TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE

““Temperature is the degree of Temperature is the degree of hotness or coolness of the body”.hotness or coolness of the body”.

The average K.E of molecule of a body is The average K.E of molecule of a body is a indicator of its temperature .a indicator of its temperature .

Heat causes temperature.Heat causes temperature.

Differences b/w Heat and Differences b/w Heat and TemperatureTemperature

1.It is the sum of K.E of all molecules in a substance.

2.Heat is form of energy.

3.S.I unit of Heat is JOULE.

4.Without Heat they can be no Temperature.

1.It is average K.E of all the molecules.

2.It is the Degree of Hotness or Coolness of a body.

3.S.I unit of Temperature is Kelvin.

4.It is the one of the effect of Heat.

Heat

Temperature

The States of The States of MatterMatter

Solid, Liquid, Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma.Gas, Plasma.

For each topic, For each topic, include:include:

Definition of eachDefinition of eachDescribe the placement of the Describe the placement of the

particles in eachparticles in eachDescribe the attraction of the Describe the attraction of the

particles in eachparticles in eachDescribe what the atoms and Describe what the atoms and

molecules are doingmolecules are doing

States of Matter: The States of Matter: The physical forms in which physical forms in which a substance can exist. a substance can exist. Or Anything which Or Anything which occupies the Space is occupies the Space is called matter.called matter.

Matter consists of tiny Matter consists of tiny particles called atoms particles called atoms and molecules which are and molecules which are always in motion and always in motion and constantly bumping into constantly bumping into one another.one another.

Three states of Matter.Three states of Matter.

a) Solida) Solid

b) Liquidb) Liquid

c) Gasc) GasWater exists in 3 states of matter: Water exists in 3 states of matter:

solid (ice), liquid (water), and solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam).gas (steam).

State of matter is State of matter is determined by how fast determined by how fast the particles move and the particles move and how strongly the how strongly the particles are attracted particles are attracted to one anotherto one another

SolidSolid

The state in which matter has The state in which matter has a definite shape and volume.a definite shape and volume.

The particles (ions, atoms or molecules) The particles (ions, atoms or molecules) are closely packed together.are closely packed together.

Attraction of the particles are strong.Attraction of the particles are strong.

The forces between particles are The forces between particles are strong , so that the particles strong , so that the particles cannot move freely but can only cannot move freely but can only vibrate. vibrate.

Solids can only change their Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken shape by force, as when broken or cut.or cut.

A solid has a stable.A solid has a stable.

Atoms or molecules move, but Atoms or molecules move, but not fast enough to overcome not fast enough to overcome the attraction between themthe attraction between them

Each particle vibrates in place Each particle vibrates in place because it is locked in position because it is locked in position by the particles around itby the particles around it

LiquidLiquidThe state in which matter The state in which matter

takes the shape of its takes the shape of its container and has a definite container and has a definite volumevolume

The particles slide past each other The particles slide past each other until the liquid takes the shape of until the liquid takes the shape of its container.its container.

Liquids can change shape, but not Liquids can change shape, but not volume.volume.

The volume is definite if The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are the temperature and pressure are constant.constant.

GasGas

The spaces between gas molecules The spaces between gas molecules are very big. are very big.

Gas molecules have very weak or Gas molecules have very weak or no bonds at all. no bonds at all.

The molecules in "gas" can move The molecules in "gas" can move freely and fast.freely and fast.

The state in which matter changes The state in which matter changes in both shape and volume.in both shape and volume.

the molecules have enough kinetic energy , so that the effect of the molecules have enough kinetic energy , so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighbouring molecules is much greater than the distance between neighbouring molecules is much greater than the molecular size.molecular size.

A gas is a compressible fluid.A gas is a compressible fluid.

The particles of a gas The particles of a gas have less attraction have less attraction between them than in a between them than in a solid or liquidsolid or liquid

There is empty space There is empty space between particles.between particles.

MeltingMelting The change of state from a The change of state from a

solid to a liquidsolid to a liquid The melting point of a The melting point of a

substance is the temperature substance is the temperature at which the substance at which the substance changes from a solid to a changes from a solid to a liquidliquid

FreezingFreezingThe change of state from The change of state from a liquid to a solida liquid to a solid

The freezing point of a The freezing point of a substance is the substance is the temperature at which the temperature at which the substance changes from substance changes from a solid to a liquida solid to a liquid

VaporizationVaporizationThe change of state from a The change of state from a

liquid to a gasliquid to a gasBoiling is vaporization that Boiling is vaporization that

occurs throughout a liquidoccurs throughout a liquidThe temperature at which a The temperature at which a

liquid boils is called its liquid boils is called its boiling pointboiling point

CondensationCondensationThe change of state from a gas The change of state from a gas

to a liquidto a liquidCondensation point of a Condensation point of a

substance is the temperature at substance is the temperature at which the gas becomes a liquid which the gas becomes a liquid and is the same temperature as and is the same temperature as the boiling pointthe boiling point

SublimationSublimation

The change of state from a solid The change of state from a solid directly into a gasdirectly into a gas

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Packing of particles

Particles are

packed very close

to each another.

Particles are

packed less close to

each other.

Particles are packed

very far from each

other.

Forces of attraction

between the particlesStrongest Weaker than solids Negligible

Shape and volumeFixed shape and

fixed volume

No fixed shape but

fixed volume

Neither fixed shape

nor fixed volume

Compressibility Negligible Higher than solids Highest

Rate of diffusion Very low Higher than solids Highest

Density Highest Less than solids Least

Kinetic Energy of

particlesVery small Higher than solids Highest

Example Ice Water Water vapour

Temp. change vs. State Temp. change vs. State changechange

While a substance While a substance changes state, its changes state, its temperature does not temperature does not change until the change change until the change of state is complete.of state is complete.