James Cook

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Cook was born October 27, 1728 in the village of Cook was born October 27, 1728 in the village of Marton. In 1736 the family moved to the village of Marton. In 1736 the family moved to the village of Great Ayton, where Cook is given to a local school Great Ayton, where Cook is given to a local school (now been transformed into a museum). After five (now been transformed into a museum). After five years of study, James Cook begins to work on the years of study, James Cook begins to work on the farm under his father. At the age of seventeen Cook farm under his father. At the age of seventeen Cook leaves his parents' home and moved to the city Steyts leaves his parents' home and moved to the city Steyts where for employment. However, a year later he where for employment. However, a year later he leaves work and is hired as a cabin boy on a collier leaves work and is hired as a cabin boy on a collier "Frilav" Walker. So begins the marine life of James "Frilav" Walker. So begins the marine life of James Cook.Cook.

Начало карьерыНачало карьеры Cook began his career as a sailor simple cabin Cook began his career as a sailor simple cabin boy on a merchant ship. Free time he devoted to boy on a merchant ship. Free time he devoted to the study of geography, business navigator, the study of geography, business navigator, navigation, mathematics, astronomy, and he was navigation, mathematics, astronomy, and he was interested in the description of marine interested in the description of marine expeditions. June 17, 1755, he enrolled as a sailor expeditions. June 17, 1755, he enrolled as a sailor on the royal navy. A month after receipt Cook on the royal navy. A month after receipt Cook becomes' officers assistant, then - the boatswain. becomes' officers assistant, then - the boatswain. Soon after the Seven Years' War, Cook Soon after the Seven Years' War, Cook participated in the blockade of the French coast. participated in the blockade of the French coast. In Cook returned to England in November 1762In Cook returned to England in November 1762

Three expeditions of Three expeditions of James CookJames Cook

Under the supervision of James Cook Under the supervision of James Cook made three expeditions were much made three expeditions were much deeper insight into the people of our deeper insight into the people of our world.world.

The first circumnavigation (1768-71 The first circumnavigation (1768-71 biennium).biennium).

The official purpose of the expedition was to study the The official purpose of the expedition was to study the transit of Venus across the disk of the Sun [1]. However, transit of Venus across the disk of the Sun [1]. However, the secret orders received by Cook, ordered him the secret orders received by Cook, ordered him immediately after the completion of astronomical immediately after the completion of astronomical observations sent to the southern latitudes in search of the observations sent to the southern latitudes in search of the so-called southern continent. consider that between world so-called southern continent. consider that between world powers was a fierce struggle for new colonies, very likely is powers was a fierce struggle for new colonies, very likely is the following assumption: astronomical observations were the following assumption: astronomical observations were Admiralty screen covering the search for new colonies. Admiralty screen covering the search for new colonies. Also, the purpose of the expedition was to establish the Also, the purpose of the expedition was to establish the coast of Australia, especially the east coast, which is coast of Australia, especially the east coast, which is absolutely not been investigated.absolutely not been investigated.

April 10, 1769 reached the April 10, 1769 reached the shores of Tahiti.shores of Tahiti.

Carrying out the orders of the Admiralty, ordered Carrying out the orders of the Admiralty, ordered "all means to maintain friendship with the "all means to maintain friendship with the natives," Cook has established strict discipline in natives," Cook has established strict discipline in communication and team members of the communication and team members of the expedition ship with the natives. Categorically expedition ship with the natives. Categorically forbidden to conflict with local residents to use forbidden to conflict with local residents to use violence. The available violations of this order violence. The available violations of this order strictly punished. Fresh food for the expedition strictly punished. Fresh food for the expedition were extracted by the exchange for European were extracted by the exchange for European goods. Peace policy gave fruit - with the islanders goods. Peace policy gave fruit - with the islanders were able to establish a good relationship, were able to establish a good relationship, without which observation of Venus would without which observation of Venus would impede seriously.impede seriously.

By the shores of New By the shores of New ZealandZealand After carrying out astronomical observations, Cook After carrying out astronomical observations, Cook

went to the shores of New Zealand, taking local went to the shores of New Zealand, taking local chieftain named Tupiya, who knew the surrounding chieftain named Tupiya, who knew the surrounding islands and, in addition, could serve as a translator, islands and, in addition, could serve as a translator, and his servant Tiatu. With the natives of New and his servant Tiatu. With the natives of New Zealand, despite emphasized the peacefulness of the Zealand, despite emphasized the peacefulness of the English failed to establish good relations. Expedition English failed to establish good relations. Expedition had to participate in several skirmishes, during which had to participate in several skirmishes, during which New Zealanders suffered some losses. The discovery New Zealanders suffered some losses. The discovery was made - climbing the hill, saw Cook Strait was made - climbing the hill, saw Cook Strait separating New Zealand on the two islands. This strait separating New Zealand on the two islands. This strait was named after him.was named after him.

The second circumnavigation The second circumnavigation (1772-75 biennium)(1772-75 biennium)

► Specific goals that put the Admiralty before the second Specific goals that put the Admiralty before the second expedition of Cook, are not known. We only know that the expedition of Cook, are not known. We only know that the tasks of the expedition included the continuation of the study tasks of the expedition included the continuation of the study of the southern seas. Most definitely, persistent attempts to of the southern seas. Most definitely, persistent attempts to infiltrate Cook as far as possible to the south had to find a infiltrate Cook as far as possible to the south had to find a southern continent. It is unlikely that Cook acted in a similar southern continent. It is unlikely that Cook acted in a similar manner based only on personal initiative, so it seems very manner based only on personal initiative, so it seems very likely that the opening of the southern continent was one of likely that the opening of the southern continent was one of the goals of the expedition, although of such plans Admiralty the goals of the expedition, although of such plans Admiralty did not know. Cook visited the island of Huahine and Raiatea, did not know. Cook visited the island of Huahine and Raiatea, the island of Friendship. Fiji expedition withstood several the island of Friendship. Fiji expedition withstood several skirmishes with the natives. On the island of Tanna (Fiji skirmishes with the natives. On the island of Tanna (Fiji Islands) were replenished food stocks. September 3, 1774 was Islands) were replenished food stocks. September 3, 1774 was open to New Caledonia.open to New Caledonia.

The third circumnavigation The third circumnavigation (1776-79 biennium)(1776-79 biennium)

The main goal set by the Admiralty to a third The main goal set by the Admiralty to a third expedition Cook - the so-called discovery of the expedition Cook - the so-called discovery of the Northwest Passage - the waterway crossing the Northwest Passage - the waterway crossing the North American continent and connecting the North American continent and connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. January 26, 1777 the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. January 26, 1777 the ships came to Tasmania, where replenish water ships came to Tasmania, where replenish water and firewood. February 13 ships arrived in the and firewood. February 13 ships arrived in the bay of Charlotte in New Zealand. New Zealand bay of Charlotte in New Zealand. New Zealand ships went to Tahiti, however, due to headwinds ships went to Tahiti, however, due to headwinds Cook was forced to change course and visit the Cook was forced to change course and visit the first island of Friendship. Taita Cook arrived on first island of Friendship. Taita Cook arrived on August 12, 1777August 12, 1777

Death of James CookDeath of James Cook October 24, 1778 reached the Hawaiian Islands, the October 24, 1778 reached the Hawaiian Islands, the

good relations established between the first members of good relations established between the first members of the expedition and the Hawaiians began, but quickly the expedition and the Hawaiians began, but quickly deteriorates; every day the number of thefts committed deteriorates; every day the number of thefts committed by Hawaiians, increases and skirmishes that occurred by Hawaiians, increases and skirmishes that occurred because of attempts to recover stolen, getting hotter. because of attempts to recover stolen, getting hotter. Attitude Hawaiians for the expedition was meanwhile Attitude Hawaiians for the expedition was meanwhile openly hostile. In the district there are many armed men. openly hostile. In the district there are many armed men. The number of thefts increased. February 13 from the The number of thefts increased. February 13 from the deck "RESOLUTION" were stolen mites. Trying to get deck "RESOLUTION" were stolen mites. Trying to get them back was unsuccessful and ended with an open them back was unsuccessful and ended with an open clash.clash.