jelena vuckovic - d113b16mcn34wy.cloudfront.net€¦ · 21/02/2018 · l. zhang et al, nano...
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![Page 1: Jelena Vuckovic - d113b16mcn34wy.cloudfront.net€¦ · 21/02/2018 · L. Zhang et al, Nano Letters, ASAP (2018) Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford Cavity QED with SiV in diamond 0 4 on 8ps](https://reader036.vdocuments.pub/reader036/viewer/2022081408/60713af596109f1ff840ae02/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Jelena Vuckovic, StanfordStanford University
Optimized photonics:
from efficient computing to connecting
quantum processors
Samsung, San Jose, Feb. 21, 2018
Jelena Vuckovic
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Photonics – emerging applications
Optical neural networkY. Shen et al, Nature Photonics 11, 441–
446 (2017)
On chip optical interconnects (C. Sun et al, Nature 528, 534–538 (2015)
2
But state of the art photonics is:
• Lossy: ~1pJ/bit (same as electronics)
• Bulky
• Very sensitive to fabrication and temperature errors => post tuning, heaters
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Present photonics
3
• Optical components are currently designed by tuning a small
number of design parameters by optics experts
• They are large, inefficient, and very sensitive to environment
(temperature, fabrication imperfections…)
• Most of them are not optimal• Limited functionality
Lipson (Cornell/Columbia) Watts (MIT) JV (Stanford)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford 4
• Better device performance than what we know today
• Ultra-compact footprints
• Robust to fabrication errors, temperature variations
• Novel functionality
• No brute force design, manual parameter tuning
• Nanophotonic expertise not necessary in design process
Could we design and make better photonics?
J. Lu and J. Vuckovic, Optics Express Vol. 21, 11, pp. 13351-13367 (2013)
Developed a design method for any 3D linear nanophotonic
device: “objective first”, followed by adjoint optimization
1.3 m
1.5m
Fabricated device with superimposed E-fields
2.8 m
Other groups working on adjoint (gradient based) optimization in photonics:
S. Johnson (MIT), S. Fan (Stanford), Yablonovitch (UCB), Sigmund (DTU), Rodriguez
(Princeton),… Other approaches: Savona (EPFL), Lipson (Columbia), Lalanne (CNRS), Menon
(Utah)…
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
• Full parameter space is enormous => hand-tuning and brute
force search won’t work!
• Include/exclude per pixel gives us possibilities
237-digit number
784)28( 222
5
Broadband wavelength splitter design
2.8m
(100nm)2
pixel
• Full parameter space design must be design by specification!
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Broadband wavelength splitter design
6
Nature Photonics 9, 374–377 (2015)
optimization techniques
applied to physics
(nanophotonic structures)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Broadband wavelength splitter
Robust, broadband, designed
for SOI
Nature Photonics 9, 374–377 (2015) 7
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Fabrication – broadband wavelength splitter
8
Nature Photonics 9, 374–377 (2015)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford 9
Nature Photonics 9, 374–377 (2015)
Fabrication – broadband wavelength splitter
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Experimental demonstration
Experiment
(3 devices
plotted
together)
Theory
10
Nature Photonics 9, 374–377 (2015)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Robust design
Optics Express Vol. 21, 11, pp. 13351-13367 (2013)
temperature robustness
fabrication imperfections
1.5 m
1.3m
11
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Fabrication constraints?
12
Nature Photonics 9, 374–377 (2015)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Spatial mode splitter
• conversion efficiencies into the upper and
lower output arms: 88.7% and 77.4%
• rejection powers for the same modes: 0.27%
and 0.20%.
• Device footprint is 2.8×2.8 microns
Optics Express Vol. 21, 11, pp. 13351-13367 (2013)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Fabrication constrained design: mode splitter
• minimum radius of curvature of 40 nm
• minimum gap or bridge width of 90 nm
Scientific Reports, May 2017
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
3-way power splitter
Min. rad. of
curvature:
40nm
Min. gap /
bridge width:
90nm
15
simulationexperiment
Scientific Reports, May 2017
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
3-port wavelength demultiplexer
Su et al, ACS Photonics, ASAP (2017)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
3-port wavelength demultiplexer
Su et al, ACS Photonics, ASAP (2017)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
10-port wavelength demultiplexer - preliminary
4 x 12 microns
Min feature: 80 nm
N. Sapra, L. Su et al
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Better grating couplers
19
0.18dB loss for fabricable structures!
(97% coupling efficiency)
Su et al, Optics Express 26, 4023-4034 (2018)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Inverse design of better cavities
𝑄~80,000
𝑉~0.12 𝜆 𝑛 3
Lu, Boyd, and
Vuckovic, Optics Express, 19,
pp. 10563-10570 (2011).
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Photonics can be robust and insensitive to errors
A. Piggot
et al,
Nature
Photonics
(2015)
L. Su et al,
ACS
Photonics
(2017)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
• Full parameter space adjoint (gradient descent) optimization in 3D (not fixed
geometry optimization)
• Use of 3D FDFD (homemade) on GPUs to dramatically speed up optimization
• Objective first approach (initial condition)
• Design of robust structures (temperature, fabrication errors)
• Lu &Vuckovic, Optics Express 21, pp. 13351-13367 (2013);
Optics Express 20, pp. 7221-7236 (2012)
• Lu, Boyd, & Vuckovic, Optics Express, 19, pp. 10563-10570 (2011)
• First experimental demonstrations of such structures
• Piggott, Lu, Babinec, Lagoudakis, Petykiewicz, Vuckovic,
Scientific Reports 4, 7210, (2014);
Nature Photonics 9, 374–377 (2015)
• Fabrication constrained inverse design
• Variety of optimization algorithms (higher order gradient
descent, biasing, etc)
• Piggott, Petykiewicz, Su & Vučković. Scientific Reports 7, 1786 (2017)
• Su, Piggott, Sapra, Petykiewicz, Vuckovic (2017) (arXiv:1709.08809)
Our inverse design approach
22
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
SiC
5 um
Ge
Present nanophotonics
1m
~200 nmDiamond
GaPGaP
23
GaAs
GaAsdiamond
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
24
3 way power splitterWavelength demultiplexers
Broadband grating coupler
1.3 m
1.5m
Fabricated device with superimposed E-fields
2.8 m
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Quantum processors
IBM, Google – 50 qubits
Harvard-MIT, 51-atom quantum simulator
• Scaling is hard
• Bulky, fragile systems; operation at mK temperature
• Noisy intermediate scale quantum technology (NISQ) [J. Preskill, arXiv:1801.00862]
Lucas and Steane groups
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Multi-core quantum processors?
26
C. Monroe, J. Kim, Science 339, 1164 (2013)
Quantum optical
connections needed!
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Quantum processors in friendlier environments?
27
@ SciFoo 2017
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Circuit
QED
Gate-
defined QDs
Trapped
ions
Self-
assembled
QDs
SiV in
diamond
VSi in silicon
carbide
Coherence time
(T2)
50 µs 30 ms 50 s 2 µs 1 ms 75 ms
Single qubit gate
time
10 ns 40 ns 1 µs 10 ps 1 ns 50 ns
2 (identical)
qubits gate time
50 ns 10 µs 50 µs 300 ps *1 ns *8 ns
1-qubit fidelity 99.92% 99.95% 99.9999% 98% 95% -
2-qubit fidelity 99.4% 90% 99.9% 80% - -
# of 2-qubit
operations
1,000 3,000 1,000,000 10,000 *1,000,000 *9,000,000
Scalable? YES YES MAYBE MAYBE YES YES
Optical
interface?
MAYBE MAYBE YES YES YES YES
[Martinis/Google][Monroe/ JQI] [Vuckovic/ Stanford][Marcus/NBI,
Petta/Princeton]
[Vuckovic/Stanford,
Loncar/Harvard]
500 nm
[Vuckovic/Stanford,
Wrachtrup/Stuttgart]
Qubits &
properties
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Quantum dots in optical cavities
LIGHT: Optical cavity MATTER: quantum dot
GaAs
InAs5nm
250nm
AFM
TEM (Finley, TUM)
Experiment:
Q=25300,
V~0.7(/n)3
Resonator
spectrum
wavelength [nm]
2
~5 m
910 914 9180
200
400
600
800
Inte
nsity (
arb
. u
nits)
Wavelength (nm)
~2
QD
spectrum
29
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Quantum dots in optical cavities
30
Strong coupling
• g exceeds loss rates (/2, /2)
All rates in GHz regime => GHz speed
(dipole decay)
=/2Q (cavity decay rate)
g~1/V0.5 (QD-cavity coupling strength)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Laser – classical (Poissonian) light source
31
• Number of photons per pulse not fixed
• Emitted photons obey Poisson statistics
Laser
13 ns
3 ps
Time (t)
Photon
number
N(t)
13 ns
HBT setup• Coincident clicks of
2 detectors
• 2nd order auto-
correlation function
g (2) (0)=1
1
!N
neNP
Nn
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
1
Single photon source (non-classical)
32
• Number of photons per pulse = 1
Single photon source
13 ns
HBT setup • g(2)(0)= 0 (ideal)
(probability of detecting 2
photons at the same
time)
Time (t)
Photon
number
N(t)
13 ns
1
• Non-ideal (sub-Poissonian):
0<g(2)(0)<1
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Bosonic interference
Nature, vol. 419, pp. 594-597, 2002
Used to measure photon
indistinguishabulity and build
large entangled states
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Multi-photon probability =0?
34arXiv:1801.01672
Collaboration with TU Munich, Mueller & Finley groups
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Why are quantum dots hard to scale?
Site and size control –
key to scalability
250nm
• Random positions
• Random sizes and shapes =>
inhomogeneous broadening
35
910 914 9180
200
400
600
800
In
ten
sity (
arb
. u
nits)
Wavelength (nm)
~2
Single QD
spectrum
904 906 908 910 912 914 9160
10
20
30
Wavelength (nm)
PL I
nte
nsity (
kcps)
Ensemble of QDs
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Jelena Vuckovic, StanfordNano Letters 16 (1), pp. 212-217 (2016)
SiV in
Optica 4 (11), 1317-1321 (2017)
Coherent
control of a
single SiV
With ZX Shen, N.Melosh, S.Chu (Stanford)
Vsi in 4H SiC
36
4H-SiC
With Wrachtrup (Stuttgart), Janzen,
Son (Linkoping), Ohshima (Japan)
Nano Letters 17 (3) , pp 1782–1786 (2017)
• Vsi spin control at room T
• Optical interface
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Cavity QED with SiV in diamond
37
Collaboration with Marko Loncar, Harvard
L. Zhang et al, Nano Letters, ASAP (2018)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Cavity QED with SiV in diamond
0 1.84
194 8on ps
ns 42.4x
increase
in PL
Cooperativity C=1.4
g/2= 5 GHz, /2=25GHz, /2 ~1GHz
Reduce V by 1.5x, increase Q by 2x to make g> /2
L. Zhang et al, Nano Letters, ASAP (2018)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
Scalable photonics with single color centers in SiC
500 nm
10 µm
39
Collaboration with Wrachtrup, Jenzen, Oshima groups
Nano Letters 17 (3) , pp 1782–1786 (2017)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford 40
Single photon emission from
VSi- in nanopillar
Optically detected magnetic resonance
from VSi- in nanopillar
Scalable photonics with single color centers in SiC
Nano Letters 17 (3) , pp 1782–1786 (2017)
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford
• We’ve made remarkable progress, but quantum hardware
still has to be improved
• Like classical photonics, we perform intuition driven design,
use standard components from microwave and optical
engineering
• Can we use AI
techniques to build better
quantum hardware?
[Martinis/Google][Monroe/ JQI] [Vuckovic/ Stanford][Marcus/NBI,
Petta/Princeton]
[Vuckovic/Stanford,
Loncar/Harvard]
500 nm
[Vuckovic/Stanford,
Wrachtrup/Stuttgart]
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Jelena Vuckovic, Stanford http://nqp.stanford.edu
+ recent alumni: Jesse Lu (Google),
Jan Petykiewicz (Global Foundries),
Kai Mueller (TUM)