jkpohf;fk; : kidtu;. cj;uh jiuuh[d;arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/tam-horsburgh-uthra.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
gs;spf; fy;tp gw;wpa xU Gjpa ghu;it
Nltpl; N`hu;];;gu;Fldhd Nuh]ypz;l; tpy;]d; mtu;fspd; xU Neu;fhzy;
jkpohf;fk; : Kidtu;. cj;uh Jiuuh[d;
2
fy;tp : Neu;fhzy ; Mq;fpy %yk; India International Quarterly 10(1) March, 1983y; Kjypy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
gs;spf; fy;tp gw;wpa xU Gjpa ghu;it Nltpl; N`hu;];;gu;Fldhd Nuh]ypz;l; tpy;]d; mtu;fspd; xU Neu;fhzy;
jpU.Nltpl; N`hu;];;gu;f; (David Horsburgh)
Foe;ijfSf;fhd Gj;jfq;fs; gytw;iw ekf;Fj;
je;Js;stu;. ,tUila gilg;Gfs; gy Mf;];;/gu;l;
A+dptu;rpb g;u]; kjpg;gpy; ntspte;jit. ,tupd; E}y;fs;
gy;NtW Jiwfs; rhu;e;jit fzpjk; Kjy;
Rw;Wg;Gwr;R+oy; tiu. up~p Ntypapy; (Rishi Valley) cs;s
fpU~;z%u;j;jp gs;spapy; gy Mz;Lfs; ,tu; fw;gpj;jhu;.
gpd;du; g;upb~; nfsd;rpypy; gzp Gupe;jhu;. jhNd xU
gs;spia Jtf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; Kbtpy; ngq;f@Uf;F
mUNf xU rpW fpuhkj;jpy; jd; fdTg; gs;spiaj;
Jtf;fpdhu;.
jw;NghJ ,g;gs;spapy; ,Ugj;jpNaO khztu;fs;
fw;fpwhu;fs; - ,uz;L Kjy; ,Ugj;NjhU tajpdu; ,jpy;
mlf;fk;. ,tu;fs; midtUk; xNu tFg;giwapy;
mku;tjhy;> ek; rhjhuz tFg;giw fw;gpj;jy; Kiw
,q;Nf vLglhJ. gupl;ir vd;gNj fpilahJ ,q;F.
3
xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; jdf;Fg; gpbgLk; jd;Dila Ra
Ntfj;jpy; efu;fpwJ. fw;wy; vd;gJ ,q;Nf khztd;-
Mrpupau;> ,UtUf;FNkahd xU nray;ghL.
,q;fpUe;J ehk; jUtpf;Fk; KbTfs;jhd; vd;d?
jpU.Nltpl; N`hu;;;;;];gu;f; ,e;jpah gd;dhl;L ikaj;jpy;
jq;fpapUe;jgbahy;> mtUldhd xU rpwg;G Neu;fhzYf;F
Vw;ghL nra;a Kbe;jJ. lhu;nfl; (Target - ,yf;F) vDk;
Foe;ijfs; gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupau; jpU. Nuh]ypz;l;
tpy;]d; (Rosalind Wilson) ,jid epfo;j;jpdhu;.
Nuh: Nltpl;> g;upb~; nfsd;]pypd; mYtyuhf> gpd;du;
fy;tpahsuha; epWtpf;nfhz;Lk;> NkYk; xU
vOj;jhsuhAk; ,e;jpahtpy; gy Mz;Lfsha;
trpf;fpwPu;fs;. ePy; ghf; (Neel Bagh - ePyj; Njhl;lk;)
gs;spia Jtf;f vJ cq;fisj; J}z;baJ?
Nl: ed;W> ,e;jpahtpw;F ehd; te;j Kjy; tUifjhd;
mJ vd epidf;fpNwd;. 1943k; Mz;L RAF
tpkhdg;gilapd; mq;fkha; ehd; ,q;F te;Njd;.
Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; gq;fshNj~pd; rpl;lfhq;fpy; gzp
mku;j;jg;gl;Nld;. mg;NghJ> mJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd; xU
gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. vd;Dila tpLg;ig rpl;lfhq;fpd;
4
njw;Nf ,UgJ iky; njhiytpy; ,Ue;j xU
Ff;fpuhkj;jpy; fopj;Njd;. mq;Nf ,uz;Nl ,uz;L
tPLfs;jhd; ,Ue;jd. mJTk; tay;ntspfshy; #og;gl;l
xU mofpa jpl;by; - xd;W xU ,e;JtpDilaJ>
kw;nwhd;W xU K];YkpDilaJ. rhiyfs; vJTk;
mq;Nf fpilahJ. ntWk; ePu;topg; ghijfs; kl;LNk….
mq;Nf ehd; xU fpuhkg; gs;spia ghu;j;Njd;. me;jf;
fzk; vd;d Njhd;wpaJ njupAkh> tho;f;ifapy; ehd;
nra;a tpUk;gpaij vd; cs; kdk; cuf;fr; nrhd;dJ:
xU fpuhkg;Gwg; gs;spapy; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W!
NghUf;Fg;gpd; ,q;fpyhe;J jpUk;gp gl;lk; ngw;Nwd;. 1950y;
kPz;Lk; ,e;jpah te;Njd;. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> NtW
KidapypUe;J fw;gpj;jy; gazj;ijj; Jtf;fpNdd;.
ik#upy; Mq;fpyg; Nguhrpupauhf! mLj;J up~p Ntypapy;
rpy tUlq;fs; Nghjpj;Njd;. 1959k; Mz;L g;upb~;
nfsd;]pypy; Nru;e;Njd;. mjw;fg;Gwk; vd;Dila nrhe;jg;
gs;spia Jtf;f> 1972y; mq;fpUe;Jk; tpyfpNdd;.
ghu;j;jPu;fshdhy; ,e;jg; gazj;jpy; vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk;
fw;gpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jpUf;fpNwd;. gs;spg; GFjYf;F
Kd; epiyapy; ,Ug;gtu;fs ; (pre-primary) Kjy; KJfiy
5
khztu;fs; vd gyg;gy epiyfspy; ,Ue;jtu;fSf;F
ghlk; ele;j Kbe;jNj vd; mjpu;~;lk;.
Nuh: ,e;j gue;Jgl;l mDgtk; ePq;fs; njhlq;fpa
gs;spapy; vjpnuhypj;jJ ,y;iyah?
Nl: Mkhk;> xU fpuhkg; gs;spia Jtf;FtNj vd;
vz;zk;. vy;yhtpj jhf;fq;fSk;> ePq;fs; epidg;gJ Nghy;
gytpjkhd;> jhf;fq;fs; - ,thd; ,ypf; (Ivan Illich)>
V.v];.ePy; (A.S.Neil)> NkYk; gyTk; mjpy; vjpnuhypj;jd.
,g;NghjpUf;Fk; gs;spfspypUe;J kpfkpf NtWgl;l xd;iw
ehd; tpUk;gpNdd;.
Nuh: ,g;NghjpUf;Fk; gs;spfs; vy;yhk; cUg;gbahf
xd;Wk; nra;tjpy;iy vd;w vz;zj;jpdhyh?
Nl: xU tpjj;jpy;> Mkhk;> mitnay;yhk; Ntiyia
nrk;ikahfr; nra;atpy;iy.
Nuh: vdNt> ePq;fs; ePy; ghif Jtf;Fk;NghJ>
Foe;ijfs; vtw;wpw;F rpwg;ghf gjpy; nra;thu;fs; (respond)
vd epidj;jPu;fs;?
Nl: gs;spfnsy;yhk; rpiwr;rhiyfs;> Foe;ijfs;
topapd;wp mq;Nf nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;w ePypd;
6
fUj;ij ePq;fSk; rhl;ilahy; mbj;jJ Nghy; fl;lhak;
czu;e;jpUg;gPu;fs;. vdNt> vd; gs;spapy; epu;ge;jk; $lhJ.
mjhtJ Foe;ijfs; tuyhk;> tuhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
jz;lizfs; ,y;yhj xU gs;spiaNa ehd;
tpUk;gpNdd;.
Nuh: V.v]; ePypd; fUj;Jfs; rhu;e;j xd;wh> k;k;?
Nl: Mkhk;. V.v];.ePypd; gy $w;Wfis ehd;
MNkhjpf;fhj NghJk;! jz;lidfs; ,y;iynad;why;>
mq;Nf rl;ljpl;lq;fSk; ,Uf;f KbahNj. tpjpKiwfs;
vd;w xd;W ,Ue;jhy;> mtw;iw mKy;gLj;j VNjDk;
topia filgpbf;f Ntz;LNk. ehq;fs; tFf;Fk;
topKiwia gpd;gw;wtpy;iy vd;why;> eP ,q;Nf ,Uf;f
KbahJ> ,q;fpUe;J Nghahf Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyjhNd
filrpapy; vQ;Rk;.
mLj;J> mNdfkhd gs;spfspy; ghlj;jpl;lk; nuhk;gTk;
FiwghLilaJ vd ehd; epidj;Njd;. Foe;ijfs;
jq;fspd; fw;gid Mw;wy; nghq;fptUk; gUtj;jpy;>
fpl;lj;jl;l gd;dpnuz;L gjp%d;W tajpy;> fw;gid
Mw;wy; rhu;e;j ghlg; gFjpfisf;$l gl;nld epWj;j
Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; Nju;tpdhy; vOk;
7
Rikjhd; - mJ Njit vd;w epidg;ghy;! mjdhy; ehd;
me;jr; Rikia GFj;jf;$lhJ vd epidj;Njd;. fle;j
gj;J Mz;Lfspy; ehq;fs; xNunahU Nju;Nth>
gupl;irNah itf;ftpy;iy.
Epiwa ,ilepWj;jy;fs; (dropouts), gs;spfspy; epiwa
Njhy;tpfSf;fhd kpf Kf;fpakhdnjhU fhuzNk tFg;G
vDk; gFg;Ng vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. mjdhy; tFg;Gfs;
my;yJ epiyfs; vd vijAk; ehq;fs;
itj;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; Mjhak;
(advantage) vd;d njupAkh> vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSk;
jq;fSf;F nrsfu;akhd nrhe;j fjpapy; (speed) nry;y
KbAk; vd;gNj.
Nuh: mjw;F cq;fspd; Mrpupau; khzhf;fu; tpfpjk;(ratio)
kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mg;gbj;jhNd?
Nl: vd;dhy; cWjpahf mJgw;wpf; $wKbahJ.
,Ugj;ije;J Ngu; nfhz;l Mq;fpy tFg;ig ehd;
xUtNd ifahs KbAk;. ngUk;ghyhd fpuhkg;
gs;spfis xg;GNehf;Fk;NghJ vq;fSilaJ kpfTk;
Fiwe;j tpfpjNk> vg;gbg;ghh;j;jhYk;.
8
Nuh: XN`h> mg;gb vd;why; cq;fs; Nghjdh Kiwapd;
juk; kpfTk; rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;LNk> ,y;iyah?
Nl: rhp... 'Mrphpah;” vDk; ek; fUj;jhf;fk; gw;wpa
NtnwhU ghh;itia ehd; itf;fg;NghfpNwd;. jhNd
Kd;dpd;W vy;yhtw;iwAk; fw;gpf;Fk; xUth; Mrpupau;
fpilahJ. khwhf> xt;nthU Foe;ijiaAk; jhNd
fw;Fk;gbahf> xt;nthU Foe;ijf;Fk; Vw;w fw;wy;
#o;epiyia cUthf;FgtNu Mrphpah;. gyh; vd;dplk;
NgRk; NghJ> ',q;Nf ghh;> md;Gf;Fhpa ,isQNd
cdf;F murpay; gw;wp xd;Dk; njhpahJ. gpd; murpay;
rhh;e;j gy;fiyf;fofg; ghlj;ij vg;gb cd;dhy; elj;j
KbAk;?" ghUq;fs;> vd; gzp ghlk; elj;JtJ fpilahJ.
Mrpupah; vd;gtuiu vy;yhk; njhpu;jth;> gpwUf;F mtw;iw
nrhy;ypj;jUgth; vd;Nw ehk; epidf;fpNwhk;. mjdhy;jhd;>
fy;Yhpapy; murpay; ghlk; elj;j mjpy; KJfiyg;gl;lk;
ngw;wth; Mrphpauhf mkh;j;jg;gLfpwhh;. mNjNghy;
,yf;fpag;ghlk; elj;j ,yf;fpaj;jpy; KJfiyg;gl;lk;
ngw;w Mrphpah;> tuyhW elj;j tuyhW KJfiy> vd
,g;gb. mg;gbg; ghh;j;jhy; ,it ve;jg; gphptpYk; vd;dplk;
gl;lk;;;; fpilahJ. Mdhy; ehd; nra;a Ntz;baJ
9
Foe;ijfSf;F me;j ghlq;fis elj;JtJ my;y>
khwhf mth;fNs mtw;iw tpUk;gpf; fw;fr; nra;tNj!
Nuh: ePq;fs; gs;sp Jtf;fpaJ gw;wp kPz;Lk; xU Nfs;tp.
cq;fs; gs;spapy;> tpjpKiwfs; fpilahJ> jz;lidfs;
fpilahJ> tpUg;gk;Nghy; Foe;ijfs; Nghfyhk; tuyhk;
vd ePq;fs; KbT nra;jPu;fs;. vdNt> mth;fis
tutiof;f kpf kpf rf;jp tha;e;j ce;Jjy;
Njitahapw;Nw. mjw;fhf ePq;fs; vd;dnty;yhk; fw;gpf;fg;
NghfpwPh;fs;> vg;gbnay;yhk; fw;gpf;fg; NghfpwPh;fs; vd
fLikahf rpe;jpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iyah?
ce;Jjy; fl;lhak; mtrpak;> Mkhk;. vitnay;yhk;
Foe;ijfis fw;fj; Jz;Lfpd;w vDk; hPjpapy; kpf
mjpfk; Nahrpj;Njd;. mbg;gilapy;> mJjhd;
mj;jpahtrpak;. mth;fs; fw;gjw;F tpUg;gg;glNtz;Lk;>
gpd; mth;fNs rhpaha; fw;Wf; nfhz;LtpLthh;fs;. gpwNuhL
Kz;babj;J Nghl;b Nghlhj gs;sp vq;fSilaJ.
kjpg;ngz;Zk; fpilahJ> kjpg;gPLk; fpilahJ
tFg;Gah;Tk; fpilahJ. jz;lidfSk; ,y;iy>
ghpRfSk; ,y;iy> G+q;nfhj;JfSk; gjf;fKk;$l ,y;iy.
vdNt> Foe;ijfis Cf;Ftpf;f Kw;wpYk; Gjpa
topKiwfisf; ifahs;fpNwhk;. mth;fs; ntw;wpahy;
10
ce;jg;gLfpwhh;fs; vd;Nw ehd; epiif;fpNwd;. ,e;j
tFg;G> me;j tFg;G> fPo;; tFg;G> Nky; tFg;G vd
gpupf;fg;glhj #o;epiyapy; xt;nthU Foe;ijAk;>
jdf;Fe;j Ntfj;jpy; ghpkspf;f KbfpwJ vd;Nw ehd;
fUJfpNwd;. NkYk; ntw;wpia re;jpg;gjhNyNa
mf;Foe;ij> Nkd;NkYk; fw;f tpiofpwJ.
Kg;gj;ije;J Foe;ijfs; cs;s xU FOTf;F ghlk;
elj;Jk; NghJ Mrphpahpd; Ntfk; 60-70 rjtpjj;jpdUf;F
xj;JtUtjpy;iy. me;jg; ghlj;ij rw;W nkJthf
cs;thq;Fgth;fSf;F me;j NtfNk mjpNtfkhfj;
Njhd;Wk;> rl;nld;W Ghpe;Jtpl;lth;fSf;F mNj Ntfk;
MikNtfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt> ,e;j ,U gpuptpdUk;
ghlk; elj;Jk;NghJ cs;thq;Fjiy epWj;jptpLthh;fs;:
nkJthdth;fs; vijAk; mg;NghJ fw;ftpy;iy>
fpLfpLntz Ghpe;J nfhz;lth;fSf;Nfh> VNjh Mrphpah;
jpUk;gj; jpUk;g mijNa> jq;fSf;F Vw;fdNt Gupe;J
tpl;lijNa NgRtJ Nghy; Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. vq;fSila
Kiwapy;> xU Foe;ij fw;GuGj;jpf;fhudha; ,Ue;jhy;>
ehd;FtUl ghlj;ij xNu tUlj;jpy; $l gbf;fyhk;.
nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> mt;thW ehd;F tUlq;fSf;fhd
ghlj;ij xNu tUlj;jpy; gbj;J Kbj;j xU rpWtd;
11
vq;fs; gs;spapy; Kd;G gapd;whd;. mNj rkak;> NtnwhU
Foe;ijf;F gytpj fhuzq;fshy;;> fw;wy; vd;gNj
fbdkha; mikayhk;. mj;jF Foe;ij xUtUl ghlj;ij
xd;diw tUlk; vd;d> ,uz;L tUlq;fs; $l gbf;f
vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. vdNt nky;yg;gapy;gtu;fSk; ,q;Nf
ntw;wpahsu;fNs. vy;NyhUk; ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fshfj;
jpfOk; xU gs;spNa vd; Fwpf;Nfhs;. mjw;fhf> xU rpy
Foe;ijfs; gpwiutpl $u;ikahfnty;yhk;
,Uf;fkhl;lhu;fs; vd;nwy;yhk; ehd; nrhy;ytutpy;iy>
fl;lhak; rpyu; ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
Nuh: "eilKiwapy; clNd gad;gLk;gbaha;
Njhd;Wgtw;iw ehq;fs; gapy;Nthk;" vd;gJ Nghd;w
nray;Kiw Cf;fk; vJTk; cq;fSf;F
Njhd;wtpy;iyah?
Nl: epr;rak; fpilahJ. Foe;ijfsplk; fl;lhak; $lhJ.
gapd;W Kbf;Fk; tiu mJ vt;tsT gaDs;sJ vd;gij
ehk; czu;tJ fpilahJ. fy;tpiag; gw;wpa vd; ,e;j
vz;zj;ij cq;fNshL gfpu;fpNwd;. fpuhkthrp xUtuplk;
"ghU> fy;tp nuhk;g cre;jJ! " vd;W $Wtjhy; vJTk;
gadpy;iy. "X rup! ehd; gbj;J SSLC Kbj;jhy;> vdf;F
12
xU muR mYtyfj;jpy; cjtpahsu; Ntiy fpilf;F
ky;yth?" vDk; uPjpapy;jhd; mtupd; vz;z Xl;lk;
,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mJ fy;tp ,y;iyNa> mJ ntWk;
NrhjidKiwj; Nju;T. fy;tp fy;yhj xUtuhy;>
fy;tpapd; cz;ikg; gaid czu;Nt KbahJ.
Nuh: mJ xU kfpo;r;rp jUk; Ntiyahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;> ,y;iyah?
Nl: kpfTk; rup> Foe;ijf;F fw;wy; gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mJNt Kjy;gb. Foe;ijfSf;F gyJ gpbf;Fk; mtu;fs;
JWJWntd ,Ug;gtu;fs;. mtu;fSf;F tpisahl;L
gpbf;Fk;> tpisahl gpbf;Fk;> ,g;gb nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl
Nghfyhk;. jq;fSf;F VNjh xd;W iftUfpwJ vd;W
njupe;Jtpl;lhy;> clNd mij> me;j Ntiyia
Kide;J fw;fpwhu;fs;. mjpypUe;J NkYk; NkYk; mtu;fs;
Kidfpwhu;fs;> ghUq;fs;.
Nuh: k;k;k;... mtu;fis cly; ciog;G Njitahd
Ntiyfisr; nra;tpf;f ePq;fs; nfh Q;rk; nkdf;fl;Bu;fs;
vd Nfs;tpg;gl;NlNd> Mk;jhNd? fuhuhd fhy
ml;ltiz$l ,Ue;jNjh? mtu;fNs jq;fs;
13
tUg;giwfisf; fl;baij ePq;fs; tu;zpj;jpUf;fpwPu;fs;>
,y;iyah?
Nl: Mkhk; Mkhk;> fhy ml;ltiz cz;L. rupjhd;. mJ
fuhuhf mg;gbNa gpd;gw;wg;glNtz;baJk; $ljhd;.
Mdhy; Foe;ijfs; me;j tFg;Gf;F tuyhk;> tuhkYk;
,Uf;fyhk;. fhe;jp topapyhd clYiog;Gg; gapw;rpfis
ehq;fs; filgpbg;gjpy;iy vd;W Ntz;Lkhdhy;
nrhy;yyhk;. Mkhk;> fl;bdhu;fs;> cz;ikjhd;> mJ
fw;wypd; xU tof;fkhd gFjpNa.
vq;fs; ghlj;jpl;lk; kpfkpf tpupthdJ. mtu;fspd;
jha;nkhop njYq;F> vdNt mtu;fis ,Unkhop
njupe;jtu;fshf Mf;f tpUk;gpNdhk; - njYq;F kw;Wk;
Mq;fpyk;. fd;dlKk; mtu;fs; fw;fpwhu;fs;> mJ
mtu;fspd; khepy nkhopahapw;Nw! `pe;jp> rk];fpUjk;
,itAk; cz;L. NkYk;> gue;Jgl;l xU ghlj;jpl;lk;
mtu;fSilaJ: fzpjk;> mwptpay;> Rw;Wg;Gwr;R+oypay;>
fiy> iftpid> ghidtpidAk; fiy> jr;Rj;njhopy;
vd gyTk; cz;L.
Nuh: mtu;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lk; ,g;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
vd vt;thW ePq;fs; KbntLj;jPu;fs;?
14
Nl: mJth> xU Fj;Jkjpg;ghfj;jhd;. vy;yh
ghlj;jpl;lKNk mg;gbj;jhd;. jj;Jtg;ghlk;
Foe;ijfSf;F ntFthfg; gaDs;sJ vd ehd;
fUJtjhy;> mjid Foe;ijfSf;F vq;fs; gs;spapy;
fw;gpf;fpNwhk;. gpwu; ahUk; jj;Jtj;ij Kf;fpakhff;
fUJtjpy;iy. vdNtjhd; NtW ve;jnthU ,e;jpag;
gs;spfspd; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpNyAk; ePq;fs; ,jid ghu;f;f
KbaNt KbahJ. ,jid ehd; ijupakhfr; nrhy;yyhk;.
mofpaiy (aesthetics) fw;Wf; nfhLf;fpNwhk;. ,iria
urpj;J mDgtpf;f (music appreciation), fye;JiuahLk;
EZf;fq;fisAk; ehq;fs; gapw;Wtpf;fpNwhk;. ,it
vy;yhk; Foe;ijfSf;F mjpKf;fpakhdJ vd
vdf;Fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ruhrupahd ghlj;jpl;lk; vjpYk;
,it fpilahJ.
mNjNghy;> ghid nra;a ehq;fs; nrhy;ypj;jUfpNwhk;.
"ml> ey;yJjhd;! ghid nra;jhtJ gpioj;Jf;
nfhs;sl;Lk; vd ePq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;F ,ij nrhy;ypj;
jUfpuPu;fs; Nghy> k;k;k;!>" vd vq;fs; ghidtpidJiwf;F
tUNthu; rpyrkak; nrhy;fpwhu;fs;. mg;gb xU epidg;Gk;
vdf;Ff; fpilahJ. nghUl;fis cz;lhf;Ftjd; %yk;
ehk; ngWk; mwpT mj;jpahtrpak; vd ehd; epidf;fpNwd;.
15
vupf; fpy; (Eric Gill) kpfr;rpwe;j rpw;gp> fy;tp gw;wp epiwa
vOjpapUg;gtu; - ,tiug; gw;wp ePq;fs; Nfs;tpg;
gl;bUg;gPu;fs;. mtupd; $w;wpy; xd;W - nghUl;fis vg;gb
gad;gLj;JtJ vd Foe;ijfSf;F Nghjpf;fj;
Njitapy;iy. mjw;Fgjpy; GJg;GJ rpe;jidfisj;
jhUq;fs;. gapw;rpfSk; tpisahl;LfSk;> NkYk; gyTk;
Njit. Mdhy; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghLgw;wp Njit
,y;iy.
ve;j xU nghUSk; jd;idg; gad;gLj;Jgtiu
mJthf vg;gb newpg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij Foe;ijfs;
fw;fNtz;Lk;. mJ Kf;fpak; vd epidf;fpNwd;.
gad;gLj;JtJ vg;gb vDk; tsu;e;j ngupatu;fspd;
topfhl;LjYf;F khwhf> me;jg; nghUspd; tofhl;Ljy;
,J. vd; Mq;fpyj;jpy; gpioapUe;jhy; ePq;fs; mij
jpUj;jptpLtPu;fs;. ghid nra;a ehd; rf;fuj;ij
Row;Wk;NghJ> mjpy; gpioNeu;e;jhy;> mg;NghJ> 'eP vd;id
rupahff; ifahskhl;Nlndd;fpwhNa>" vd;W me;jf;
fspkz; vd;dplk; nrhy;Yk;. xU kuj;Jz;il ,iog;Gsp
(plane) nfhz;L rPTk;NghJ> me;jj; Jz;bd; ,aw;ifahf
mikg;Gf;F vjpu;jpirapy; ehd; rPtpdhy;> mJ
rkdhtjw;F gjpy; nrhunrhug;ghfp tpLk;. ftdpj;jhy;>
16
vd;d xU mUik ,J vd;W GupAk;. kuj;Jz;Nl me;jf;
Foe;ijia newpgLj;JfpwJ> tiuKiwia
fw;Wj;jUfpwJ. ,g;NghJ Foe;ijapd; nray;ghl;il
rupnra;tJ me;jg; gad;gL nghUspd; cs;spUf;Fk;
xd;W> mJthfNt nra;fpwJ> ntspapypUf;Fk; vJTk;
fpilahJ.
Nuh: cq;fs; Foe;ijfs; gs;spapy; gbj;J Kbj;jgpd;
ntF[d tho;f;ifia (mainstream) vjpu;Nehf;fj;
jahuhfpuhh;fsh? mij rkhspf;fj; Jzpfpwhu;fsh?
M`h> ,e;j topKiwapNyNa KOJk; gapd;W Kbj;j
Foe;ijfs; ,d;dKk; vq;fsplk; cUthftpy;iy.
vq;fsplk; gbj;J jw;NghJjhd; B.A. Njwpa xU igad;
cz;L. Mdhy; PUC Njuhjjhy;> gs;spg;gbg;ig ,ilapy;
epWj;jpa xU fpuhkg;Gwg;igad; mtd;. "rupjhd;> cd;id
vg;gbahtJ Njuitf;fpNwhk;" vd rthyha; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L mtDf;F> gpw;ghL ghlk; nrhy;ypf;nfhLj;Njhk;.
vq;fsplk; gapYk; xU igad; IAS Nru tpUk;Gfpwhd;.
thuk; xUKiw fye;Jiuahly; xd;W cz;L. mtu;fs;
vy;yhk; vd;d nra;a tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs; vd;W NgRNthk;.
ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ,d;dKk; mijg;gw;wp KbntLf;f
tpy;iy.
17
,J rk;ge;jkha; ehd; mt;tg;NghJ jhf;fg;gLfpNwd;:
ehq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jUk; mwptpd; jukhdJ kpfTk;
mjpfg;gbaha; cs;sJ vd;gNj mJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F
Ie;J nkhopfis mtu;fs; vq;fsplk; fw;fpwhu;fs;.
mtu;fSila Mq;fpyg; Gyik kpfTk; rpwg;ghdJ.
gd;dpuz;L gjpd;%d;W taJs;s vd; Foe;ijfs;>
jw;NghJ N\f;];gpaupd; VohtJ fijia gbf;fpwhu;fs;.
,e;jf; fzj;jpy;> mJTk; %yj;ijg; gbf;fpwhu;fs;
vd;why; ghUq;fNsd;. ,J kpfkpf cau;e;j juk;jhd;.
mJTk; mtu;fSilaJ ,U nkhop topg;gs;sp;
Mq;fpytopg;gs;sp my;y. mJTk; N\f;];gpaupd;
vOj;Jf;fspd;Nky; igj;jpakhfNt miyfpwhu;fs;.
mJjhd; kpfTk; Nkd;ikahdJ vd epidf;fpwhu;fs;
Mkhk;. ,g;NghJ xj;njy;nyhit gbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;....
Mkhk;> ,e;jf; Foe;ijfis fpuhkj;jpypUe;J
ntFthf tpyf;fp ,Of;fpwPu;fs; vd;W kf;fs; vdN;ky;
Fw;wk; rhl;Lfpwhu;fs;. efuthrpfs;jhd; vg;NghJk; ,g;gbf;
$WtJ! ehd; vd;d gjpy; nrhy;Ntd; njupAkh> ',q;Nf
ghUq;fs;> ehd; xd;Wk; ,q;Nf kdpju;fis tisj;J
ifg;ghitahf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fSf;F kpf cfe;jJ vd
18
vdf;Fj; Njhd;Wk; fy;tpia mtu;fSf;F mspg;gNj ehd;
,q;Nf ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzk;. ,jd;%yk; mtu;fSf;Fs;
Gije;jpUf;Fk; Mw;wy; KOtJk; ntspg;gl Ntz;Lk; -
mtu;fshy; rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ> czu KbfpwJ> md;ghd
cwTfisg; NgzKbfpwJ> gytw;iw Gupe;Jnfhs;s>
ciuahl> jq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s> gytpj
nghUl;fis cgNahfpf;f> Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij Gupe;Jnfhs;s>
NkYk; gytw;iwAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; mtu;fspd;
Mw;wy; nghq;fNtz;Lk;. mjw;fg;Gwk; mtu;fs; vd;d
nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJgw;wp vdf;F mf;fiwapy;iy. ehd;
xd;Wk;> 'ghUq;fs;> ePq;fs; fpuhkj;jpy;jhd; jq;fNtz;Lk;>
gpw fpuhkthrpfSf;F cjtNtz;Lk;" vd;W nrhy;tjw;fhf
,q;Nf tutpyiy. mtu;fs; cjt epidj;jhy;>
cjTthu;fs; vd;gJ vd; fUj;J. mtu;fs; ngupa
efuj;Jf;Fg;Ngha;> J}upifiaf; ifapy; vLf;f
epidj;jhy;> mJTk; vdf;F rupjhd;. mtu;fs; ,ijj;jhd;
,g;gbj;jhd; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W $w ehd; ahu>; mJ
vd;ghL fpilahNj.
Nuh: vy;yh fpuhkg;Gw Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Ntiytha;g;G
fpilg;gjw;F Vw;wgb xU ghljpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk;
Nehf;fj;jpy; ePq;fs; ciof;fpwPu;fsh?
19
Nl: xU fpuhkg;Gw ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gNj vdf;F Rj;jkhf
xj;Jtutpy;iy. Rj;j Kl;lhs;jdkhf vdf;Fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j ehl;il elj;Jk;> efuj;jpy; thOk; Ie;J rjtPj
Nkl;Lf;Fbapdu; nfhz;Lte;Js;sJ ,J. mtu;fs;jhd;
fy;tpKiwiaAk; elj;Jfpwhu;fs;. gbg;igj; njhluhky;
ghjpapy; ,e;j fpuhkthrpfs; fw;wypypUe;J tpyFtij
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ ,J. nly;ypapypUe;J
%d;W khjk; Kd;G ntspaplg;gl;l ,e;jpahtpw;fhd
Gs;sptptuj;ij ePq;fs; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs; vd ek;GfpNwd;.
ehL KOf;f Ie;jhk; tFg;gpypUe;J tpyfpatu;fs; 65
rjtPjk;. ,e;jg;Gs;spfs; tsu;tjhfNt vdf;Fj;
Njhd;WfpwJ. ghlj;jpl;lk;> fy;tpf;fhd tsq;fs; vy;yhk;
Ie;J rjtpj Nkl;Lf;Fb efuthrpfis Nehf;fpNa
xUKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s fpuhkg;Gwg;
gs;spfspy; ,UE}W khztu;fSf;F xNu xU Mrpupau;
,Uf;fpwhu;. klj;jdk; ,J! ek;Kila cs;Su;
cau;epiyg;gs;spapy; SSLC Nju;T rjtpjk; ntWk; 4
rjtpjk;jhd;. nfhQ;rk; vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;. gj;J
tUlj;Jf;F njhlu;e;J> jpdk; jpdk; %d;W iky;fs;
ele;J gs;spf;Fr; nry;Yk; Foe;ijfs;; ,Wjpapy;
re;jpg;gJ Njhy;tpiaNa!
20
Nuh: Mdhy; xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; cq;fSf;F xU
Nltpl;;N`hu;];gu;f; fpilf;f khl;lhNu> vd;d nra;ag;
NghfpwPu;fs;? ,j;jifa mikg;ig cUthf;f> mt;tsT
Vd;> cUthf;fpa xd;iw nrk;ikaha; elj;jf;$l
cq;fSf;F mrhjhuz kf;fs; Njitahapw;Nw.
Nl: vd; khztu;fisf; nfhz;Nl> NkYk; ehd;F
gs;spfis elj;jpf; nfhz;bapUf;fpNwd;. xU rpd;d
Mrpupag; gapw;rpg;gs;sp $l njhlq;fptpl;Nld;. KO
<LghL nfhz;l ,isQu;fis ehd; re;jpf;f Neu;e;jhy;>
mtu;fs; ,j;jifa gs;spfis njhlq;fj; jahuhf
,Ue;jhy; mtu;fSf;F ,jw;fhd ehd; gapw;rp nfhLg;Ngd;.
gl;lg;gbg;Ngh> vk;.V.Nth Kbj;jpUe;jhy; mjw;fg;Gwk;>
vd;Dila gapw;rp xU ,uz;lhz;L fhyj;Jf;fhdJ.
gl;lg;gbg;ghtJ Kbj;jpUg;gJ vd; Njit. mg;Gwk;
vd;Dila gapw;rpf;fhyk; ,uz;lhz;Lfs;. v];.v];.vy;.rp
tiu ve;jg; ghlj;ijAk; mtu;fshy; elj;j Kba
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vd; Nehf;fk;. mg;Gwk; mtu;fshfNt
gs;spfisj; njhlq;fyhk;. gjpide;J Kjy; ,Ugj;ije;J
gps;isfs; nfhz;l ehd;F gs;spfs;> ,it xt;nthd;Wk;
fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; ,g;Nghijf;F ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;iw
vg;gb elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W gapw;rp
21
vLj;Jf;nfhz;ltu;fs;jhd; ,jid ed;whfNt elj;jpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. mg;gbahdhy;> xU gs;spia vg;gb
elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fKbAk; jhNd?
,jid gapw;Wtpf;f KbAk; vd;gJjhd; mu;j;jk;.
Nuh: Mkhk;> elkhLk; $lq;fs; %yk; gapw;rp mspf;Fk;
Kiwapy;> ehd; rpyij ftdpj;Njd;. nuhk;g mjpfk;
gbf;fhj rpyiu Nju;e;njLj;J> mtu;fSf;F ntFtha;
mq;NfNa gapw;rp nfhLj;J> mtu;fis njhlu;e;J
fz;fhzpf;fTk; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,jw;Fj; Njitg;gLk;
Kd;Ndw;ghLfs; kiyasT ,Uf;Fk; vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
ehd; nrhy;y te;jJ> mjhtJ> fz;fhzpg;ghsu; Mrpupau;
tpfpjk; gw;wpaJ.
Nl: gapw;rp vLj;Jf;nfhs;s cq;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gtu;fs;
gbg;gwpT ,y;yhjtuha; ,Ug;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzk;.
mtu;fsplk; ve;j xU jj;Jthu;j;j mbj;jsKk; ,y;iy.
me;j mbg;giliar; rhu;e;J jq;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis
cUthf;fj; Njitahd mbj;jsKk; ,y;iy. mjdhy;
mtu;fSf;F kpf mjpfkhd fz;fhzpg;G Njitg;gLfpwJ>
,d;dKk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;. mtu;fs; nray;
El;gj;ij> nray;Kiwia fw;fpwhu;fs;. mg;Gwk; mjid
eilKiwapy; nra;Jnfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; mtu;fs;.
22
mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkpy;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk;> jhq;fs;
nghUj;jkw;wtu;fs; vd;gNj mtu;fSf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy>
Vndd;why; mbg;gil jj;Jtk; mtu;fSf;Fg; Gupatpy;iy.
mtu;fSf;F gpbgl;lnjy;yhk; nray;Kiw kl;LNk.
Nuh: mq;NfNgha; ,q;NfNgha;. kPz;Lk; mNj tp~aj;Jf;Nf
ePq;fs; te;Jtpl;Bu;fNs> mjhtJ> ,e;jf; fy;tpKiwia>
,e;j mikg;ig elj;Jtjw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l mwpTj;juk;
Njit vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPu;fs; ,y;iyah?
Nl: kpfTk; rup. nfhQ;rNkDk; fy;tp mwpT fl;lhak;
Njit. mjdhy;jhd; Kjy;epiy gl;lk; (first degree)
vd;Dila vjpu;ghu;g;G! (mjw;fhf gl;lk; cilatu;fs;
vy;yhk; fy;tpkhd; vd;Wk; $wptpl KbahJ.) vt;thW
fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Vw;wnjhU
#oiy ehq;fs; jUfpNwhk;. vg;gb kf;fSf;F Nghjpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nghjpg;gNj vq;fs; Nehf;fk;. fy;tp
fw;gpf;f xU ,lk; Ntz;LNk> me;jg; gs;spia ehq;fs;
Kjw;gbahf cUthf;FfpNwhk;. ,Jjhd; ehd; ,g;NghJ
nrhd;djd; mu;j;jk;.
[dq;fSf;F fy;tp Gfl;l gs;spfNs ,y;yhjNghJ>
MrpupaUf;fhd gapw;rpg; gs;spia cUthf;FtJ
23
tbfl;bd klj;jdk;! xU Foe;ijaplk; ghid nra;aj;
Njitahd rflj;ijj; juhky; ghid nra;a nrhy;ypj;
jUfpNwd; vd;gijg; Nghd;wJjhd; ,J. Mdhy; ehl;bd;
vy;yh gapw;rpg;gs;spNahL (training unit) $lTk; gs;sp (school)
,y;iy. ,ij ek;gNt Kbatpy;iy> gs;spf;$lj;jpy;
ghlk; elj;jNtz;b MrpupaUf;Fg; gapw;rp toq;Fk;
mikg;G> gs;spf;$lNk ,y;yhky; ,aq;f ,aYk; vd;gJ.
Foe;ijfSf;F ghlk; elj;jg; gapw;rp vdwhy;>
Foe;ijfs; ,y;yhky; vg;gb KbAk;? vd;dplk;
gapy;gth;fs;> jq;fspd; gapw;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa
800 kzpNeuk; tFg;G vLg;gjd;%yk; gapy;fpwhu;fs;.
vd;Dila Mrpupag; gapw;rpg;gs;sp ,g;gbjhd;
,aq;FfpwJ. nkr;rpf; nfhs;sj;jf;f xd;WjhNd ,J!
tFg;ig jd; gpbapy; nfhz;Ltu> Foe;ijfis
Cf;Ftpf;f> gl;liwia cgNahfpf;f> E}yf trjpia
gad;gLj;j> gbf;f - vy;yhk; KbANk! Fwpg;ghf> gl;liw
nuhk;g Kf;fpak;. Vndd;why; ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghyhd
,isQu;fs; nghUl;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gapw;rp
vijANk ngw;wjpy;iy. mtu;fshfNt jq;fs; ifahy;
ve;j cUg;gbiaAk; nra;jjpy;iy. mjdhy; ntl;LtJ>
xl;LtJ vd;gjpy; mtu;fSf;Fg; gupr;rakpy;iy. mjdhy;
24
kuNtiy> jr;RNtiy vd gytw;iw fw;Wj; jUfpNwhk;.
ngz;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapd; ve;j fhyfl;lj;jpYk;
,q;F tUtjw;FKd; ifahy; fUtpfisj; njhl;lNj
,y;iy. ,q;Nf te;jgpd; ghlk; elj;j cjTk; fhl;rpg;
nghUl;fs; gytw;iw cUthf;Ffpwhu;fs;. epiwa
gbf;fpwhu;fs;> NkYk; thuj;jpw;F ehd; ehd;F Ntiyfs;
(assignment) Kbf;f Ntz;Lnkd gzpf;fpNwd;. mjdhy;
epiwa Nfhl;ghLfisAk; (theory) gapy;fpwhu;fs;. thuk;
,uz;LKiw fye;Jiuahly; $l;lKk; cz;L. mjpy;
jhq;fs; gbj;jjpy; GupahjijAk;> fbdkha;g;gl;lijAk;>
fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd gytw;iwAk; tpthjpg;Nghk;. nghJ
cstpay;> fy;tprhu; cstpay;> kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; jj;Jtk;
vDk; ghlq;fs; mtu;fSf;F cz;L.
Nuh: cq;fSila ,e;j KOikahd mZFKiw>
fy;tpj; jpl;lk; jPl;Lgtu;fspd; mZFKiwaha;
,y;iyjhNd? r%fj;jpd; Njit vd;ndd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;
vd;gij Kjypy; Muha;fpwhu;fs;. gpd;> mjw;Fj; jf;fgb>
me;jj; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; jpl;lk;
NghLfpwhu;fs;. vOj;jhsu;fs;> cjtpahsu;fs; Njit
vd;why;> mtu;fis NkYk; NkYk; cUthf;FtJ>
25
nghwpahsu;fs; Njit vdpy;> mtu;fis mjpfkha;
cUthf;FtJ... ,g;gb.
Nl: Mkhkhk;> fy;tpj; jpl;lkpLgtu;fs; jhNd!
mnjd;dNth> mtu;fSf;F kl;Lk; gQ;rNk ,y;iy>
mJTk; Muk;gk; Kjw;nfhz;Nl! vd;dntd;why;...
,e;jpahtpy; gyg;gy Mz;Lfs; Kd; gbj;jtu;fs;
cjtpahsu;fsha; gzpapy; mku;j;jg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,ijNa>
,e;jg; gbj;j jpuprkf;fhuu;fs; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,d;Dk;
epiwa mwptpay; mwpQu;fs; Ntz;Lkh> clNd
mtu;fSf;F mjpf Cjpak; nfhLj;jhy; Nghr;R> mwptpay;
mwpQuhf vf;fr;rf;f [dq;fs; ehd; eP vd;W Kz;babj;J
tUthu;fNs!
Nuh : ,y;iy> ehd;jhd; Nfl;fpNwd;. vy;yhUf;Fk; fy;tp
vd;gjd; ikaNk> ,g;gb Njitf;Fj; jf;fgb Ntz;bagb
mij tisj;Jf; nfhs;tJjhNd?
jw;NghJ> 95 rjtPj kf;fs; njhifia ek; ,~;lg;gb
tpUg;gg;gb tisf;fpNwhk;. Vndd;why;> 5 rjtPj
Nkl;Lf;Fbjhd;> jq;fspd; Foe;ijfSf;Fg; gad; jUk;
tpjj;jpy; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tbtikg;gJ.
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; nry;gtu;fSf;fhf kl;LNk ,J
26
KOf;f KOf;f tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ. mwptpay;
ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; ghUq;fs;> ruhrup gs;spj;
jpl;lj;ijj;jhd;. gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Njitf;fhf
KLf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU ruhrup fpuhkg;Gw Mrpupau; ,jid
fw;gpf;fj; jpzUfpwhu;> my;yJ Foe;ij fw;f
rpukg;gLfpwJ. ghjpapy; mtu;fnsy;yhk; gbg;ig
njhluhky; tpyFfpwhu;fs;. nuhk;gTk; trjpahapw;W
ghUq;fs;> ,e;j mikg;gpy; mtu;fs; rh];tjkha;
gazpg;gijj;jhd; ehk; tpUk;gtpy;iyNa.
Nuh : eLtpy; tpyfhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;É MdhYk; mJ
vy;yhUf;Fkhd fy;tpaha; mika Ntz;Lk;> ,g;gb xU
fy;tp Kiwia vt;thW cUthf;fyhk; vd $Wq;fs;?
mwpT Kjpu;r;rp ngw;wtu;fisf; nfhz;L ePq;fs; elj;Jk;
cq;fs; gs;spapd; fy;tpKiw> Njitg;gLk; ngupa
mstpy; Njhjhdjha;> nray;glf;$bajha; ,y;iy.
Nl : ml> mJ xj;JtUk;. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> ,ijg;
gw;wpa xU fl;Liuia rkPgj;jpy;jhd; vOjpapUf;fpNwd;.
vd; ez;gdpd; nra;jpj;jhs; xd;wpdpy; ,ijg; gw;wp
njs;sj; njspthf GupAk;gb ,Uf;Fk;.
27
fy;tpKiwgw;wp jpl;lkpLgtu;fs; ,j;jifa
gpur;ridfisg; gw;wp njsptha; Nahrpf;f Muk;gpj;jhNy
xopa> xd;Wk; elf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. xUtpj ,ul;ilr;
rpe;jid Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ.
ghUq;fs;> Nkyplj;jpy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; elf;fp;wJ vd;W
epidg;git vJTk; elf;ftpy;iy. ghlj;jpl;lk; kpfr;
rpwe;j xd;W vd;W mtu;fs; epidj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; mjpy; cs;sJ cs;sgb
nray;ghl;by; ,y;iy.
cs;@u; fy;Y}upf;Fr; nrd;W ghUq;fs;> Vwj;jho
gjpide;J iky; J}uj;jpy;jhNd cs;sJ. mq;Nf Ngha;
Mq;fpyg; ghlk; gbg;gtu;fis ePq;fs; re;jpAq;fs;.
mtu;fSf;Fg; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rpy ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs;
cz;L. mit Richard III kw;Wk; The Tale of Two Cities vd
itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ve;j xU khztDk; ,e;jg;
Gj;jfq;fis gbj;jpUf;fNt khl;lhd;. mtw;iw gzk;
nfhLj;J thq;fTk; khl;lhu;fs;> gbf;fTk; khl;lhu;fs;.
khwhf> ,it rhu;e;j rpy fl;Liufis fw;ghu;fs;>
Nju;tpy; ,ij mg;gbNa vOJthu;fs;. ghlj;jpl;lk;
mikg;gtu;fNsh> Nju;Tj; jhis jpUj;JgtNuh> ghlk;
elj;JgtNuh> ,tu;fs; vy;yhk; vd;d epidj;Jf;
28
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;> nrhy;Yq;fs;;;;; - VNjh ,e;j
khztu;fs; vy;yhk; Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;ij fw;gjhf>
mg;gb vJTk; ,e;j khzth; nra;ahj NghJk;!
(rphpf;fpwhh;)
Nuh: ,jid ghlj;jpl;lk; tFg;gth;fs; vg;gbf;
ifahshyhk; vd;W ePq;fs; top nrhy;Yq;fNsd;.
Nl: ey;yJ. ,itnay;yhk; nra;aKbAk; vd njspthfj;
njhpAk; gytw;iwAk; nra;aKbAk;. xU vLj;Jf;fhl;il
vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ,g;NghJ SSLCapy; vj;jid Ngh;
NjuKbahky; jtWfpwhh;fs; vd;gJ njhpAk;jhNd.
,jidj; jtph;f;f> vj;jid Ntz;LNkh> my;yJ vj;jid
Fiwthf KbfpwNjh mj;jid ghlj;ij gps;isfs;
vLj;Jg; gbf;f mDkjpf;Fk; Kiw Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW
epiyfspy; ,e;jg; ghlq;fis mtu;fs; gapy tha;g;G
juNtz;Lk;. mjhtJ> mbg;gilf; fzpjk; my;yJ
advanced fzpjk;> vij Ntz;LNkh mijg; gapYk;
tha;g;G Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; ghlq;fspy; ePq;fs; kjpg;gPL
(grade) juyhk;. xU Foe;ij gs;spg;gbg;ig Kbf;Fk;NghJ>
%d;W ghlq;fis gbj;jpUf;fyhk;> Ie;J gbj;jpUf;fyhk;
Vd; ,uz;L $l gbj;jpUf;fyhk;. gy;fiyf;fofk; nrd;W
29
fzpjk;> Ntjpapay;> ,aw;gpay; gapy tpUk;Gk; xU
khztd; ,g;ghlq;fspy; advanced epiy gbg;ig gs;spapy;
gbf;fyhk;. mg;gbnay;yhk; Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpf;Nfhs; vJTk;
,y;yhj kw;nwhUtd; khztd;> ,e;jg; ghlq;fs; rhu;e;j
Gj;jpf;$u;ik ,y;iy vd;why;> mbg;gil Mq;fpyk;;>
mbg;gil njYq;F> mbg;gil fzpjk; kw;Wk; mbg;gil
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #opypay; vLj;J gbf;fl;LNk. ehd;F C
kjpg;gPLfs; ngWthd; mtd;.
murhq;fk; kf;fisg; gzp mku;j;Jk;NghJ> cjtpahsu;
Ntiyf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; C kjpg;gPLfSk;> gpw
cj;Nahfq;fSf;F ehd;F Bf;fSk; Njit vd
mwptpf;fyhk;. gy;fiyf;fofk; jdf;F %d;W Af;fNsh>
Ie;Njh> gj;Njh> vd;d mjw;F Ntz;LNkh> mij
epu;zapf;fyhk;. mjhtJ vy;NyhUk; Nju;r;rp
milfpwhu;fs; Mdhy; ntt;NtW epiyfspy; vdNt>
gzpf;F Msku;j;Jk; NghJ ePq;fs; 'SSLC Nju;thfp
tpl;lhah?" vdf; Nfl;fNtz;lhk;> 'vt;tsT ngw;Ws;sha;?"
vd;W Nfl;lhNy NghJk;. 'vd;dhy; vOjg; gbf;f KbAk;.
njYq;fpy; AAk;> fzpjj;jpy; BAk; vLj;Js;Nsd;" vd;gJ
gjpyhf mikayhk;. 'rupjhd;! mg;gbnad;why;> vq;fs;
30
epu;thfj;jpy; vOj;ju; gzpapy; mkuyhk;." murhq;fk;
cjtpahsu; gzpf;F tpsk;guk; nra;Ak;NghJ> vOjg;
gbf;fj; njupaNtz;Lk; vd;gjhNyNa SSLC Njit vd
mwpTWj;JfpwJ. rup> mtUf;F gbf;fj;njupe;jpUf;fyhk;.
mwptpay; mwpT vJTk; Ntz;lhkh> Mz;lth!
N`];bq;]py; cs;s vd; Ngj;jp> xU njhopy;El;g
gapw;rpg;gs;spapy; Nru tpUg;gg;gLfpwhs;. mtu;fspd;
Njit vd;d njupAkh> ehd;W Cf;fs; - mghuk; jhNd!
ehNy ghlj;jpy; Nju;r;rp> ntWk; VNjDk; ehY ghlj;jpy;>
mt;tsTjhd;. mJNghy gy;fiyf;foj;jpy; mts; Eioa
tpUk;gpdhy;> mjw;fhd Njit mjpfg;gbahf ,Uf;Fk;.
my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspyhtJ mjpfkhd Nju;r;rpepiy
Njitg;gLk;. Mdhy; ,q;NfNah epiyik NtW.
xt;nthW Foe;ijAk; SSLC Njw vy;yhg; ghlq;fspYk;
NjuNtz;Lk; mJTk; xNuabahf. NkYk; ftdpf;f
Ntz;baJ> ,q;Nf vy;yhg; ghlq;fSNk kpf mjpf
gStha; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; PUC epiyapy; vd;d
NjitNah> mjw;Nfw;wgb ,ij KLf;Ftjha; cs;sJ.
PUC epiy kpf mjpf fdkha; mjpg;gbaha; cs;sJ.
Vnddpy; gy;fiyf;fj;jpy; cs;Nshu; vd;d Njit vd
31
epidf;fpwhu;fNsh> mjw;Nfw;wgb PUC cs;sJ.
,jdhy;jhd; gyuhy; NjuKbtjpy;iy.
Nuh: Nltpl;> cq;fs; gs;sp mike;Js;s mNj Cupy; xU
KjpNahu; fy;tp ikak; Jtf;fpajhff; Nfs;tpg;gl;NlNd.
Nl: mnjy;yhk; xd;Wkpy;iy. xU fhyfl;lj;jpy;>
ngw;Nwhu;fs; rpyu; xd;whfg; gbf;f te;jnjd;dNth
cz;ik. Mdhy; gy fhuzq;fSf;fhf> mJ
NjhJg;gltpy;iy. NtiyNahL $l gbg;gjpy; gy gy
rq;flk;. mjw;Fj; jf;fgbahd Neuk; xJf;FtjpYk;;
vq;fSf;F mjpf rq;flk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; mg;gbNa
Nghl;Ltpl;L mtu;fshy; te;J gbf;fKbatpy;iy.
filrpahf mjid tpl;Ltpl;Nlhk;. mJ xU rpd;d
Jtf;fk; mt;tsNt. fpuhk KjpNahu; fy;tp epiyak;
vd;nwy;yhk; mjid ngupJgLj;jpf; $Wk;
mstpw;nfy;yhk; nrhy;yKbahJ.
KjpNahu; fy;tp gw;wp vd;dhy; cWjpaha; xd;Wk;
nrhy;yKbatpy;iy. KjpNahu; fy;tpapy; njhlu;Gila
gyiu mt;tg;NghJ re;jpf;fpNwd;. mtu;fs; vd;d
nra;fpwhu;fs;> Vd; nra;fpwhu;fs;> mjd; mbg;gil vd;d
vd;nwy;yhk; vg;NghJk; Nfl;Ngd;. Mdhy; njspthd
32
gjpiy ahuhtJ vdf;Fr; nrhy;ypapUg;ghu;fsh vd;why;
re;NjfNk! 'ehq;fs; fpuhkq;fSf;Fg; Ngha; mq;Nf
Kjpatu;fSf;F gbf;f nrhy;ypj;jUfpNwhk;." 'rup> Vd;?
vjw;F?" 'Vndd;why; gbf;fj; njupe;jpUg;gJ ey;yJ>
mjdhy;".
Nuh: jq;fspd; R+o;epiy gw;wpa Gupjiy> gbg;ig mJ
jUk; vd mtu;fs; epidj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fyhk;>
,y;iyah? Galbraith mg;gbj;jhNd fUJfpwhu;? ,y;iyah?
Nl: gbg;gwpT mjpfk; gad;jUk; vd ehd; fUjtpy;iy.
fy;tpawpT epr;rak; gad;jUk;. KjpNahu; fy;tp. vd;
nry;y kfNs> Mdhy; vt;tsT ngupa rthy; ,J>
njupfpwjh? vd;d nrhy;y tUfpNwd; Gupfpwjh> ahUf;F
ahu; fw;gpf;fg; Nghfpwhu;fs;> vq;Nf vg;gb> gjpy;
,Uf;fpwjh cd;dplk;? fy;tp fw;gpj;jy; xU ePz;l fhyg;
gzp ,y;iyah> mJTk; KjpNahUf;F> mjpYk; fpuhkg;Gw
kf;fSf;F.
Nuh: 'eLtpy; tpyfpatu;fSf;F" (For Drop-Outs) vDk;
,ytrg; gs;spia mtu;fs; jpy;ypapy; Jtf;fpAs;shu;fNs.
Nl: vdf;F mijg; gw;wp xd;Wk; njupahJ. ehd;
tajhdtu;fisg;gw;wp Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. mJ
33
xU tp~ak;. mLj;j tp~ak;> mtu;fSf;F fy;tp
Gfl;bagpd;> gbg;gwpitAk; $lNt je;jgpd;> vd;dj;ij;>
thrpg;ghu;fs;> mtu;fs; thrpf;f vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd
ahNuDk; vd;id Nfl;fyhk;. ,uz;L kpf Kf;fpa kf;fs;
njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fs; - nra;jpj;jhSk; thndhypAk>;
epr;rakhf. mq;NfAk; mNj gioa gy;ytp> Nky;jl;L
kf;fspd; gy;ytpjhd;. thndhypapy; tUk; nra;jpfis
xU rhjhuz fpuhkthrp Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy.
thrpf;fj; njupe;jhYk;> nra;jpj;jhis gbj;J Gupe;J
nfhs;sTk; Kbtjpy;iy. fd;dlj;jpNyh njYq;fpNyh
,e;jpapNyh xypgug;gg;gLk; nra;jpj; JZf;Ffis
(bulletins) Nfl;lhy;> xU thu;j;ijAk; cq;fSf;Fg;
GupahJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s thndhypg; ngl;bfs;
vj;jid vd ehk; Nahrpj;jhy;> mit vy;yhk; rpdpkh
glg;ghly;fisNa xypf;fpd;wd. nra;jpfs; Nfl;f kpfTk;
nrhu;g;gkhfNt gad;gLfpd;wd. Vnddpy;> nra;jpfs;
Guptjpy;iy. mNj fjpjhd; nra;jpj;jhSf;Fk;! vd;
rikay;fhuk;kh njYq;F nra;;jpfis ehd; thrpj;Jf;
fhz;gpj;jhy;> xU thu;j;ij$l mjpy; Gupatpy;iy
vd;fpwhu;!
34
Nuh: cq;fSila Foe;ijfs; ahUf;fhtJ jq;fSila
R+oiyg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T mjpfupj;Js;sjh? mjhtJ>
vt;tifapy; vy;yhk; mij Nkk;gLj;jyhk; vd;w uPjpapy;.
Nl: epr;rakhf> Mkhk;. fl;lhak; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
jq;fspd; mikg;igg;gw;wp NkYk; NkYk;
tpopg;Gilatu;fshd Mfpwhu;fs;. mJ Ruz;lg;gLtJ
gw;wpAk; GupfpwJ. xU rpd;d cjhuzk;: fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy;
trpg;gtu;fs; tPL fl;l muR khzpak;> fld; jUfpwJ.
mjw;fhd cupa jhs;fspy; ifnaOj;jpl;L mDkjp
toq;Fk; mjpfhupfSf;F mjpy; fpl;ljl;l 20 rjtpjk; ju
Ntz;bAs;sJ. Mapuk; &gha; fld; ngw> ,UE}W &gha;
moNtz;bAs;sJ. ml> ekf;nfy;yhk; ,J ru;t
rhjhuzk; vd;W Njhd;wyhk;. Mdhy; ,ijg; gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzu;T fpuhk kf;fspilNa mjpfupf;fpwJ. NkYk;
fpuhkg;Gw Kjpatu;fspd; vz;z Xl;lj;jpypUe;j kjj;jpd;
jhf;fk; ,isQu;fsplk; kiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ.
Nuh: Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ngw;Nwhu;f;Fk; ,ilNaahd
rpf;fy;fs; VNjDk; cUthfpwjh?
Nl: Mkhk;> ,aw;ifjhNd mJ! xU Foe;ijf;F fy;tp
fw;gpf;f Muhk;gpj;j clNdNa> mjd; fpuhkr; #oypype;J
35
tpyf;fp itf;f Muk;gpf;fpNwhk;> mjd; ngw;NwhuplkpUe;Jk;
$l. Mdhy; mtu;fSf;Nfh me;jf; fpuhkk;jhd; cyfNk!
Foe;ijapd; cyfk; nkhfd;rjhNuhtpypUe;J
`ug;ghtpypUe;J tpupe;J nfhz;Nl NghfpwJ -
mnkupf;fhtpw;F> f;uPd;yhe;jpw;F vd;W. vdNt> ,J
mtu;fspd; ngw;nwhupd; ghu;itapypUe;J Rj;jkha; Ntwhd
xd;W. Foe;ijfs; kjk;> ghy;> Ruz;ly;> murpay;> NkYk;
vd;ndd;d njupANkh> vy;yhtw;iwAk; gw;wp
fye;JiuahLtjhy;> fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;JtUk; gy
ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wp Nfs;tp vOg;Gfpwhu;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;bw;F kjk; rhu;e;j ek;gpf;iffisg; gw;wp.
mjdhy; epr;rak;> Mkhk; - ngw;NwhUf;Fk;
gps;isfSf;FkpilNa ntFthf Nkhjy;fs; vOfpd;wd.
Nuh: mtu;fspy; ahNuDk; cq;fsplk; tUtij jLj;J
epWj;jpapUf;fpwhu;fsh?
Nl: ,y;iy> ahUkpy;iy> ,Jtiu ,y;iy. vd;dplk;
gapytpLk; fhyk; mjpfkhf Mf mtu;fs; nra;tijj;
jLg;gJk; fbdkhfpf; nfhz;NlNghFk;. ngz; gps;isfs;
jpUkzj;ijj; js;spg; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;Nl Nghfpwhu;fs;
vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ. rpyu; gjpndl;L gj;njhd;gJ
taJilatu;fs;> xU %d;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dNkNa
36
fy;ahzk; MfpapUf;f Ntz;LNk> Mdhy; mtu;fNsh
gl;lk; thq;Ftjpy; Kidg;gha; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt>
jq;fsstpy; ntw;wpngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. epiwa
ey;y khw;wq;fisf; fhz;fpNwd;..... Mk;. cq;fSf;F
khw;wk; xd;iw Rl;bf; fhl;LfpNwd;. ehd; gs;sp
njhlq;fpaNghJ vy;yhg;; ngw;NwhUk; Foe;ijfis
mt;tg;NghJ cijj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. ,g;NghNjh>
xNu xUj;ju;jhd; mbf;fpwhu;> mJTk; Fbj;jpUe;jhy;
kl;LNk! vd;kl;by; ,J xU khw;wkha;> xUgb Nkyha;
Njhd;WfpwJ. vd;d nrhy;y tUfpNwd; vd;why;>
khw;wq;fs; epr;rak; epfo;fpd;wd. mJ ey;yJ my;yJ
nfl;lJ vd;gJ mtutu; ghu;itia nghUj;jJ. Kd;G
,Ue;jijtpl ,g;NghJ gjpide;J taJ ,isQdpd;
Fuy; FLk;g tptfhuq;fspy; mjpfk; xypf;fpwJ.
ngw;Nwhu;fs; mtu;fsplk; mwpTg;g+u;tkhd
topfhl;Ljy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpwhu;fs;. mjw;fhf
,tu;fSk; nkdf;nfLfpwhu;fs;. jq;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fs; gzk;
Nrkpf;f cjTfpwhu;fs;. mjpfk; Fbgof;fj;Jf;F
Mshfhky; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. fodp tptfhuq;fs;>
Cu; tptfhuq;fs; vd gytw;wpw;fhd jPu;Tfis
Nahrpf;fpwhu;fs;.
37
Nuh: nghUs; uPjpahd tsu;r;rp ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> kf;fs;
gs;spf;Fr; nry;ykhl;lhu;fs; vd;w fy;tp gw;wpa xU
vz;zg;Nghf;F rkPgfhykhf epyTfpwNj. cq;fs;
gps;isfsplk; ,J xU ce;Jjyhf ,Uf;fpwjh> JWg;ghf
nray;gLfpwjh?
Nl: ehd; xd;iw xg;Gf;nfhz;lhf Ntz;Lk;. gps;isfis
gs;spf;F mDg;Gtjw;F gjpyhf ML Nka;f;fr; nrhy;Yk;
ngw;NwhUf;F ehd; nfhQ;rk; J}z;by; Nghl;bUf;fpNwd;.
cq;fs; Foe;ij gs;spf;F te;jhy;> mtDf;F xU ey;y
Ntiy fpilf;Fk;. mg;Gwk; ePq;fs; ,t;tsT fLikahf
ciof;f Ntz;bapUf;fhJ vd;nwy;yhk; NgrpapUf;fpNwd;.
NjndhOFk; Ngr;Rjhd;> xg;Gf;nfhs;fpNwd;. mtu;fNs
fy;yhjtu;fs;> vdNt Nkk;gl;l tho;itj; jUk;
xd;whfj;jhd; fy;tpia epidf;fpwhu;fs;.
Nuh: ey;y jukhd tho;f;ifia epu;khzpf;f xU rhj;jpaf;
$w;iw mtu;fs; Nehf;Ffpwhu;fsh? Foe;ijfspd;
rpe;jid Kiwapy; xU ghfkh mJ ,g;NghJ?
Nl: Foe;ijfSf;F ,e;j rhj;jpak; Gyg;gLfpwJ. cq;fs;
Nfs;tp ngw;Nwhu;fs; Fwpj;jJ vd epidf;fpNwd;.
fl;lhakhf> mtu;fspd; ve;jnthU nra;ifia
38
Nehf;FtjpYk; ,J ntspg;gLfpwJ. fiyia urpj;jy;
vd;gij mtu;fspd; ngw;Nwhu; Nfs;tpg;gl;lNj$l
fpilahJ. N~f;];gpaiu vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;> ku
Ntiyg;ghL nra;tJ> fspkz;zhy; tpiztJ> my;yJ
ehlff;fiy> tsu;j;jy;> my;yJ xU tp~aj;ijg; gw;wp
fye;JiuahLtJ ... GJg;GJ mwpTg;gu;tkhd mDgtq;fs;
vd Nkd;NkYk;> gytw;iw mLf;fpf;nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;.
vd; fUj;jpy;> ,it vy;yhk; mtu;fSf;F fpsu;r;rp
jUfpd;wd.
Nuh: Nltpl;> njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj> ePq;fs; nkhopfisf;
fw;gJ gw;wp>; thrpj;jy; gw;wp kpfTk; typAWj;jp
tUfpwPu;fs;.
Nl: Mkhk;> fy;tpapy; kpf Kf;fpakhdNj gpwNuhL
njhlu;G nfhs;s cjTtJjhNd. xU gps;isf;F thrpf;f
nrhy;ypj;je;jNjhL> fw;wy; vt;thnwd;W
fw;Wf;nfhLj;jNjhL cq;fs; Ntiy Kbe;jJ. %d;whtJ
Ntiy nka;ahfNt vd;d njupAkh? mtid jhdhff;
fw;fj; J}z;LtJ> mt;tsNt. mtdhy; gbf;f
KbAkhdhy;> jhdhf vijahtJ gbf;f
J}z;lg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;> mg;Gwk; vd;d! Rkhuhff; fw;w
39
xUtd; vij vy;yhk; Ntz;LNkh> mij gbj;Jj;
njupe;Jf;nfhs;s KbANk.
Nuh: mjdhy;jhd; mtu;fSf;F Mq;fpyk; fw;Wj;
je;jPu;fsh?
Nl: XusTf;F rup. ftdpj;jPu;fnsd;why;> jha;nkhop
topapy; fy;tp Gfl;Lk; gs;spfs; ahTk; Mq;fpyk;
fw;gpf;fpd;wd. thuj;jpy; xU tFg;Ngh vd;dNthjhd;
Mq;fpyk; gapy;tjhy;> mjpy; mtu;fs; Gyik
ngUtjpy;iy. cq;fSf;Fj; njupAk;. Foe;ijfSf;fhd
Gj;jfq;fs; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ngUthupahf cs;sd.
Gtpapay; rk;ge;jkhf tuyhW gw;wp Gtpmwptpay;> mQ;ry;
jiy Nrfupg;G vg;gbnad> kpd;dZtpay; gw;wp. ,g;gb
mLf;fpf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;. Nfl;Fk; jiyg;gpy; Ik;gJ
my;yJ E}W ntt;NtW Gj;jfq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. gzk; jhd;
xNu Njit. njYq;fpNyh> Vd; fd;dlj;jpNyh$l
,JNghd;w Gj;jfq;fs; ,y;iy. Mq;fpyj;ij ruskhf
gbf;f ,ayhj xU Foe;ij> tprhykhd fy;tpawpT ngw
KbahJ. Vndd;why;> mjw;F Njitahd Gj;jfq;fs;
,y;iy. ,Jjhd; vd; fUj;J. vdNt khztu;fSf;F
Mq;fpyk; fl;lhak; njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ehd;
fUjpNdd;.
40
khwhf> Mq;fpytopf; fy;tp gapYk; Foe;ijfs;>
,e;jpa nkhop vijAk; XusT nrhy;ypf; nfhs;Sk;gbahd
Gyik ngWk; msTf;F fw;gjpy;iy. vdNt
Mq;fpynkhop khztu;fs; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpypUe;J
Rj;jkha; jdpikg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fSf;F Nkw;fj;jpa
fyhr;rhuKk; iftUtjpy;iy. vdpl; g;isld;> ghg;
fyhr;rhuk;> xUtpj Nfhkhspf; $j;jha; xU fyhr;rhuk;>
nrhy;ypf; nfhs;Sk;gb vJTk; fpilahJ. fyhr;rhug;
Gupjiy Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; nkhopapd; gq;F ,d;wpaikahjJ>
,y;iyah? xU ,e;jpa nkhopiaf; fw;ftpy;iy vd;why;>
,e;jpahitg; gw;wp vijAk; ngupjhfj; njupe;J nfhs;s
,ayhky; Ngha;tpLk;.
Nuh : ePq;fs; vOjpAs;s Mq;fpy Gj;jfq;fs; mjpf
fl;likg;Gilajha; cs;sNj> ,y;iyah?
Nl: rupjhd;> mit re;ijapy; tpw;gidf;fhf
vOjg;gl;lit. mg;gb mit ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> xUtUk;
mij gbf;fkhl;lhu;fs;. my;yJ gupe;Jiuf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
xU gs;spAk; cq;fs; Gj;jfq;fis gupe;Jiu
nra;atpy;iy vd;why;> mg;Gwk; gjpg;gfj;jhu; mtw;iw
re;ijapypUe;J J}f;fptpLthu;fNs. vdNt> mg;gb
vOjNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; ehd; cs;Nsd;. mit
41
vy;yhk; vg;NghJk; rkurk;jhd;. ePq;fs; vOj tpUk;Gk;
tifapyhd Gj;jfj;ij cq;fshy; vOjNt KbahJ>
Vnddpy; ahUk; mij thq;fkhl;lhu;fs;. xU fhyj;jpy;
ehd; tpUg;gg;gl;l tifapNyNa rpy Gj;jfq;fis
vOjpapUf;fpNwd;. mwptpay; Gj;jfq;fs; mit. rhjhuz
mwptpay; Gj;jfq;fs;Nghy mit ,y;yhjjhNyh
vd;dNth> mitnay;yhk; rupahf tpw;gidahftpy;iy.
Nuh: vd;d khjpupahdit?
Nl: k;k;..... tpsf;FfpNwd;. mg;Gj;jfq;fspy; gw;gy
jpwe;jKidf; Nfs;tpfs; (open ended questions) ,Uf;Fk;. xU
ruhrup mwptpay; Gj;jfk; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd
cq;fSf;Fj;jhd; njupANk. xU gf;fk; jtisapd; glk;
Nghl;bUg;ghu;fs;. 'xU jtisf;F ehd;F fhy;fs;> xU
ePskhd ehf;F ,Uf;Fk;> xU G+r;rpia gpbj;Jj; jpd;Dk;".
mLj;j gf;fj;jpy;> xU jtisf;F ____ fhy;fs; ,Uf;Fk;>
Foe;ij me;j Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gk;. jhd; vijNah
rhjpj;Jtpl;ljha; epidj;Jf;nfhz;L mf;Foe;ij mLj;j
gf;fj;jpw;Fj; jhtptpLk;. me;jtif Gj;jfq;fspypUe;J
vd;DilaNjh khWgl;lit! mtw;wpy; Foe;ijfisNa
fz;Lgpbf;Fk;gb nra;jpUg;Ngd; - $u;e;J ftdpf;fr;
nrhy;ypapUg;Ngd;> ftdpj;jtw;iw gjpT nra;Ak;gb vd
42
vj;jidNah ,g;gb mLf;fyhk;. gpd;du;> mtu;fs;
fz;Zw;wtw;iwAk;> gjpT nra;jtw;iwAk; Muha;e;J
ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mwptpaypy; nghJthf> gy fhuzpfs;
,Uf;Fk;. mtw;NwhL njhlu;Gila khwpfs; (variables)
gythf ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; fw;wypy; 'rupahd
tpil" jUtJjhd; VNjh ngupa tp~ak;. vd;Dila
Gj;jfq;fNsh rupahd tpil jUtjw;F gjpy;> NkYk; gy
jpwe;jKid Nfs;tpfis> fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itf;ffpd;wd. ,it vy;yhk; %isia frf;Fk;
fye;JiuahlYf;F toptFf;fpd;wd. mjdhNyNa
vd;Dila Gj;jfq;fs; tpUk;gg;gltpy;iy vdyhk;.
Nuh: Mdhy; fye;Jiuahl mwpTg;Gu;tkhdtu;fs;
Njitahapw;Nw?
Nl: rupjhd;. Foe;ijfs; mwpthspfs;. Foe;ijfNshL
fye;J Ngr KbAk;.
Nuh: mjw;F> cq;fSila gs;sp Mrpupau;fSk; vd;d
nrhy;yNtz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jtu;fshf>
czu;Tg;G+u;tkhdtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;LNk.
Nl: Mkhk;> Mrpupau;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;gtuhf ,U;jjy;
Mtrpak;. vg;gbj; njupAkh mJ> ,g;gbr; nrhy;yyhk;.
43
Mrpupau;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fNtz;Lk;. mtu;fs; fw;wtu;fshf
,Ug;gJ mtrpak;. Mk;> mtu;fSf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy;
mtrpak;. nka;ahd fy;tpawpT ekf;Ff;
fpilf;fhjjw;fhd fhuzNk> mg;gb nra;ahjJjhd;.
Nuh: fw;gpf;Fk; fUtp (teaching machine), kw;Wk;
mJNghd;wtw;iw kf;fs; ehLfpwhu;fNs> mjdhy;jhNdh?
Nl: ey;y Nahridjhd; vd;W fUJfpNwd;. Mdhy; xd;W
Gupatpy;iy> mjhtJ> vq;Nf ,tw;iw itf;fg;NghfpNwhk;
- 100 kpy;ypad; khztu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;> Mrpupau;fistpl.
Nuh: thndhypahy; Mff;$baJ gw;wp?
Nl: Foe;ijfsplKk; gs;spfspYk; thndhypg;ngl;b
fpilahJ> xd;W. ,e;j ehl;bNyNa kpfTk; Gfo;tha;e;j
epiyaj;jpw;F xUKiw NghdJ epidTf;F tUfpwJ.
mq;Nf njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; gad;ghL gw;wpa xU epfo;T
mJ. njhiyf;fhl;rp gw;wpa vd;Dila fhl;lkhd
mgpg;gpuhaj;ij mq;Nf gfpu;e;Jnfhz;Nld;. ghUq;fs;>
fy;tp Gfl;LjYf;F Cl;lk; jUk; xU rhjdkhf kl;LNk
mJ mikaKbAk;. by;ypapy; xU njhiyf;fhl;rp
epiyak; cq;fsplk; cs;sJ vd itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
44
XnuhU tFg;gpw;Fk; xUehspy; xU kzpNeuk; mjd;%yk;
fw;gpf;fyhk; vd;why;> mg;NghJ$l gj;J kzp Neuk;jhNd
ek;kplk; cs;sJ> xU tFg;gpw;F xU kzpNeuk; kl;LNk
xJf;f KbAk;. Foe;ijfs; vd;djhd; nra;thu;fs;?
vdNt tsk; Nru;f;Fk; epfo;r;rpfisj; jUtijj; jhz;b
mjdhy; xd;Wk; nra;ayhfhJ.
gdpf;fub> Mo;flypd; ,aw;if moF> kpd;dZ
,ae;jpuq;fisg; gw;wpa tpaj;jF glq;fs; epr;rak;
njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;. kf;fSk;
,tw;iw VNjh kNfhd;djkhd epfo;r;rpfs; vd
epidj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpypUe;njy;yhk;
ePq;fs; cz;ikapy; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy> Vnddpy; mJ
KOf;fTk; capu;g;gw;wJ (passive). fw;wy; my;yNt mJ.
fw;wy; vd;gJ capu;g;Gila nray;. njhiyf;fhl;rp
vd;gNjh xU passive Clfk;. NkYk; ,jpy;jhd; mghaNk
Gije;Js;sJ. ePq;fs; njhiyf;fhl;rpapypUe;J
fw;Wf;nfhz;ljha; epidj;Jf;nfhs;fpwPu;fs;> cz;ikapy;
xd;iwANk mjpypUe;J fy;yhjNghJk;!
Nuh: Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oy; ghlk; gw;wp gpwuJ Ngr;Rf;fis
xg;gpLk;NghJ> ,Jgw;wpa jq;fsJ nfhs;iffs; kpfTk;
45
gue;Jgl;ljha; cs;sd vd vdf;Fj; Njhd;WfpwJ>
Nltpl;. ,J gw;wp jhq;fs; Gj;jfq;fs; vOjpAs;sPu;fs;>
,y;iyah?
Nl: Mkhk;. Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oypay; gw;wp rpy Gj;jfq;fis
Foe;ijfSf;fhf vOjpAs;Nsd;. mitAk;
nrhy;ypf;nfhs;Sk;gb tuNtw;igg; ngwtpy;iy. Vd;
njupAkh? ,g;Gj;jfq;fs; Foe;ijfis Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oiy
gbf;FkhW gzpf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> Mrpupau;fNsh Foe;ijfs;
Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oiy gbg;gij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. khwhf>
mtu;fspd; Njit vy;yhk; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;stw;iw
mg;gbNa kdg;ghlk; nra;tijj;jhd;.
ehd; cq;fSld; xd;iwg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;fpNwd;.
Mrpupau;fs;> mJTk; ey;y Mrpupau;fs; vd;W
fUjg;gl;Lgtu;fs; vg;gbnay;yhk; xU ghlGj;jfj;ij
ghohf;fKbAk; vd;gJ gw;wp. ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F Kd;
nly;yp te;jpUe;Njd;. 'vd;Dila Njhop xUtu; ,q;Nf
cs;s gs;spapy; ghlk; fw;gpf;fpwhu;. NkYk; ePq;fs;
vOjpa ghlg; Gj;jfq;fisNa mtu;fs;
cgNahfpf;fpwhu;fs;. cq;fsplk; mJgw;wp Ngr mtu;
tpUk;Gfpwhu>;" vd;whu; vd; ez;gu; xUtu;. rup> mtiu
mioj;J thUq;fs;> vd gjpyspj;Njd;. fhiy
46
cztUe;j te;jpUe;jhu; vd epidf;fpNwd;. 'cq;fs;
gs;spapy; vd;d nra;fpwPu;fs; vd Kjypy; $Wq;fs;>"
vd;Nwd; ehd;.
Gj;jfj;ijg; gpupj;Njd;. kuq;fisg; gw;wpa gf;fk;
vNjr;iraha; fz;zpy; gl;lJ. 'ePq;fs; gs;spf;Fr;
nry;Yk; topapy; vj;jid tpj kuq;fisg; ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?
mtw;wpy; VNjDk; rpytw;wpd; Ngu; njupAkh cq;fSf;F?
mtw;wpy; cs;s ,iyfis ftdpj;jpUf;fpwPu;fsh?
cq;fs; Vl;by; mtw;iw tiuAq;fNsd;" vDk; uPjpapy;
mJ vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. 'cq;fs; tFg;gpy; ePq;fs; vd;d
nra;fpwPu;fs;? vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ?>" vd ehd; mtiuf; Nfl;Nld;. me;j
Mrpupiaapd; gjpy; ,Njh> 'ehd; Gj;jfj;ijf; ifapy;
vLj;J \kuq;fs;. vj;jid kuq;fis ePq;fs; ghu;f;f
KbAk;?’ vd thrpg;Ngd;. ,g;gb mLj;jLj;J
Ngha;f;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;Ngd;. gpd;du; fUk;gyifapy;
kuq;fspd; ngau;fis vOJNtd;> gps;isfSk; jq;fs;
gapw;rpg; Gj;jfj;jpy; mtw;iw vOjpf;nfhs;thu;fs;.
mg;Gwk; mtw;iw gbg;ghu;fs;. mLj;j ehs;> mtu;fsplk;
vd;ndd;d kuq;fs; njupAk; vd ehd; Nfl;Ngd;". vd;d
nrhy;tnjd;W Gupatpy;iy. mJ nly;ypapd; xU rpwe;j
47
gs;sp. ,e;j epiyapy; kw;w gs;spfspd; fjp vd;d>
mq;Nf vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpwhu;fs;?
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; gw;wpa mwpT kpf Kf;fpak;.
efu;g;Gwj;jpd; Rw;Wg;Gwk; gw;wp ahUk; Muha;tjhf
vdf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. 'ePq;fs; tPl;bw;Fr; nry;Yk;
topapy; ve;nje;j tpjkhd filfz;zpfis ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?
irf;fps; upf;~htpNyh> vjpNyh ePq;fs; tPL
jpUk;Gk;NghJ?>" vd;W ePq;fs; Foe;ijfis
tpdTq;fNsd;. mtu;fshy; mjw;F gjpy; nrhy;y
KbahJ. efu;g;Gw Rw;Wr;#oy; gw;wpNah NtnwJTNkh
my;yJ fpuhkg;Gwr; #oy; gw;wpNah> vJTNk
mtu;fSf;Fj; njupatpy;iy.
Nuh: ,g;gbahd #oypy;> ,q;Fs;s epiy Rfkha; ,y;iy.
nrhy;ypf;nfhs;Sk;gbaha; ,y;iy> nuhk;g Nrhigaha;
cs;sJ. ,e;epiyikapy; khw;wk; vq;Nf cUthFk;?
Nl: ,jw;fhd tpil vd;dntd;W vdf;Fj; njupahJ.
xd;iw kl;Lk; nrhy;yyhk;. kpfr; rpwe;j fy;tp vd ehd;
epidg;gij cUthf;f> vd; Ff;fpuhkj;jpy; cl;fhu;e;J
nfhz;L vd;dhy; Mdkl;Lk; Kay;Ntd;. vd;Dila
gpd;dzpAld;> vd;Dila gjdg;gl;l kdepiyAld;
48
vd;dhy; juKbahj tpilia xUNtis fy;tp gapd;w
rpy Foe;ijfs; juyhk;. Rje;jpukhf fy;tp gapd;w me;jr;
rpy Foe;ijfs;> gakwpahky; gapd;w mtu;fs;>
Nghl;lhNghl;b Nghlhj mtu;fs;> tpopg;Gzu;T kpf;f
me;jr;rpyu; jPu;T fhzyhk;.
---------
jkpohf;fk; : Kidtu;. cj;uh Jiuuh[d;
Jiwj; jiytp> ,aw;gpay; Jiw> itztf; fy;Y}up> nrd;id
Fwpg;G :
fy;tp gw;wpa vd;Dila nrhe;j fUj;Jf;fisNah my;yJ ,e;jg; Ngl;b vd;dpy;
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ijNah> ,e;j nkhopngau;g;gpy; fyf;fhky;> ,jid xU
cz;ikahd nkhopngau;g;ghf (faithful translation) itj;jpUf;f Kbe;jtiu
Kad;wpUf;fpNwd;. mf;fhyf; fy;tpKiw> Nrhjidf; fy;tpKiw Mfpatw;iw jkpopy;
Mtzg;gLj;Jk; vd; rpW Kaw;rp ,J. fy;tpKiw> mjd; tsu;r;rp> tuyhW gw;wp
Mtyha; mwpe;Jnfhs;s tpUk;Gk; gy Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;> Mu;tyu;fSf;Fk ,J
gad;gLk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
- cj;uh
*****