jill broeckel - bowling greens

8/12/2019 Jill Broeckel - Bowling Greens

1/36

image rom www.gardenbetty.com

Edible Stratagems

Green Places 02Post-Graduate ModuleLeeds Metropolitan University

Jillian N. BroeckelFall 2013

Strategies or growing edible gardens on ormer bowling green sites.


2/36

Leeds Edible Campus

A group which began in October 2012, LeedsEdible Campus supports a variety o projects all relatedto growing edibles. It aims to build on existing

ood-growing as well as design and implement new

projects. Projects exist in the greatest concentration onthe University o Leeds campus but are also beingimplemented elsewhere throughout the city o Leeds,West Yorkshire. One goal o the Leeds Edible Campusmovement is to connect green spaces throughout the cityo Leeds.

Leeds Edible Campus envisions a continuouscorridor o productive landscapes extending rom theUniversity o Leeds Campus through Hyde Park andWoodhouse Moor. Te conversion o two bowling greensinto edible gardens at Woodhouse Moor will be one linkin a chain o projects to realize this goal. Tis project willbe part o the inspirational demonstration o growingedible plants in streats, stations, parks and elsewhere inthe urban environment (Leeds Edible Campus, 2013).

Vision

Te intention o this project is to develop stratagemsor growing edible landscapes within the ramework o

bowling green sites throughout the United Kingdom.Te edible garden designs suggested in this document or the Woodhouse Moor bowling greens

are presented as a precedent or development o edible gardens in other locations across the UnitedKingdom. Tese stratagems are developed or but need not be limited to the ramework o bowlinggreen sites. Methods o edible planting intended or healing, pleasure, and/or production are applicablein most green spaces.


3/36

Why Edible Gardens?

Reasons to grow edible gardens include:

Te Dig or Victory campaign in Eng-land during the second World War empoweredpeople and communities by providing themwith a means to eel in control o at least theirdiet. It was also a way or citizens to eel theywere contributing to the war effort. Duringthis time, allotments were promoted and citi-

zens were encouraged to convert their privategardens into productive edible landscapes. By1943, over a million tons o vegetables werebeing grown in home gardens and allotments.Although the United Kingdom is not (HomeSweet Home Front, 2011).

- Fresh and local

Citizens now possses common knowl-edge o what quality produce tastes like. Localmarkets are expanding in recent years, thanksto the support o local shoppers seeking reshproduce rom local arms rather than importedproduce which hass o en been picked early andarticially ripened or otherwise preserved orappearance but not necessarily taste.

War gardens or victory poster. Image romwww.carrotmuseum.co.uk

- Growing public (and personal) interestEdible gardens are proli erating across the world, a trend which appears to be based on personal

as well as public interest in growing ood . Having beauti uland unctional gardens began on a smallerscale but is now emerging in mainstream landscapes as well.

- Financial/economic opportunityTe potential or prot (either monetary or goods-based) exists when growing edible plants,

because ood is valuable. Historically, communities have organized around this basic need, as they didin England during World War II.

- Sense o control or individuals


4/36

- National ood security As previously stated, there is increasing need and desire among the general public to grow andbuy ood closer to home. International, national and local governments ought to be likewise interestedin ood production within cities, regions and borders in order to escape reliance on imorted oodstuffs.Citizens watching their budgets seek to buy straight rom the source so they can avoid costs o importor middlemen companies (grocers which buy rom armers and then sell to shoppers). On a largerscale, national costs o imports will only increase according to current trends, a actor which neds ad-dressing. Furthermore, putting money into local businesses strengthens local economies and thus thenational economy as a whole is improved. A main actor in the world today which presents the need to reduce the import o oodstuffs isthe approaching oil scarcity and subsequent impact on ood production and distribution. Accordingto an article written in 2005 (Church), Oil output is expected to peak in the next ew years and steadi-ly decline therea er. Why this applies to national ood security is because the modern, commercial

agricultural miracle that eeds all o us, and much o the rest o the world, is completely dependent onthe ow, processing and distribution o oil, and technology is critical to maintaining that ow. So as oilreserves deplete and become excessively expensive, the current global ood system will be in danger ocollapse. Tis being said, nations as well as individuals ought to be supporting the shi rom a global

ood system to a localized ood system, which will be able to better withstand stresses like oil scarcity.

Why Edible Gardens?

We live in an increasingly urbanized world, where open or green spaceis becoming less common and more highly valued. Landscapes provide

an extension o the livable environment where people interact with theirworld and each other. Un ortunately, many landscapes are neither wellmanaged nor sustainable, with poor plant choices, site conditions, andlittle or no maintenance. A variety o problems make such placesunhealthy or unsa e or plants, humans, and animals.- Sustainable Horticulture, 2013

- Health needs in cities

Green space in cities is valuable, in terms o both physical health and economic health. Forinstance, people need outdoor spaces to exercise and relax in. Also, city environments are improved bybreaking up hardscape and built structures with so scapes and plants, which lessens the heat radiating

rom concrete, or instance. oday, the movement o growing edible plants in cities - urban agriculture- is especially relevant to health, since edible gardens can provide jobs (addressing economic health)and generate nutrient-rich oods (addressing physical health) or citizens otherwise unable to access it.City green spaces can address the needs o the city and the people.


5/36

A er decades o dying interest in allotments, today's global environment prompts a return othe trend to "grow your own". Since the end o the Second World War, interest in allotments gradu-ally declined or many years (Parliament, 1998). However, there has been a great shi in demand orallotments in the past 20 years. A study conducted by the National Society o Allotment and LeisureGardeners in 2009 revealed an obvious increase in waiting lists or allotment plots across England(Campbell: 2). in 2010, BBC News also reported a phenomenal rise in demand or allotment space,a happenstance seeming to coincide with rising ood prices. Indeed, as the year 2014 approaches, oodprices continue to elevate, and so does interest in growing edibles. Such a resurgence in demand orland to garden reects rising public interest in locally grown ood and healthy eating habits.

It is imperative that local and national governments address the public outcry or more allot-ment land, because (Campbell, 1998: 2). A recent article in the elegraph suggests that this craze togrow your own is a ad that will subside as people grow weary o allotment upkeep (Appleby, 2013).However, whether a short-term trend or not, this interest in allotments reects a greater reality thatcannot be ignored - that the world is ghting an economic recession. Growing ood closer to homewill help common people and leaders o nations. Te price o purchasing local oods is less expensive

or everyone. Also, unemployed citizens can be provided with jobs (Campbell 1998: 2). Growingmore edible gardens in populated areas could be the solution to ensuring a dependable ood supply.

Un ortunately, the limited availability o land or growing edibles is inhibiting prospects ortrue ood sustainability. City councils have concerns about leasing land out and not getting it back(BBC News, 2010). Indeed, an increasing number o councils are trying to increase rent, shrink plotsizes or relocate allotment sites to make way or other development (Harris, 2013). Allotment-cen-tered controversies throughout the United Kingdom make it evident that more land or growing edi-bles is needed. Te National Society o Allotment and Leisure Gardeners reports this year that enquir-ies about threats to allotments have increased rom about one a week to one a day. Teir 2012 surveyrevealed that 74 percent o allotment holders are worried about their plots being taken away. Indeed,losing an allotment site is o great concern since 100,000 people are currently on waiting lists to getplots (Harris, 2013). Considering that allotment demand is greater than the number in existence, itseems that not only do allotment sites need to be protected but new sites or edible gardens need to beestablished.

Te limited availability o land or growing edibles isinhibiting prospects or true ood sustainability.

Growing Pains

Edible garden layouImage rom www.resilientcommuni-ties.com.


6/36

Growing Pains

Vincenzo Santarsiero and his daughter, Rosangela, on theirplot at Farm errace. Santarsiero has worked his plot atFarm errace Allotments or about 40 years. I I have tostart again rom scratch no way, he says (Harris, 2013).

Allotment-centered controversies throughout theUnited Kingdom make it evident that more land or

growing edibles is needed.

Sara Jane rebar on her threatened allotment at Farm errace inWat ord. Im worried about the detrimental effect that getting rid othese plots will have on peoples health., she says (Harris, 2013).

Photographs by Martin Godwin or the Guardian. Images rom www.theguardian.com.

Although there are around300,000 allotments in the UK, morethan 100,000 people are on waitinglists. Meanwhile, places like theFarm errace Allotments in Wat-

ord, England are being threatenedwith shut-down. Te predicament isthat land is a limited resource - justas oil and water are - and land usesshi according to interest groups. Itseems the general public would havemore land devoted to growing edi-ble gardens, but as the Harris (2013)comments on the situation, For thepast century, councils have pridedthemselves on giving people smallpatches o land to cultivate. But now,with money and land in short supply,

many want to take them away.

Tere is no clear solution to theissue o land scarcity, but one possibilityto address the need o more edible gardspace is that o conversion. Existing grespaces can be examined and new location

or edible gardens be located. Te convesion o bowling greens into edible gardeis one such example o this.


7/36

An Opportunity Te high maintenance required to keep up bowling greens is threatening their preservation,

since city budgets are tight and interest in the sport o lawn bowling is waning. Some authorities aresuggesting out-phasing a portion o bowling greens (Bowls England, 2013). At the Woodhouse Moorbowling greens, two o the three greens are soon to lose unding rom the city council. Tis providesthe opportunity to implement a couple strategems o edible garden design within the ramework o thedecommissioned greens.

Bowling greens necessitatemechanized aeration to combat compac-tion, ertilizers to keep the grass healthy,substantial watering to keep the grassgreen, reqeunt mowing, special tests othe soil depth and even analysis o thedegree o slope or atness (Leisure urand Landscape Ltd., n.d.). Edible gardenmaintenance requires tilling, plantingand watering, but there are possibleways or these needs to be ullled at amuch lower cost than that o bowlinggreens upkeep. For instance, the pres-ence o a variety o plants inherentlyimproves soil quality needed to keepplants healthy. Moreover, combinations

o vegetables benet each other andlessen the need or expensive pesticides.Also, people rom the community areable to get involved in edible garden-ing upkeep, whereas pro essionsals areneeded to maintain bowling greens.Another possibility is that convertinga portion o bowling greens into ediblegardens could in act generate unds orthe preservation and maintenance oother bowling greens to be kept!

Bowling green. Image rom www.strangehistory.net

Preserving Green Space in Leeds

Another benet o creating edible gardens on ormer bowling green sites is that it means preservinggreen space in the city. I not repurposed or another use - being pleasureable and productive - thesedecomissioned greens might end up abandoned, overgrown and unuseable or even hardscaped.Tere ore, this design propositon is or the health o the city o Leeds, particularly that o the Wood-house Moor and Hyde Park communities.

Maintenance and Costs Considerations


8/36

Vale o Leven Bowling Club in 1928;image rom www.valebowlingclub.co.uk

Bowling teams at play. Image romwww.deddington.org.uk

Lawn Bowling Lawn bowling is believed to have developed

rom the Egyptian game skittles which involvedround stones. Records o this game date back to5,000 B.C. Te sport developed into a variety ogames across the world, leading to lawn bowling inScotland, England, Ireland and Wales be ore spread-ing to other parts o the world. Te oldest lawnbowling site still in operation is in Southampton,England. It is believed to have been in use since 1299A.D. (Vale o Leven Bowling Club, 2013).

oday the sport o lawn bowling continues,primarily with the guidance o groups like theEnglish Bowling Association - ormed in 1903 -and the British Crown Green Bowling Association

(BCGBA). Many members o these groups are o theolder generations.. However, people o all ages areinvited to participate! Te BCGBA (2012) web pagesays it this way:

Disclaimer

Tis study does notsuggest eliminating bowling greenscompletely. Rather, a portion obowling green lawns ought to bepreserved and kept up, keeping thesport o lawn bowling alive.

All the amily can play Crown Green Bowls, rom grandchildren to grandparents and itis a great sport or making new riends. It isa non-contact sport which is enjoyed by all,including people with disabilities.

Young people bowling. Photographedby Steven Crabtree. Image rom www.stonnington-leader.whereilive.com.au


9/36

Addressing Conversion Converting bowling green lawns into edible gardens will require some adjustment to the soiland structure o bowling green lawns. As a ore mentioned, bowling greens are treated with chemical

ertilizers. o ensure that edible plants grown on these sights do not contain harm ul residual chem-icals, the existing soil ought to be either removed and replaced with soil appropriate or vegetablegrowing or remediated by growing cover crops - such as peas - which can soak up harm ul chemicalsand trace metals. Te ormer may be more expensive, whereas the latter may take more time. Otheralternative solutions might be proposed , but regardless o which action taken, be ore an edible gar-den can be grown the site soils must be tested and prepared or growing vegetables and ruit.

Soil depth is another actor which must be addressed in altering bowling green sites to besuitable or growing edible plants. Bowling green thatch (organic matter just below tur sur ace) iskept at a depth o only about 25-50 mm. In order or vegetables to have healthy or effective rootdepth, the thatch depth would need to be increased. According to author Cathel Hutchinson (n.d.),who writes an article on the effective root depth o vegetables

When vegetable plants are seeded into the

ground, they develop roots. Roots act not onlyto anchor a vegetable plant to the earth, butalso take up water and nutrients rom the soil,which are essential to the vegetable plants growth. Te roots o different vegetable plants penetrate to different depths, and it is importantto know the effective root depth when planting your crop.

Hutchinson species that there are general

categories o rooting depths that edible plants can begrouped in:

1. Shallow rooting = 45 - 91 cm (18 - 36 in)

Examples are broccoli, cabbage, cauliower, corn, garlic, leeks, lettuce,

onions, potatoes, radishes and spinach.

2. Medium rooting = 91 - 122 cm (36-48 in)

Examples are beans, beets, carrots,cucumbers, peas, squash and turnips.

3. Deep rooting = > 122 cm (> 48in)

Examples are artichokes, asparagus,parsnips, pumpkins, winter squash,sweet potatoes and tomatoes.


10/36

Te two design alternatives presented in this booklet are based upon studies o ormer andexisting gardens. Elements o production, pleasure and healing will be expressed and identied in thedesigns. Te ollowing case studies - along with the research presented prior to this point - will helpthe reader to understand the goals and intentions o the design solutions to be proposed.

The Purpose of Gardens

Troughout history the unction o green spaces has shi ed according to public needs anddemand. Although styles o expression changed over time, common themes remained. Treereoccuring intentions or gardens evident in history and the present day are:

1. gardens or production 2. gardens or pleasure 3. gardens or healing

A designed garden space with edibles and ornamentals. Image rom

rocklandmastergardener.blogspot.co.uk_p_edible-gardening.html.


11/36

Gardens or Productivity - Historical Example

Walled Kitchen Gardens

Te walled kitchen garden were a standard part o largecountry houses during the Renaissance and Victorian eras.

Tey were highly productive places, growing ood, herbs andowers or the amily, staff and guests o the estate (WalledKitchen Gardens Network, 2002).

Walled kitchen gardens succeeded in growing ood atall-year-round by developing techniques such as warming wallsand even steam-heating systems to keep the garden productive.Walled kitchen gardens were intensive ood actories and theywere also beauti ul. Featuring a diversity o plants in a ormallayou, these gardens were an elegant blend o the aesthetic andthe practical (Walled Kitchen Gardens Network, 2002).

Walled Kitchen Garden at Harewood House, North Yorkshire.Photographed by Jillian Broeckel.


12/36

Gardens or Productivity - Case Study

Beacon Food Forest

Key Points:

Creative use of vegetablestructures (poles etc.) to

orm environment. A community project

implemented by voluntee

Applicability :

Involve community arouWoodhouse Moor andHyde Park in implementiand managing the garden

Use structures like frame

and poles to create verticand overhead orm in thgarden.

"Te goal is to design, plant and grow an edible urban orest garden that inspires our community to gather together, grow our

own ood and rehabilitate our local ecosystem" - Beacon FoodForest, 2013

logo rom beacon ood orest.org

Te Beacon Food Forest is a 28,000 square kilometerpark located just 4 kilometers rom the city centre o Seattle,Washington, USA (Geere, 2013). Te project is labelled as acommunity permaculture project and its goal is to providequality edible ood or the public. Also, the ood orest isintended to uni y a diverse community and support ecosystemrehabilitation (Beacon Food Forest, 2013).

Since 2009, volunteers have planted ruit trees andedible plants plants on site. Phase 1 o the park is to becompleted early 2014. (Beacon Food Forest.org, 2013).So ar the Beacon Food Forest has been a terric success, notonly in its production o quality ood but also in its publicityand the interest in urban arming it has sparked.

Squash arche; image rom www.beacon ood orest.org


13/36

Gardens or Productivity - Case Study

Key Points:

Urban soils beingremediated or growinghealthy edibles. Its possand effective!

Applicability :

e quality of soil at theWoodhouse Moor bowlingreens needs to be analyprior to sa ely planting

edible plants on site.

Urban Farming in Boston, U.S.Boston Natural Areas Network in recent years has been renovating community gardens

throughout the city. As a cuty o industry, the soils are o en heavily contaminated, which makes ediblegardening a health concern. Tus, urban soils need to be improved and remediated. Boston Universi-ty toxicologist Wendy Heiger-Bernays says that the goal is to make non-pristine city soils as sa e aspossible, so that the many delights o gardening can ourish in the heart o the concrete jungle(Kessler, 2013).

In cities around the globe, gardeners and armers are digging into backyards and vacantlots, replacing blighted eyesores with lush, productive vegetation. But as in Boston, these otherurban soils are ofen heavily contaminated, prompting questions about potential healthconsequences o this supposedly wholesome activity. And while alternative growing methodssuch as roofop gardens and hydroponics duck soil contamination issues, they tend to be moreexpensive and are unlikely to replace gardening in the ground any time soon, sources say.


14/36

Gardens or Pleasure - Historical Example

Knot and Parterre Gardens

Parterre gardens developed in the late 1600s and becamethe eature o gardens in the early 1700s (Heise, 2004). Tey were

o more intricate and elaborate patterns than knotwork gardensand the planting palette changed rom herbs and small oweringplants to larger plants which could be better seen rom windows,balconies and higher ground. Te French designer Claude Molletchose to use clipped boxwood as the boundaries o the garden, apractice which continues to be used in ormal gardens to this day(Exterior Worlds, 2008).

image rom www.lilyoake.blogspot.com

Key Points:

Creative design with plawithin the ramework osquare.

Patterned in designs forbeauty and interest.

Applicability :

e Woodhouse Moorbowling green sites

could easily be divided wboxwood patterned a erknot or parterre gardens.

Beautiful design potentiin shaping an edible gardin this style or pleasure


15/36

Gardens or Pleasure - Case Study

The Garlic Farm

Tis display by Te Garlic Farm won a Royal Horticultur-al Society Gold Medal at the at the Hampton Court Flower Show

in 2005. It was awarded or its phenomenal display o produce inthe Growing and Showing Marquee. Te presentation included40 varieties o garlic rom around the globe, all proven possible togrow in the UK grown on the Isle o Wight, UKintroduce many varieties o garlic beauti ul in bloom - a truly innovative andattractive presentation o edible plants (Walker, 2005).

Key Points:

Goals of productivityand aesthetic desires canachieved simultaneously

Applicability :

Integrate beds with mixe varieties o garlic in edistrategems.

Garlic Farm display at RHS Hampton Court in 2011. Image rom www.oxoniangardener.co.uk.


16/36

Gardens or Pleasure - Case Study

Key Points:

Gardens can be educationin a creative, engaging wa

Involves children in ahealthy, hands-onexperience.

Applicability :

Consider children as aunique user group who wexperience the gardensdifferently than other usegroups.

Integrate educational

signage into the Hyde Paredible garden designs.

Rotherfeld Edible Playground

Te Rothereld Primary School in Islington, London hastrans ormed part o their outdoor space into an inviting ruit and

vegetable edible playground. As the second pilot program forJamie Olivers Kitchen Garden Project, this garden has been inoperation or about our years and is a great success (the EdibleSchoolyard Project, 2012).

Every child in this world needs to have arelationship with the land... to know how tonourish themselves... and to know how toconnect with the community around them.

Alice Waters


17/36

Gardens or Healing- Historical Example

Monastery Garden

Medieval gardens were o enutilitarian, growing ruit, vegetables and

herbs or a household or business. Al-though unctional, such gardens weresometimes situated within a larger gardenor park intended or strolling about andrelaxing in nature. Monastery gardenswere generally closed to the general pub-lic. Tey grew herbs and edibles or themonastery kitchen as well as owers to cut

or decoration in the church. Many herbsgrown were used to make medicines, tinc-tures, and poultices (Heise, 2004).

Monastery garden. Images rom www.vegetablegardener.com


18/36

Gardens or Healiing - Case Study

Glastonbury Healing Gardens

Te Glastonbury Healing Gardens Cooperative began in the summer o 2004 with a vision tocreate a tranquil community garden space (Glastonbury Healing Gardens Cooperative). Te

chosen site was an empty eld adjacent to Healing Waters Sanctuary, a spiritual and healing retreatwhich offers accommodation and therapies such as meditation, yoga, acupressure and aromatherapy(Healing Waters, 2013).

At Glastonbury Healing Gardens are areas to grow vegetables, as well as zones created to benative wildli e habitats. Tere is also gathering space or people to meet, relax and nd a moment ocalm. Te garden beds are laid out in a circular ormation, a mandala, believed to be sacred. JulietYelverton - owner o the adjacent Healing Waters Sanctuary and the one who rst envisioned thecooperative - works in the garden hersel , harvesting edibles (Glastonbury Healing GardensCooperative, 2013).

Glastonbury Healing Gardens; image rom www.divine-yoga.org

Key Points:

Area to grow vegetablesintermixed with native wild

li e habitats = healthy space

or humans and creatures.Applicability :

Intermixing non-edibles withedible plants or the purposeo the health o the land andanimals besides humans.


19/36

Gardens or Healing - Case Study

The Sensory Garden, Kansas

Te Sensory Garden located at the University o Kansas islocated next door to the Audio-Reader building, which is or the

visually impaired. In 1996 the garden began as part o Make aDifference Day when volunteers rst planted a simple garden osensory plants like lavender and rosemary (Unruh, 2007). oday Te Sensory Garden has expanded to include awalkway and a gazebo. Along the path are scented plants andtextured plants, such as lambs ear, which has so , uzzy leaves.Other sensory elements o the garden include wind chimes as asound element and signage with brail (Unruh, 2007).

Key Points:

Use of textured and scenplants to add sensoryelelements to the garden.

Signage with brail for th visually impaired.

Applicability :

Integrate sensory plantsinto the edible garden de

signs at Woodhouse Moobowling greens.

Include brail on signagethroughout the gardens.

Lambs ear. Lavender.

Te Sensory Garden. Images rom www.yoverpeople.net.


20/36

Woodhouse Moor: Area Profle

Context

User Groups

Te main groups o people who requent Woodhouse Moor are:

1. Students passing to and rom the adjacent University o Leeds 2. Individuals exercising, either walking, jogging, or bicycling. 3. eam sports groups, playing ootball, tennis, etc. 4. Families with young kids out or an outing, especially on the weekends

l

Main Roads

Pedestrian/Bicycle Paths

Leeds City Centre

Woodhouse Moor

Bowling Greens

Circulation

Te main circulation routes around Woodhouse Moor.

Te Woodhouse Moorbowling greens are locateapproximately a twentyminute walk rom the citycentre o Leeds.

Vehicular roads encircleWoodhouse Moor, withmultiple bi-secting pedes-trian and bicyble routesthroughout the greenspace. Tis is a high trafficarea.


21/36


22/36

Woodhouse Moor Bowling Greens

Site Analysis

Important existing elements:

Conclusions

Te location o the club house and main entrance suggestthat the upper bowling green will be the most visible location or anedible garden. Tis observation, along with knowledge o the averageshadows rom trees on site, implies that the upper lawn be the treated

as the rst stage o edible garden design at the site. Benches spaced throughout the site - once used or observinglawn bowling games - will provide seating or visitors to the gardensto rest, relax and observe the gardens.

Club House

Main Entrance

Rose Garden

oilets

Bench

Bowling Lawn


23/36

Woodhouse Moor Bowling Greens

Site Images At various times o day and year.


24/36


25/36

Design Strategy: Plant Relationships

Companion planting is a method o growing plants which benet other plants near one an-other. Sometimes there are mutual benets, such as there is between pea and cucumber plants. Inthis instance, pea plants x nitrogen in the soil and cucumber plants.

all-growing plants are best placed where they dont block the sun rom other plants whichneed the light. Other plants - like squash - benet rom the shade o taller vegetation, such as sweet-corn.

Sprawling plants like squash and cucumber are best planted with either space to send outrunners or with supporting poles or vines to grow up. By staking plants which might otherwisespread out long distances, ground space can be preserved or other plants.


26/36

Design Strategy: Healing Elements

Elements which engage the senses and promote well-being

Healing plant pallette:

Sage Tyme Lambs Ear

Other sensory elements:

1. Wind chimes

2. Signage with brail

3. Guidance walkways

(texture changes in the path to signal change in direction or a place to stop.

Rosemary ansy Allium


27/36

Design Strategy: Staggered Planting

Te purpose o staggering the plantingtimes o sets o plants is to ensure a longerand more continuous period o harvest.For instance, rather than plant an entirecrop o potatoes at once, staggering theplanting into two or three intervals spaceda couple weeks apart will result in thatcrop being harvestable over an extendedtime period rather than being ready toharvest all at once. Tis results in lesswaste rom excess and a resh supply opotatoes over a longer time period. It isalso easier to manage, because a single

crop need not all be harvested and pro-cessed at once.

Planting Timetable For crops in North Yorkshire.

Harvest Timetable For crops in North Yorkshire.

Detials based on therecorded experienceso North Yorkshire allot-ment gardeners.


28/36

Productive Focus Garden: LayoutIntention: max production o edibles

Suggested division and assigned spaces or plants are based on companion planting principles,space needs, and aesthetic interest. Pathways are an appropriate width or wheelbarrow and are laid out

or easy manouvering and access to garden beds. It is possible or gardeners to walk between rows andbeds or urther access.

Growing more edible gardens in populated areas could bethe solution to ensuring a dependable ood supply.

Design features

Beds rectangular since many vegdo well in rows; veg can begrown more densely with

out hindering access ( oot paths between rows and

rectangular plots). Main paths 1.2 m (4 ) to allow

easy wheelbarrow maneuvering. Main paths divide bed spaces

into manageable sections andcreate division between certain

plant groups. Irregular bed sizes complementthe variable space needs o plantsand are adjustable - may berotated or shi ed by season.

Companion plantingimplemented by grouping plantswhich benet each other ( orinstance, marigolds planted withbrassicas discourages cabbageies).

Planting calendar suggestsstaggered plantings o veg likecarrot and cabbage to result inmore continuous harvest.


29/36

Productive Focus Garden: Planting Calendar

Planting and harvest times will be staggered in this garden or productivity.

March

April

May

Note: Cabbage andturnip to be plantedin July. Garlic to beplanted in October.


30/36

Productive Focus Garden: Experience

Te experience o this garden is based on the the productivity o it.

Visitors to theProductive Focus Gardenwill walk among plots ogrowing edible plants,experiencing the dimensiono the different plant shapesand sizes, as well as their varied textures and colours.Te walkways wind throughthe raised garden beds, wideenough or wheel barrows

to be manouvered andgarden work to be done.

Troughout the planting seasons, areas o the Productive Focus Garden will be barren, as denedon the previous page. However, part o the beauty o a productive garden is that it is continually changias vegetables are seeded, sprouting, maturing, ruiting, and waning.

Another goal o this garden is or it to be as productive as possible. Tere ore, the beds are in-tended to be maximized with intensive planting, meaning that plants are grown in close proximity to oneanother. Continual tending by volunteers will be needed to ensure that plants ourish and produce. Tisharvest will be shared among those who tend the garden and will also be openly available to the public.Signage to communicate when crops are ready to be harvested will be important to ensure the health othe garden and o people.

Purple cauliower, romanesco cauliower, brocolli and spinach. Imagerom www.ediblegardensia.tumblr.com.

Lettuce, marigorld, parsley. Image rom www.simplebites.net.


31/36

Pleasure Focus Garden: LayoutIntention: an aesthetic garden or enjoyment

Te goal o this garden is to display edible plants in an artistic ormat, using the model oRennaissance parterre gardens. Te displayed ormats are intended or variety both visually and in

harvest.

Note: Follow the key rom page 29to identi y which plants are chosen oreach segment o these designs. Additionalplants not present in the Productive Focus Gardenare called out here.

Roses: Hips can be used to make tea andprovide vitamin c.

MixedAlliums

Fig tree


32/36

Pleasure Focus Garden: Planting Calendar

Sequential planting spreads out plant maturity, creating more variety in garden structure as wellas helping to stagger harvest times.

In March show beetroot, oregano,marjoram, spinach, rocket, radish,beans, marigold and early potatoes.

In April sow lettuce and carrot.

In May sow kale and swede.

Note: Plants are organized in the layoutwith taller plants towards the center o thedesign and lower growing plants towardsthe edges. Tis allows or visiility andaccess to harvest.


33/36

Pleasure Focus Garden: Experience

Te goal o this garden is to display edible plants in an artistic ormat, using the model oRennaissance parterre gardens. Te displayed ormats are intended or variety both visually and inharvest.

Roses are integrated into this design to connect with thexisting rose garden on site.

Edible plants are laid out in patterns as portrayedon the previous pages.

Poles are used to create structural ormand to increase growing space.


34/36

Re erence List

Appleby, M. (2013). Allotment Fatigue? ry Growing Fruit and Veg or Show. Te elegraph, [Elec-tronic]. Available through: [Accessed 5 November 2013].

Battisti, D. S. and Naylor, R. L. (2009). Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprece -

dented Seasonal Heat, Science, [Electronic], pp

BBC News (2010). Phenomenal Rise in Demand for Allotments , BBC News, [Online]. Availablethrough: [Accessed 5 November 2013].

Borowski, S. (2012). e Dust Bowl: A Wake-Up Call in Environmental Practices, American Associa -tion or the Advancement o Science (AAAS), [Electronic]. Available through: [Accessed 8 November 2013].

Bowls England (2013). County News, Bowls England, [Electronic], pp. 4 and 6 Available through: [Accessed 25October 2013].

British Crown Green Bowling Association, (2012). A Sport or All Ages. Available through < http://crowngreenbowls.sharepoint.com/Pages/de ault.aspx> [Accessed 8 Oct 2013].

Campbell, I. and M. (2009). A Survey of Allotment and Waiting Lists in England. Transition TownWest Kirby and the National Society o Allotment and Leisure Gardeners Ltd. Available rom: [Accessed 13 November 2013].

Church, N. (2005). Why Our Food is So Dependent on Oil. Resilience.org. Accessible rom: [Accessed 10 December2013].

Coke, D. (2005). Brie History. Vauxhall Gardens 1661-1859. Available rom: [Accessed 11 November 2013].

Curl, J. S. (2000). Pleasure-garden. Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary o Architecture and Landscape Ar-chitecture. Available rom: [Accessed 11 November 2013].

Cleveland Botanical Garden (2013). A Garden You See with Your Soul: Connect with Natural Sur-roundings and Yoursel in the Japanese Garden. Available through: [Accessed 27 October 2013].

Dhann, S. (2001). Re erencing: Te Harvard System, Exeter: Department o Li elong Learning,[Online]. Available through: [Accessed 24 October 2013].

Exterior Worlds (2008). Parterre Garden Design. Exterior Worlds: Landscape Design, Installationand Maintenance. Available rom: [Accessed 12 November 2013].


35/36

Furgeson, M. (2006). Healing Gardens. University o Minnesota. Available through: [Accessed 6 November 2013].

Geohive (2013). Current World Population. United Nations: Department o Economic and SocialAffairs, Population Division, [Online]. Available through: [Accessed 8 November 2013].

GRID-Arendal (2013). World Food Demand and Need. GRID-Arendal: A Centre Collaborating withUNEP. Available through: [Ac-cessed 30 October 2013].

Harris, J. (2013). ur Wars Escalate in the Battle or Britains Allotments. Te Guardian, [Online].Available through: [Accessed 29 October 2013].

Heise, J. A. (2004). Medieval and Renaissance Gardens. Society or Creative Anachronism. Availablerom: [Accessed 10 November 2013].

Home Sweet Home Front (2011). Dig, Dig, Dig or Victory. Available rom < http://www.home-sweethome ront.co.uk/templates/hsh _ rameset_tem.htm> [Accessed 20 Oct 2013].

Hutchinson, C. (n.d.). What is the Effective Root Depth o Vegetables? eHow.com. Available rom [Accessed 29 November2013].

Kessler, R. (2013). Urban gardening: managing the risks o contaminated soil. Environ Health Perspect

121:A326A333. Available romL < http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.121-A326> [Accessed 8 December2013].

Leisure ur and Landscape Ltd. (n.d.). Lawn Bowling Green Mainenance. Available rom: [Accessed 29 November 2013].

Locality (2013). Incredible Edible Network.

National Society o Allotment and Leisure Gardeneners, Ltd. (1997). 'English Allotments Survey: Re-port o the Joint Survey o Allotments in England'. Anglia Polytechnic University, pp. 5

Parliament (1998). Demand or Allotments. Select Committee on Environment, ransport and Re-gional Affairs Fi h Report. Available rom: [Accessed 13 November 2013].

Standring, S. (2007). Color Terapy: Mind and Spirit. Available through: [Accessed 26 October 2013].

Te Edible Schoolyard Project (2012). Rothereld Primary School. Available through: < http://edible-schoolyard.org/node/5309> [Accessed 28 October 2013].

Re erence List


36/36

Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects o gardens on health outcomes: Teory and research. In C. Cooper-Marcus &M. Barnes (Eds.), Healing Gardens: Terapeutic Benets and Design Recommendations. New York: JohnWiley, pp. 27-86.

Ulrich, R. S. (2002). Health Benets o Gardens in Hospitals. International Exhibition Floriade. exas:

exas A & M University, pp. 6-8.

Unruh, C. (2007). Te Sensory Garden. Available through: < http://www.yoverpeople.net/news/2007/08/28/the-sensory-garden/> [Accessed 29 October 2013].

Vale o Leven Bowling Club (2013). History o Bowling in Scotland and Internationally, [Online]. Avaable through: [Accessed 25 October 2013].

Walled Kitchen Gardens Network (2002). Introduction. Available through: [Accessed 18 December 2013].

Re erence List

jill broeckel - bowling greens

Documents