ~»Vmda_c, aVZ_c, OJXream, {JaYacmc,


X`mM§X Jmo cr`, ~«. erVcn«gmX, ~o[añQ>a MånVam`, F$f^Xmg, A{OVn«gmX,Á`mo{Vn«gmX, OwJc{H$emoa _w»Vma, Am{X g¢H$S>m| {dÛmZ Am¡a g_mOgodr hþE h¢{OZH$m g{H«$ `moJXmZ O¡Z g§ñH¥${V Ho$ n«Mma-n«gma _| ahm h¡ &

hþ§~S> -hþ§~S> -hþ§~S> -hþ§~S> -hþ§~S> - hþ§~S> Om{V {XJå~a Am¡a ídoVmå~a XmoZm| g§n«Xm`m| _| nm`rOmVr h¡& IÊSo>cdmc Am¡a AJ«dmc Ho$ g_mZ Bg CnOm{V H$m ^r CX² d{H$gr Z {H$gr J«m_ go hþAm hmoJm & na Bg gå~ÝYr H$moB© n«_mU A^r VH$Zht {_cm & Bg Om{V H$m {Zdmg ñWmZ JwOamV ahm h¡ & {H$ÝVw B©S>a _|amR>moUm| H$m emgZ g_má hmoZo Am¡a _wgc_mZm| Ho$ ^` go `h Om{V ~§~B©,~mJT> Am¡a amOñWmZ _| \¡$c JB© & Bg_| Xñgm Am¡a drgm Xmo ôX h¢ &~mJT>n«mÝV _| Zaqghnwam, ZmJXm Am¡a hþ§~S> VrZm| Om{V`m§ H$m\$s g§»`m _|h¢ & Bg Om{V Ho$ 18 JmoÌ h¡- IoaOw, H$_coída, H$mH$Xoída, CÎmaoída,_§Ìoída, ^Ðoída, J§Joída, {dídoída, gm§Ioída, A§~oída, MmMZoída,gmo_oída, a{O`mZmo, c{cVoída, H$mgdoída, ~wYoída Am¡a g§KoídaŸ&

hþ§~S>Om{V ~‹S>r g_¥Õ Am¡a CXma ahr h¡ & CgH$m n«mMrZV_ {Z{_©VO¡Z _§{Xa PmcamnmQ>Z H$m {demc empÝVZmW _§{Xa h¡ {Ogo g§. 1103 _|ehnr`m Zo ~Zdm`m Wm Am¡a {OgH$s n«{VîR>m ^mdXodgy[a Ûmam g§nÝZ hþB©Wr & Bg _§{Xa _| EH$ {demc emñÌ ^ÊS>ma ^r h¡ & gwn«{gÕ Ho$e[a`mOr Ho$_§{Xa H$m OrUm}Õma ^r Bg Om{V Ûmam H$am`m J`m Wm & Bg Om{V _| AÀNo>{dÛmZ ^r hþE h¢ & ~«÷ am`_„, ~«÷ {OZXmg, gH$cH$s{V©, ^Å>maH$aVZMÝÐ, ^. JwUM§Ð Ho$ AZoH$ {hÝXr-JwOamVr J«ÝW CncãY h¢ & BgH$mgå~ÝY H$mð>mg§K go A{YH$ ahm h¡Ÿ&

c_oMw - c_oMw - c_oMw - c_oMw - c_oMw - c_oMw c§~H§$MwH$mÝd` H$m g§{já ê$n h¡ Omo ñd § H$mo `Xwd§erj{Ì` _mZVo h¢ & g§ d h¡, c§~H§$MwH$ O¡gm H$moB© ñWmZ H$m Zm_ hmo & BgCnOm{V _| I[a`m, H$H$m¡Am, nMmoco, ~wTo>co Am{X AZoH$ JmoÌ hmoVo h¢ &MÝÐdmS> ZJa _| Mm¡hmZd§er A^`M§X Am¡a O`M§X Ho$ amÁ` _| XrdmZ gmhÿgmo_doX Am¡a A_mË` H¥$îUXod Bgr Om{V Ho$ Wo & CZH$s XrdmZ naånamH$m\$s g_` VH$ ~Zr ahr & ^. n« mM§X Am¡a H${d cú_U (g§. 1113) ^rBgr Om{V H$mo Ac§H¥$V H$aVo Wo & ~wTo>co Am¡a c_oMw o Xmo oX Bg CnOm{V _|{_cVo h¢ &


nÙmdVr nmoadmc -nÙmdVr nmoadmc -nÙmdVr nmoadmc -nÙmdVr nmoadmc -nÙmdVr nmoadmc - Bg Om{V H$m CX²^d nmo_mdB (nÙmdVr)ZJa go hþAm h¡ & ½dm{cà Ho$ g_rndVu nÙndmgm Zm_H$ Jm§d go BgH$mg_rH$aU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & Bg Om{V _| aBYy, N>Ìn{V, ~«÷JwcmcAm{X O¡go n«{VpîR>V H${d hþE & ídoVmå~a gån«Xm` _| ^r nmoadmc Om{VhmoVr h¡ & nmoadmc Om{V H$mo dV©_mZ nadma Om{V go g_rH¥¥$V Zht {H$`mOmZm Mm{hE & BgH$s naånam cJ^J Xgdt eVr {_cVr h¡ & _hmamOH${ZîH$ Ho$ AmXoe na Omo g_wXm` lr_mcm ZJa H$s gwajm Ho$ {cE CgHo$ nyd©^mJ _| ~g J o dht n«m½dmc `m nmoadmc H$hm OmZo cJm, Eogm ^r H$hmOmVm h¡ & BZ_| VrZ dJ© h¢ -ewÕnmoadmc, gmoa{R>`m nmoadmc Am¡a H$nmoVmnmoadmc &

n„rdmc Am¡a Amogdmc - n„rdmc Am¡a Amogdmc - n„rdmc Am¡a Amogdmc - n„rdmc Am¡a Amogdmc - n„rdmc Am¡a Amogdmc - n„rdmc amOñWmZ Ho$ nmc J«m_ goCX² yV hmoZm Mm{hE & nmcr go n{„ An «îQ> ê$n hmo gH$Vm h¡ & M§ÐdmS>ZJa Ho$ Mm¡hmZd§er amOmAm| _| c_oMy, Om`gdmc Am¡a nmoadmc Om{V _| gohr A{YH$m§e XrdmZ Am¡a _§Ìr hþE h¢ & AmJam, ½dm{cà, {\$amoOm~mX Ho$Amgnmg `h Om{V AmO ^r ~gr hþB© h¡ & n„rdmc Am¡a Amogdmc Om{VídoVmå~a gån«Xm` _| r hmoVr h¡ & _ycV… h Om{V amOnyV ahr h¡ & AmogdmcOm{V Amo{g`m ñWmZ go {ZH$cVr h¡ & _wcVmZr {X. Amogdmc AmO ^rO`nwa _| EH$ g_¥Õ g_mO Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZr OmVr h¡ & lr_mc ^r Eogr hrg_mO h¡ Omo {XJå~a Am¡a ídoVmå~a XmoZm| gån«Xm`m| _| {_cVr h¡ & BZH$m^r g_` cJ^J Xgdt eVr h¡ &

g_¡`m -g_¡`m -g_¡`m -g_¡`m -g_¡`m - ò XmoZm| Om{V`m§ _y{V©nyOm H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVrñWmZdm{g`m| Ho$ g_mZ `h CnOm{V _Ü`n«Xoe Ho$ gmJa, O~cnwa, H$Q>ZrHo$ Amgnmg ~gr h¡& VmaUVaUnÝW hr g_¡ m Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡ &H$ht H$hr§ CZH$mo MaUmJao ^r H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

Bgr n«H$ma H$s Am¡a ^r YH©$Q>, lr_moT>, da¡æ`m Am{X AZoH$ {XJå~aOm{V`m§ h¢ {OZHo$ g§X © B{Vhmg Ho$ n«m§JU _| BH$Æo> {H$ o OmZo Mm{hE & og^r Om{V`m§ _Ü`H$mc _| CËnÝZ hþB©Ÿ& cJ^J AmR>dr eVr Ho$ nyd© {H$gr^r Om{V H$m CX` Zhr§ hþAmŸ&


X{jU ^maV H$s {XJå~a O¡Z Om{V`m§X{jU ^maV H$s {XJå~a O¡Z Om{V`m§X{jU ^maV H$s {XJå~a O¡Z Om{V`m§X{jU ^maV H$s {XJå~a O¡Z Om{V`m§X{jU ^maV H$s {XJå~a O¡Z Om{V`m§

X{jU ^maV _| O¡Zm| H$mo n«ma§ _| n§M_ H$hm OmVm Wm Omo ~«m÷UoVag_mO H$m gyMH$ eãX Wm & ~mX _| ^Å>maH$m| Zo CÝh| n«mXo{eH$ AmYma XoH$aMVwW©, goVdmc, H$mgma, H$cma, ~moJma Am{X AZoH$ Zm_ Xo {X`o & BZOm{V`m| _| H$mgma Am¡a H$cma Om{V Eogr Om{V`m§ h¡ Omo O¡Zmo§ go ~mha hmoJBª& o Om{V`m§ em`X do ahr h¢ {OÝh| O¡ZmMm`m}§ Zo n[ad{V©V Vmo {H$`m naO¡Z g_mO CÝh| AnZm Zht gH$m & _hmamîQ´> _| BZH$s g§»`m ~hþV h¡ &

X{jU _| {deofV… _hmamîQ´> _| goVdmc g_mO ~‹S>r g§»`m _| h¡ &CZH$m B{Vhmg cJ^J 15-16 dt eVr go {_cVm h¡ & do {XJå~a Y_© Ho$nŠHo$ AZw m`r, M[aÌ{ZîR> Am¡a H¥$fH$ h¢ & BZ_| AZoH$ n«{VpîR>V {dÛmZAmMm © hþE h¢ & H$hm OmVm h¡, VrW© joÌm| Ho$ ajUmW© `h j{Ì` Om{V CËVago X{jU _o Am`r & joÌnmc H$m hr An «§e ê$n goVdmc h¡ & H¥$fH$ hmoZo Ho$H$maU ^r CÝh| goVdmc H$hm OmVm h¡ &

X{jU _| Xygar {XJå~a OmVr MVwW© h¡ Omo g§»`m _| cJ^J So>T> cmIh¡ & ~§~B© Am¡a H$Zm©Q>H$ _| BZH$s AdpñW{V A{YH$ h¡ & X{jU _| O¡Z ~«m÷U,O¡Z j{Ì` O¡Z d¡í` Am¡a O¡Z eyÐ hmoVo h¢ & MVwW© H$m gå~ÝY O¡Z eyÐ go ahmh¡ & `h O¡Z H¥$fH$ A{YH$ h¡ & {dYdm {ddmh ^r Bg Om{V _| hmoVm h¡&ZmpÝXUr (H$moëhmnwa) _| Bg Om{V _| go {OZgoZ Zm_ Ho$ Å>maH$ hmoVo aho h¢&

Vrgar X{jUr O¡Z Om{V h¡ n§M_ & H$Xm{MV² ~«m÷U dJ© Zo `hm§§ Ho$Bg g_wXm` H$mo MVwd©U© go ~mha aIZo H$s X¥pîQ> go `h Zm_ {X`m Wm cJ^J15 dt eVr _| & Bgr _| go 16 dt eVr _| MVwW©, eoVdmc Am¡a ~moJam O¡grOm{V`mo§ H$m CX² d hþAm & Bg Om{V _| ^r {dYdm {ddmh hmoVm h¡ & Bgo{Zå_V_ H$mo{Q> H$s O¡Z Om{V _mZr OmVr h¡ & Bgr {ZåZVm go ~MZo Ho$ {cEBg_| go Hw$N> cmoJm| Zo drae¡d gån«Xm` J«hU H$a {c`m Am¡a do n§M_emcrqcJm`V H$ho OmZo cJo & BZHo$ Xmo {d^mJ h¢ lmdH$ Am¡a nwOmar dJ© & nwOmardJ© H$mo "O§J_' H$hm OmVm h¡ Omo {daŠV (A{ddm{hV) VWm JwéñWc({ddm{hV) hmoVo h¢ & qcJm`Vm| Ho$ 31 dJm} _| EH$ dJ© n§M_emcr ^r h¡&

Mm¡Wr X{jUr O¡Z Om{V h¡ ~moJma {Ogo H$mgma H$hm OmVm h¡ & `hOm{V Vm§~o Ho$ ~V©Zm| H$m ì`mnma A{YH$ H$aVr ahr h¡ & Bg_| Hw$N> cmoJ


H$m{cH$m H$mo AnZr Hw$cXodr _mZVo h¢ & Bg_| {dYdm {ddmh Am¡a ~hþnËZrn«Wm h¡ & 17 dt eVmãXr _| Bg Om{V H$m CX` hþAm h¡ & _mcIoS> Bg Om{VH$m Ho$ÝÐ h¡&

X{jU _| EH$ Am¡a Om{V h¡ CnmÜ`m` Omo _§{Xam| _| nyOm H$m H$m_H$aVr h¡ & _§{Xam| _| A{n©V Ðì` H$m Cn`moJ ^r Cgo dÁ`© Zht h¡ &J«m_monmÜ`m`, Y_m©{YH$mar O¡go dJ© Bgr Om{V _| go h¡ & CnmÜ`m` hrCnmÜ o hmo J`m&

X{jU _| ídoVmå~a gån«Xm` H$m _ycV… H$moB© {deof ApñVËd Zhtahm h¡ & {\$a ^r dhm§ cJ^J nm§Mdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ {ecmcoIm| _| CgHo$ApñVËd Ho$ n«_mU {_cVo h¢&

2. ídoVmå~a g_mO H$s H${Vn` CnOm{V`m§2. ídoVmå~a g_mO H$s H${Vn` CnOm{V`m§2. ídoVmå~a g_mO H$s H${Vn` CnOm{V`m§2. ídoVmå~a g_mO H$s H${Vn` CnOm{V`m§2. ídoVmå~a g_mO H$s H${Vn` CnOm{V`m§

ídoVmå~a gån«Xm` _| ^r Om{VJV oX ~hþV hþE h¢ & o ^r _ycV…j{Ì` aho & CncãY n«_mUm| Ho$ AZwgma o Om{V`m§ JhcmoV-{ggmo{X`m,amR>moS>, I¡hmZ, na_ma, S>mcm, gmoc§H$s Am{X j{Ì` Om{V`m| H$s hremImAm|-CnemImAm| _| {d^ŠV h¢ & BZ JmoÌm| _| Hw$N> ñWmZdmMH$ h¢, Hw$No>H$H$m gå~ÝY {H$gr ì`mnma {deof go Ow‹S>m h¡ Vmo H$moB© nX {deof H$s Amoag§Ho$V H$a ahm h¡ & CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na -

ñWmZdmMH$ …-ñWmZdmMH$ …-ñWmZdmMH$ …-ñWmZdmMH$ …-ñWmZdmMH$ …- {ggmo{X`m, ^Qo>dam, nrnmS>m, AhmS>m, _mé,Amogdmc, Xodnwam, Sy§>Janw[a`m, Omd[a`m, {MËVmoS>m, gtJS>dm{S>`m,Zaqghnwam, Omcmoar, {gamo m, Irdgam, nmcrdmc, lr_mc, H$U{c`m,Sy§>Jadmc, nmoadmc, H$Um©dQ>, Jcy§{S>`m, H$N>mam, S>m§Jr, JmoS>dmS>m & qgYgo Am o hþE -- ccdmZr, gmo_mZr, N>OcmZr, MmoImZr, gmoJmZr &

ì`mnma gyMH$ …-ì`mnma gyMH$ …-ì`mnma gyMH$ …-ì`mnma gyMH$ …-ì`mnma gyMH$ …- Om¡har, gmoZr, {haZ, cy{U`m, ~moham, Jm§Yr,{Vcogam, H$nmgr, {dZmo{c`m, g§MoVr, ^ÊS>emcr, amoH$m (D$Z ì`mnmar)Xmofr, (H$n‹S>m ì`mnmar), nQ>dm, ~`m (~wZZodmcm) d¡Ú &

nX gyMH$ …-nX gyMH$ …-nX gyMH$ …-nX gyMH$ …-nX gyMH$ …- nJm[a`m (doVZ MwH$mZo dmcm), ~moWam (OhmO go_mc _§JmZo dmcm), {hcmoV (_mc aIZodmcm), _hVm (coIZ H$m H$m_H$aZo dmcm), Mm¡Yar, H$moR>mar, ^ÊS>mar, IOmÝMr, ~oVmcm (ImZm| na H$m_


H$amZo dmcm), ZmZmdQ>r, H$mdo{S>`m ({gŠH$m| Ho$ ì`mnmar), JÝZm, _§Ìr,qgKdr, go{R>`m, gmhþ (emh), IoV nm{c`m, doX, Zmha, gmhZr (Kmo‹S>m|H$m A\$ga), N>mOoS> &

AmogdmcAmogdmcAmogdmcAmogdmcAmogdmc

BZ Om{V`m| _| Amogdmc Om{V H$s g§»`m ~hþV h¡ & O¡Z g_wXm` {ejmZm_H$ J«ÝW _| BgHo$ 1444 Am¡a 609 JmoÌm| H$s g§»`m H$m C„oI {_cVm h¡Ÿ&H${d ê$nMÝÐ Zo BgHo$ 440 JmoÌm| H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BZ JmoÌm| _| à_wIJmoÌ h¢Ÿ - na_ma, {ggmo{X`m, amR>moS>, gmoc§H$s, Mm¡hmZ, gm§Icm, n{S>hma,~moS>m, X{h`m, ^mQ>r, _mo c, Jmo c, _H$_mUm, H$N>dmhm, Jm¡S>, IS>dS>,~oaS> VWm gm¡I & o JmoÌ H$ht ñWmZm| Ho$ AmYma na Vmo H$ht ì`mnma Ho$AmYma na `m H$ht ì`pŠVJV Zm_m| Ho$ AmYma na A§{H$V hþE h¡Ÿ&

Amogdmc Om{V _ycV… j{Ì` ahr h¡ {Ogo cJ^J {d. g§. 1020 _|CnHo$eJÀN>r` O¡ZmMm © aËZn« gy[a Zo OmoYnwa Ho$ nmg Amo{g`m§ ZJar _|lr_mcd§er` amOm CßncXod Am¡a CZHo$ gm{W`m| H$mo O¡ZY_© _| Xr{jV{H$`m Wm & Bg KQ>Zm H$mo BgHo$ nyd© {Z`mo{OV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

H$mcmÝVa _| j{Ì`m| Ho$ g_mZ ~«m÷Um| Am¡a d¡í`m| Zo r O¡ZY_© YmaU{H$`m Am¡a do ^r {d{^ÝZ JmoÌm| _| g_m{hV hmoVo J o & BZ JmoÌm| _| Hw$N> Z oWo Am¡a Hw$N> nwamZo & BZ_| h_ H${Vn` JmoÌm| H$m C„oI `hm§ H$a aho h¢ -

1. g§MoVr -1. g§MoVr -1. g§MoVr -1. g§MoVr -1. g§MoVr - {d.g§. 1026 _| dY©_mZgy[a Zo gmoZrJam Mm¡hmZdmoaËWHw$_ma H$mo n«{V~moY {X`m Am¡a g§MoVr JmoÌ H$s ñWmnZm H$s &

2. ~a{T>`m (da{X`m) -2. ~a{T>`m (da{X`m) -2. ~a{T>`m (da{X`m) -2. ~a{T>`m (da{X`m) -2. ~a{T>`m (da{X`m) - YmamZJar Zaoe ^moO Ho$ d§eO V§dam| Ho$H$m_ _| {d. g§. 1037 _| dY©_mZ gy[a Zo Ho$H$B© J«m_ _| cú_Unmc H$modaXmZ {X`m {H$ CgH$s Xrdmc H$mo ñne© H$aZo dmcm nr‹S>m_wŠV hmoJm VWmCg JmoÌ _| gn© H$m CnÐd Zht hmoJm &

3. MmonS>m JmoÌ -3. MmonS>m JmoÌ -3. MmonS>m JmoÌ -3. MmonS>m JmoÌ -3. MmonS>m JmoÌ - {d. g§. 1152 _| {OZ~„^ gy[a Zo ~ÊS>moa J«m__| ZmZwXo n«{Vhma d§er amOm Ho$ nwÌ YdcM§X H$mo Hw$îR>amoJ go _wŠV {H$`m &\$cV… CgZo O¡ZY_© YmaU {H$`m Am¡a Mmon‹S>m JmoÌ nm`m & Bg JmoÌ H$s MmaemIm | hþBª - 1. H$moR>mar, 2. ~wn{H$`m, 3. Yy{U`m Am¡a 4. Omo{J`m & BZ_|


amdMwÊSo> amR>m¡a Zo eÌw§O` `mÌm Ho$ g§Kn{V gmoZnmc H$mo nwañH$ma ê$n _| EH$H$moR>ma |Q> {H$`m {Oggo CZH$m d§e H$moR>mar Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmZo cJm &

4. Ym‹S>rdmc JmoÌ -4. Ym‹S>rdmc JmoÌ -4. Ym‹S>rdmc JmoÌ -4. Ym‹S>rdmc JmoÌ -4. Ym‹S>rdmc JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1155 _| {OZ ~„^ gy[a Zo JwOamV_| Ym‹S>m _maZo dmco S>tS>moOr H$mo n«{V~moY {X`m Am¡a _hmOZd§e _| Ym‹S>rdmcJmoÌ _| Cgo Xr{jV {H$`m & o cmJ OmoYnwa Ho$ {Vdar J«m_ _| OmH$a ~gJ o& CZHo$ {ea na Q>m§Q> Wr & Bg{cE CÝh| ~mX _| Q>m§{Q>`m H$hm OmZo cJm &

5. cmcdmUr -5. cmcdmUr -5. cmcdmUr -5. cmcdmUr -5. cmcdmUr - {d.g§. 1167 _| IaVaJÀN>m{Yn{V {OZ~„^gy[aH$m n«{V~moY nmH$a n§dma amOnyV cmcqgh Zo O¡ZY_© ñdrH$ma {H$`m & V~CÝh| cmcdmUr JmoÌ {X`m J`m & cmcqgh Ho$ d§R> Am{X gmV nwÌ Wo {OZHo$ Zm_go ~m§{R> m, {da_oMm, haImdV, gmh Am¡a _„mdV JmoÌm| H$m n«McZ hþAm&

6. Mmoa{S>`m Am{X JmoÌ -6. Mmoa{S>`m Am{X JmoÌ -6. Mmoa{S>`m Am{X JmoÌ -6. Mmoa{S>`m Am{X JmoÌ -6. Mmoa{S>`m Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1170 _| MÝXoar A{Yn{VamR>moa Zo {OZXËVgy[a go n«{V~moY nmH$a O¡ZY_© ñdrH$ma {H$`m & CgHo$ MmanwÌ Wo - Aå~Xod, Zt~Xod, _¢gmgmh Am¡a Amgy & BZ_| go Aå~Xod H$s gÝV{VH$mo ~Xo{S>`m (Mmoa{S>`m) H$hm OmZo cJm & BZ Mmoa{S>`m| H$s 17 emIm | hþBª- 1. VoOmUr, 2. N>ÝZmUr, 3. nmonUr, 4. _mocmUr, 5. J„mUr, 6. Xodg`mUr, 7. ZmUr, 8. ldUr, 9. gÔmUr, 10. H$ŠH$‹S>, 11. _ŠH$U, 12.^ŠH$U, 13. cwQ>H$U, 14. g§gmam, 15. H$mo~oam, 16. Q>ma{H$`m Am¡a 17.nrV{c`m&

Bgr Vah Zt~Xod H$s gÝVmZ ^Q>Zoam Mm¡Yar H$hcmZo cJr & V¥Vr`nwÌ ¡gmgmh H$s nm§M npËZ`m§ Wr, {OZHo$ nm§M c‹S>Ho$ Wo - Hw§$da Or, JocmoOr, Hw$ƒo Or, nmgy Or Am¡a goëhW Or & BZ_| go Hw§$daOr Ho$ AZw m`r gmhgwI(gmdUgwIm), JocmoOr Ho$ AZw`m`r JmocdÀN> (JmocoN>m), ~wƒmoOr Ho$AZw m`r ~wƒm Am¡a nmgyOr Ho$ AZw m`r nmaI H$hcm o & H$hm OmVm h¡ BZ_|nmgyOr Om¡har Wo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo amOm MÝÐgoZ Ho$ g^m _| EH$ hrao H$s naIH$s&V~ go CÝh| Am¡a CZHo$ AZw m{``m| H$mo nmaI H$hm OmZo cJm & n§M_ nwÌgoëhW Ho$ AZw m`r Jh{X`m H$ho OmZo cJo &

7. ^ÊS>gmcr Am{X JmoÌ - 7. ^ÊS>gmcr Am{X JmoÌ - 7. ^ÊS>gmcr Am{X JmoÌ - 7. ^ÊS>gmcr Am{X JmoÌ - 7. ^ÊS>gmcr Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1173 _| O¡gc_oa Ho$ g_rndVucmoÐmnwa nÅ>Z Ho$ ^mQ>r amOnyV gmJa amdc Ho$ amOHw$_ma lrYa Am¡a amOYaH$mo {OZXËVgy[a Zo n«{V~mo{YV {H$`m & CZHo$ O¡ZY_© YmaU H$aZo na CÝh|


gy[a Zo ^ÊS>emcr JmoÌ {X`m & H$ht-H$ht BÝhr§ H$mo H$mN>dm ^r H$hm OmVmh¡ & Bg JmoÌ _| {H$gr H$m yam a§J hmoZo na Cgo yam H$hZo cJo Omo H$mcmÝVa_| ya JmoÌ hmo J`m &

8. Am`[a`m Am{X JmoÌ -8. Am`[a`m Am{X JmoÌ -8. Am`[a`m Am{X JmoÌ -8. Am`[a`m Am{X JmoÌ -8. Am`[a`m Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1175 _| {OZXËVgy[a Zo {gÝYXoe Ho$ ^mQ>r amOnyV A^`qgh H$mo n«{V~mo{YVH$a Am`[a`m JmoÌ {X`m &Bgr JmoÌ _| EH$ cyUo Zm_H$ n«{VpîR>V ì`pŠV hþAm {OgHo$ AZw m`r d§eOcyUmdV H$hcm o &

9. ~hþ\$Um Am{X JmoÌ -9. ~hþ\$Um Am{X JmoÌ -9. ~hþ\$Um Am{X JmoÌ -9. ~hþ\$Um Am{X JmoÌ -9. ~hþ\$Um Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1177 _| {OZXËVgy[a Zo YmamZJar Ho$ amO n¥ÏdrYa Ho$ nwÌ Omo~Z Am¡a gƒy H$mo n«{V~mo{YVH$a CÝh|~hþ\$UmJmoÌ {X`m & BZ_| go wÕ hmoZo na Omo Zht hQo> do ZmhQ>m H$hcm o &~hþ\$Um (~m\$Um) JmoÌ H$s Bg n«H$ma 17 emIm | hþBª - 1. ~m\$Um, 2.ZmhQ>m, 3. amOOmXm, 4. Yw„, 5. Kmoadm‹S>, 6. hþ§{S>`m§, 7. Om§J‹S>m, 8.gmo_{c`m, 9. dmh§{V`m, 10. dgmh, 11. _rR§>{S>`m, 12. dmK_ma, 13.^m y, 14. KVy[a`m, 15. _J{X`m, 16. nQ>dm (O¡gc_oa dmcm), 17.ZmZJmUr &

10. aVZnwam Am{X JmoÌ -10. aVZnwam Am{X JmoÌ -10. aVZnwam Am{X JmoÌ -10. aVZnwam Am{X JmoÌ -10. aVZnwam Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1021 _| gmoZJam Mm¡hmZamOnyV aVZqgh Zo aVZnwa ZJa ~gm`m & Bgr amOm Ho$ d§eO YZnmc H$mo{OZXËVgy[a Zo gn©{df ~mY XyaH$a O¡ZY_© _| Xr{jV {H$`m Am¡a Cgo aVZnwamJmoÌ {X`m & Bg JmoÌ H$s ~mX _| Xe emIm | hþBª - aVZnwam, H$Q>m[a`m,H$moMoQ>m, ZamUJmoVm, gmnÐmh, ^cm{U`m, gm§^[a`m, am_goÝ`m, ~cmB©Am¡a ~moham & BZ_| H$Q>m[a`m JmoÌ Ho$ ~mao _| H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ amOm YZnmcH$s gÝV{V Pm§PmUqgh gwcVmZ H$s Amoa go {OZoÝÐ H$s ~mocr co cr {~Zm~Vm o & Bg na CgZo H$Q>ma _ma cr & V^r go H$Q>m[a`m JmoÌ Mc n‹S>m &

11. am§H$m Am{X JmoÌ -11. am§H$m Am{X JmoÌ -11. am§H$m Am{X JmoÌ -11. am§H$m Am{X JmoÌ -11. am§H$m Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1185 _| {OZXËVgy[a Zo nmcrZJa Ho$ amOXyV H$mHy$ Am¡a nmVmH$ H$mo O¡Z ~Zm`m & H$mHy$ Xw~cm Wm Bg{cEcmoJ Cgo am§H$m H$hZo cJo & am§H$m ZJa goR> hmo J`m & CgH$s gÝV{V H$moam§H$m Am¡a go{R>`m H$hm J`m & nmVmH$ Ho$ Xmo c‹S>Ho$ Wo H$mcm Am¡a ~m§H$m &H$mcm H$s gÝV{V H$mcm Am¡a VWm ~m§H$mH$s gÝV{V ~mH$m, Jmoam Am¡a XH$H$hcm o&


12. amIoMmh Am{X JmoÌ -12. amIoMmh Am{X JmoÌ -12. amIoMmh Am{X JmoÌ -12. amIoMmh Am{X JmoÌ -12. amIoMmh Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1187 _o§ {OZXËV gy[aZo nyJcHo$ amOm ^mQ>r amOnyV gmoZnmc Ho$ c‹S>Ho$ Ho$cUXo H$m Hw$îR>amoJ Xya {H$`m &V~ amOn[adma Zo O¡ZY_© J«hU {H$`m Am¡a CÝh| amIoMmh JmoÌ {X`m & OmocmoJ nyJc go AÝ`Ì Mco J o CÝh| nwJ{c`m H$hm OmZo cJm &

13. cy{U`m JmoÌ -13. cy{U`m JmoÌ -13. cy{U`m JmoÌ -13. cy{U`m JmoÌ -13. cy{U`m JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1192 _| {OZXËVgy[a Zo {gÝYXoe Ho$_wcVmZ ZJa Ho$ amOm Ho$ hmWremh Zm_H$ XrdmZ Ho$ nwÌ cyUm H$mo gn©{df go~Mm`m & \$cV… dh O¡Z hmo J`m & V^r go CgH$s gÝV{V cy{U`m H$hcmZocJr&

BZ JmoÌm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go `h nVm McVm h¡ {H$ BZ JmoÌm| H$s ñWmnZmH$aZo dmco AmMm`© {OZXËVgy[a Wo& CZH$m hr AZwdV©Z H$aZo dmcoho_MÝÐgy[a, {OZMÝÐgy[a Am{X AmMm © hþE {OÝhm|Zo g_mO _| O¡ZY_© H$mn«Mma-n«gma {H$`m Am¡a Z o Z o JmoÌm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s & CXmhaUV…-

14. gm§Icm Am{X JmoÌ -14. gm§Icm Am{X JmoÌ -14. gm§Icm Am{X JmoÌ -14. gm§Icm Am{X JmoÌ -14. gm§Icm Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1205 _| n§dma amOnyV OJXodH$mo ho_M§Ðgy[a Zo O¡ZY_© _| Xr{jV {H$`m & OJXod Ho$ Xmo c‹S>Ho$ Wo-gya OrAm¡a gm§dcOr & CZ XmoZm| H$s gÝV{V H«$_e… gwamUm Am¡a gm§dcm H$hcm o&

15. AmK[a`m JmoÌ -15. AmK[a`m JmoÌ -15. AmK[a`m JmoÌ -15. AmK[a`m JmoÌ -15. AmK[a`m JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1214 _| {OZM§Ðgy[a Zo qgYXoem{Yn{V Jmogcqgh ^mQ>r amOnyV H$mo O¡ZY_© _| Xr{jV H$a AmK[a`mJmoÌ {X`m &

16. XyJS> Am{X JmoÌ -16. XyJS> Am{X JmoÌ -16. XyJS> Am{X JmoÌ -16. XyJS> Am{X JmoÌ -16. XyJS> Am{X JmoÌ - nmcr ZJa Ho$ gmo_MÝÐ{Yn{V H$s nr‹T>r _|amOnyV gyaqgh Ho$ Xmo nwÌ Wo-XyJ‹S> Am¡a gyJ‹S> & do XmoZm| _odm‹S> _| AmKmQ> Jm§dOm ~go Ohm§ H$moB© ì`ÝVa gmoa J«m_dm{g`m| H$mo naoemZ H$aVm Wm & {d. g§.1217 _| {OZXËVgy[a Zo BZ XmoZm| Ho$ {ZdoXZ na `h VH$cr\$ Xya H$a Xr &V~ CZH$s gÝV{V H«$_e… XyJ‹S> Am¡a gyJ‹S> H$hcmZo cJr &

17. _mohrdmc Am{X JmoÌ -17. _mohrdmc Am{X JmoÌ -17. _mohrdmc Am{X JmoÌ -17. _mohrdmc Am{X JmoÌ -17. _mohrdmc Am{X JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1221 _| _mohrJ«m_mYren§dma amOnyV Zmam`U H$mo {OZM§Ðgy[a Zo n«{V~mo{YV H$a _mohrdmc JmoÌ Ho$nwÌ Wo {OZgo 16 emIm | n«maå^ hmo JBª - 1. _mohrdmc, 2. AmcmdV, 3.nmcmdV, 4. XyYo{S>`m, 5. Jmo , 6. WamdV, 7. Iw‹S>Km, 8. Q>m¡S>admc, 9.10. ~§ r, 11. {J{S²>`m, 12. Jmo‹S>drS>`m, 13. nQ>dm, 14. ardV, 15.16. Jm¡Y &


18. ~moWam Am{X JmoÌ -18. ~moWam Am{X JmoÌ -18. ~moWam Am{X JmoÌ -18. ~moWam Am{X JmoÌ -18. ~moWam Am{X JmoÌ - Omcmoa _hmXwJm©{Yn{V XodS>md§er`_hmamOm g_ÝV H$s Xmo am{Z`m§ Wt {OZHo$ gJa, dra_Xo Am¡a H$mÝhS> Zm_H$nwÌ VWm C_m Zm_H$ nwÌr Wr& gJa XodcdmS>m H$m amOm hmo J`m & dhm§{OZoídagy[a Zo {d. g§. 1313 _| CZH$s gÝV{V H$mo n«{V~mo{YV {H$`m &H$mcmÝVa _| BÝht H$s gÝV{V go ~mo{hËWam, \$moH${c`m, dÀN>mdV, XgdmUr,Sw§>JamUr, _wH$s_, gmh, aVmUr Am¡a O¡UmdV JmoÌm| H$m OÝ_ hþAm &

19. J¡cS>m JmoÌ -19. J¡cS>m JmoÌ -19. J¡cS>m JmoÌ -19. J¡cS>m JmoÌ -19. J¡cS>m JmoÌ - {d.g§. 1552 _| JhcmoV amOnyV {JaYa H$moO¡ZY_© _|o n«{V~mo{YV H$a J¡cS>m JmoÌ ñWm{nV {H$`m &

20. cmoTm> JmoÌ -20. cmoTm> JmoÌ -20. cmoTm> JmoÌ -20. cmoTm> JmoÌ -20. cmoTm> JmoÌ - n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ Ho$ amÁ` _| cmIZqgh Zm_H$EH$ Mm¡hmZ gy~oXma Wm & CgHo$ H$moB© nwÌ Zht Wm & EH$ O¡ZmMm © H$s godm goCgo nwÌ hþAm na dh _mÌ _m§g H$m cmoT>m (cm¢Xm) Wm & V~ go CgH$m JmoÌcmoT>m hmo J`m & Bg JmoÌ go Mma emIm | {dH${gV hþBª - Q>moS>a_cmoV, N>O_cmoV, aVZ nmcmoV, Am¡a ^md {gÝYmoV &

AmJo McH$a Amogdmcm| Ho$ 1444 JmoÌm| H$m AmH$cZ {H$`m J`m Omoì`mnmam{X na AmYm[aV {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& BZ_| A{YH$m§e amOnyV WoŸ& Hw$N>_mhoídar Am¡a ~m÷U ^r WoŸ& "O¡Z gåàXm` {ejm' J«ÝW _| BZ_| go cJ^J600 JmoÌmo§ H$m C„oI {_cVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go- H$¸$S>, JmoR>r, JmocoÀN>m, Mm¡hmU,Q>m§{Q>`m, nmaI, ~am‹S>, ~m±{R>`m Am{XŸ&

nmoadmcnmoadmcnmoadmcnmoadmcnmoadmc

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e_U na_mË_m H$m gmjmËH$ma H$aZo _| {dídmg H$aVm h¡ & Bg g§X ©_| gJ© qH$J Zo CgHo$ Ûmam _mÝ` Mma cmoH$m| H$m {Zê$nU {H$`m h¡-

1) BHo$ nmnH$hr (~mø g§gma) - 1) BHo$ nmnH$hr (~mø g§gma) - 1) BHo$ nmnH$hr (~mø g§gma) - 1) BHo$ nmnH$hr (~mø g§gma) - 1) BHo$ nmnH$hr (~mø g§gma) - BgHo$ AÝVJ©V ~mhç g§gmaH$m EopÝÐ{`H$ ê$n gm_Zo ahVm h¡ {Og_| n¥Ïdr Am{X n§M yV VËËd Am¡a newnjr OJV g_m{hV h¡ & H$_c Am{X n«VrH$mË_H$ h¢ & ì`pŠV H$s X¥pîQ> _| nanXmW© H$s g_rjm hmoVr h¡ & VXZwgma n«Ë oH$ nXmW© H$m Am{X Am¡a AÝV hmoVmh¡ Am¡a n«Ë oH$ H$m © H$m H$maU hmoVm h¡ `h H$_©dmX H$s ì`m»`m h¡ & e_U`hr ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {cE Ü`mZ H$m n« moJ H$aVmh¡, gmW hr OS>r-~y{Q>`m§, Am¡f{Y`m§, a§J-{M{H$Ëgm Am{X H$mo ^r AnZm`mOmVm h¡ &

2) BHo$ nmncwAm (AmË_{ZîR> g§gma) -2) BHo$ nmncwAm (AmË_{ZîR> g§gma) -2) BHo$ nmncwAm (AmË_{ZîR> g§gma) -2) BHo$ nmncwAm (AmË_{ZîR> g§gma) -2) BHo$ nmncwAm (AmË_{ZîR> g§gma) - n«mH¥${VH$ g§gma nañnag§~Õ h¡ & Bg_| n«H$me-A§YH$ma, hdm-nmZr, {_Å>r-nËWa, noS>, njr, \y$cAm{X nXmW© h¢ Omo ì`pŠV go g§~Õ h¢ & ì`pŠV Ho$ g_mZ CZH$m ^r ^m_ÊS>cahVm h¡ Am¡a `moJr CZgo gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$a gH$Vm h¡, _Z H$mo Q>Q>mocgH$Vm h¡, AVrV Am¡a {dî` go ZmVm OmoS> gH$Vm h¡ & do g~ EH$ hr MH«$ Ho$A§J h¢ & AmË_Vwcm Ho$ AmYma na e_U g^r Ordm| H$mo AnZo g_mZ _mZVmh¡ & g_m{Y Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dh Xodm| go gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$a coVm h¡ &

3) BHo$ nm`H$mocw (n«VrH$mË_H$ g§gma) -3) BHo$ nm`H$mocw (n«VrH$mË_H$ g§gma) -3) BHo$ nm`H$mocw (n«VrH$mË_H$ g§gma) -3) BHo$ nm`H$mocw (n«VrH$mË_H$ g§gma) -3) BHo$ nm`H$mocw (n«VrH$mË_H$ g§gma) - n«VrH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ goe_U Y_© AnZo Xe©Z H$mo n«ñVwV H$aVm h¡ & CXmhaUmW© d¥j, AÝV[aH$ epŠV


H$m, n{j`m| H$s AmdmO AmZÝX H$m gy © H$m, n«H$me na_mË_ epŠV H$m,A§YH$ma AkmZ H$m n«VrH$ h¡ & n«Ë oH$ nXmW© n«VrH$mË_H$ h¡ & o n«VrH$ ì`pŠVHo$ {dMmam| Ho$ ^r n«VrH$ H$ho Om gH$Vo h¢ &

4) BHo$ nmnH$h (n{dÌ g§gma) -4) BHo$ nmnH$h (n{dÌ g§gma) -4) BHo$ nmnH$h (n{dÌ g§gma) -4) BHo$ nmnH$h (n{dÌ g§gma) -4) BHo$ nmnH$h (n{dÌ g§gma) - ì`pŠV g§gma H$m A§J h¡ &g^r EH$mË_H$ h¢ & eãX H$s r gr_m hmoVr h¡ & dh nXmW© H$m EH$ gmW ghrdU©Z Zht H$a gH$Vm & Xygao H$s X¥pîQ> H$m ^r Ü`mZ aIZmAmdí`H$ h¡ &g§Kf©© ~MmZo Ho$ {cE ^r `h Amdí`H$ h¡ & O¡Z Xe©Z H$m `h AZoH$mÝVdmXAm¡a ñ`mÛmX H$m hr ê$n h¡ & `h {MÝVZ AÝVa H$s n{dÌVm H$mo Úmo{VVH$aVm h¡&

`moJ Am¡a Ü`mZ`moJ Am¡a Ü`mZ`moJ Am¡a Ü`mZ`moJ Am¡a Ü`mZ`moJ Am¡a Ü`mZ

`o Mmam| g§gma _Z H$s J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$ {d{dY ê$n h¢ & _Z H$moHo$pÝÐVH$a CZH$m AZw d {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a H«$_e… na_mË_-nX H$mon«má {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & BgHo$ {cE Ü`mZ Ho$ g_` AZoH$ AmgZm| H$mn«`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & CZ_| H$m`moËgJ©, nX²_mgZ, Jm`Z _wÐm {deofC„oIZr` h¢& BZ _wÐmAm| _| ~¡R>H$a new-n{j`m| H$s {d{^ÝZ AdñWmAm| H$mgmjmËH$ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ {Oggo ì`pŠV AnZo H$_© \$cm| na {MÝVZ H$aVmh¡ & \«$m§g _| e_Um| H$s Eogr _wÐmAm| Ho$ nÝÐh gm¡ df© nwamZo Jwhm{MÌ {_co h¢&1970 _| noê$ Ho$ EH$ maVr` e_U Zo pñdg Z¥VËddoËVm Ho$ {cE BZ _wÐmAm|Ho$ {MÌ ^r ~Zm o Wo & e_U H$s BZ _wÐmAm| na {dXoem| _| H$m\$s H$m_ hmo ahm h¡&

H$_©H$m§S>r` ì`dñWmH$_©H$m§S>r` ì`dñWmH$_©H$m§S>r` ì`dñWmH$_©H$m§S>r` ì`dñWmH$_©H$m§S>r` ì`dñWm

e_U H$m H$m © Xodm| go gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aZm h¡ & BZ e_Um| Ho$ AZoH$gån«Xm` h¢ Omo Am{Xdmgr Om{V`m| Ho$ ê$n _| Xoe-{dXoe _| \¡$co hþE h¢& Xodm|go gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s CZH$s AnZr H$_©H$mÊS>r` ì`dñWm h¡ Omo g_`-g_` na joÌm| Ho$ AZwgma ~XcVr ahr h¡ & Bgr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go do new-n{j`m|Ho$ gmW ^r gånH©$ H$a coVo h¢ & _m|J Am¡a `mo e_U {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ gmYZAmÀN>mXZ, KÊQ>m, Am¡a kdoXr VWm Xohcr Ho$ ~rM ~m§Ym OmZodmcm EH$ nQ>({~«O) Am¡a YmJm gmW aIVo h¢ Omo ~m§g _| ~m§Yo OmVo h¢ & Xodm| Am{X gog§nH©$ H$aZo Ho$ o gmYZ `k _ÊS>n H$m H$m_ H$aVo h¢ & X{jU-nyd© E{e`m _|


Bgo ~moH$do H$hm OmVm h¡ & MrZ _| Bg e_U gmYZm H$m gå~ÝY VmAmo Y_©go ^r ahm h¡ & `hm§ gd©Ì nQ> EH$ n«VrH$ h¡ Xodm| go g§nH©$ H$aZo H$m & BZe_Um| _| AÜ`mË_ epŠV ahVr h¡ Omo nacmoH$ _| ahZo dmcm| go gå~ÝY ñWm{nVH$a coVr h¡ &

nwamo{hVdmXnwamo{hVdmXnwamo{hVdmXnwamo{hVdmXnwamo{hVdmX

g_` Ho$ gmW e_U gmYZm _| n[adV©Z r hmoVm ahm h¡ & nwamo{hVdmXZo CgH$m ñWmZ co {c`m & CËVa A_o[aH$m, _opŠgH$mo, Ho$ZoS>m Am{X Xoem| _|Bg nwamo{hVdmX na emoY H$m © hmo ahm h¡ & Bgo hrqcJ àopŠQ>g H$hVo h¢ &Bg_| Xodm| `m AmË_mAm| H$mo ñd § _| CVma {c`m OmVm h¡ & `h gmYZm H${R>ZhmoVr h¡ Bg{cE dV©_mZ _| Eogo gmYH$m| H$s g§»`m A{YH$ Zht h¡ & A~ Bg_|_Zmo{dkmZ Zo ^r n«doe H$a {c`m h¡ & Z o e_U n«mMrZ naånamdmXr e_Um|H$s Anojm A{YH$ CXma h¢ Omo Am^m_ÊS>c Am¡a MH«$m| _| {dídmg H$aVo h¢ & dod¡H$pënH$ joÌ _| ahZo dmcr AmË_mAm| go g§nH©$ H$aZo _| Bg gmYZm H$mn« moJ Hw$N> Z o T§>J go H$aVo h¢ & {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ joÌ _| A~ CZH$m ^cr §m{VCn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & ñQ>m{Zgcmd J«mo\$' ñQ>oZco {H«$ßnZa' OrZ {MQ>a~J©Am{X {dÛmZm| Zo e_Um| H$s hrqcJ {\$cmog\$s d VH$ZrH$ na AÀN>m H$m_{H$`m h¡ &

A§Va `mÌmA§Va `mÌmA§Va `mÌmA§Va `mÌmA§Va `mÌm

AmYw{ZH$ {M{H$Ëgm _| ~mø g§gma H$mo XoIm OmVm h¡ na e_U gmYZmAmÝV[aH$ `mÌm na Omoa XoVr h¡ & `h EH$ Eogm joÌ h¡ {Og_| AmYw{ZH${M{H$ËgH$ Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$Vo & Bg VÏ` H$mo A_o{HaH$m Ho$ {M{H$ËgH$ g§KH$s [anmoQ©> Zo ^r ñdrH$mam h¡ & Bg [anmoQ©> _| e_U gmYZm H$mo na_mZ§X nmZoH$m gmYZ H$hm J`m h¡ & h dñVwV… AmË_-gmYZm h¡ Omo AmYw{ZH$ {M{H$ËgmHo$ ~mha h¡ &

~r.Ec.\$m|Q>Zm, ŠcmS> co{dñQ>´g Am{X {dÛmZm| Zo Bg l_U gmYZmH$m gå~ÝY ^maV go ñWm{nV {H$`m h¡ & _opŠgH$mo _| Vmo A^r ^r Eogo Hw$N>gmYH$ h¢ {OZH$m Z¥VËËd{dÚm Ho$ AmYma na AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX o {dÛmZBg {ZîH$f© na nhþ§Mo h¢ {H$ `h {dÚm nmíMmË` Vmo Zht hr h¡ & Bg_| n«mW©Zm


Am¡a n«o_ na A{YH$ Omoa {X`m OmVm h¡ & ewÕ ^moOZ Am¡a OS>r ~y{Q>`m| Ho$_mÜ`_ go g^r Vah Ho$ amoJm| H$s {M{H$Ëgm H$s OmVr h¡ & AmÜ`mpË_H$ê$nmÝVaU ^r Bg {M{H$Ëgm _| ghm`H$ ~ZVm h¡ & _Z H$mo EH$mJ«H$a ew^mdm| _| {dMaU H$aZo go emar[aH$ amoJm| H$m AmH«$_U Zht hmoVm &

OmoZ hmcr{\$Šg Zo Bg gmYZm H$mo ~m¡Õ gmYZm go gå~Õ {H$`m h¡na dñVwV… Bgo O¡Z gmYZm H$m ê$n _mZm OmZm Mm{hE & BÝh| maVr` e_UH$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a BZ e_Um| H$s AmO ^r ^maV _| `h {dÚm Or{dV h¡ &n«mMrZ H$WmAm| _| O¡Z gmYZm H$m ê$n n«{V{~på~V hmoVm h¡ & dñVwV… oe_U O¡Zm| Ho$ g_mZ n«H¥${VdmXr h¡ Am¡a n`m©daU H$mo {dewÕ ~Zm o aIZo _|CZH$m ~hþV ~S>m `moJXmZ _mZm OmVm h¡&

n«mH$¥{VH$ VÎdn«mH$¥{VH$ VÎdn«mH$¥{VH$ VÎdn«mH$¥{VH$ VÎdn«mH$¥{VH$ VÎd

e_U Y_© _| I{ZO, dZñn{V, n«mUr OJV Am¡a _mZd o Mma dJ© h¢Omo nañna gå~Õ h¢ & o g^r n«mH¥${VH$ VËËd AH$pënV h¢, {H$gr Ho$ Ûmam{Z{_©V Zht h¢ & Bg_| nm{W©d VËËdm| H$m _yë` A{YH$ h¡ & `moJ gmYZm Ho$Ûmam _Z H$mo Ho$pÝÐV H$aZm, XmZ XoZm, _mZdr` ^mdZmAm| H$m ñ_aU H$aVoahZm ewÕ OrdZ {~VmZm Am{X O¡go VËËd h¢ Omo ~m¡ÕY_© H$s Anojm O¡ZY_©Ho$ A{YH$ g_rn h¢ & H¡$cme nd©V H$mo {Ogo O¡Z naånam _| _oê$ H$hm OmVm h¡O¡ZY_© Ho$ g_mZ e_U Y_© _| ^r `moJ gmYZm ñWcr Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$mamJ`m h¡ & Bg gÝX © _| A_o[aH$m _o§ AZoH$ nwñVHo$§ àH$m{eV hþB© h¢ - Ele-ments of Sharamanism by Nevill Drury. The shraman's Door-

way by Stephen Larsen. Am{X&e_U (nm{c-n«mH¥$V g_U) eãX `Ú{n ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V _| ncm

nwgm eãX h¡ na CgH$s ì`mnH$Vm na `{X h_ {dMma H$a| Vmo CgH$m gå~ÝYg_yMo Eogo new OJV go r h¡ {Ogo AkmZVmde cmoJ AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ CÔoí` go~{c Ho$ ê$n _| Xodr-XodVmAm| H$mo M‹T>m XoVo h¢ & {dXoem| _| r h n«Wm ahr h¡&dhm§ Cgo e_U `m e_UY_© (em_{UÁ_) H$hm OmVm h¡& CgH$m `h {MÌ{gÝYw gä`Vm _| n«má Cg _wÐm go {_cVm h¡ {OgHo$ {ea na Xmo gtJ h¢(20003-5) & n«mMrZ g_` H$s h EH$ Eogr X¥í` naånam h¡ {OgHo$ _mÜ`_go Xodr-XodVmAm| Am¡a ^yV-{nemMm| go gå~ÝY ñWm{nV {H$`m OmVm h¡&


Xygao eãXm| _| `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ e_U EH$ Eogm gmYw gån«Xm` h¡ Omoì`pŠV Am¡a g_mO Ho$ Xw…I XX© H$mo Xya H$aVm h¡ Am¡a naånam go CgH$m gå~ÝYñWm{nV H$a XoVm h¡&

AmË_`mÌmAmË_`mÌmAmË_`mÌmAmË_`mÌmAmË_`mÌm

Xw…I _moMH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU e_U H$mo F${ÕYmar OmXyJa H$m ê$n ^r{_cm h¡& yamon Am¡a goÝQ´>c E{e`m _| {deofV… COdo{H$ñVmZ _| ~mcH$ Ho$Eogo ed {_co h¡§ {OZHo$ {ea na Xmo gtJ cJm {X o J o h¢ & o AmË_m | nhmS>Am¡a d¥jm| _| Amdmg H$aVr h¡§& `h nmíMmË` yamon H$s n«mH²$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ JwhmAm¡a å wac AmQ©> H$m OrVm OmJVm CXmhaU h¡& Bgo cJ^J 15000 df©nwamZm _mZm OmVm h¡& F${Õ m OmXy Am¡a Y_© H$m n«mMrZ gå~ÝY ahm r h¡&Bgo dhm§ A[a_m `m gmoc (AmË_m)H$hm OmVm h¡ Omo noS> nm¡Ym§o _| ^r ahVm h¡,Xodr-XodVmAm| Ho$ ê$n _| OÝ_ coH$a n«JQ> hmoVm h¡& Bgo h_ AmË_m H$s `mÌmH$h gH$Vo h¢& yV {nemMm| go gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aZo _| S´>_ H$mo ^r nrQ>mOmVm Wm&

AÜ`mË_dmXAÜ`mË_dmXAÜ`mË_dmXAÜ`mË_dmXAÜ`mË_dmX

e_UY_© EH$ n«H$ma H$m AÜ`mË_dmX h¡ Omo AmË_mAm| go gå~ÝYñWm{nV H$aVm h¡& Bg_| OÝ_-_aU H$s naånam, BpÝX« g§ _ O¡go VËËdgpÝZ{hV h¡§& `o e_U CËVa A_o[aH$m, _opŠgH$mo, X{jU A_o[aH$m,AmñQo>{c`m, gmB~o[a`m, BÊS>moZo{e`m, _c o{e`m, {Vã~V, Zonmc, MrZAm{X Xoem| _| nm o OmVo h¡§& e_UY_© Ho$ AZwgma cmoH$ Ho$ VrZ ^mJ h¡§ -D$Üd© mJ _| AmH$me h¡ Ohm§ XmoZmo§ Amoa ewÕ AmË_mAm| H$m Amdmg h¡, _Ü`cmoH$_| _Zwî` Am¡a new-njr ahVo h¢ Am¡a AYmocmoH$ _| AnamYr n«d¥pËV H$s AmË_m |ahVr h¢ {OÝh| h_ Zma>H$s` H$h gH$Vo h¢& BgH$s EH$ H$_©H$mÊS>r` naånam^r h¡ &

`h e_UY_© Ú{n _§JmocdmXr h¡ na BgH$m gå~ÝY O¡ZY_© H$s l_Unaånam go ñWm{nV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& eãX gmå` Am¡a Xe©Z gmå` H$sg_rjm H$aZo go cJVm h¡, `h O¡ZY_© H$m hr EH$ {dH¥$V ê$n h¡ Omo yV-{nemMm| go gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aZo _| {dídmg H$aVm h¡& Cgo n{dÌVm H$m


n«mapå^H$ ê$n H$hm OmVm h¡ Omo CVZm hr n«mMrZ h¡ {OVZm d¡{XH$ l_UO¡Z B{Vhmg& CƒH$mo{Q> Ho$ e_U H$mo Xodm| H$m ê$n _mZm OmVm h¡ Am¡a {OgoAmÜ`mpË_H$ gÝV H$h gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a CgH$m {ZåZdJ© J¥hñW ahVm h¡&gmB~oar`Z eãXmdcr _| AmÜ`mpË_H$ e_U H$mo "A_waI' H$hm OmVm h¡& OmoH$Xm{MV² "A_¥V' m "A_a' H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡ & new-njr Am¡a gn© CgHo$ cmoH${n«n«VrH$ h¢ Am¡a AmH$meJ§Jm H$mo e_U Xe©Z _| EH$ _mo{Q>\$ H$m ê$n {_cm h¡ OmocmoH$m| Ho$ ~rM goVw H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡&

AmË_gmYZmAmË_gmYZmAmË_gmYZmAmË_gmYZmAmË_gmYZm

o e_U gƒo `moJ gmYH$ h¡§& X e_Zg² S>moa-do _| ñQ>r\o$Z cmagoZ ZoOw§J Am{X _Zmod¡km{ZH$m| H$m C„oI H$aVo hþE h g§Ho$V {H$`m h¡ Am¡a g§ mdZmì`ŠV H$s h¡ {H$ BZ e_Um| H$m _yc ê$n ~m¡Õ l_Um| H$s gmYZm ahr h¡(1157) & h_ OmZVo h¢ {H$ {dXoem| _| ~m¡Õ Y_© H$m n«Mma A{YH$ hþAm h¡Am¡a dhm§ Ho$ {dÛmZm| Ho$ g_j ~m¡Õ gmYZm H$m hr ê$n ahm h¡& l_Um| H$sn«mMrZVm Ho$ gÝX © _| gmoMZo Ho$ ~mX o l_U ~m¡Õm| H$s Anojm O¡Z l_U Ho${ZH$Q> A{YH$ hmoZm Mm{hE& BZ gmYH$m| H$s gmYZm Ho$ nyd© ê$n na nwZ…{dMma {H$`m OmZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

ñQ>r\o$Z cmagoZ Zo BZ e_U gmYH$m| H$s n«mMrZ AZwlw{V`m| Ho$ AmYmana gmYZm Ho$ Hw$N> ê$n n«ñVwV {H$ o h¢ {OZH$m C„oI {H$`m OmZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

1) AmË_Vwcm {gÕmÝV1) AmË_Vwcm {gÕmÝV1) AmË_Vwcm {gÕmÝV1) AmË_Vwcm {gÕmÝV1) AmË_Vwcm {gÕmÝV

n`m©daU H$m Ü`mZ aIVo hþE n«m{U`m| Ho$ n«{V H$éUm H$m ^md BZgmYH$m| H$s gmYZm H$m _w»` A§J h¡& _méXwH$ Xodr BgH$m n«VrH$ h¡& g^rOrd g_mZ h¡ Bg{cE CZH$s qhgm Zht H$s OmZr Mm{hE& h_ Š`m H$aV| h¢Am¡a H¡$go H$aVo h¢, Bg na {deof Ü`mZ XoZm Mm{hE& _Z H$s M§McVm H$mog§ {_VH$a emar[aH$ Vnñ`m na ^r e_U gmYZm {dídmg H$aVr h¡&

2) AZoH$mÝVdmX2) AZoH$mÝVdmX2) AZoH$mÝVdmX2) AZoH$mÝVdmX2) AZoH$mÝVdmX

OrdZ Am¡a g§gma H$m nañna gå~ÝY h¡ & EH$mÝVdmX {dZme H$mo{Z_ÝÌU XoVm h¡ Am¡a AZoH$mÝVdmX Cg {dZme Am¡a g§Kf©© H$mo XyaH$a {dH$mgH$m nW n«eñV H$aVm h¡& aoIm | Mmho AmS>r§ hmo `m IS>r hmo, g_mZñVa hr


ahVr h¢ Omo `h H$hVr h¢ {H$ Xygao Ho$ {dMmam| na g{hîUwVm nyd©H$ {dMma{H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& Bgo h_ AZwemgZ H$s g§km {h gH$Vo h¡§& Ah§H$ma BgAZwemgZ _| ~mYH$ hmoVm h¡, gn© Ho$ g_mZ Oharcm hmoVm h¡ Cgo `moJ Am¡agmYZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Xya {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&

3. F$[ÜX gmYZm3. F$[ÜX gmYZm3. F$[ÜX gmYZm3. F$[ÜX gmYZm3. F$[ÜX gmYZm

e_U Xe©Z _| AmË_m Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡&AmË_gmYZm go gmYH$ F${Õ`m§ n«má H$a coVm h¡& Cgr H$mo gmYmaU eãXm| _|M_ËH$ma n«Xe©Z H$hm OmVm h¡& e_Um| H$mo OmXyJa Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡&`h dñVwV… CZH$s AmË_gmYZm H$m M_ËH$ma h¡& cmagoZ Zo H$mS©>, codoÅ>Am{X AZoH$ Eogo gmYH$m| H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡ {OÝh| AÜ`mË_ epŠV H$m Am^mghmo J`m h¡& Bg Xe©Z _| EH$ d¥Õ amOm H$mo n«VrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| {XIm`m J`m h¡Omo Bg VÏ` H$mo g§Ho${VV H$aVm h¡ {H$ OrdZ OÝ_-_¥Ë w H$m hr Xygam Zm_h¡& _¥VmË_mAm| go g§å~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aZm l_U gmYH$m| H$s gmYZm H$m \$cH$hm OmVm h¡& e_U Xe©Z _| EH$ nm¡am{UH$ naånam h¡ {OgHo$ AZwgma ZaAm¡a Zmar g_mZ ê$n go AÜ`mË_ gmYZm H$aVo h¡§& AÜ`mË_ gmYZm H$aVog_` ~«÷M © d«V H$m nmcZ ^rAmdí`H$ h¡&

4. emH$mhm[aVm4. emH$mhm[aVm4. emH$mhm[aVm4. emH$mhm[aVm4. emH$mhm[aVm

e_U Xe©Z _mZdVm Am¡a Aqhgm na AmYm[aV h¡& dh emH$mhma Am¡aAmË_g§ _ na {dídmg H$aVm h¡& dh dñVwV… n«km H$s gmYZm h¡& h e_UXe©Z g§gma Ho$ {d{^Þ A§Mcm| _§o \¡$cm h¡Ÿ& `h dñVwV… gmB~[a`m H$s EH$Qw§>Jg Am{Xdmgr OZOm{V h¡ Omo n«mMrZ H$mc go AmË_gmYZm H$mo OrdZ _|CVmao hþE h¡& O¡Z B{Vhmg BgH$m gmjr h¡ {H$ n«mMrZ H$mc H$s o OZOm{V`m§ _ycV… O¡ZY_© H$m nmcZ H$aZo dmcr ahr h¢& e_U OZOm{V goO¡ZY_© Ho$ n«Mma-n«gma H$m Am^mg ham-^am hmo OmVm h¡& CgH$s Bg{deofVm H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a hr H$Xm{MV² Z¥VËdkm| Zo h Zm_ Bg Am{XdmgrOZOm{V H$mo {X`m h¡ {_amB© B©cmBS>m Zo Bgo e_{ZH$ ñQ>oQ> Am\$ H$m|{g`eZogH$hm h¡&


e_UY_© Bg OZOm{V H$s EH$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ `mÌm h¡ Omo OZVm Ho$Xw…I XX© H$mo Xya H$aZo H$s X¥pîQ> go H$s OmVr h¡& dh e_U Cgo yV-{nemMm|Ho$ M§Jwc go _wŠV H$amVm h¡& CgHo$ Xe©Z _| no‹S>, nm¡Ym| Am{X _| AmË_m H$mApñVËd h¡& AmË_m AOa A_a h¡, gd©Ì, g§JrV Am¡a n{dÌ AmMaU Ho$_mÜ`_ go `h EH$ AZwem{gV OrdZ `mÌm h¡ Omo naH$ë`mU go gå~Õ h¡&

_m`m g§ñH¥${V_m`m g§ñH¥${V_m`m g§ñH¥${V_m`m g§ñH¥${V_m`m g§ñH¥${V

e_U Y_© Ho$ g_mZ _m`m g§ñH¥${V H$m ^r _yc gå~ÝY E{e`m, {deofê$n go maV go ahm h¡ & h g§ñH¥${V Eo{e`m go A_o[aH$m H$~ Am¡a H¡$go nhþ§Mr`h nhocr A^r ^r AZ~wPr-gr h¡ & nwamVËËddoËVmAm| Zo {\$a ^r CgH$mn«dmg H$mc 50,000 go 100,000 B©. ny. df© _mZm h¡ & o cmoJ g_wÐr _mJ©go `hm§ Am o Am¡a A_o[aH$m Ho$ _yc {Zdmgr ~Z J o & 10,000 B©. ny. VH$CÝhm|Zo Bgo g§dmam Am¡a 5000 go 2000 B©. ny. (Arehaic Period) VH$Eo{e`m`r cmoJm| Zo A_o[aH$m _| H¥${f H$m {dH$mg {H$`m Am¡a _ogmonmoQ>m{_`mHo$ g_mZ `hm§ _m`m n«Xoe H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m & `h n«Xoe X{jU A_o[aH$m _|noê$ Am¡a _opŠgH$mo H$m mJ _mZm OmVm h¡ & Bgr g_` _ogmoQ>m{_`m _| Amoc_oH$g§ñH¥${V ^r nZn ahr Wr &

1502 B©. _| ImoO-`mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$mocå~g H$mo Bay Island Ho$ nmgGulf of Honduras _| _m`m n«Xoe go |Q> hþB© & h n«Xoe g_¥Õ Am¡a ì`mnmarHo$ÝÐ Wm & ~mX _| Yucatan Am¡a Acalayan n«Xoem| go ^r BZ yamo{n`m| H$mgånH©$ hþAm & BZ_| go Hw$N> cmoJ AZoH$ ~r_m[a`m| go `ht g_má hmo J o &CZ_| go Gonzalo Guerrero ~M J`m Omo AnZr nËZr _m`m Am¡a ~ƒm| Ho$gmWm MoVw_c amOm Ho$ gmW dht ah J`m & ~rg df© VH$ dh CgH$m goZmn{Vahm Am¡a AÝV _| Spaniards Ho$ gmW wÕ _| _mam J`m & H$Xm{MV² Bgr_m`m Ho$ Zm_ go _opŠgH$mo H$s g§ñH¥${V H$mo _m`m g§ñH¥${V H$hm OmZo cJm&ñno{Z`mS©>g² Ho$ gmW `hm§ Ho$ BZ {Zdm{g`m| H$m g§Kf©© ^r `Wmg_` hmoVm ahmh¡ & B{Vhmg Zo Bg n«Xoe H$mo _m`m Zm_ go hr ñdrH$ma H$a {c`m & EH$ cå~og_` VH$ Bg n«Xoe na _m`m g§ñH¥${V H$m n« md ahm h¡ & Bg n«Xoe _| X{jU-nyd© H$m ^mJ, {ZåZn«Xoe Am¡a _opŠgH$mo H$m CËVa-npíM_ dVu Cƒn«Xoe


g§{_{cV Wm & gmYmaU Vm¡a na h_ Bgo _opŠgH$mo H$h gH$Vo h¢ & `ht_ogmo_o[aH$m g§ñH¥${V ^r nZnVr ahr h¡ & KZo O§Jc, g¡dm Ho$ D§$Mo-D§$Mo noS>,~So>-~So> nhmS>, gwÝXa Z{X`m§, CnOmD$ y{_, _Zmohmar n«mH¥${VH$ dmVmdaUZo Bg n«Xoe H$mo Ym{_©H$ ~Zm o aIm h¡ & g^r ^maVr` \$c-\y$c, emH$-gãOr, AZmO `hm§ n¡Xm hmoVo h¢ & AmO `h n«Xoe Northern lowlands,

Southern lowlands, Highlands, Pacific coast of slope joÌm| _|{d^ŠV h¡ &

Bg n«Xoe na EH$ cå~o g_` VH$ ñnoZ H$m A{YH$ma ahm h¡ & Bg{cEgm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm na ñno{Z`mS>a²g H$mn« md A{YH$ h¡ {\$a ^r AmYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$ dmVmdaU Cg na A^r ^rhmdr Zht hmo gH$m & Ocdm w, ahZo Ho$ Vm¡a-VarHo$, IoVr H$aZo H$m T§>J^maVr` naånam go OwS>m hþAm {XIVm h¡ & `hm§ EH$ Zht, AZoH$ g§ñH¥${V`m|H$m g§J_ XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ & g_` H$s JUZm na ^r n«mMrZVm H$m n« mdh¡& gy ©, MÝÐ, J«h, ZjÌm| H$m g_mdoe XodVmAm| _| hþAm h¡ & `hm§ H$s H$cm,g§ñH¥${V, coIZ, n«VrH$ nÕ{V ^r ^maVr` naånam go n« m{dV {XImB© XoVrh¡ & dU©{dÝ`mg, Ü`{Z ê$n, eãX ê$n H$mo ^r ^maV go OmoS>m Om gH$Vm h¡ &e_U g_wXm` ^r _opŠgH$mo _| hr A{YH$ {dH${gV hþAm h¡ &

_m`m n«Xoe Ho$ _yc Am{Xdmgr E{e`mB© h¢ & B{VhmgH$mam| Am¡anwamVËËddoVmAm| Zo CÝh| Paleo-Indian H$s g§km Xr h¡ & A~ CÝh|Mesoamerican H$hm§ OmZo cJm h¡ & `hm§ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo Arehaic Pe-riod (7000-2500 B.C.) preclassic Period (2500 B.C,-A.D. 250),Early classic period (A.D. 250-600), Late classic period (A.D.

600-1000), Post classic period (A.D. 1000-1800 A.D.) Am¡a Mod-

ern period _| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡ & `hm§ H$m g_yMm B{Vhmg CcPmhþAm-gm {XIVm h¡ & na BVZm {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ Bg n«Xoe H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$naånam H$m gå~ÝY ^maV go Adí` ahm h¡ &

Ohm§ VH$ O¡Z naånam H$m n«íZ h¡, dh r Bg g§ñH¥${V _| g_m{hV h¡ &`h h_ XoI hr MwHo$ h¢ {H$ e_U g_wXm` _ycV… O¡Z g_wXm` ahm h¡ & Y_©Am¡a {dMma Xe©Z Ho$ A{V[aŠV H$cm na ^r O¡Z naånam H$m n« md ahm h¡ &


Henderson Zo AnZr nwñVH$ The World of Ancient Maya Ho$ n¥. 186na npíM_r g_wÐ Ho$ {H$Zmao pñWV The Island of Jaina H$hH$a O¡Z naånamH$s n{dÌVm H$m gå~ÝY Cggo OmoS>m h¡ & `h Ûrn H$Xm{MV² Yucalan Am¡aYaxchilan Ho$ÝÐm| Ho$ Amgnmg ahm hmoJm & Bgo n«W_ eVmãXr Ho$ Amgnmg_mZm OmVm h¡ & Yaxchilan H$mo hr H$Xm{MV² _m`m H$hm OmVm h¡ & Am¡a BgrAmYma na _m`m g§ñH¥${V H$hm OmZo cJm & `hm§ EH$ Arroyo yaxchilan

Am¡a Usumachinta Zm_ H$s Z{X`m§ h¢ & {OZHo$ {H$Zmao nwamZr H$cm H¥${V`m§{_cr h¢ & Hunter Zo Guide to Ancient Maya Ruins (n¥. 160) _|BZH$m C„oI {H$`m h¡ {OZH$s g_mZVm O¡Z H$cmH¥${V`m| go {XIm`r JB© h¡ &Eogr 8-10 H$cmH¥${V`m§ _opŠgH$mo ZoeZc g§J«hmc` _| aIr h¢ Omo O¡Z Ûrn_| H$~« go {ZH$mcr JB© h¢ & {OZH$m g_` cJ^J N>R>r eVmãXr h¡ & oH$cmH¥${V`m§ Zmar, `moÕm, H$moîR>r, nwamo{hV Am¡a {ejH$ H$s h¢ &

_opŠgH$mo g§J«hmc` _| EH$ cå~r Qo>amH$moQ>m _y{V© aIr hþE h¡ Omo AOo{Q>H$H$cm H$m n«{V{Z{YËd H$aVr h¡ & Cgo O¡Z H$cm go gå~Õ _mZm J`m h¡ & `h_y{V© _opŠgH$mo Ho$ nmg VoAmoH$„r (Teocalli) go CËIZZ _| {_cr Wr& `hFemale Tolonac Clay Torso h¡ Omo gwÝXa Jco H$m hma nhZo hþE h¡,Serene Pose _| h¡, Pre-hellenic Period H$s h¡ & Campeche g_wÐr{H$Zmao na N>moQ>m-gm O¡Z Ûrn Wm & dhm§ _m`m`r nwamo{hVm| Ho$ gmW ZrMo BgoS>mc {X`m J`m Wm & nwamVËËdkm| H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ cJ^J N>R>r eVr B©.ny. _|`hm§ ^maVr`m| H$m AmdmJ_Z hþAm Am¡a do Chiapas (Palenque) Tikal

(Guatemala) Am¡a Copan (Hundras) _| ~g J o & `hm§ H$s ^mÊS>naånam, J{UV, Ho$coÊS>a Am{X maVr` nÕ{V go {_cVr-OwcVr h¢§& Cres-

cent Art Zo Palenque, Jaina of Bonampak H$cmH¥${V`m| H$mo OÝ_{X`m & Kate Simon Zo Mexico nwñVH$ _| ñnîQ> {cIm h¡ - Jain figures-perfect, small, monumentally clam, funerary, sculptures whichhas been burried with mayayan priests of nobals of the small

island of Jaina, off the coast of compeche (P.344)Ÿ& Bg gÝX © _|A Guide of Ancient Maya Ruins by Bruce Hunder, The world of

Ancient Maya by John Henderson Am{X J«ÝW X¥îQì` h¢ &


_m`m g§ñH¥${V H$m ñdVÝÌ Xe©Z h¡ Am¡a ñdVÝÌ ^mfm | h¢ & ñno{Ze ZoBZ mfmAm| H$mo A{YH$ n« m{dV {H$`m h¡ & Bg _m`m mfm H$m mfmd¡km{ZH$AÜ``Z H$aZo na nVm McVm h¡ {H$ g§ñH¥$V-n«mH¥$V hr CgH$s OZZr ahr h¡&cJ^J nÝÐh cmI cmoJ A^r ^r Bg ^mfm H$mo ~mcVo h¢ & _m`m`r ^mfmAm|_| ZhþQ>r, _m`m, Q>moQ>moZH$, _opŠgH$Z, Mmoc _w»` h¢ &

O¡ZY_© _| nwZOm©JaUO¡ZY_© _| nwZOm©JaUO¡ZY_© _| nwZOm©JaUO¡ZY_© _| nwZOm©JaUO¡ZY_© _| nwZOm©JaU

nwZOm©JaU eãX [aZogm± H$m n[ad{V©V ê$n h¡ Omo _ycV… BQ>cr goAm`m{VV h¡& `{X Bg eãX H$m n« moJ ^maVr` n[adoe _| {H$`m Om o VmoCgH$s n¥ð> y{_ _| Am{W©H$ emofU EH$ _yc _wÔm h_mao gm_Zo IS>m hmo OmVmh¡& Bñcm_ Am¡a B©gmB© Y_m©dcpå~`m| Zo ^maVr` g_mO H$mo eVm{YH$ df©nrNo> T>Ho$c {X`m Am¡a Cgo e¡j{UH$ X¥{ï> go {Z~©c ~ZmH$a Xm[aX« Ho$ JhZJV© _| S>mc {X`m& Bggo {MÝVZ Am¡a AÜ`mË_ H$s n«{H«$`m na O~aXñVYŠH$m cJm& O¡Z g_mO ^r CgHo$ n« md go ANy>Vr Zht ahr& CgHo$ Xe©ZAm¡a AmMma na ^r AmKmV cJm&

gmYmaU Vm¡a na nwZOm©JaU H$m H$mc 1850 go 1900 VH$ _mZm J`mh¡ na ^maVr` n[adoe _| Bg H$mc H$mo Hw$N> Am¡a nrNo> aIm Om gH$Vm h¡& BgH$mc _| nwZOm©JaU Am¡a nwZéËWmZ H$s n¥ð> y{_ _| ZdrZVm Am¡a AmYw{ZH$VmHo$ n[adoe na {dMma {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& Bg_| gm_m{OH$ gwYma, ê${T>`m|H$m IÊS>Z, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg, ~m¡{ÕH$ OmJaU, Ym{_©H$ gwYma, amï´>r`^mdZm H$m {dH$mg, e¡j{UH$ CËWmZ Am{X O¡go VÎd ^r BgH$s n[agr_m_| Am OmVo h¢&

^maVr` OmJaU Ho$ gÝX © _| gd©n«W_ amOm am_ _mohZam` H$m Zm_erf©ñW _mZm OmVm h¡& {OÝhm|Zo 1828 _| ~«÷ g_mO H$s ñWmnZm H$a_y{V©nyOm, H$_©H$mÊS> Am{X H$m IÊS>Z {H$`m Am¡a d¡{XH$ Bñcm_ Am¡a B©gmB©Y_m}§ Ho$ ~rM g_Ýd` H$s ñWmnZm H$s& _Zwî` H$s godm H$mo B©ída H$s godm_mZH$a gVr n«Wm H$m {damoY {H$`m Am¡a n«og H$s ñdmYrZVm H$m AmÝXmocZMcm`m& `Ú{n `h AmÝXmocZ ~§Jmc VH$ hr {g_Q>H$a ah J`m na CgH$mn« md g_yMo Xoe na ~Zm ahm& 1883 _| amOm gmh~ H$m {ZYZ hmo J`m&


CZHo$ H$m © H$mo CZHo$ {eî` XodoÝX«ZmW R>mHw$a (1817-1905) Zo VÎd~moYZrg^m H$s ñWmnZmH$a AmJo ~T>m`m& gy\$s _V Ho$ n«{V CZH$m AmH$f©U A{YH$Wm& Ho$edMÝX« goZ (1838-1884) CZHo$ H$m © H$mo ""~«÷ g_mO Am\$BpÊS>`m'' H$s ñWmnZmH$a n«J{VnW na AmJo ~T>m`m Am¡a `moan H$s OJhE{e`mB© g§ñH¥${V Ho$ _hÎd na {deof n«H$me S>mcm& CZH$m ^r PwH$mdB©gmB©Y_© H$s Amoa ahm {\$a ^r do Bñcm_, B©gmB© Y_© Am¡a d¡{XH$ Y_© _|g_Ýd` H$m n« ËZ H$aVo aho&

~«÷ g_mO Ho$ g_mZmÝVa lr am_H¥$îU na_h§g (1836-1886) H$mCX` hþAm {OÝhm|Zo Ho$edMÝX« Ho$ gh`moJ go ~«÷ g_mO Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| H$mn«Mma {H$`m& naÝVw do gm_m{OH$ gwYma H$s Anojm d¡`pŠVH$ gmYZm _|A{YH$ cJo aho& CZH$s AmÜ`mpË_H$ gmYZm Zo hr CZHo$ ì`pŠVËd H$mo n«H$me-ñVå^ ~Zm {X`m&

na_h§g Ho$ ì`pŠVËd H$m g_mOrH$aU {H$`m {ddoH$mZÝX (1863-1902) Zo {OÝhm|Zo _mÌ Mmcrg dfm}§ _| ^maVr` nwZOm©JaU H$m aW g_yMo{díd _| Kw_m {X`m& do 1881 _| am_H¥$îU na_h§g Ho$ gånH©$ _| Am o Am¡a{\$a do ^maVr` Xe©Z H$mo AQy>Q> {dídmg Ho$ gmW nwZé‚mr{dV H$aZo _| cJoaho& CÝhm|Zo doXmÝV H$mo OZ OrdZ go OmoS>Zo H$m n« ËZ {H$`m Am¡a ñdmYrZVmH$m CX²Kmof {X`m& CZH$s ~{hZ {Zdo{XVm Zo CZHo$ H$m`© H$mo ~T>mZo _|_hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`m&

~«÷g_mO H$m H$m © ~§Jmc VH$ hr gr{_V Wm na Ho$edMÝX« Zo _hmamï´>H$s `mÌm H$s Am¡a dhm§ 1867 _| n«mW©Zm g_mO H$s ñWmnZm H$s& _hmXodJmo{dÝX amZmSo> (1842-1900) CZHo$ A{^ÝZ gh`moJr Wo Omo B©gmB© _V Ho$n«{V A{YH$ CXma Wo& {VcH$ CZHo$ KZKmoa {damoYr Wo& \$cV… CÝhm|Zo 1895_| CÝh| AnXñWH$a ""gmd©O{ZH$ g^m'' na AnZm A{YH$ma H$a {c`m&

BgHo$ ~mX X`mZÝX gañdVr (1824-1883) Am o& do d¡{XH$ gm{hË`Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {cE EH$ g_{n©V ì`pŠVËd Wo& g_yMo {hÝXy g_mO H$mo Am ©Y_© H$s Amoa AmH${f©V H$aZm CZH$m _w»` CÔoí` Wm& CÝhm|Zo Bg CÔoí` H$sny{V© Ho$ {cE gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ AmÝXmocZ n«maå^ {H$`m& Bg Am ©g_mOrAmÝXmocZ Ho$ AÝVJ©V dU© ì`dñWm H$s n«J{Verc ì`m»`m, E§½cmo-d¡{XH$


ñHy$cm| H$s ñWmnZm, Zmar {ejm H$s Am`moOZm, ê${T>dmXr g§ñH$mam| H$m {damoY,gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| na n«hma Am¡a Ym{_©H$ g_Ýd` H$s gmYZm O¡go VÎdg§{_{cV Wo&

Bgr g_` {W`mogmo{\$H$c AmÝXmocZ ^r n«maå^ hþAm& lr_VrEZrdogoÊQ> Zo _XmZ ~codËñH$s, Am¡a AmëH$mQ> Ho$ gmW 1890 Ho$ AmgnmgBg AmÝXmocZ H$mo ZB© J{V Xr {OgZo X`mZÝX gañdVr Ho$ CÔoí` H$mo nyamH$aZo _| ^r namoj gh`moJ {H$`m& ~§Jmc Ho$ B©ídaMÝX« {dÚmgmJa Am¡a~§{H$_MÝX« Ho$ Zm_ ^r nwZOm©JaU _| AZwñ yV h¢& CÝhm|Zo ~hþ{ddmh Am¡a~mc{ddmh H$m {damoY {H$`m Am¡a {dYdm {ddmh Ho$ AmÝXmocZ Ho$ gmWñÌr-{ejm H$m n«Mma {H$`m&

Aa{dÝX (OÝ_ 15 AJñV 1872, _¥Ë w 5 {Xgå~a 1950) Zo ^r^maVr` nwZOm©JaU _| AnZm A{_V `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& CZHo$ `moJXmZ H$sVrZ {deofVmE§ h¢ - AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm, gO©ZmË_H$Vm Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$Vm& do

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O¡ZY_© Ho$ àMma-àgma Ho$ gÝX © _| AÝV _| `h C„oIZr` h¡ {H$ S>m°.hoZ[aM {O_a Zo O¡ZY_© H$mo Am`m] H$m nyd©dVu Y_© H$hm h¡Ÿ& O¡ZY_©Ð{dS>H$mcrZ h¡Ÿ {OgH$r nw{ï> {gÝYw H$s CnË`H$m _o§ CncãY gm_J«r gohmoVr h¡ (The Philosophy of India , P. 217)& am`c E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>rHo$ AÜ`j aodoaoÊS> Oo. ñQ>odoZgZ Ho$ AZwgma J«rH$ cmoJm| Zo npíM_ ^maV _|{OZ {O_Zmogmo{\$ñQ>mo H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ do O¡Z WoŸ& {gH$ÝXa Zo {XJå~aO¡Zm| Ho$ g_wXm` H$mo Vj[ecm _| XoIm Wm CZ_| go H$mcmoZg H$ë`mU Zm_H${X. O¡Z _w{Z \$mag VH$ CZHo$ gmW J oŸ& o gmao à_mU h {gÕ H$aVo h¢ {H$O¡ZY_© ^maV Ho$ ~mha ^r J`m h¡Ÿ&

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O¡ZY_© nyd© Am¡a CËVa ^maV H$m Am{X {~ÝXw h¡ dht go dh Xoe-{dXoeHo$ H$moZm| _| \¡$cm h¡ & _JY Am¡a H$m¡ec, Am¡a _Wwam CgHo$ n«mapå^H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$Ho$ÝÐ aho h¢ Ohm§ go dh EH$ Amoa npíM_ H$s Amoa ~T>m Vmo Xygar Amoa AmÝY« H$sAmoa go V{_c Am¡a H$Zm©Q>H$ _| J`m & BYa _Wwam go ^r CgZo _Ü`^maV _|n«doeH$a _hmamîQ´> hmoVo hþE dh X{jU _| nhþ§Mm & Bg cå~r _mÌm _| Cgolo{UH$ {~på~gma, MoQ>H$, n«goZ{OV, Hw${UH$, AOmVeÌw, MÝÐJwá _m¡ ©,{~ÝXwgma, AemoH$, gån«{V, XeaW, am_Jwá, gd©d_m©, Imadoc, H$ŠHw$H$,dËgamO, _hoÝÐnmc _w§O, Zdgmhgm§H$, ^moO, ñdU©df©, {gÕamO,Hw$_manmc, dñVwnmc, VoOnmc, nwcHo$er, O`qgh, AH$mcdf©, ew Vw§J,A_moKdf©, Am{X g¡H$S>m| amOmAm| Zo O¡ZY_© H$m nmcZ H$a CgH$s H$cmË_H$naånam H$mo nmo{fV {H$`m h¡&

^maVr` nwamVÎd Ho$ _m¡{cH$ {gÕmÝV^maVr` nwamVÎd Ho$ _m¡{cH$ {gÕmÝV^maVr` nwamVÎd Ho$ _m¡{cH$ {gÕmÝV^maVr` nwamVÎd Ho$ _m¡{cH$ {gÕmÝV^maVr` nwamVÎd Ho$ _m¡{cH$ {gÕmÝV

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1) n wamVÎd H$m ñdê$n -1) n wamVÎd H$m ñdê$n -1) n wamVÎd H$m ñdê$n -1) n wamVÎd H$m ñdê$n -1) n wamVÎd H$m ñdê$n - `yZmZr eãX h¡ Om o n wamVÎdArchaeology=Archaios (nwamVZ) +Logos (kmZ) H$m g_pÝdV ê$n&n«mH²$ amo_Z nwamdeofm| H$m AÜ``Z& g¡ÝYd gä`Vm H$m ^r A§H$Z hmoVm h¡&

2) A{c{IV n«m{J{Vhmg H$m CX²KmQ>Z - 2) A{c{IV n«m{J{Vhmg H$m CX²KmQ>Z - 2) A{c{IV n«m{J{Vhmg H$m CX²KmQ>Z - 2) A{c{IV n«m{J{Vhmg H$m CX²KmQ>Z - 2) A{c{IV n«m{J{Vhmg H$m CX²KmQ>Z - g_ñV n«mMrZ dñVwAm|H$m AÜ``Z {OZH$m {Z_m©Vm Am¡a n«`moŠVm _mZd ahm hmo Cgo ŠbmH©$ ZoSystamatic studies of Antiquities as a means of reconstruct-

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H$mc go& {\$a g§ñH¥${V, n«m¡Úmo{JH$s (Technology, Trade & Commerce)

H$mc goŸ& BgH$m Xmo Vah go AÜ``Z {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ - 1) {H«$`mË_H$nj - joÌr` nwamVÎd Am¡a nwamVmpÎdH$ n«Um{c`m§, Am¡a 2) {ddoMZmË_H$nj - ^m¡{VH$ gmú`m| H$m {dícofU&

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B{Vhmg, Z¥VÎd emñÌ, g_mOemñÌ, yJmoc, yVÎd {dkmZ, agm`ZemñÌ, Ordmí_ {dkmZ, ^m¡{VH$ emñÌ&

O¡ZH$cm Am¡a nwamVÎd 622

2) Tool or Artifact (nwamdeof), Fauna (new g_yh), Flora

(nmR>çd¥ÝX), Industry (CÚmoJ), Culture, Ancient site, camp site,

Burial site (edmYmZ ñWc Am{X eãXnwamVÎd Ho$ joÌ _| _hÎdnyU© h¢ &

2. nwamVÎd Ho$ {dH$mg H$m B{Vhmg2. nwamVÎd Ho$ {dH$mg H$m B{Vhmg2. nwamVÎd Ho$ {dH$mg H$m B{Vhmg2. nwamVÎd Ho$ {dH$mg H$m B{Vhmg2. nwamVÎd Ho$ {dH$mg H$m B{Vhmg

1) _ogmonmoQ>m{_`m Ho$pëS>`Z emgH$ Zdmo{ZXg (556-539 B©.ny.) Zo

{eßnwa _| IwXmB© H$am`r& MrZ _| hmZd§eH$mc (206-220 B©.ny.) _| gy-_-

{g oZ Zo Hw$N> H$m_ {H$`m&

2) AmYw{ZH$ H$mc _| yZmZ-amo_ _| nwamVÎd ewê$ hþAm& {XcV¡ÝVr

(n«mMrZ dñVw g§J«hH$Vm© BQ>cr _|) fð> {gH$ÝXa (1492-1503 B©.) Wm&

CgZo n«mMrZ Q>rcm| H$m CËIZZ ^r H$am`m& {~«Qo>Z Ho$ hmo~X© Am¡a O_©Z Ho$

{dH$c_oZ (1717-1768 B©.) Zo g§J«h {H$`m H$cm VÎdm| H$m& {~«Qo>Z Ho$

H¡$_So>Z Zo 1586 _| c¡{Q>Z _|| Britannia n«H$m{eV H$s {OgH$m A§J«oOr AZwdmX

1695 _| hþAm& Bg_| nwamVmpÎdH$ kmZam{e H$m CX²KmQ>Z hþAm& 1770 _|

B§JcoÊS> _| Archeologi Zm_H$ n{ÌH$m H$m n«H$meZ hþAm {Og_| Royal

Society _| Omogo\$ n«oñQ>{dM Zo gmo_ ZXr Ho$ O_md na 1859 _| AmcoI

nT>mŸ& \«$mÝg _| ^r Bgr g_` nwamVÎd na AÀN>m H$m © hþAm&

3) 19 dt eVr _| yVÎd {dkmZ H$m {dH$mg hþAm& Hw${dE Zo n«c`dmX

H$m {gÕmÝV {X`m& Ooåg hQ>Z Am¡a cm`c Zo BgHo$ ñWmZ na n«mH¥${VH$ H$Q>md

Ed§ O_md H$m {gÕmÝV n«ñWm{nV {H$`m&

4) nmfmU {Z{_©V CnH$aUm| go _mZd Ho$ ApñVËd H$s g§ mdZm ~T>r&

\«$mÝg _| E~o{dc Zo 1837 _| gmo_KmQ>r Ho$ O_md H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m& Mmëg©

S>m{d©Z Zo 1859 _| BgH$s n¥{ï> H$s& Vm_gZ Zo nwamdeofm| H$mo nmfmU, H$m§ñ`

Am¡a cm¡h H$mc _| dJuH¥$V {H$`m&

5) BQ>cr _| Jwgon {\$Amoao„r Zo nmonoB© _| CËIZZ H$am`m& ícr_Z Zo

yZmZ _| Am¡a O_©Zr _| H${Q©>`g Zo Amocpån`m H$m CËIZZ H$am`m& BdÝg Zo

{_ZmoAZ gä`Vm H$s ImoO H$s& Bgr g_` aoIm {c{n H$s ^r ImoO hþB©&

{_l, B©amH$, ^maV Am{X Xoem| _| ^r nwamVÎd na H$m_ hþAm&


3. ^maVr` nwamVÎd H$m B{Vhmg3. ^maVr` nwamVÎd H$m B{Vhmg3. ^maVr` nwamVÎd H$m B{Vhmg3. ^maVr` nwamVÎd H$m B{Vhmg3. ^maVr` nwamVÎd H$m B{Vhmg

BgH$m H$mc{d^mOZ gm§H${c`m Zo Bg n«H$ma {H$`m -

n«W_ H$mc (1869-1902 B©.)n«W_ H$mc (1869-1902 B©.)n«W_ H$mc (1869-1902 B©.)n«W_ H$mc (1869-1902 B©.)n«W_ H$mc (1869-1902 B©.)

1) 1784 _| {d{c`_ OmoÝg Zo Roayl Asiatic Society H$s ñWmnZmH$s Am¡a 1788 _| Asiatic Researches n{ÌH$m H$m n«maå^ {H$`m& 1800_| ~wIm{ZZ Zo nwam ñWmZm| H$m gd}jU {H$`m& Ooåg {n«§gon Zo 1833 _| ~«m÷r{c{n H$m dmMZ {H$`m ~mX _| Ooåg \$½ y©gZ Zo 1829-1847 VH$ dmñVwH$cmH$m gd}jU {H$`m& H$qZK_ (1814-1893) Zo ìhoZgm§J Ho$ {ddaU Ho$ AmYmana gd}jU {H$`m& 1870 _| ^maVr` nwamVÎd gd}jU {d^mJ H$s ñWmnZmhþB© Am¡a H$qZK_ H$mo _hm{ZXoeH$ ~Zm`m J`m& CÝhm|Zo Mmam| Amoa ~S>m H$m_{H$`m& 1872 _| Ooåg dO}g Zo Indian Antiquary H$m n«H$meZH$a {ecmcoIm|H$mo n«H$m{eV {H$`m& âbrQ> Zo Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum

{ZH$mcm& H$qZK_ Ho$ H$m © H$mc _| nwamVÎd gd}jU H$s 23 {OëX| {ZH$ctVWm AZoH$ nwñVH|$ ^r& CÝh| Father of Indian Archacology H$hm J`m&

2) H$qZK_ Ho$ ~mX dO}g Zo `h H$m`© {H$`m& 1888 _| hþëe ZoEpigraphia Indica n«maå^ H$sŸ& do V{_c {c{n Ho$ {dÛmZ Wo& 1887-88_| dO}g _Wwam Ho$ H§$H$mcr Q>rco H$m CËIZZ {H$`m&

{ÛVr`H$mc (1902-1944 B©.){ÛVr`H$mc (1902-1944 B©.){ÛVr`H$mc (1902-1944 B©.){ÛVr`H$mc (1902-1944 B©.){ÛVr`H$mc (1902-1944 B©.)

Bgo _me©cH$mc H$h gH$Vo h¢& 1902 _| _mf©c nwamVÎd _hm{ZXoeH$~Zo Am¡a 1932 VH$ aho& CZHo$ AZwgma CËIZZ _| d¡km{ZH$Vm hmo, OrUm}Õmahmo, Ho$dc gm{hpË`H$ gmú` n`m©á Zht, g§J«hmc`, nwñVH$mc` hmo An-

cient Manuments Preservation Act 1904 _|, {d^mJ ñWm`r ~Zm1906 _| ñQo>ZH$moZmo nwam{c{n {deofk ~Zo& Vj{ecm Q>rco H$m CËIZZ,ZmcÝXm, gm§Mr, gmaZmW Am{X ñWmZm| na ^r Xoer [a`mgVm| _| ^r nwam{d^mJ Iwco& A^r VH$ ^maVr`m| H$m MwZmd {ZXoeH$ nX na Zht hmoVm Wm&

hS>ßnm (amdr Ho$ {H$Zmao) H$s IwXmB© 1921 _| X`mam_ gmhZr Zo Am¡a_mohoZ OmoXS>mo H$s IwXmB© ({gÝY Ho$ caH$mZm {Oco _|) amIcXmg ~ZOu Zo1922 _| H$s& `h {gÝYw gä`Vm Wr& _me©c H$s XoIaoI _| hþB©& 3000 B©.ny.


H$s¨ `h gä`Vm _mZr JB©& Bgo Agwa (O¡Z) gä`Vm H$m ê$n H$hm J`m& `hgä`Vm d¡{XH$H$mcrZ `m nyd©Va ahr hmoJr, `h {ZpíMV Zht&

1931 _| X`mam_ gmhZr _hm{ZXoeH$ ~Zo, 1735 _| ãco{H$ñQ>Z ~Zo,1937 _| Xr{jV ~Zo& 1938 _| ~ycr H$mo gh`moJr {Z wŠV {H$`m J`m&gmhZr Zo A{hÀN>Ì _| IwXmB© H$s Am¡a& H$cH$Îmm {d.{d. Zo ~mZJT> _o§ H$s&

V¥Vr`H$mc (1944-1960 B©.)V¥Vr`H$mc (1944-1960 B©.)V¥Vr`H$mc (1944-1960 B©.)V¥Vr`H$mc (1944-1960 B©.)V¥Vr`H$mc (1944-1960 B©.)

1944 B©. _| ìhrca _hm{ZXoeH$ ~Zo& CËIZZ {d^mJ ñdVÝÌ ~Zm,AZoH$ cmoJm| H$s {Z wpŠV hþB©& 1945 _| Central Advisory Board of Ar-

chaeology ~Zm, 1949 _| amï´>r` g§J«hmc` ~Zm, n«{ejU nmR>çH«$_ ~Zo,X{jU _o§ nmpÊS>Mo[a Ho$ A[aH$m_oSw> _| CËIZZ hþAm, amo_Z gå~ÝY {_coB©.ny. {Û.eVr Ho$& _¡gya Ho$ {MÌXwJ© _| ^r& ~mX _| X{jU ^maV Ho$ B{VhmgH$m H$mcH«$_ {ZYm©aU hþAm&

1948 _| MH«$dVu _hm{ZXoeH$ ~Zo, 1950 _| dËg ~Zo& 1953 _| Kmof~Zo, {gÝYw gä`Vm nwamñWcm| H$s ImoO hþB©&

MVwW©H$mc (1961 go AÚmd{Y)MVwW©H$mc (1961 go AÚmd{Y)MVwW©H$mc (1961 go AÚmd{Y)MVwW©H$mc (1961 go AÚmd{Y)MVwW©H$mc (1961 go AÚmd{Y)

cmc, Omoer, gm§H${c`m, Xod Zo CËIZZ H$am`m& 100 df© n«mMrZg§nXm H$m g§ajU maVr` nwamdeof A{Y{Z`_& {Z`m©V A{Y{Z`_ & Ho$ÝX«r`amÁ` g_dVu gyMr Ho$ AÝVJ©V nwamdeof {Z`moOZ, 1972 _| Antiquities

Act ~Zm, n§OrH$aU A{Y{Z`_& 1970 _| yZoñH$mo Zo r {Z`m©V {Z`_mdcr~ZmB©&

4. nwamñWcm| H$m AÝdofU 4. nwamñWcm| H$m AÝdofU 4. nwamñWcm| H$m AÝdofU 4. nwamñWcm| H$m AÝdofU 4. nwamñWcm| H$m AÝdofU (Site Sarveying)

Field Archaeology ì`mdhm[aH$ nwamVÎd, n`©dojU (Explora-

tions), CËIZZ, n[a`moOZm, AÝdofH$ Xc H$s gXñ` g§»`m, ñWmZr`nWXe©H$, gm_mZ& nwamñWc {ddaU n§{OH$m&

AÝdofU H$s n«_wI {d{Y`m§ - Aerial Photography, Magnetic,

Prospecting.

gm{hpË`H$, naånamJV AmYma `mÌm d¥ÎmmÝV &


1) AmH$pñ_H$ ImoO - Coins, Inscriptions Am{X {_cZm2) Vc{MÝh - CnH$aU, g_m{Y ñWc, n«mMrZ Q>rco go {_Å>r Qw>H$So> Am{X{_cZm&3) gm{hpË`H$ {ddaU - hmo_a _hmH$mì`m| Ho$ AmYma na ícr_oZ Zo VwH$s© Ho${hgma{cH$ H$m CËIZZ, g§ñH¥$V, nm{c-n«mH¥$V Am{X gm{hË` _| C{„{IVgm_J«r&4) d¡km{ZH$ nÕ{V - Air Photography ynarjU - cmoh ecmH$m n«doe,Üd{Z narjU Metal detector, Megnetometry (Mwå~H$s` narjU)5) _¥Xm {dícofU7) gmJaVc H$m gd}jU5) nwamVmpÎdH$ CËIZZ

nhco ñVarH$aU Am{X H$m Ü`mZ Zht Wm& ícr_oZ, n¡Ìr, _me©c,ìhrca Am{X nwam{dXm| Zo {d{dY nÕ{V`m§ Xt&BZ nÕ{V`m| _| gw{Z`mo{OV`moOZm hmo, n`©dojU, coIm-OmoIm V¡`ma hmo, Vertical sactions hmo,CËIZZ {dÝ`mg - dJm©H$ma Trenches hm|, nJS>ÊS>r Horizental Di-

mension hmo, Iy{Q>`m§ (Pegs) A§{H$V hm|, Horizental Vertical exca-

vation hmo, finds _| Serial No. hmo, {ddaU n§{OH$m, Am` JhamB© H$mo{MÝh go _mn, ñVag§»`m H$mo d¥ËV goŸ& Horizental-Vertical lines Amng_o§ n[anyaH$ h¢& {ZXoeH$ S´>mâQ>_oZ, \$moQ>moJ«m\$a, S´>mâQ²>g_oZ Am{X hm|, gm_mZ- l{_H$m| Ho$ CnH$aU - Hw$Xmcr Am{X Q>rco H$s IwXmB© ZJakmZ Ho$ {cE&Q´>m`ëg {nQ²>g ^r hm|& g_m{Y ñWc H$m CËIZ -1) g_mZmÝVa - JmocmH$ma _| Iy{Q>`m§ JmT>mo, ZrMo VH$ IwXmB© hmo2) MVwînmX CËIZZ6) nwamdeofm| H$m n[aajU

amgm`{ZH$ {dconZ hm| _¥X²^mÊS> Am{X na E{gS> gmW hmo, CZH$sZ_H$ H$s _mÌm IË_ hmo do[a`_ ŠbmoamB©S> H$m Cn`moJ H$a& CÝh| gwImH$a~Šgm| _| nH$m`m OmVm, nmfmUr Adeof go ^r Z_H$ H$s _mÌm {ZH$mc cmoH$mJO H$s cw½Xr cJmH$a, Vm§~m, cmohm, Mm§Xr, gmoZm, H$m§M, hS²>S>r, H$mð>Am{X H$mo gåhmcH$a gm\$ H$a|&

Ho$_am, grT>r, S>m`ar, gÝXyH$ hmo, Air Photography hmoŸ&


7) H$mcmZwH«$_7) H$mcmZwH«$_7) H$mcmZwH«$_7) H$mcmZwH«$_7) H$mcmZwH«$_

ao{S>`mo H$m~©Z 14 {d{Y - BgH$m Cn`moJ 40000 df© n«mMrZ dñVwAm|Ho$ H$mc{ZYm©aU _| hmoVm h¡& ZdnmfmU wJ _| H¥${f, {\$a Vm_« wJ {gÝYwgä`Vm H$s H$cmŸ&

AmÚ wJ - {gÝYw KmQ>r (c. 3000 B©.ny.) go Z§Xd§e (376 B©.ny.)_Ü` wJ - _m¡ ©H$mc (326-184 B©.ny.) go hf© VH$ (c. 7 dt eVr)Ma_ wJ - 700 - 1200 B©.n«m{á ñWmZ, H$mc{ZYm©aU Am¡a e¡cr H$m n«`moJ H$cm Ho$ gmW

gmYmaUrH$aU& Xod+Agwa g§J«m_ ew -Aew H$m n«VrH$ &gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ OrdZ H$m AÜ``Z& H$cm Ho$ n«VrH$mË_H$

{df` - Y_© Am¡a cmoH$moËgd& cmoH$moÎma~wÕ H$m ñdê$nm§H$Z& Amä`ÝVa AW©Am¡a ~mhçê$n XmoZm| H$m g_m`moOZ hþAm& _y{V©nyOm ^r H$cm h¡&

8) hS>ßnm-{gÝYwKmQ>r H$s H$cm8) hS>ßnm-{gÝYwKmQ>r H$s H$cm8) hS>ßnm-{gÝYwKmQ>r H$s H$cm8) hS>ßnm-{gÝYwKmQ>r H$s H$cm8) hS>ßnm-{gÝYwKmQ>r H$s H$cm

1921-1922 _| H « $_e… X`mam_ gmhZr Am ¡a amIcXmg~ÝÚmonmÜ`m`, _me©c, dËg Am{X Zo CËIZZ {H$`m& Vm_«n«ñVa`wJrZ2750-1750 B©. ny. 1500 _rc {dñVma& 100 ñWmZ VH$ dh \¡$cm h¡& hm§H$s _wX«m | _ogmonmoQ>m{_`m _| ^r {_ct& `h ZJa g§ñH¥${V Wr&

hS>ßnm H$m AW© -hS>ßnm H$m AW© -hS>ßnm H$m AW© -hS>ßnm H$m AW© -hS>ßnm H$m AW© - n« wVm H$m g_Ýd` h¡& nH$s B§Q>m| H$m n« moJ& 9 naV|{_cr§ - 1000 df© H$mcmd{Y& h[a`ynr` (hS>ßnm) g§Kf© Am¡a n«{VHy$cOcdm w {dZme Ho$ H$maU _w»` WoŸ& Agwam| Ho$ 99 nwa Wo& XwJ© {dYmZ& gwÝXaJ¥h{Z_m©U H$cm& ñdÀN>Vm {dYmZ& Agwa g§ñH¥${V O¡Z g§ñH¥${V go g§~Õ Wr&

_mohoZ OmoXmS>mo -_mohoZ OmoXmS>mo -_mohoZ OmoXmS>mo -_mohoZ OmoXmS>mo -_mohoZ OmoXmS>mo - _hmOcHw$ÊS>& YmÝ`mJma H$mð>H$_©& _hmg³mZmJma&n«mgmX cmoWc (gm¡amï´>) _| n«má nmoVnÎmZ& _y{V© {eën - {gÝYw _| 11 Am¡ahS>ßnm _| 2 _y{V© m§ - Z¾ _y{V© YS>{dhrZ AmR> B§M D§$Mr gOrd& {N>X« h¢ na`h {d{Y ahr hmoJr& Xygar _y{V© Z¥Ë` _wX«m _| Eogr hr h¡& {XJå~a _y{V© - Cgo_hmZ¾r _hmZ¾ AWd©doX (20/137/11) _| H$hm J`m h¡&

_mV¥_y{V© m§ & ^mÊS> - _¥ÊnmÌ ^r& Am yfU + H$_©emcm_wX«m | - _mohao {M{ÌV& ñVå^ nyOm& newn{V _wX«m&new-njr/gw_oé Am{X gä`VmAm| H$s g_gm_{`H$Vm&


9) d¡{XH$gä`Vm9) d¡{XH$gä`Vm9) d¡{XH$gä`Vm9) d¡{XH$gä`Vm9) d¡{XH$gä`Vm

hS>ßnm-{gÝYwKmQ>r Am¡a d¡{XH$mgä`Vm H$Xm{MV² g_gm_{`H$ Wr&

~mX _| Agwam|-Am`m}§ _| g§Kf© hþAm& Xod-Agwa g§J«m_ hþAm& d«mVn{V, éX,«

{ed g_mZ _mÝ` hþE& F$f^Xod Am{X Ho$ C„oI {_cVo hr h¢& Agwa g§ñH¥${V

O¡Z g§ñH¥${V Wr& d¡{XH$ H$cm Am¡a {eën H$m EH$ {dñV¥V joÌ h¡Ÿ& Cg_| H$mð>

{eën, AaÊ` Xodr, lr, cú_r, JOcú_r, J¥h {Z_m©U H$cm, _hmOmZnX

H$cmŸ Am{X H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡ &

1) d¡{XH$ nwamVÎd dmñVwH$cm1) d¡{XH$ nwamVÎd dmñVwH$cm1) d¡{XH$ nwamVÎd dmñVwH$cm1) d¡{XH$ nwamVÎd dmñVwH$cm1) d¡{XH$ nwamVÎd dmñVwH$cm

{gÝYwKmQ>r _| `moJr newn{V H$s _y{V© (?) {_crŸ& d¡{XH$H$mc _| ñVyn

eãXH$m à`moJ hþAm, BªQ>m| H$m Cn`moJ, nmfmU H$m Cn`moJ H$_ hþAm&

M¡Ë`d¥j -M¡Ë`d¥j -M¡Ë`d¥j -M¡Ë`d¥j -M¡Ë`d¥j - d¥j nyOm hmoVr WrŸ& doXm| _| - {dídH$_m©, {eën, lr,

cú_r, JOcú_r, ñVå^, J¥h-ghòWyU, eVÛma, XodVm, AídËW (nrnc),

gy © MÝX«Am{X H$m A§H$Z hþAm h¡Ÿ& gm§Mr H$m g_H$mcrZ - _m¡ © `m ew§J

H$mcrZ ZmJa e¡cr H$m _pÝXa ZJar ({MÎmm¡S>) _| ~cam_H¥$îU H$s _y{V© m§&

cH$S>r H$m H$m_, gaOwJm H$m c`U, OmoJr_mam _pÝXa déU H$m Am¡a dogZJa

({d{Xem) _| {dîUw _pÝXa 140 B©.ny. _| ~Zm& AY©Zmarída, Hw$_ma JUn{V,

Apå~H$m, ñdpñVH$, Xodmgwa, gwnU©, nyU©Hw$å^, MH«$ H$m CËH$sU©ZŸhþAm&

JwáH$mc -JwáH$mc -JwáH$mc -JwáH$mc -JwáH$mc - ~«m÷UY_© H$m nwZéËWmZ hþAm& ZMZm Am¡a ^y_am H$m

{ed _pÝXa ZmJmoX _|, AO`JT> H$m nmd©Vr_pÝXa, XodJT> H$m XemdVma

_pÝXa& Bg_| J§Jm - `_wZm H$m A§H$Z& aMZm gm¡ÝX ©& n« m _ÊS>c Ac§H¥$V&

{dîUw Ho$ AdVma {ed, XwJm© H$s _y{V©`m§& {d{Xem - CX`{J[a Jwhm H$s

Xrdmc na MVw w©Or {dîUw, damhmdVma, XodJT> H$s eofem`r {dîUw, ~§Jmc

_| H¥$îU _y{V© m§, H$mer H$s H$m{V©Ho$`, H$m¡emå~r H$s gy © n«{V_m AZwn_ h¢&

{ed_y{V© - {edqcJ VWm _mZdmH¥${V& _¥Ê_y{V© m§ ^r &

{deofVm -{deofVm -{deofVm -{deofVm -{deofVm - {dewÕ ^maVr`, gm¡ÝX`©, AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm& JmocMoham,

Jmoc ~mh|, ZrMo H$m Am|R> Hw$N> _moQ>m& {eIa ^r Ac§H¥$V & ZmJa, doga Am¡a

X«m{dS> e¡{c`m§& CZHo$ oX-n« oX AZoH$ h¡&


CS>rgm -CS>rgm -CS>rgm -CS>rgm -CS>rgm - 8-12 dt eVr VH$& ^wdZoída H$m naewam_oída (750

B©.), _wŠVoída (950 B©.), qcJamO (1000 B©.), _oKoída (1200 B©.),

nwar H$m OJÝZmW (1150 B©.), H$moUmH©$ H$m gy © Xodc (1300 B©.)& Ac§H¥$V

IOwamhmo _pÝXa MÝXoc H$mcrZ 10-11 dt eVr, H§$Ym[a`mZmW _hmXod

_pÝXa&

amOñWmZ -amOñWmZ -amOñWmZ -amOñWmZ -amOñWmZ - d¡îUd _pÝXa - Amo{g`m OmoYnwa Ho$ h[aha VWm

gy ©_pÝXa, {H$amSy>, gmXS>r H$m d¡îUd, ~mS>mocr H$m eofem`r, PmcamnmQ>Z

H$m H$m{cH$m _pÝXa& ½dm{cà H$m gmg-~hþ VWm Vocr H$m d¡îUd _pÝXa&

MÝXocr (atdm) VWm gmohmJnwa (Zaqghnwa) H$m d¡îUd _pÝXa& _Wwam-

d¥ÝXmdZ _| 17 dt eVr Ho$ _pÝXa Ho$edamd (lr H¥$îU), JmonrZmW,

amYm~„^ Am{X _pÝXa&

Mm¡gR> `mo{J{Z`m| Ho$ _pÝXa -Mm¡gR> `mo{J{Z`m| Ho$ _pÝXa -Mm¡gR> `mo{J{Z`m| Ho$ _pÝXa -Mm¡gR> `mo{J{Z`m| Ho$ _pÝXa -Mm¡gR> `mo{J{Z`m| Ho$ _pÝXa - ôS>mKmQ> (89 B©.), {_Vmocr,

H$mo å~Qy>a, amZrnwa, P[a`m, XyYhr, IOwamhmo _|&

JwOamV -JwOamV -JwOamV -JwOamV -JwOamV - AU{hcdmS>m, gmo_ZmWnÅ>Z&

~§Jmc -~§Jmc -~§Jmc -~§Jmc -~§Jmc - H$mîR>-dm§g H$m Cn`moJ, 17 dt eVr _| H$mÝVmZJa H$s$

amZr ^dmZr, H$cH$Îmm H$m am_H¥$îU _pÝXa&

Zonmc -Zonmc -Zonmc -Zonmc -Zonmc - H$mð>{Z{_©V, nJmoS>m e¡cr _| (1703) ^mQ>Jm§d H$m ^dmZr

_pÝXa Am¡a H$mR>_mÊS>w H$m newn{VZmW _pÝXa&

H$í_ra -H$í_ra -H$í_ra -H$í_ra -H$í_ra - 8-13 dt - ~mcy nËWa {Z{_©V _pÝXa cXwd, _mV©ÊS>,

nR>Z nmà, n§MVmU, nmÊS>moËWmZ, _mV©ÊS> _pÝXaŸ&

X{jUmnW _pÝXa - X{jUmnW _pÝXa - X{jUmnW _pÝXa - X{jUmnW _pÝXa - X{jUmnW _pÝXa - N>R>r eVr go n„d Mmoc, nmÊS>ç, MmcwŠ`,

{dO`ZJa, _Wwam e¡cr& CÎmar AH$m©Q>, {ÌMZmn„r _hm~crnwa§, lra§J_,

{MX§~a§, Hw$å^H$moU§, {Vê$~c_cB© _| X«m{dS> e¡cr&

MmcwŠ` e¡cr _| ~oga e¡cr h¡ - YmadmS>, _¡gya _| hmo gc, {dOZJa

e¡cr ^r &


2. ~m¡ÕH$cm2. ~m¡ÕH$cm2. ~m¡ÕH$cm2. ~m¡ÕH$cm2. ~m¡ÕH$cm

~m¡ÕH$mcrZ H$cm Ho$ nyd© _m¡`©`wJ nyd© H$s H$cm AmVr h¡ {Og_|{gÝYwKmQ>r H$s `moJ_wX«m - new{MÌ, gm§S> H$s AmH¥${V, ZV©H$, Z¾ _y{V© m§Am{X H$m g_mdoe h¡& BgHo$ ~mX _m¡ ©H$mc VH$ AÝYH$ma wJ h¡& BgHo$ {cEd¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V XoIo§& dhm§ Am ©-AZm © ^mdZm, Am`m}§ H$s gwÝXaV_ ^dZ`moOZm, BªQ> Am¡a cH$S>r H$m n« moJ, yn (ñVyn F$. 1.24.26) nyOm, í_emZ^mdZm ñVyn O¡gr _¥Ê_`J¥h g_m{Y H$m ê$n, cmo[a`mZÝXZ JT> _| g_m{YñWc {_cm& `kdoXr J ©J¥h H$m ê$n Wm& hå ©, ghò ñV§ dmcm ^dZ H$mC„oI& n«ñVa H$m n« moJ "eV wOr' naH$moQo> H$m C„oI F$. _|& amOJ¥h H$snmfmU {H$cm~ÝXr& d¡{XH$ Am © _y{V©nyOH$ Zht Wo na Agwa Wo, Z¾ _y{V©CZH$s hr Wr&

~m¡ÕH$mc _| _JY Ho$ ^ì` ^dZm| H$m dU©Z & OmVH$ 546 _| y{_JVgwa§J {Og_| 80 XadmOo, _y{V© m§ Am{X Wt& cH$S>r, B§Q>, {_Å>r H$m n« moJ,gmW hr "{ecmñVå^' ^r Wm& d¥jnyOm, nyU© X« Zm_H$ XodJ¥h M¡Ë`dZ Ho$~rM Wm& d¡emcr Ho$ gV_§Oco _H$mZ ({dZ` {nQ>H$)& AemoH$ nyOm& M¡Ë`,g§Kmam_, ñVyn& _m¡ ©H$mc go nyd© M¡Ë`-ñVyn Wo - "nmfmUH$ M¡Ë`' (gwÎm{Z.)J`m - amOmJ¥h Ho$ ~rM Wm& gánUu Jw\$m _| nmfmU ~am_Xm Wm& do{XH$mH$m ^r n« moJ Wm& `j, `{jUr, _mV¥Xodr H$s nyOm hmoVr Wr& nm{U{Z Zo ^r_y{V©nyOm H$m C„oI {H$`m&

{nnahdm ñVyn Am¡a YmVw _§Oyfm H$mo ^r Bgr H$mc _| g§ mo{OV {H$`mOm gH$Vm h¡&

_m¡ ©H$mc (325-184 B©.ny.) 1) ñVå^ - ñdU©H$mc& MÝX«Jwá (323B©.ny.) {~ÝXwgma (288-272 B©.ny.), AemoH$ (272-232 B©.ny.) go hr^maVr` H$cm H$m n«maå^, H$cm Am¡a cmoH$H$cm naI_`jm{X& _mÜ`_nmfmU, ^maVr` H$cm _| ^mdm{^ì`§OZm, AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm, OrdÝVVm,VacVm, AZm_Vm, n«VrH$mË_H$Vm - H$_c, F$f^ hmWr, h§g, MH«$,ñVpñVH$& nmQ>{cnwÌ {dÝ`mg XwJ©, amOn«mgmX, Hw$åhmamhma _|, g^m_ÊS>nH$mð>_§M&


AemoH$H$cm - AemoH$H$cm - AemoH$H$cm - AemoH$H$cm - AemoH$H$cm - EH$mí_H$ ñVå^ 30-40- cwpå~Zr, gmaZmW,~moYJ`m, _oaR>, gm§Mr Am{X& Y_©ñV§ Omo `m{kH$ AZwð>mZ H$m n«VrH$ Wm -

yn H$mð>r`& newerf©H$ Y_©MH«$, H$ZH$_w{Z Am{X& ~am~a (n«da {J[a)nhmS>r H$s Jw\$mE§, ZmJmOw©Zr _| ^r& 18 ñV§ {_co& {ecmcoI, newerf©H$,JO, qgh, nyU©KQ>, Mma MH«$, MH«$dVu gwÎm (Xr.) _|, qgh MH«$dVu H$mn«VrH$& ~«÷MH«$& gm_m{OH$Vm, Ym{_©H$Vm Ho$ n«VrH$& B©amZr hadm^ZrH$cm H$m n« md BZ na Zht h¡& gáaËZm| _| Y_©MH«$ EH$ h¡& ^maVr` H$cmA{YH$ n«^mdH$ h¡& cmoH$H$cm - naI_ `j, `jr& `jnyOm Ho$ ~mX{ednyOm&

2) ñVyn2) ñVyn2) ñVyn2) ñVyn2) ñVyn

{dH$mg ew§JH$mc _| (184-72 B©.ny.) ñVyn, M¡Ë`Ka, {dhma, ñV§ ,VmoaU, XodñWmZ o {deofVmE§ n«ma§ _| {_Å>r ~mX _| BªQ> Am¡a nmfmU H$mn« moJ& ~wÕ YmVw H$m {d^mOZ- 7 ^mJ j{Ì`m| H$mo Am¡a 1 ^mJ ~«m÷UH$moŸ& ~wÕ MH«$dVu Am¡a `moJr Ho$ n«VrH$& A§S>, _hmdo{XH$m, h{_© m, `{ï>,N>Ìmdcr, VmoaUÛma, n«X{jUmnW& do{XH$m _| Amc§~Z qn{S>H$m, gyMr, W§ ,CîUrf hmoVo Wo& MH«$, Y_© Am¡a H$mc VWm ñVyn gy ©nyOm H$m n«VrH$& A§S> H$sCn_m _hm~wc~wco go H$s JB©& ñVyn AÊS>mH$ma m CëQo> H$Q>moao H$m AmH$ma {cEWm&

ñVyn g_m{Y H$m ê$nñVyn g_m{Y H$m ê$nñVyn g_m{Y H$m ê$nñVyn g_m{Y H$m ê$nñVyn g_m{Y H$m ê$n

âhþV ñVynâhþV ñVynâhþV ñVynâhþV ñVynâhþV ñVynnËWa, ~Oar, n§H$s B§Q>m| go {Z{_©V& H$qZK_ ImoO& VmoaU na _Ja_ÀN>

H$s AmH¥${V`m§& K§Qo> H$s AmH¥${V _|& nyU©Hw$å^, Y_©MH«$ Am{X& ~wÕ OrdZrX¥í`& VmoaU Iå^m| na Ac§H$aU, ~mo{Yd¥j, H$mð> {eën H$s AZwH¥${V nmfmUna, j-`{jUr, OoVdZH«$`, n«X{jUmnW, ZmJ Am yfU nhZo, ~wÕ nyOm,`jnyOm, lr_m§ MycH$moH$m-_hmH$moH$m Xo{d`m§, AßgamE§, AOmVeÌw - O{Q>cn[ad«mOH$, AmH$meMmar Aíd, new-njr, nyOm© Ho$ n«VrH$ Y_©MH«$ Am{X,na ~wÕ _y{V© Zht& MaU{MÝh, H$ëncVmE§, H$ënd¥j& g_`-250-200B©.ny., 40 OmVH$ H$WmE§& hmñàg H$m nwQ> &


gm§Mr gVyngm§Mr gVyngm§Mr gVyngm§Mr gVyngm§Mr gVyn

Vrgar eVr B©.ny. go 9 dt eVr VH$ {dH$mg& _hmñVyn AemoH$ {Z{_©VB©Q>m| go& ~mX _| ew§JH$mc _| n«ñVa IÊS> go Hw$fmUH$mc _| ~wÕ n«{V_m ~Zr,{Ì_o{Y ñVyn, Mma VmoaUÛma, emc^§{OH$mE§ OmVH$ X¥í` qgh, hmWr,Y_©MH«$, `j, {ÌaËZ, `{j{U`m§, new-njr, VmoaU CÎmadVu h¢& ~wÕ Ho$OrdZ X¥í` `hm§ H$ht A{YH$ h¢, n«m{Vhm © _ycH$, _Wwam Hw$fmU {eën nan« md& ñVyn Z§ 3 _| gm[anwÌ Am¡a _mo½Jcm`Z H$s YmVwE J{ ©V H$s JB©&Xod{Z{_©V _Wwam H$m O¡Z ñVyn g_H$mcrZ Wm&

~moY J`m - ~moY J`m - ~moY J`m - ~moY J`m - ~moY J`m - ~mo{YKa H$s doï>Zr B©Q>m| H$s Wr Omo nmfmU H$s H$a XrJB©& ~wÕ n«VrH$ Zht& BÝX«{_Ì, ~«÷{_Ì ew§Jm| Ho$ gm_ÝV Wo& BgH$m H$mc`Ú{n {ddmXmñnX h¡& H$qZY_ Zo Cgo Hw$fmUH$mcrZ _mZm Š`m|{H$ dhm§hþ{dîH$ H$m {gŠH$m {_cm& na ew§JH$mc _| hr h aoqcJ ~Zr Wr& Bg na gy ©{MÌ g{hîUwVm H$m n«VrH$ h¡, aW EH$ n{h`mdmcm h¡& AZmW {nÊS>H$ OoVdZX¥í` g§{já h¡& âhþV ^m§{V {dñV¥V Zht, lr_m JOcú_r, `{jUr,emc §{OH$m {M{ÌV h¢, {_WwZ {MÌ ^r h¢ Omo ew§JH$mc H$s {deofVmE§ h¢&

H${ZîH$ H$mcrZ ñVyn -H${ZîH$ H$mcrZ ñVyn -H${ZîH$ H$mcrZ ñVyn -H${ZîH$ H$mcrZ ñVyn -H${ZîH$ H$mcrZ ñVyn - OcmcmdmX (A\$.) H$m ImoñVm ñVynB©.ny. 50 _|& noemda, _m{UŠWmcm& B©.ny. n«W_ eVH$ go Jwá gm_«mÁ` Ho$CX` n ©ÝV (319 B©.) _JY H$m amOZr{VH$ B{Vhmg AÝYH$ma nyU© h¡& Bg~rM ew§J H$mc _| gm§Mr, âhþV, ~wÕ J`m Am{X H$m {Z_m©U hþAm& n«ma§ _|~wÕ n«{V_m Zht, MaU, N>Ì, nmXwH$m, Y_©MH«$, AmgZ H$_c Ho$ g§Ho$V goA{^ì`pŠV& ~mX _| ~wÕ _y{V© m§ Hw$fmUH$mc _| ~ZZo cJt& cmoH$H$cm H$m^r n« moJ& gd©Vmo^X« _y{V© m§ H$_ hmo JBª& nmfmU na nm{cg AZwn_, ~cwAmnËWa H$m n« moJ

4) {dhma4) {dhma4) {dhma4) {dhma4) {dhma

{^jw{Zdmg Wm& Zm{gH$, AOÝVm doXgm _| {dhma Wo& Hw$fmUH$mc _|BZ_| {dH$mg hþAm& CZ_| MVw w©OmH$ma Am§JZ, VrZmo§ Amoa H$moR>[a`m§ Am¡adam_Xm, B©Q>m| go ~Zo& Zm{gH$ H$m JmoV_r {dhma hrZ`mZr Wm, n«ñVa H$m ^rCn`moJ& ZhnmZ Am¡a doS>gm {dhma ^r B©.ny. n«W_ eVr Ho$ h¢& ^mOm H$mnd©Vr` {dhma H$Xm{MV² n«mMrZV_ h¡& g§Kmam_ JwáH$mc H$m h¡&


_¥Ê_` {IcmoZo_¥Ê_` {IcmoZo_¥Ê_` {IcmoZo_¥Ê_` {IcmoZo_¥Ê_` {IcmoZo

_m¡ ©H$mc _| o {IcmoZo n«mapå^H$ AdñWm _| Wo& ~mX _| Ac§H¥$VhmoZo cJo&

3) ñVå^3) ñVå^3) ñVå^3) ñVå^3) ñVå^

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gmaZmW ñVå^ - gmaZmW ñVå^ - gmaZmW ñVå^ - gmaZmW ñVå^ - gmaZmW ñVå^ - gd©loð>, qgh wŠV erf© mJ& MH«$-Y_©MH«$, D$nar^mJ CëQo> H$_c H$m \y$c O¡gm, qghm| Ho$ A`mc, _y§No§> Am{X n« mdmoËnmXH$&Aíd H$s J{VercVm, gm§S> H$m nm¡éf, _¥J H$s M§McVm, hmWr H$s J§ raVm{dMmaUr` h¡&

4) Jw\$mE§4) Jw\$mE§4) Jw\$mE§4) Jw\$mE§4) Jw\$mE§

J`m _| 3, ZmJmOw©Zr _| Mma& Am^mdmZ² & {Z_m©U _| cH$S>r Ho$ H$m ©H$s ñnï> PcH$& N>ßna \y$g PmonS>r H$s AZwH¥${V& JOm| Ûmam ñVyn nyOm,nmQ>{cnwÌ {dÝ`mg - n[aIm, g^m^dZ, AÝV…nwa, Jwá Ûma, y{_JV dZ,H$mð> Ûma, XwJ©, H$mð>n«mMra, n«ñVa H$m ^r n« moJ &

5) ~m¡Õ nmd©Vr` M¡Ë` J¥h Am¡a {dhma5) ~m¡Õ nmd©Vr` M¡Ë` J¥h Am¡a {dhma5) ~m¡Õ nmd©Vr` M¡Ë` J¥h Am¡a {dhma5) ~m¡Õ nmd©Vr` M¡Ë` J¥h Am¡a {dhma5) ~m¡Õ nmd©Vr` M¡Ë` J¥h Am¡a {dhma

hrZ`mZr Jw\$mE§ -hrZ`mZr Jw\$mE§ -hrZ`mZr Jw\$mE§ -hrZ`mZr Jw\$mE§ -hrZ`mZr Jw\$mE§ - AemoH$ Zo ~am~a ({~hma), {JaZma, eynm©aH$_| ~m¡Õ Jw\$mE§& fynm©aH$ nmoVnËVZ Wm Ohm§ ì`mnmar ~m¡Õ ~Zo, gmW©dmh nyU©Zo H$m|H$U amOm H$mo ^r ~m¡Õ ~Zm`m& Jwhm, gocH$å_ e¡cê$n, H$s{V©(CËI{ZV Jwhm Ûma), H$s{V©ñVå^, M¡Ë`Ka Am¡a {dhma ^r h¡& M¡Ë`KanyOmñWc-ñVyn-n«X{jUmnW h¢& B©. Vrgar eVr B©. go 9 dt eVr VH$M¡Ë`J¥h-hrZ`mZr 200 B©.ny. go 200 B©. VH$& 8 ^mOm, H$moÊS>mZo, nrVcImoam, AOÝVm, ~oS>gm, Zm{gH$, H$mc}, OwÝZma (nyZm), H$Ýhoar, ^mOm Jw\$m_pÝXa, H$ënd¥j, CÎmaHw$é amOm _mÝYmVm H$m {dO`X¥í`, M¡Ë`J¥h, ñVyn_| H$mð>H$_© Xe©Zr` h¡& mOm Ho$ A{V[aŠV H$ht _y{V©{eën Zht, _mÌ n«VrH$h¡& BZ_| H$mc}M¡Ë` gd©loð> h¡&


6) _Wwam H$s ew§J Am¡a Hw$fmUH$cm (80 B©.ny. - 2 ar eVr)6) _Wwam H$s ew§J Am¡a Hw$fmUH$cm (80 B©.ny. - 2 ar eVr)6) _Wwam H$s ew§J Am¡a Hw$fmUH$cm (80 B©.ny. - 2 ar eVr)6) _Wwam H$s ew§J Am¡a Hw$fmUH$cm (80 B©.ny. - 2 ar eVr)6) _Wwam H$s ew§J Am¡a Hw$fmUH$cm (80 B©.ny. - 2 ar eVr)

_Wwam _| gmV {eî`m| Ho$ Zm_ go gmV ñVyn (1-3 eVr B©.) h¢& Hw$fmU wJñdU© wJ _mZm J`m h¡& ~mhç Am¡a AmÝV[aH$ ê$n _| g_Ýd` go c{cVH$cmhmo JB©& CÚmZ-g{cc H«$sS>m H$m A§H$Z hþAm& ~wÕ H$mo n«W_ ~ma {eën _|CVmam& ~«m÷U Xodr-XodVmAm| H$mo ^r& O¡Z n«{V_m | Am¡a Xod{Z{_©V ñVyn^r {_cm& VrWªH$a n«{V_mAm| _| CîUrf Zht {_cVm, _mÌ lrdËg h¡ Ÿ& `hm§cm§N>Z Zht h¡& `j_h, ZmJ_h _mV¥nyOm Ho$ X¥î` ^r {_cVo h¡&

~m¡Õ ñVyn - B©.ny. nhcr& AemoH$ H$mc go AemoH$ Jwé CnJwá ht Wm&ñVyn {dZï> hmo J`m& OmVH$ X¥í` ^ahþV go ^r g_¥Õ h¢& ñV§ m| na XodVmnwéfm| H$s _y{V© m| H$m A^md, Ac§H$aU hrZVm h¡& AÊS> ^mJ D§$Mm Am¡ado{XH$m H$s AmH¥${V _hm~wã~wc gr cJVr h¡& ñVå^ _| ZrMo j AÝV _Ü` _|ñÌr-nwéf h¡& OmVH$ X¥í` h¢& emc_§{OH$m _wX«mE§ - nwînn«Mm{`H$m,AemoH$moÎm§{gH$m, nwînmdMm{`H$m, Am_«c{VH$m, Bjw §{OH$m, CÚmZ H«$sS>m,CXH$ H«$sS>m, JmÌ_ÊS>c, AmnmZ Jmoð>r, g§JrVJmoð>r, AemoH$XmohX,Ho$e{dÝ`mg -nwîneoIa, CXH$VmS>Z, Ho$emHw$c _wIr, OcmX©«dgZ,{ecmVcJVm, Ho$e{ZñVmo`H$m[aUr, {dconZ,, ewH$gm[aH$m H«$sS>m,doUrn«gmYZ, _hmZV©Z, H$ÝXwH$H«$sS>m& ñV§ m| na ~wÕ _y{V© m§, n«VrH${MÝh,lr cú_r H$m ^r A§H$Z hþAm h¡&

7) AmÝY«gmVdmhZ `wJ Ho$ ñVyn7) AmÝY«gmVdmhZ `wJ Ho$ ñVyn7) AmÝY«gmVdmhZ `wJ Ho$ ñVyn7) AmÝY«gmVdmhZ `wJ Ho$ ñVyn7) AmÝY«gmVdmhZ `wJ Ho$ ñVyn

H¥$îUm-JmoXmdar H$m _Ü`^mJ _hmoX{Y ì`mnma _mJ© Wm& 5 _hmnW WoOhm§ ñVyn ~Zo - 1) H$qcJ (g§Kmam_), 2) X«{dS> (KÊQ>emc, ^Å>n«mocw),3) H$Um©Q> (A_amdVr, ZmJmOw©Z), 4) _hmamï´> (OJæ`noQ>, A„ÿé), 5)X{jU-H$moec _mJ© Omo gm§Mr, _Wwam, lmdñVr, CÎmaH$moec, J`m& AemoH$H$m H$qcJ wÕ {\$a Y_©{dO`& ~m¡Õ Ho$ÝX« A_amdVr (YmÝ`H$Q>H$) Wm Ohm§2000 B©.ny. _| ñVyn ~Zm& AZoH$ gån«Xm` ^r Am J o& H$qcJ _mJ© nag§Kmam_ (200 B©.ny) Am¡a X{jU H$mogc _mJ© na JwÊQ>n„o ñVyn (3 ar eVrB©.ny.) {_cVm h¡& JwÊQ> g§H$sU© Am¡a H$mð> AZwH¥${V h¡& `ht EH$ M¡Ë`J¥h Am¡añVyn ^r {_cm Omo _hm`mZr h¡§&


1) JmocrñVyn _| ídoV nmfmU _y{V©`m§& CËH¥$ï> {eënH$cm& ~wÕ,~mo{YgÎd, OmVH$ H$Wm | h¢ &

2) X«{dS> _mJ© na ^{Å>n«mocw _hmñVyn& YmVw_§Oyfm, _y{V© m§3) _hmamï´> _mJ© na OJæ`noÅ> _hmñVyn - M¡Ë`J¥h, B{ï>H$m nmfmU

n« moJ hþAm& 700 dfm}§ VH$ {Z_m©U& _y{V© m| na CîUrU, Hw$ÊS>c h¢& Ac§H¥$V{ecmnÅ> ^r h¢&

4) H$Um©Q> _mJ© na A_amdVr ñVyn - _oH|$Omo Am¡a \$½ y©eZ Zo ImoOH$s& Hw$N> ~Mm Zht {ecmnÅ> Ho$ Acmdm& XmZgyMH$ {ecm, M¡Ë`H$ {ZH$m`&YZr J¥hñW& (gdg M cmoH$g {hVgwIWV`)& _hmdo{XH$m n«má hþB©&Am`mJnÅ>, _H$a, Xodr, _y{V© m§, Y_©MH«$ Am{X AZoH$ {dH$mg - 1) Ama§_| ~wÕ_y{V© Zht, JUoe, B©hm_¥J, gnj qgh 2) ~wÕ n«VrH$ - _y{V© m§ 3)dmñVw-{eën H$s namH$mð>m, _hmdo{XH$m {Z_m©U, nmXwH$mnÅ>, Ac§H¥$V ñÌr-nwéf, nyU©KQ> OrdZ X¥í` Xe©Zr` h¢&

5) ZmJmOw©ZH$moÊS> ñVyn - H$m{V©Ho$` {ed _pÝXa r {_co& BúdmHw$d§eramOm ~«m÷UY_u WmŸ& `hm§ _hmñVyn ^r {_cm&

8) JmÝYma e¡cr8) JmÝYma e¡cr8) JmÝYma e¡cr8) JmÝYma e¡cr8) JmÝYma e¡cr

`h Hw$fmUH$mcrZ e¡cr h¡& H${ZîH$ _hm`mZr Wm& ~wÕ _y{V© m| H$m{Z_m©U n«ma§ `ht hþAm& Jm§Ymae¡cr na J«rH$ e¡cr H$m n« md h¡& {eënH$maJ«rH$ Wo na {df` ^maVr` Wm& BÊS>mo-hoco{ZH$ `m J«rH$mo - ~w{ÕñQ> H$cmH$hm J`m& Jm§Yma H$cm na J«rH$ n« md h¡ na _Wwam ewÕ maVr`& g_H$mcrZ_Wwam e¡cr H$s "H$Q>am ~wÕ _y{V©' C„oIZr` h¡& yao Am¡a H$mco nmfmU H$mn« moJ A{YH$ h¡& JmÝYmae¡cr H$m n« moJ _mÌ ~m¡ÕH$cm _| hþAm& cmhmoag§J«hmc` H$s ~mo{YgÎd _y{V, d{c©Z g§J«hmc` H$s Ü`mZ_¾ ~wÕ_y{V© m§Jm§YmaH$cm H$s h¢& `hm§ ~wÕ _y{V© Anmocmo O¡gr cJVr h¡& `hm§ _mZd earaH$s _m§gcVm {M{ÌV h¡, n[aYmZ e¡cr _| AÝVa, Am yfUm| H$m n«Mwa n« moJ,n« m_ÊS>c&

Vj{ecm _| ^ra, {gaH$n Am¡a {ga_wI _w»` Ho$ÝX« Wo& Vj{ecm _|Y_©am{OH$m ñVyn Aënogm»` Ho$ ê$n _| AemoH$ Zo {\$a H${ZîH$ Zo Cg_| {dñVma


{H$`m& H$mo[a¨W e¡cr H$m n« moJ nwîH$cmdVr, ZJahma, CS²>S>r`mZ, H${nemHo$ÝX« ^r Wo, H${nem, dm{_`m§, dëI n«Xoe ^r JmÝYma H$cm Ho$ Ho$ÝX« Wo&

ewÕ ^maVr` H$cm Ho$ ê$n _| AemoH$ XmohX Ho$ X¥í`, Ho$e {ZñVmoH$m[aUr _wX«m Am{X _Wwam O¡gr h¡& _Wwam r Ho$ÝX« ahm h¡ _Wwam _| hr n«W_V…~wÕ_y{V© ~Zr - MH«$dVu Am¡a moJr ê$n H$m g_Ýd` - nX²_mgZ, Ü`mZ_wX«m,CîUrU& JmÝYmaH$cm _| AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm Zht {XImB© XoVr& _Wwam H$sHw$fmUH$mcrZ ~wÕ _y{V© O¡gr _y{V© dhm§ Zht h¡& JmÝYma _| ~wÕ OrdZ X¥í`A{YH$ CHo$ao J o - OmVH$ X¥í` &

9) _y{V©H$cm9) _y{V©H$cm9) _y{V©H$cm9) _y{V©H$cm9) _y{V©H$cm

B©.ny. 5 dt eVr _| {_Å>r d n«ñVa _y{V© m§ Wt na CZ_| {gÝYw O¡grgyú_Vm Am¡a cm{cË` Zht& ñWycVm Am¡a ^m¢S>mnZ& naI_ `jm{X, _WwamH$s _Zgm Xodr, dogZJa H$s ñÌr _y{V - n«mL²> _m¡ ©H$mcrZ&

- _m¡ © wJ _| gyú_VmŸ& AemoH$ ñVå^ AZwn_ nm{ce do OmoS>, _¥Ê_y{V© m§&nQ>Zm _| ñÌr_y{V© doOmoS>& {dXoer n« md B©amZr h¡ Š`m ?

- ew§J wJ - n«VrH$ n«YmZ, _y{V© {R>JZr, {MnQ>r& ^ahþV - gm§MraoqcJ&

- Jwá wJ (275-500 B©.) d¡{XH$ _y{V© m§ `ht go n«má& nm¡am{UH$XodVmAm| H$m A§H$Z& H$m¡emå~r H$s {ed-nmd©Vr, XodJT> H$s {ed Am¡aeofem`r {dîUw_y{V©, CX`{J[a H$s damh_y{V©& nyd© _Ü` wJ (600-900B©.) _| Ac§H¥$V d¡{XH$ Xodr-XodVm& EcmoamH$s XemdVma Jw\$m _| ¡ad-H$mcrn[adma, H¡$cme Jw\$m H$m amdU n[adma, E{c\|$Q>m Jw\$m _| {ed-nmd©Vrn[aU`, H$mco nËWa na d¡{XH$ XodVmAm| H$m A§H$Z&

CÎma_Ü`H$mc (900-1200 B©.) - ~mhçmc§H$aU& cú_r _y{V© m§ &J`m Hw${H©$hma H$s VmpÝÌH$ _ar{MXodr, gy © H$s IS>r _wX«m& CS>rgm wdZoída,H$Zm©Q>H$ _|, nwar, IOwamhmo& n«mH²$ AmYw{ZH$ wJ- `dZ AmH«$_U, MmcwŠ`,hmo ec _y{V© m§ gwÝXa h¡, {ÌMZmn„r H$m {ed_pÝXa, {dO`ZJa H$s Zaqgh_y{V©, hZw_mZ_y{V©, _¡gya H$s ZQ>amO _y{V©&


10) {MÌH$cm10) {MÌH$cm10) {MÌH$cm10) {MÌH$cm10) {MÌH$cm

- AOÝVm Jw\$mE§ - Z§. 1,2,9,10,16,17 _| \«o$gH$mo {^{Îm{MÌ A^rh¢& ñVyn Jw\$m (19), {dhmaJw\$m (1-7 dt eVr VH$& OmVH$ X¥í`, XodXyV,JÝYd©, new-njr, Xod-`j, ZmJae¡cr, gwÝXa a§J n«`moJ AícrcVm -AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm&

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O¡Z H$cm Zo J«ÝW ^ÊS>ma, {MÌH$cm Am{X H$m ^r g§ajU {H$`m h¡&{MÌH$cm -{MÌH$cm -{MÌH$cm -{MÌH$cm -{MÌH$cm - Zm`mYå_H$hmAmo _| {MÌH$maloUr H$m C„oI h¡& CgHo$

{d{dY ê$n {_cVo h¢&1) O¡Z {^{ÎmH$cm -1) O¡Z {^{ÎmH$cm -1) O¡Z {^{ÎmH$cm -1) O¡Z {^{ÎmH$cm -1) O¡Z {^{ÎmH$cm - {gVÝZdmgc Jw\$m _pÝXa _| Ocme` {MÌ&

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O¡Z _y{V©H$cmO¡Z _y{V©H$cmO¡Z _y{V©H$cmO¡Z _y{V©H$cmO¡Z _y{V©H$cm

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o Jw\$m | MVwîH$moUr` ñVå^mo§ na AmYm[aV h¢ & _hmamîQ´> _| hr dm{e_ Ho$


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wŠV n{Å>`m| H$m Ac§H$aU h¡ &

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V{_cZmSw> _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWc ~hþV h¢ & {Vê$Zocdocr, _Xwa¡, AaH$moQ>,{VénéQ²>{Q>Hw$Za_ ({OZH$m§Mr), nwXwŠH$moQ²>Q>B©, Zma§V_cB©, {gËVÝZdmgc,{Vê$naHw$Za, H$mcrH$Q>, nmcKmQ>, {Ì{Mamn„¡ Am{X g¡H$S>m| ñWmZ h¢ OmoO¡Z nwamVËËd H$s X¥pîQ> go ~So> g_¥Õ h¢ & n«ma§{^H$ V{_c gm{hË` Am¡a nwamVËËdO¡Zmo§ H$m hr ahm h¡ & dhm§ drae¡dm| Am¡a d¡{XH$m| Ûmam ZîQ> {H$ o OmZo Ho$~mdOyX O¡Z g§ñH¥${V Zo AnZm AÀN>m ApñVËd ~Zm o aIm& A~ A{YH$m§e_pÝXam| na d¡{XH$m| H$m A{YH$ma h¡ &

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H$Zm©Q>H$ r O¡ZY_© H$m n«maå^ go hr JT> ahm h¡ & amîQ´>Hy$Q>, J§J, Am{Xd§em| Zo `hm§ O¡ZY_© H$m AÀN>m n«gma {H$`m & Eohmoc, Hw$ÊS>r, H$ÝZS>{Ocm,


_cIoS>, ~rOmnwa, YmadmS>, H$maH$c, {MŠH$_§Jcya, _yS>{~Ðr, ldU~ocJmocAm{X g¡H$S>m| ñWmZ h¢ Ohm§ go O¡Z _y{V© m§ Am¡a _pÝXa VWm {ecmcoI {_co h¢&dñVwV… H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m Mßnm-Mßnm O¡Z g§ñH¥${V H$m n[aM` XoVm h¡ & na `hm§^r Cgo drae¡dm| Am¡a _wgc_mZm| go ~S>m AmKmV cJm h¡ & ~rOmnwa H$m{demc O¡Z _pÝXa A~ _pñOX Ho$ ê$n _| ~Xc {X`m J`m & `hm§ H$sH$am_wX²XrZ _pñOX ^r _ycV… O¡Z _pÝXa ahr h¡& hånr H$s IwXmB© _| AZoH$O¡Z _pÝXa {_co & ^Å>maH$m| H$mo O¡ZY_© Ho$ g§ajU _| `hm§ {deof `moJXmZahm h¡ &

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| dmgd Zo O¡Z gån«Xm` go AcJ hmoH$a dra e¡d gån«Xm`H$s ñWmnZm H$s Am¡a O¡Z H$cm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V na 12-13 dt eVr _| KZKmoaAË`mMma {H$ o & H$ÝZS> H${d ~«÷e¡d Zo Bg gm_y{hH$ O¡Z g§hma H$s {ZÝXm^r H$s h¡ & H$moëhmnwa H$m MÝÐn« _pÝXa O¡Zm| H$m Wm Omo _hmcú_r _pÝXa~Z J`m & Eogo hOmam| _pÝXam| Ho$ Zm_ {JZm o Om gH$Vo h¢ &

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AWd©doX- gmVdocH$aàUrV ^mî` g{hV, dmamUgrŸ&AZJma Y_m©_¥V (AmemYa)- ñdmonkQ>rH$m g{hV, ^maVr` J«ÝW_mcm,~å~B©, 1919Ÿ&A{_VJ{V lmdH$mMma- emocmnwa, 1961Ÿ&AmMmam§JgyÌ Ed§ AmMmam§J mî`-AmMm © _hmàk- O¡Z {díd maVr, cmS>Z§²Ÿ&Am{XnwamU- {OZgoZ, kmZnrR>, H$merŸ&Amdí`H$ gyÌ-g§. nwÊ`{dO`, _hmdra O¡Z {dÚmc`, ~å~B©Ÿ&CËVamÜ``ZgyÌ-O¡Z {díd ^maVr, cmS>Z²§Ÿ&AmßV_r_m§gm- XcgwI _mcd{U`mCËVanwamU (JwUYa)- ^maVr` kmZnrR>, H$merŸ&F$½doX- ñdmÜ`m`_§S>c, Am¡Y, 1940Ÿ&H$ëngyÌ(àm.)- Q>rH$m- g_`gwÝXaJ{U, ~å~B©, 1939Ÿ&H$m{V©Ho$`mZwàojm (H$m{V©Ho$`)- am`MÝX J«ÝWm_mcm, 1960Ÿ&H$mì`mZwemgZ- ho_MÝÐ, _hmdra O¡Z {dÚmc`, ~å~B©Ÿ&Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX lmdH$mMma- \$cQ>U, 1978Ÿ&Hw$dc`_mcmH$hm (àm.)- qgKr O¡Z J«ÝW_mcm, ~å~B©, 1959Ÿ&Jmo_Å>gma (Zo{_MÝÐ {g.)- ^maVr` kmZnrR>, {X„rŸ&kmZmU©d- am`MÝÐ J«ÝW_mcm, 1907Ÿ&O¡ZmJ_ dZñn{V H$moe-_w{Zê$nMX, O¡Z {díd^maVr, cmS>Z§² 1996Ÿ&VÎdmW© amOdm{V©H$ (AH$c§H$)- ^maVr` kmZnrR>, H$merŸ&O¡Z gm{hË` H$m ~¥hX² B{Vhmg- ^mJ 1-7R>mUm§J-AmJ_ àH$meZ g{_{V, ì`mdaŸ&Um`mYå_H$hmAmo (àm.)- gånmXH$-d¡Ú, nwZm, 1940Ÿ&{Vcmo nÊU{Îm- OrdamO J«ÝW_mcm, emocmnwa, {d.g. 1999Ÿ&{Ìf{ð>ecmH$mnwéfM[aV- ho_MÝÐ, AZwdmX - EM. Eg. OmZgZ, 1930Ÿ&Xed¡H$m{cH$- {Z w©pŠV- ^Ðdmhþ (àm.)Xed¡H$m{cH$ gyÌ- O¡Z {díd ^maVr`, cmS>Z²§Ÿ&


XrK{ZH$m` (àm.)- ZmcÝXm àH$meZŸ&Ðì`g§J«h - Zo{_MÝÐXrnd§e (àm.)- AmoëS>ZJ©, cÝXZ, 1971Ÿ&Ydcm (fQ²>IÊS>mJ_-Q>rH$m) - dragoZ -S>m°. hramcmc O¡Z, A_amdVrŸ&Ü`mZeVH$ - {OZ^Ð{Z`_gma (Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX)- ~å~B©, 1996Ÿ&n[a{eï>nd©Z² (ho_MÝÐ)- dmamUgrŸ&narjm_wI - _m{UŠ`ZÝXrnwéfmW© {gÕçwnm` (A_¥VMÝÐ)- na_lwV à. _S>c, ~å~B©, 1904Ÿ&~¥hËH$WmH$moe- qgKr O¡Z J«ÝW_mcm, ~å~B©Ÿ&~¥hËH$ën^mî` (àm.)- (g§KXmgJ{U), ^mdZJa, 1933-38Ÿ&^JdVr AmamYZm (àm.)- XodoÝÐH$s{V© J«ÝW_mcm, emocmnwa, 1935Ÿ&^JdVrgyÌ (àm.)- AmJ_moX` g{_{V, ~å~B©, 1921Ÿ&_hmnwamU (g§.)- ^maVr` kmZnrR>, dmamUgr, 1954Ÿ&_hm^maV- gånmXH$ - gwH$W§H$a, nyZm 1942Ÿ&_hmd½J (àm.)- Zm. Xo. J«ÝW_mcm, ~Zmag, 1956Ÿ&{_{cÝXnÄh (àm.)- g§. Am. S>r. dmS>oH$a, ~å~B©, 1940Ÿ&_ycmMma (dÅ>Ho$a)- ^maVr` {X. O¡Z J«ÝW_mcm, ~å~B©Ÿ&`epñVcH$Måny- {ZU© gmJa, àog ~å~B©, 1916Ÿ&aËZH$aÊS> lmdH$mMma (g.)- g_ÝV^Ð, gyaVŸ&amOVa§{JUr- XwJm©àgmX, ~å~B©, g§. 1984Ÿ&dgwZÝXr lmdH$mMma-^maVr` kmZnrR>, H$mer, 1952Ÿ&dgwXod{hÊS>r (àm.)- ^mdZJa, 1926Ÿ&{d{dYVrW©H$ën- qgKr O¡Z J«ÝW_mcm, ~å~B©, 1934Ÿ&{deofmdí`H$ ^mî`- (gQ>rH$), aVcm_, 1936-37Ÿ&emñÌdmVm©g_wÀM`-h[a^ÐícmoH$dm{V©H$-Hw$_m[acfS²>Xe©Zg_wÀM` - h[a^Ð, H$merŸgÝ_{VVH©$ - {gÕgoZ

à_wI gÝX © J«ÝW-gyMr 670

g_`gma(Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX)- Aqhgm _§{Xa, {X„r, 1951Ÿ&ñ`mÛmX_§Oar- _{„foU am`MÝÐ J«ÝW_mcmŸ&gdm©W©{g{Õ- ^maVr` kmZnrR>, ZB© {XëcrŸ&gyÌH¥$Vm§JQ>rH$m- AmJ_moX`g{_{V, ~å~B©, 1917Ÿ&h[ad§enwamU - ^maVr` kmZnrR>Ÿ&

AmYw{ZH$ emoY-J«ÝW ({hÝXr, A§J«Or)AmYw{ZH$ emoY-J«ÝW ({hÝXr, A§J«Or)AmYw{ZH$ emoY-J«ÝW ({hÝXr, A§J«Or)AmYw{ZH$ emoY-J«ÝW ({hÝXr, A§J«Or)AmYw{ZH$ emoY-J«ÝW ({hÝXr, A§J«Or)

AJ«dmc, dr.Eg. … H$cm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V, Bcmhm~mX 1952Ÿ&C_oe {_l … ^maVr` Xe©ZXoemB©, Eg. S>r. … O¡{ZÁ_ BZ gmCW BpÊS>`mào_r, ZmWyam_ … O¡Z gm{hË` Am¡a B{Vhmgam`H¥$îUXmg … ^maV H$s {MÌH$cm

… ^maVr` _y{V©H$cmCnmÜ o, E. EZ. … Hw$dc`_mcm ({ÛVr`^mJ, A§J«oOr àñVmdZm)

qgKr O¡Z J«ÝW_mcm ~å~B©, 1970Ÿ&O¡Z, OJXreMÝÐ … O¡Z AmJ_ gm{hË` _| maVr` g_mO, Mm¡Iå~m,

dmamUgr, 1967Ÿ&àmH¥$V gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg, dmamUgr&cmB\$ BZ EpÝeEÊQ> BpÊS>`m EoO {S>{nŠQ>oS> BZO¡Z H¡$ZZ, ~å~B©,1947Ÿ&

O¡Z ^mJMÝÐ "^mñH$a'… O¡Z Xe©Z Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$m B{Vhmg, ZmJnwa,1977&Jainism in Buddhist Literature,

Nagpur, 1972

O¡ZY_© Am¡a n`m©daU - {X„r, 2000O¡Z g§ñH¥${V H$moe , VrZ ^mJ

_hmàk AmMm © … KQ>KQ> Xrn Oco, Mwê$,1965Ÿ&H$_©dmX

gwIcmc g§Kdr … O¡Z Y_© H$m àmUlllll


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