janakuasa tunggusedia
TRANSCRIPT
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JANAKUASA TUNGGUSEDIA
Oleh
RAMIN BIN MUSLIMRAMIN BIN MUSLIMJabatan Elektrik
Institut Kemahiran MARA Kuching
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STANDBY GENERATOR
An emergency power system, which normally stands unused: it starts and assumes the loads when the normal power supply fails
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SUPPLEMENTARY STANDBY
An engine or electric set that normally drives a given piece of equipment and is used to supply power to other load when the normal power supply fails
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PEAKING POWER
An electric power system, which is used to supplement the normal electric power source during periods of peak demand
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PRIME POWER
An electric power system that is the sole power source. It is normally used in remote area where the service of supply authority is not in existence
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ASAS JANAKUASA
• Konduktor boleh membawa arus• Medan magnet• Pergerakan bandingan diantara konduktor
dan medan magnet
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05/02/23 IKMk 11GELONG BERPUTARGELONG BERPUTAR
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CARBON BRUSH & SLIP RINGCARBON BRUSH & SLIP RING
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PEMBINAAN ASAS JANAKUASA
Mengandungi sebuah penggerak utama (prime mover) dan sebuah pengulangalik (alternator) serta kelengkapan lain untuk menyokong sistem sesebuah janakuasa
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PENGGERAK UTAMA
• Injin petrol• Injin disel• Turbin wap• Turbin hidro• Turbin gas• Turbin angin• Turbin wap nuklear
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ASAS KELUARAN JANAKUASA
• Arus ulangalik (A.C)• Tiga fasa• 50 Hz• 415V• 4 wayer (R, Y, B, N)
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FREKUENSI PENGULANGALIK
F = NP / 120F = NP / 120
F = frequencyN = speedP = no of poles
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TIGA FREKUENSI
50 Hz60 Hz
400 Hz
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JENIS-JENIS PENGULANGALIK
• Jenis Gelong Berputar (lama) – brush type• Jenis Medan Berputar (moden) - brushless
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GELONGGELONGBERPUTARBERPUTAR
MEDANMEDANBERPUTARBERPUTAR
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PENGULANGALIK TIGA FASA
• Terdapat tiga kumpulan gelong setiap satu mewakili setiap fasa
• Menghasilkan gelombang sinusoidal dengan perbedaan 120 darjah elektrikal diantara satu sama lain
• Sambungan STAR atau DELTA, mengikut penggunaan
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ASASASASKELUARANKELUARANJANAKUASAJANAKUASA
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KUASA SESEBUAH PENGULANGALIK
P = 3 x V x I x P.F
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KADARAN SESEBUAH JANAKUASA
• Penggunaan (tunggusedia, prime power)• Beban maksima (MD)• Faktur kuasa• Suhu ambien• Kuasa simpanan (reserve)• Had junaman kelajuan (droop)• Had perubahan frequency (%)• Had junaman voltan (dip) (%)• Saiz beban motor terbesar
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DC ALTERNATORDC ALTERNATOR
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D.C ALTERNATORD.C ALTERNATOR
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PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATORPERMANENT MAGNET GENERATOR
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D.C EXCITED GENERATORD.C EXCITED GENERATOR
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KOMPONENT SESEBUAH SISTEM JANAKUASA
• Prime mover• Governor• Alternator• Excitor• Voltage regulator (AVR/VCU)• Papan AMF
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05/02/23 IKMk 29GENERATOR BLOCK DIAGRAMGENERATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
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GENERATORGENERATORCUT-OUTCUT-OUT
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GENERATORGENERATORCUT-OUTCUT-OUT
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KELAJUAN SYNCHRONOUS PENGULANGALIK
N = N = 120 x F120 x F PP
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LOW &LOW &HIGHHIGHSPEEDSPEEDGENSETGENSET
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KELAJUAN TANPA BEBAN
3 % hingga 5 % melebihi kelajuan beban penuh
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AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (AVR/VCU)
Untuk mendapatkan voltan keluaran yang tetap dan stabil walaupun beban dan kelajuan janakuasa
berubah-ubah dengan cara mengawal kekuatan medan excitor
(+5% dan –10%)
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ASAS SEBUAH PENGATUR VOLTAN
Mengawal jumlah arus ujaan yang dibekalkan kepada lilitan medan
utama supaya voltan keluaran sentiasa stabil
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BASIC FUNCTION OF VOLTAGE REGULATORBASIC FUNCTION OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR
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AVR CONNECTIONAVR CONNECTION
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AVR CIRCUITAVR CIRCUIT
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BRUSHLESS GENSET BLOCK DIAGRAMBRUSHLESS GENSET BLOCK DIAGRAM
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ALTERNATOR ROTORALTERNATOR ROTOR
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PENGUJA (EXCITOR)
Membekalkan arus ujaan (arus terus) kepada lilitan medan utama supaya voltan keluaran sentiasa stabil atau
berubah pada peratusan yang sangat kecil
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JENIS-JENIS PENGUJA
• Static excitor – bekalan dari normal supply• Stationary brush type excitor• Brushless excitor (modern type)
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STATIC EXCITOR
Sebahagian dari keluaran alternator disalurkan ke rectifier melalui litar elektronik dan dibekalkan ke lilitan medan penguja. Oleh sebab tiada bahagian yang berputar maka ia disebut static excitor
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STATIC EXCITERSTATIC EXCITER
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BRUSHLESS EXCITOR
Adalah sebuah alternator kecil tiga fasa yang dipasang dihujung shaft rotor alternator utama. Keluaran arus AC akan melalui 6 buah diode (rotating diodes) untuk ditukarkan kepada arus DC sebelum dibekalkan kepada medan magnet utama
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SELF EXCITED GENERATORSELF EXCITED GENERATOR
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EXCITOREXCITOR
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EXCITOREXCITOR
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EXCITOREXCITOR
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BRUSHLESS GENSETBRUSHLESS GENSET
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SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATORSEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR
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GENSET CONTROL PANELGENSET CONTROL PANEL
• Satu papan kawalan asas yang mengandungi meter-meter seperti:
• Speedometer, Hz meter, Temperature meter, Oil pressure gauge, Charging ampere, ON/OFF key switch, Emergency switch, etc
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GENERATOR LOSSES• Iron Losses
Hysterisis lossEddy current loss
• Copper loss (I²R loss) – kehilangan yang paling besar dan bergantung kepada arus beban, menghasilkan haba yang tinggi
• Friction loss (bearing)
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GENSET EFFICIENCYGENSET EFFICIENCY
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PENYEJUKAN ALTERNATOR
• Menggunakan kipas penyejuk yang dipasang di shaft alternator
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ALAT PEMANAS (HEATER)
Untuk alternator yang bersaiz besar terdapat heater dipasang didalam gelong utama untuk mengekalkan suhu yang agak tinggi supaya tidak terdapat fungus (sejenis kulat/cendawan) yang boleh merosakkan bahan penebat gelong utama apabila alternator tidak berfungsi untuk tempoh yang lama
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KELAS PENEBATAN
• Kelas H (180 darjah C) untuk gelong alternator utama
• Kelas F (155 darjah C) untuk excitor
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PERLINDUNGAN IP
Perlindungan dari solid particle dan water sekurang-kurangnya IP23 dimana jari tangan tidak boleh masuk dan pancutan air dari atas dan tepi tidak memasuki alternator
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INDEX OFINDEX OFPROTECTIONPROTECTIONTABLETABLE
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GENERATOR NAME PLATE• Jenama Excitor current• KW/KVA Excitor voltage• Ampere Serial No:• Faktur kuasa• Kelas Penebatan• IP21• Suhu ambien• Kenaikan suhu• Star / Delta
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TYPICALNAMEPLATE
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TYPICAL NAME PLATE• Engine type Caterpillar• No of cylinder 12, V type• Speed 3000 rpm• Alternator type Stanford• Connection Star• Voltan415V• kVA 2000 kVA (1600kW)• Ampere 2782A• Excitor type Brushless• Excitor voltage 64V• Excitor current 3.8A• Protection IP22• Insulation class Class H (180 C)
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LOKASI JANAKUASA
• Di bahagian bawah bangunan (tidak semestinya di aras tanah)
• Mudah diakses• Dekat dengan papan suis utama• Pintu menghadap keluar bangunan
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TAPAK JANAKUASA
Dipanggil PLINTH dan mestilah diasaskan dengan kukuh supaya dapat menampung berat janakuasa dan gegarannya. Penyerap gegaran dari jenis spring atau getah atau apa-apa cara yang sesuai hendaklah dipasang. Levelling yang sesuai dan alur kecil tumpahan minyak hendaklah disediakan
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VIBRATION DAMPERVIBRATION DAMPER
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VIBRATIONVIBRATIONDAMPERDAMPER
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KABEL KELUARANJenis-jenis kabel keluaran yang sesuai:• Mineral Insulated Copper Cable (MICC) – mahal
dan tidak mudah lentur• Fire Rated Cable (FRC) – harganya lebih murah
dan mudahlentur
Ciri-ciri kabel ialah tahan suhu yang tinggi kerana risiko kebakaran adalah tinggi dan diluluskan oleh pihak Bomba
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FIREFIRERATEDRATEDCABLECABLE
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FIREFIRERATEDRATEDCABLECABLE
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BILIK JANAKUASA
Mempunyai kemudahan berikut:• Pintu jenis louvre dengan jaring nyamuk• Exhaust fan dengan saiz yang sesuai• Acoustic treatment• Lampu yang mencukupi• Soket alir keluar 13A• Fire fighting system
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BILIKBILIKJANAKUASAJANAKUASA
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GENSET INSTALLATIONGENSET INSTALLATION
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INTAKEINTAKEAIR AIR PASSAGEPASSAGE(ATTENUATOR)(ATTENUATOR)
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AIR CIRCULATIONAIR CIRCULATION
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PENGUDARAAN BILIKPENGUDARAAN BILIK
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AIR CIRCULATIONAIR CIRCULATION
ININ
OUTOUT
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PAPAN AMF• AMF (Automatic Main Failure)• Menerima bekalan dari alternator• Mengawal perjalanan janakuasa dan C.O.C• Memberi perlindungan kepada sistem• Menempatkan pemutus litar, geganti, timers,
meter-meter pengukuran, buzzer amaran, pengecas bateri dsb.
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PAPAN AMF
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BAHAGIANBELAKANGPAPAN AMF,KABEL MICC
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AMF CIRCUITAMF CIRCUITDIAGRAMDIAGRAM
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AMF CONTROLAMF CONTROLCIRCUITCIRCUIT
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TIMERS ANDTIMERS ANDRELAYSRELAYS
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TIMERS ANDTIMERS ANDRELAYSRELAYS
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DC SOLENOIDDC SOLENOID
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FUEL VALVEFUEL VALVE
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FUEL SOLENOIDFUEL SOLENOID
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TEMPERATURE SENSORTEMPERATURE SENSOR
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CHANGEOVER CONTACTOR (C.O.C)
• Alat pensuisan empat kutub• Menyalurkan bekalan normal (TNB) atau
Janakuasa• Operasi Otomatik atau Manual (pilihan)• Peralihan dikawal oleh timer dan geganti
undervoltage• Electrical and Mechanical interlock
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TRANSFERTRANSFERSWITCHSWITCH
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C.O.C
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C.O.CC.O.C
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BATERI• Lead acid• Nical Cadmium• Voltage (12V, 24V)• Ampere-hour (100Ah)• Specific gravity (1.1 –1.2)• Battery condition (normal, weak, discharge)• Battery tester/Punch meter
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BATERI LEAD ASID BIASABATERI LEAD ASID BIASA
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BateriNical Cadmium
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NORMALNORMALLEADLEADACIDACIDBATTERYBATTERY
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SEALEDSEALEDLEADLEADACIDACIDBATTERYBATTERY
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BATTERY TESTERBATTERY TESTER
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05/02/23 IKMk 121BATTERY & STARTERBATTERY & STARTER
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ELECTRIC STARTING SYSTEMELECTRIC STARTING SYSTEM
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PENGECAS BATERI• Static charger bila janakuasa tidak
beroperasi• DC alternator (belt driven) bila janakuasa
beroperasi• Static charger mendapat bekalan dari
bekalan normal• Jenis constant current atau constant voltage
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PERLINDUNGAN JANAKUASA
• Lampau laju (overspeed) - stop• Tekanan minyak rendah (low oil pressure) - stop• Lampau panas (high water temperature) - stop• Overcrank – stop after 6 attempts• Low fuel level - alarm• Lack of fuel - stop• Undervoltage – stop• Restricted Earth Fault Protection (REF) - stop
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REF PROTECTIONREF PROTECTION
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NEUTRAL SWITCH
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PEMBUMIAN JANAKUASA• Pembumian papan AMF• Pembumian rangka janakuasa• Pembumian star point alternator Pembumian papan AMF dan rangka
janakuasa boleh digabungkan dan menggunakan pita tembaga.
Pembumian star point alternator hendaklah berasingan dan menggunakan kabel PVC hitam
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STAR POINT EARTHINGSTAR POINT EARTHING
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CENTRAL EARTHING BARCENTRAL EARTHING BAR
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FRAMEFRAMEJANAKUASAJANAKUASAHENDAKLAHHENDAKLAHDIBUMIKANDIBUMIKAN
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UJIAN JANAKUASA
• Ujian di kilang• Ujian di tapak• Ujian penebatan, pembumian, penatahan,
turutan fasa• Ujian beban (50%, 75%, 100%, 110%)• Ujian keberfungsian litar kawalan dan
keseluruhan sistem
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SAMPLETEST RESULT
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AKTA & PERATURAN BERKAITAN
• Pendaftaran janakuasa• Fee kena bayar• Orang kompeten yang menjaga (Chargeman
A4-1 atau A4)
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MOBILE GENSET
• Pembumian sementara• Spesifikasi• Muatan tangki
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SILENCE GENSET
• Tahap kebisingan – 80dB• Acoustic treatment• DOE requirement
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GENSET FAULT TRACING
• OFF LOAD and ON LOAD– a. No volt– b. Unstable volt– c. High volt– d. Low volt
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NO VOLT OFF LOAD
1. Low speed2. Low residual magnetism3. AVR fuse blow4. Broken wires5. Faulty AVR6. Faulty winding7. Faulty diodes or supressor
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UNSTABLE VOLT OFF LOAD
1. High speed2. Loose connection3. Dirt or moisture on AVR4. Faulty winding5. Faulty AVR6. Faulty diodes or suppressor
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HIGH VOLT OFF LOAD
1. High speed2. linkVS-SO not intact on AVR3. Dirt or moisture on AVR4. Faulty on AVR5. Faulty winding
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LOW VOLT OFF LOAD
1. Low speed2. Link R-RR not intact on AVR3. Remove trimmer or wiring faulty4. Dirt or moisture on AVR5. Faulty AVR6. Faulty diodes or suppressor7. Faulty wiring
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NO VOLT ON LOAD
1. Short circuit load2. Excessive load3. AVR overload circuit tripped (reset)4. Faulty AVR5. Faulty wiring
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UNSTABLE VOLT ON LOAD
1. High speed2. Loose connection3. Faulty AVR4. Severe waveform distortion5. Faulty winding
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HIG VOLT ON LOAD
1. High speed2. Link VS-SO not intact on AVR3. Large capacitor load4. Faulty AVR5. Faulty winding
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LOW VOLT ON LOAD
1. Low speed2. Excessive load3. Faulty AVR4. Faulty diodes or supressor5. Remove trimmer or wiring faulty6. Faulty winding